tng khai

thc
H thc
Vit(sgk)
L Vit
o Thun
ng dng
Pt bc 2;
3 v cc
loi ton
i s
Mt
phng to
v
hnh hc
S hc
Cc ng dng ca nh l vit
Phn I: c s xut pht.
Phn II: ni dung - phng php.
A. l thuyt (Kin thc c bn v m rng).
B. Cc ng dng ca nh l vit.
* cc ng dng c bn.
* cc ng dng khc.
Phn III: cc bin php thc hin.
Phn IV: kt qu - bi hc kinh nghim.
PhnV: kt lun
Phn i: c s xut pht
1. nh l ton hc l mnh ng. V th n l kin thc
c bn c gi tr v phng din suy lun v ng dng trong
chng trnh ton ni chung cng nh chng trnh ton THCS
ni ring.
2. Trong mn i s lp 9 THCS c mt nh l ni r mi
quan h gia cc nghim s ca mt phng trnh bc hai: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) vi cc h s ca n. l nh l do nh
ton hc ni ting ngi Php Prng xoa Vi-t (F. Viete) (1540-
1603) tm ra c mang tn ng: nh l Vi-vt.
Do c th c bit ca nh l (gm nh l thun v
o) nn n c gi tr c bit l nu ln c nhiu ng dng
quan trng trong cc bi ton lin quan n phng trnh bc
hai nh:
- Tm tng v tch cc nghim ca mt phng trnh bc hai
khi c nghim.
- Bit mt nghim ca phng trnh bc hai suy ra nghim kia.
- Nhm nghim ca mt phng trnh bc hai (khi c nghim)
trong cc trng hp.
- Tm hai s khi bit tng v tch ca chng.
- Lp mt phng trnh bc hai mt n bit hai nghim cho tr-
c
V th nh l Vi-t v cc ng dng ca n c vai tr mt
cha kho quan trng m ra hng gii quyt cho nhiu bi
ton c lin quan n nghim ca phng trnh bc hai, ba
mt cch phong ph, a dng nh: Chng minh bt ng thc;
tm cc tr; quan h gia ng thng v parabol trong mt
phng cc; tnh gi tr cc biu thc bc cao ca cc
nghim s
3. Vic dy nh l Vi-t v nu ra cc ng dng ca n trong
chng trnh i 9 c ngha c bit ch l: lm cho HS
hiu su sc hn v cc nghim s ca mt phng trnh bc
2; nu c quan h nh tnh, nh lng ca cc nghim s vi
cc h s ca phng trnh bc 2. C th ni: Cc nghim s
ca phng trnh bc 2 di lng knh ca mh l Vi-t nh
ln cc sc mu rc r.
4. Nhng ng dng phong ph ca nh l Vi-t gp phn
lm giu,(a dng, phong ph) cc dng bi tp v phng
trnh bc 2 (phng trnh qui v bc hai); cc bi ton c lin
quan n nghim s ca phng trnh bc 2; nhng k thut
gii phng trnh; h phng trnh c o nh h thc Vi-t.
5. Vic vn dng h thc Vi-t vo gii ton gy c hng
th gii bi tp cho HS, hnh thnh cho HS nhng tng
phong ph, trau di t duy v c sng to cho cc em khi gii cc
bi ton c lin quann phng trnh bc hai.
6. Phng trnh bc hai v nh l Vi-t thng qua h thc
gia cc nghim s c gn kt vi nhau nh hnh vi bng
to ra nhng bi ton, nhng ng dng phong ph v a dng
t i s, S hc, Hnh hc hp dn k l.
7. Nhng ng dng c bn v phong ph ca nh l Vi-t
thun, o lm giu t duy, k nng gii ton cho HS cui
cp. Gip cc em nhn nhn cc bi ton trong mi lin h sinh
ng di con mt ng ca s rng buc gia bin s v
tham s; gia hng v bin, phn no gip HS nng cao cht
lng hc tp mn ton.
8. Vic khai thc nh l Vi-t thun, o v cc ng dng
phong ph ca n trong i s, Hnh hc, S hc c tnh tt
yu tun theo quy lut bin chng ca bt k mt mn khoa
hc no, ng thi hnh thnh cho ngi dy, ngi hc mt
phong cch nghin cu ton hc mt phm vi nht nh to
iu kin i mi phng php dy hc mt cch hiu qu.
9. Thc t vic khai thc nh l Vi-t v cc ng dng ca n,
ca ngi dy v ngi hc phn no cn nhiu s si nh cha
khai thc trit nh l o; cc kt qu t nh l Vi-t,
c bit khai thc cc ng dng phong ph vo cc th loi bi
tp cn hn ch. Vi l do trn nn ti xut mt vn :
Nghin cu khai thc nh l Vi-t v cc ng dng phong ph
ca n trn nhiu phng tin i s, Hnh hc, S hc.

