1.

1 The classification of microorganisms

Microorganisms : Living things which are so small that cannot be seen with the naked eye and only visible under the microscope. Can be classified into 5 groups : a) Bacteria d) Virus b) Algae e) protozoa c) Fungi

Various types of microorganisms (refer note in Ms word )

Exercise 1.1
1) What are microorganisms? 2) Draw the diagram to show that bacteria reproduce by a) Binary fission b) Conjugation

Refer textbook page 5

1.2 Factors that affect the growth of microorganisms

The growth of
microorganisms

is affected by

nutrient

humidity

pH value

light

temperature

A ) pH VALUE Three groups of pH value which are : pH 1-6 ( less than 7 ) : acidic microorganisms die pH 7 : neutral the best pH value for the growth of microorganisms pH 8 -14 ( more than 7) : alkaline microorganisms die

B ) TEMPERATURE 37C ( Human body temperature ) the best temperature for the growth of microorganisms Temperature too low or too high microorganisms will inactive or killed

C ) LIGHT Microorganisms can grow better in dark places than light places.

D) HUMIDITY Microorganisms can grow better in damp places or wet places. E) NUTRIENTS ( FOOD) Microorganisms need nutrient to grow well.

Exercise 1.2
1. State five factors that affect the growth of microorganisms. 2. How does the ph value of vinegar affect the growth of microorganisms? 3. What was the optimum temperature at which the microbes reproduce?

1.3 Useful Microorganisms

A) DIGESTION OF FOOD Make vitamin K and B Herbivors such as cows which do not produce enzymes rely on bacteria and protozoa in their digestive system to produce cellulase which helps to break down cellulose into simple sugars. B) DECOMPOSITION AND RECYCLING OF MATERIALS Dead organisms such as plants and animals undergo a process called decomposition. This process is caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi

C) MEDICINE AND HEALTH SUPLEMENTS Antibiotics medicine used for treating various types of diseases. Example : Penicillin ( made up of fungus ) Vaccine : consists of dead bacteria and virus used to protect human from disease. Example : BCG injection used to prevent tuberculosis. D) AGRICULTURE Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in leguminous plants help in maintaining soil fertility by forming nitrates in the soil. E) INDUSTRIES In the food industry : yeast ( fungi ) acts on carbohydrate to produce carbon dioxide that will causes breads and cakes to rises. Bacteria are used to treat skins of animals to eliminate tissues and fat.

Exercise 1.3
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words on the use of microorganisms. ( a) ________ and ________ are used to make vaccine. ( b) ________ fix nitrogen in the air and converts it into nitrate in the soil. ( c) ________ help to digest cellulose in the gut of herbivore animals. ( d) saprophytic ________ and _______ eliminate dead organic substances from the surface of the Earth. ( e) ___________ is used to make bread and cake dough rise while ________ is used to make food like vinegar, yogurt and cheese.

1.4 The Harmful Effects of microorganisms

Pathogens Microorganisms that cause diseases Table below shows the diseases with symptoms that cause by bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa and algae

Pathogen Bacteria

Diseases Cholera ( taun)

Symptoms Diarrhoea (cirit birit), vomiting(muntah)thirsty, severe cramps in the limbs ( kejang di beberapa bahagian badan) Cough, sputum streaked with blood, weight loss Painless sores, non-itchy rashes, deformed joints Male : pain when urinating Female : pain in the reproductive organs.

Tuberculosis TB ( batuk kering) Syphilis Gonorrhoea

Pathogen Protozoa

Diseases Dysentery (disenteri) Malaria

Symptoms Diarrhoea, weak feeling, liquid faeces ( najis cair) High fever, anaemia, fatigue, pale skin, headache

Pathogen Virus

Diseases Common cold / influenza Dengue fever

Symptoms Running nose, fever, headache, sore throat, watery eyes Red spots appear on the skin, bleeding in the nose, mouth, skin, internal organ Fever, tired, weak feeling, loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice, joints and muscular pain Cold, cough, fever, red rash, sneezing, conjunctivitis Weak muscles, nerves, paralysis of the limbs Fever, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, weight loss, muscular aches and pains, destroyed immune system

Hepatitis A and B

Measles Poliomyelitis AIDS

Pathogen Fungi

Diseases Ringworm ( kurap ) Tinea ( panau )

Symptoms Scaly patches usually itchy, become red Itchy white rash

How diseases spread? ( Bagaimana penyakit merebak?) Through the air Through the water Through contaminated food (makanan tercemar) Through contact ( sentuhan ) Through vectors like flies and mosquitoes

Exercise 1.4
1. Name two diseases that spread by pathogens through a) air c) water b) contact d) vector 2. (a) What is the meaning of vector? (b) Give two examples of vector other than flies and mosquitoes.
Refer textbook

1.5 Ways To Prevent Infection Caused By Microorganisms

Infections caused by pathogens

Vector control

Sterilisation

Immunity

Vector control
A vector an organism that transmits pathogens from one person to another Vector control to reduce the number of vectors by killing or stopping the reproduction of the vectors

Control of Mosquitoes
The life cycle of the mosquito
( draw the diagram from textbook page 23)

