2.

1 Body Coordination
Body coordination is the adjustment of our bodys reaction towards any stimulus around us. Coordination ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that it functions harmoniously. Two types of body coordination : a) Nervous coordination b) Hormonal coordination

Body coordination
divided into

Nervous coordination
Controlled and coordinated by the nervous system
coordinating body activities like

Hormonal coordination
Controlled and coordinated by the endocrine system
coordinating body activities like

Walking, looking, writing, talking,listening and reading

Body growth, reproduction, controlling blood flow and food digestion

Importance of body coordination

Enables all body organs to function as a unit to detect stimuli and respond towards them Controls coordination between stimuli and body responses Helping us to avoid injuries or dangers Enables us to adapt to the changes around us

Exercise 2.1
1. What is body coordination? 2. Give two examples of activities controlled by Nervous coordination Hormonal coordination

2.2 Human Nervous System

Human nervous system divided into Central nervous system divided into Brain (Controls most bodys activities) Spinal cord (Controls the Reflex action)
Somatic nervous System ( control Voluntary actions)

Peripheral nervous system divided into

Autonomic nervous system ( control Involuntary actions)

consists of 12 pairs of Cranial nerves

(connected from the cranium to the brain)

31 pairs of Spinal nerves

(connected to spinal cord)

in textbook page 21.

Neurones
Neurones

Structure :
Cell body Dendrons Dendrites Axon Myelin sheath

Definition :
The basic functional unit of the nervous system

Three types : Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone

 Table below list the parts of the neurone and its function. Parts of the Function neurone
Cell body
Dendrons

Dendrites

Axon Myelin sheath

Integrates the nerve impulses and coordinates the metabolic activities Nerve fibres that receive nerve impulses and send it to the cell body Nerve fibres that receive nerve impulses from other neurones or from external environment and send ot to the cell body Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body Speed up the transmission of the nerve impulses

The differences between neurones

Characteristics

Sensory neurone

Relay neurone

Motor neurone

Structure

Characteristics

Sensory neurone

Relay neurone

Motor neurone

Position of cell body

Length of axon Function

In the middle Centre of End of of neurone the neurone neurone

Short Carries impulses from sensory organ or receptor to CNS Changes Transmits impulses fron sensory neurone to motor neurone Long Transmits impulses from CNS to effector

Exercise 2.2
1. Complete the table below to show the types of nerves in peripheral nervous system that control the following actions. Spinal nerve cranial nerve autonomic nerve

Action
Running Smelling

Type of nerve

Jumping Moving the tongue Pulse Breathing

2.3 Nervous Coordination

Nervous coordination

Receptor

Effector

Definition : A cell in the sensory organ which detects stimuli

Examples : Eyes, ears, nose, Tongue, skins

Definition : An organ which responds to the stimuli.

Examples : Muscle, glands

 The pathway of impulses in the human nervous system.

Reflex action ( tindakan refleks)

Reflex action

An automatic response towards a stimuli Controlled by spinal cord not brain

Advantages : Allows a fast response towards changes Protect us from injuries( cedera)
Examples : Sneezing Our eyes blink when an object comes towards the eyes

Reflex arc (Arka refleks)

A reflex arc is the sequence of pathways taken by impulses in a reflex action. Example : ( refer figure 2.11 in textbook page 27)

Explanation

The stimulus is a pricked finger Impulses travel from pain receptor in the skin along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord. Then the impulse crosses a synapse to reach the relay neurone. It then carries the impulses through the nerve cord to a synapse with a motor neurone. The motor neurone carries impulses to muscles which respond by pulling the finger away.

 The path taken by an impulse in a reflex arc :

Exercise 2.3
1. What are the receptor and effector in the reflex arc when a persons finger is pricked by a thorn of a durian fruit? 2. What is the body response that protects us from danger or injury? 3. Name two types of neurone involved in a knee-jerking.

2.4 Proprioceptors for maintaining balance and coordination

Proprioceptors / kinaesthethic sense
Definition : Receptors that are sensitive to movement, pressure or stretching ( stretch receptor) in the body Example : muscle spindle, together with other receptors in tendons, ligaments and joints. Activities : walking on ropes, tying shoelacs without looking, typing without looking at keyboard

Important : the coordination of muscular activity and the maintenance of balance and posture

2.5 The Human Brain

The brain can be divided into three main parts : cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata Refer figure 2.14 in textbook page 32.