Phn ii: Ni dung phng php
a. l thuyt:
1. nh l Viet thun:
Nu phng trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
th
S = x
1
+ x
2
=
a
b
P = x
1
. x
2
=
a
c
* H qu: PT bc 2: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (*)
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

'

+

a
c
x . x
a
b
x x
0 v 0 a
2 1
2 1

- Nu a + b + c = 0 th (*) c 1 nghim l x
1
= 1, nghim kia
l x
2
=
a
c
- Nu a - b + c = 0 th (*) c 1 nghim l x
1
= - 1; nghim kia
l x
2
=
a
c
2. nh l o:
Nu c 2 s x
1
, x
2
tho mn

'

+
P x . x
S x x
2 1
2 1
th chng l nghim s
ca phng trnh: t
2
- st + p = 0
(iu kin 2 s x
1
, x
2
l s
2
- 4p 0)
Ch :
* Trc khi p dng h thc Viet cn tm iu kin phng
trnh c 2 nghim

'

) 0 ' ( 0
0 a
* a + b + c = 0 x = 1 ; a - b + c = 0 x = - 1
* Nu c: x = ; y = l nghim h phng trnh

'

+
P xy
S y x
th , l nghim phng trnh: t
2
- st + p = 0
3. Cc ng dng c bn (thng dng):
a. Kim tra nghim phng trnh bc 2.
b. Tnh nhm nghim ca phng trnh bc 2.
c. Bin 1 nghim suy ra nghim kia
d. Tm 2 s bit tng v tch.
e. Lp 1 phng trnh bc 2 bit 2 nghim
4. Mt s kt qu thu c t nh l Viet:
a. Phn tch ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (*) (a 0) thnh nhn t:
Khi (*) c 0 x
1
, x
2
/ x
1
+ x
2
=
a
b
; x
1
. x
2
=
a
c
th
ax
2
+ bx + c =
[ ]
2 1 2 1
2 2
x x x ) x x ( x a
a
c
x
a
b
x a + +

,
_

+ +

= a(x
2
- x
1
x - x
2
x + x
1
x
2
) = a(x - x
1
) (x - x
2
)
b. Gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht:
* T: S = x
1
+ x
2
; P = x
1
. x
2
- Nu S = x
1
+ x
2
(khng i) cn P = x
1
. x
2
thay i.
Do S
2
- 4P 0 P
4
S
2
P =
4
S
2
x
1
= x
2
=
2
S
a 2
b

maxP =
4
S
2
x
1
= x
2
=
2
S
(V x
2
- Sx + P = 0 c
nghim kp)
KL: Hai s c tng khng i tch ln nht 2 s
bng nhau.
- Nu x
1
> 0; x
2
> 0 v x
1
x
2
= P (Khng i)
Cn S = x
1
+ x
2
(thay i)
Do: S
2
- 4P 0 ( )( ) 0 P 2 S P 2 S +
S - P 2 0 ; S = P 2 x
1
= x
2
= P
KL: 2 s dng c tnh khng i tng nh nht khi
chng bng nhau.
c. Xt du cc nghim ca phng trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0
(*) (a 0)