Methods of control used for each stage of the life cycle of the mosquito
Stage Egg Larva Pupa Adult Methods Cleaning or draining swamps, ponds and containers filled with water Spraying oil or insecticide on the water surface / rearing fish Spraying oil or insecticide on the water surface / rearing fish Cleaning and lighting up the places, spraying insecticide, use mosquito nets

Exercise 1.5 (A)

1.Figure 1 shows the life cycle of a housefly. pupa (a) Name stages i.X ii. y Y (b) Name one disease spread by houseflies (c) How do houseflies spread disease? (d) State two ways how houseflies at the adult stage are controlled. (e) Why are houseflies considered to be vectors?
adult

STERILIZATION
STERILIZATION
Process which destroyed/ removed pathogens from an object or environment

HEAT Heating Boiling Autoclave / pressure cooker

RADIATION Gamma rays Ultraviolet rays

CHEMICALS Antiseptics Disinfectant

THE USE OF HEAT

METHOD EXAMPLES OF SUBSTANCES THAT STERILIZED

Heating the food can kill the microorganism Boiling drinking water by 100C for 20 minutes kills almost all the microorganism except their spores

Surgical tools milk bottle cups spoon forks Surgical tools milk bottle cups spoon forks

Use an autoclave or pressure cooker Surgical tools nutrient with temperature of 120C or above agar laboratory steam under high pressure can kill apparatus all microorganism including their spores

THE USE OF RADIATION

METHOD EXAMPLE OF SUBSTANCE THAT STERILISED Used to sterilise medical equipment Used to sterilise operation theatres laboratories and tissue culture room

Gamma rays

Ultraviolet rays

THE USE OF CHEMICALS

METHOD EXAMPLE OF CHEMICALS

Antiseptics is used to clean Iodine solution wounds to prevent infection of living tissues Disinfectants are powerful Formalin lysol chemicals used to kill pathogens on objects such as medical equipment floors blanket

Exercise 1.5 (B)

1) Why does boiled water still contain bacterial spores? 2) What is the disadvantage of using heat to sterilise glassware? 3) Why is autoclaving the most effective method of sterilisation? 4) How is drinking water treatment plants and water in swimming pools treated?

IMMUNITY
Immunity is the ability of the body to kill pathogens before they can cause disease Immunisation is the process of increasing a persons resistance through artificial means to help a person fight against a disease Immunity is due to the presence of white blood cell because white blood cells can produce antibodies Immunity protects our body from being infected by certain diseases

IMMUNITY

active

passive

natural

artificial

natural

artificial

NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY

Antibodies are produced by the body itself Antibodies are produced after a person has recovered from an infection This antibodies will fight the infection again if the pathogens return Will lasts for a long period of time Example chickenpox and measles
( draw figure 1.19 page 27)

ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY

By getting vaccinated A vaccine is a solution that consists of harmless toxins of pathogens dead antigens or weakened pathogens A vaccine is injected into the body to stimulate it to produce antibodies Lasts for a long period of time
( draw figure 1.20 page 27)

NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Immunity is attained naturally Antibodies are obtained from an outside source Acquired by a foetus from his/her mother when antibodies are passed through the placenta The baby gets this immunity after birth by feeding on its mothers milk Lasts for a short period of time

ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Is gained by directly injecting antiserum into an infected person Antiserum is a mixture of serum the plasma of blood and antibodies extracted from animals/ people have been infected with the disease Lasts for a short period of time
( draw figure 1.21 page 28)

Exercise 1.5 ( C )
Figure below shows a graph showing the varying antibody concentration in the blood of a youth once vaccination is given. (a) What is meant by vaccination? (b) On which day will he receive his second vaccination? (c) On which day will he obtain immunity from the vaccination? (d) Why does he need a second injection? (e) Name the types of immunity obtained by him. (f) Name one disease that needs more than one vaccination to be prevented.

1.6 TREATING DISEASES CAUSED BY MICROORGANISM

Medicine the field of science that specialises in treating diseases and keeping our body fit and healthy
Medical treatment for diseases

traditional

modern

TRADITIONAL MEDICAL TREATMENT

Herbal treatment use parts of plants such as barks roots leaves fruits and flowers Acupunture special thin needles are pushed into the skin in particular parts of the body Yoga and meditation to improve general mental and physical health to relieves aches and pains

MODERN MEDICAL TREATMENT

Antiserum given to person who is already suffering from the disease Chemotheraphy use of synthetic drugs in treating diseases malaria ringworm dysentery Radiotheraphy use of radioactive rays to treat certain diseases skin diseases cancer tumours

Surgery used if certain parts or organs are seriously infected Antibiotics complex chemical substances that kill bacteria or slow down their growth without harming the body cells Antibiotics Diseases Penicilin Streptomycin Tetracylin Chloramphenicol Gonorhoea syphilis Tuberculosis Cholera typhus dysentery Cholera typhus

Exercise 1.6
Essay question (a) A student wants to build up his bodys immunity towards hepatitis B. Explain how the student can achieve this. ( 4 marks) (b) Pak Alis son experiences diarrhoea and vomitting without feeling nauseous. The doctor confirms that he has cholera. Explain how Pak Ali can prevent this disease from spreading among his other family members. Your answer should include the following: (i) Identify the problem (ii) Clarification of the problem (iii) Solving methods ( 6 marks)