T1: Public Health

Group Members:
No. Name Matrics Number
1. Fatin Munirah binti Mohd @ Mohammad BK16110009
2. Nur Irdeana Izzanty binti Kamal ‘Azam BK16110020
3. Ignatia Pius BK16110021
4. Muhammad Saufi bin Sulaiman BK16110022
5. Nur Afifah binti Kassim BK16110023
Question 1
1. Define and describe public health based own
your knowledge and understanding.

2. Which features of public health make it different

and important from other fields? Discuss its
utmost important and most unique criteria.

Prepared by:
Muhammad Saufi bin Sulaiman
BK16110022
Public Health
Public health promotes and protects the health of
people and the communities where they live,
learn, work and play. This work is achieved by
promoting healthy lifestyles, researching
disease, injury prevention, and detecting,
preventing and responding to infectious
diseases.
 Do research
and innovative Assure public
Monitor health health and
solutions to
status personal
health
problems healthcare Evaluate
Diagnose and
effectiveness,
investigate
accessibility
health problems
10 Essentials of Public and quality

Health Functions
Source:
https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/pu
Inform, educate blichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html
Link people to
and empower needed
people about personal health
health services
Develop policies
Solve health Enforce laws
and plans to
problems and regulations
support health
efforts
 Unique Features of Public Health

Features Explanation

Fairness in distribution of benefits and burden.

Basis in social justice philosophy Social benefits: happiness, social status
Social burden: restriction of individuals action

Inherent political nature Political allow issues to be considered, discussed.

Government can modify public policies that influence

Government linked
health through social, environmental conditions

Most frequent and commonly used synonymous word

Focus on prevention
of Public Health
Question 2
1. Explain the definition of public health and
describe the meaning of water-related disease.

2. Explain the classifications of water-related

disease and discuss the precautions or
techniques could be taken to control the infections.

Prepared by:
Nur Afifah binti Kassim
BK16110023
 Public Health
The science and art (practice) of protecting and improving the health of a
community, as by preventive medicine/ injury, health education, control of
communication diseases, application of sanitary measures, promote
healthier lifestyle and monitoring of environmental hazards.

Impact of Public Health

Improve quality of life
Increase life expectancy
Reduce infant and child mortality
Eliminate/ reduce communicable disease
 Water-Related Disease
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea occurs world-wide and causes 4% of all deaths and
5% of health loss to disability.

The use of water in hygiene is an important preventive measure

but contaminated water is also an important cause of diarrhoea.

The cause?
Diarrhoea is a symptom of infection caused by a host of bacterial, viral and
parasitic organisms most of which can be spread by contaminated water.

Diarrhoea can also spread from person to person, aggravated by poor

personal hygiene.
 Classifications of Water-Related Disease

Water-borne Water-based
Infection spread trough water supply Infection spread due to aquatic invertebrate
host
Poor quality
Transmission via an aquatic intermediate
The pathogen is in water that is ingested
host

Water-washed / Water scarce Water-related insect vectors

Infection spread due to lack of water for Infection spread trough insects that breed
personal hygiene in water or bite near water
Person-to-person transmission
 Strategies to Prevent The Infection
Water-borne Improve the quality of drinking water
Prevent casual use of unprotected sources

Water-washed / Water scarce Increase water quantity used

Good access and reliable domestic water supply
Improve hygiene

Water-based Reduce need for contact

Control snail populations
Reduce surface water contamination

Water-related insect vectors Manage surface water

Destroy breeding sites
Use mosquito netting
Question 3
Sewerage carrying water containing 1.2 g/L CaCO3 into a small stream
The stream has a naturally occurring CaCO3 of 20 mg/L
Sewer flow rate = 2,000 L/min
Stream flow rate = 2.0 m3/s
What is the concentration of CaCO3 in the stream?