,
_

a
c
P ;
a
b
S
- iu kin cho (*) c 2 nghim tri du l P < 0
- iu kin cho (*) c 2 nghim cng du l

'

>

0 P
0
- iu kin (*) c 2 nghim cng dng l:

'

>
>

0 S
0 P
0
- iu kin (*) c 2 nghim cng m l:

'

<
>

0 S
0 P
0
- iu kin (*) c 1 nghim kp dng l:

'

>

0 S
0
- iu kin (*) c 1 nghim kp m l:

'

<

0 S
0
d. iu kin ca tham s h phng trnh:

'

+
) m (
) m (
g y . x
f y x
c 1 nghim duy nht l: f
2
(m)
- 4g
(m)
= 0
(Chnh l iu kin phng trnh bc 2 t
2
- f
(m)
t + g
(m)
) = 0
c nghim kp)
b. cc ng dng ca nh l viet:
i. tm 2 s bit tng v tch ca chng:
1. Phng php: Da vo nh l o ca nh l Viet:
Nu 2 s u v v c

'

+
P v . u
S v u
th u v v l nghim ca ph-
ng trnh:
t
2
- St + P = 0 (1)
Nh vy vic tm 2 s quy v vic gii 1 phng trnh
(Tm nghim ca phng trnh 2 s cn tm).
Ch : Nu S
2
- 4P 0 th tn ti 2 s.
Nu S - 4P < 0 khng tn ti 2 s.
2. V d:
a. Tm 2 cnh 1 hnh ch nht c chu vi l 6a; Din tch l
2a
2
.
* Gi 2 cnh hnh ch nht l u v v (u > 0; v > 0).
Ta c:

'

+
2
a 2 uv
a 6 v 2 u 2

'

+
2
a 2 vu
a 3 v u
Do (3a)
2
- 4 . 2a
2
= a
2
> 0 nn u, v l nghim ca phng
trnh bc 2.
t
2
- 3at + 2a
2
= 0 gii c t
1
= a ; t
2
= 2a
Vy di 2 cnh hnh ch nht l a v 2a.
b. Tm phng trnh bc 2 nhn x
1
; x=2 l nghim v

'

+
6 x x
13 x x
2 1
2
2
2
1
(*)
Bin i h (*) ta c:

'

+
6 x x
13 x x 2 ) x x (
2 1
2 1
2
2 1

'

+
+
6 x x
5 x x
5 x x
2 1
2 1
2 1

'

'

+
6 x . x
5 x x
6 x . x
5 x x
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
c. Gii h phng trnh:

'

+
) 2 ( 27 xy
) 1 ( 4 y x
3
3

(Ta quy v tm x, y /

'

+
P xy
5 y x
)
T (1) c
( ) 28 y x 64 y x xy 3 y x 4 y x
3
3
3 3
3
+ + + + +
Vy h (1) (2) c dng

'

+
27 xy
28 y x
do 28
2
- 4 . 27 > 0 nn x,
y l nghim ca phng trnh: t
2
- 28t + 27 = 0. Gii c t
1
=
1 ; t
2
= 27. H c 2 nghim:
x
1
, x
2
l nghim phng trnh: x
2
- 5x
+ 6 = 0
x
1
, x
2
l nghim phng trnh: x
2
+ 5x
+ 6 = 0

'

27 y
1 x
;

'

1 y
27 x
d. Gii phng trnh:
6
1 x
x 5
x .
1 x
x 5
x

,
_

,
_

(/K: x -1)
t:
,
_

1 x
x 5
x u
; v =
6
1 x
x 5
x
,
_

+
(/K: x -1)
u + v = 5 (2) T (1) v (2) ta quy v tm u, v sao cho:

'

+
6 v . u
5 v u

Do 25 - 24 > 0. Nn u, v l nghim phng trnh t
2
- 5t + 6 =
0 t
1
= 3; t
2
= 2.
T c:

'

2 v
3 u
1
1
hoc

'

3 v
2 u
2
2
.
Phng trnh cho

'