Part of the brain Cerebrum

Specific features
The largest region Has folded surface to place more neurones

Functions

Controls voluntary actions Controls motion and behaviour Controls body Cerebellum Situated at the lower part of the cerebrum and balance and at the back of the posture medulla oblongata Coordinates muscle movements

Medulla oblongata

Connects the brain with Controls the spinal cord involuntary actions

Voluntary and involuntary actions

Voluntary actions
Actions we are aware of Controlled by the cerebrum Under conscious control Impulses moves from cerebrum to muscles through the spinal cord Slow

Difference
Definition Control of action Action Pathway of impulse

Involuntary actions
Automatic action Controlled by medulla oblongata Not under conscious control Impulses moves from medulla oblongata to organs through the spinal cord Fast

Speed of response

Walking, thinking, reading, eating

Example

Sneezing, breathing, heartbeat,coughing

Effects of injury to a certain region of the brain

Exercise 2.5
1. Classify the actions or activities given under the respective parts of the brain responsible for them.
Dancing cycling Tasting toddling Listening knee-jerking holding looking pulsebeating sneezing swallowing coughing walking smelling breathing

Parts of the brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata

2. Classify the following activities into voluntary actions and

involuntary actions.
Thinking heartbeat Peristalsis looking dilation of the pupils remembering secreting saliva walking digestion kicking

Types of action

Voluntary actions

Involuntary actions

2.6 Hormonal Coordination

 Refer note hormonal coordination in MS Word.

Exercise 2.6
Write out the types of endocrine gland which carry out the functions as stated.
Function
Controls metabolic rate Controls reabsorption of water in the kidneys Controls level of sodium ions in the bloodstream Controls sugar level in the bloodstream Controls secondary male sexual characteristics Controls secondary female sexual characteristics

Type of endocrine gland

2.7 Coordination Between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System
Similarities Nervous system Similarities Endocrine system

Control and coordinate body functions Respond to a stimulus Posses target organ

Differences
Neurone network, the brain and the spinal cord Component Endocrine glands (ductless glands)

Electrochemical impulse
Nerve fibres Instant; fast; within milliseconds Short-term Specific organs

Agent involved
Transport

Chemical substance ( hormones) Bloodstream

Speed of reaction Slower; within minutes, hours or even longer Effective period Target areas Long-term Wide areas; may be throughout the whole body

Exercise 2.7
Fill in the blank with suitable words. 1. Impulses transmitted in the endocrine system are in the form of a chemical substance called _________ . 2. ________ coordination is much faster than _________ coordination. 3. Both the endocrine system and the nervous system function to _________ and _________ body activities. 4. __________ coordination usually occurs continously for a long duration.

2.8 The Effects Of Drug Abuse On Body Coordination And Health

Types of drug
Stimulants

Examples
Caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, amphetamine Morphine, heroin, barbiturate, tranquilizers Opium, morphine Marijuana, LSD Petroleum, chlorofoam, glue

Effects
Increase the metabolis rate, Make a person more active, Reduce sleeping and fatique Relieve tension, Calm a persons mind, Slow down response to stimulus Relieve pain and ease mental stress, induce sleep Cause hallucination, cause madness and death Causes hallucination, blackouts and increases heartbeat.

Depressants

Antidepressant Hallucinogens Inhalants

Exercise 2.8
1. What is a drug? 2. Tick (/) the true statements and cross out (x) the false statements. a) Morphine is extracted from opium. ( ) b) Morphine can be used to relieve pain. ( ) c) LSD causes the user to be sleepy and to vomit. ( ) d) Heroin is obtained directly from poppy flower. ( ) e) Nicotine can be found in cigarettes. ( )

2.9 The Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On Body Coordination And Health
Slows down the rate of nerve impulse transmission and affects the central nervous system. Damage liver cells, reduce the production of bile, cause cirrhosis of the liver and hepatitis. Can cause death. Response of a drinker in an emergency is slow, his sight is blurred, his hearing is poor, his reaction become slower.

Exercise 2.9
1. Give three examples of alcoholic drink. 2. Explain why driving under the influence of alcohol ( drunk driving) can cause road accidents.

2.10 Importance Of Sound And Healthy Mind

The mind is the ability of the brain to think and judge.

Factors that affect the mind

External factors

Internal factors

Social factors Environment conditions Mental stress

Brain injury Disease Hormonal imbalance Drug abuse Excessive consumption of alcohol

Exercise 2.10
1. State three internal factors that affect the mind. 2. State three external factors that affect the mind.