Assume that the sewer flow and the stream flow are completely mixed,
that the calcium carbonate is natural and the system is at steady state.
Prepared by:
Nur Irdeana Izzanty binti Kamal ‘Azam
BK16110020
Sewer, Sw DO Sag Curve – Mass Balance Approach
Content of CaCO3, DOsw = 1.2 g/L
Flowrate, Qsw = 2000 L/min Q DOst + Qsw DOsw
DO = st
Qst + Qsw

DOsw = 1.2 g/L = 1200 mg/L

Qsw = 2000 L/min = 33.33 L/s
DOst = 20 mg/L
Qst = 2 m3/s = 2000 L/s
Concentration of
CaCO3 in the stream?
2000LΤs × 20mgΤL) + (33.33LΤs × 1200mgΤL
DO =
2000LΤs + 33.33LΤs
Stream, St
Content of CaCO3, DOst = 20 mg/L DO = 39.34 mg/L
Flowrate, Qst = 2 m3/s
Question 4
Correlates and explain how and ways of
occupational health are significant in public health.
Give appropriate examples

Prepared by:
Ignatia Pius
BK16110022
Occupational Health, OH
“Deals with all aspects of Public Health, PH
health and safety in the “Science and art of
workplace and has a strong How It Correlates?
protecting and improving
focus on primary the health of a
prevention of hazard”. community”.
(WHO)

OH are closely related to PH since

both are focusing on the protection
of the health of the people
(community) in the workplace.
 How It is Significant?
It helps to prevent diseases, injuries, and
deaths that are due to working conditions.
It eliminates the occupational factors and
conditions hazardous to health and safety at
work.
It helps in the development and promotion of
healthy and safe work environment.
It enhances the physical, mental and social
well-being of workers.
Examples
Minimize employee exposure by either
reducing or removing the hazard at the
source or isolating the worker from the
hazard.
Eliminating toxic chemicals and substituting
non-toxic chemicals.
Inspecting and maintaining process and
control equipment on a regular basis.
Implementing good housekeeping
procedures.
 Question 5
In describing and analysing environmental engineering
problems, the concept that matter can neither be created
nor destroyed but it can be changed in form has been
used dominantly.

Explain materials balance approach in problem solving.

Discuss suitable example/case studies.
Prepared by:
Fatin Munirah binti Mohd @ Mohammad
BK16110009
 MATERIALS BALANCE APPROACH
WHAT IS IT ?
A technique to describe the environment as it is today under conditions resulting from
remedial actions or from changes in the way society produces, uses, and disposes
of chemicals of environmental concern.

Basic Formula :
Accumulation = Input - Output
 EXAMPLE
Mr. and Mrs. Green have no children.
In an average week they purchase and bring into their house approximately 50 kg of consumer
goods (food, magazines, newspapers, appliances, furniture, and associated packaging).
Of this amount, 50 percent is consumed as food.
Half of the food is used for biological maintenance and ultimately released as CO2; the
remainder is discharged to the sewer system.
The Greens recycle approximately 25 percent of the solid waste that is generated.
Approximately 1 kg accumulates in the house.
Estimate the amount of solid waste they place at the curb each week.
1. Draw mass balance diagram 2. Write mass balance equation

Input = Accumulation in house + Output

as food to people + Output as solid waste
3. Calculation based on info given 4. Redraw mass balance diagram

One half of input is food = (0.5)( 50 kg)

= 25 kg

Rewrite mass balance equation :

50 kg = 1 kg + 25 kg + output as solid waste
Output as solid waste = 50 - 1 – 25
= 24 kg
5. Since our aim is to estimate amount of solid waste put at the curb each
week, do the same procedures as before :

The mass balance equation is :

Solid waste in = output to recycle + output to curb

Because the recycled amount is 25 percent of the solid waste :

Output to recycle = (0.25)(24 kg) = 6 kg

Substituting into the mass balance equation for solid waste

and solving for output to curb:
24 kg = 6 kg + output to curb

Therefore,
Output to curb = 24 - 6 = 18 kg
Thank you for your attention ☺