+
+
1 x
0 2 x 3 x
0 3 x 2 x
2
2
gii c x
1
= 1; x
2
= 2 (TM)
e. Cho phng trnh: x
2
+ax + b = 0 c 2 nghim l x v d; ph-
ng trnh x
2
+ cx + d = 0 c 2 nghim l a v b. Tnh a, b,
c, d bit rng chng u 0.
Gii: p dng nh l Viet vo 2 phng trnh cho c:
c + d = - a (1) c . d = b (2)
a + b = - c (3) a . b = d (4)
T (1) a + c = - d
(3) a + c = - b
T (2) c =1 (V b = d 0)
T (4) a = 1 (Chia 2 v cho b = d 0)
Thay a = c = 1 vo (1) d = - 2 b = - 2
Vy (a, b, c, d) = (1; - 2; 1; - 2)
ii. tnh gi tr cc biu thc i xng gia cc nghim:
d b

1. Biu thc i xng ca 2 nghim:

Biu thc f(x
1
, x
2
) gi l i xng vi x
1
, x
2
nu:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = f(x
2
, x
1
)
(Nu i ch (v tr) x
1
v x
2
th biu thc khng thay
i).
- Nu f(x
1
, x
2
) i xng th f(x
1
, x
2
) lun c th biu din
qua 2 biu thc i xng l S = x
1
+ x
2
; P = x
1
.

x
2
.
- Biu thc i xng gia cc nghim x
1
, x
2
ca phng
trnh bc 2 ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 l biu thc c gi tr khng thay
i khi hn v x
1
v x
2
.
Ta c th biu th c cc biu thc i xng gia cc
nghim x
1
, x
2
theo S v P. V d:
( ) P 2 S x x 2 x x x x
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
+ +
( ) ( ) SP 3 S x x x x 3 x x x x
3
2 1 2 1
3
2 1
3
2
3
1
+ + +
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
4
2
4
1
P 2 ) P 2 S ( x x 2 x x x x + +
P
S
x x
x x
x
1
x
1
2 1
2 1
2 1

+
+
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
P
P 2 S
x x
x x
x
1
x
1

+
+
. . .
2. Cc v d:
a. Bi ton 1: Cho phng trnh bc 2: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (*) (a
0)
C 2 nghim l x
1
, x
2
. Chng minh rng: Vi
n
2
n
1 n
x x S +
Th a . S
n + 2
+ b . S
n + 1
+ c . S
n
= 0
Gii:
Do x
1
, x
2
l nghim (*)

'

+ +
+ +
0 c bx ax
0 c bx ax
2
2
2
1
2
1

'

+ +
+ +
0 cx x . bx x . ax
0 cx x . bx x . ax
n
2 2
n
2
2
2
n
2
n
1 1
n
1
2
1
n
1

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
0 cx bx ax
0 cx bx ax
n
2
1 n
2
2 n
2
n
1
1 n
1
2 n
1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 x x c x x b x x . a
n
2
n
1
1 n
2
1 n
1
2 n
2
2 n
1
+ + + + +
+ + + +
hay: a . S
n + 2
+ b . S
n + 1
+ c . S
n
= 0
b. Bi ton 2: Cho phng trnh x
2
+ 5x + 2 = 0
Gi x
1
, x
2
l cc nghim. Hy tnh gi tr cc biu thc:
2
2
2
1
x x + ;
3
2
3
1
x x + ;
4
2
4
1
x x + ; . . . ;
7
2
7
1
x x + ;
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
x x x x + ;
2 1
x x
Gii: Trc ht kim tra phng trnh cho nghim hay
khng.
= 25 - 8 = 17 > 0 Phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
x
2
Suy ra: 21 P 2 S x x
2 2
2
2
1
+
95 ) P 3 S ( S x x
2 3
2
3
1
+
433 8 441 P 2 ) P 2 S ( x x
2 2 2 4
2
4
1
+
( )( ) ( )
2 1
3
2
3
1
4
2
4
1
3
2
3
1
7
2
7
1
x x x . x x x x x x x + + + +
= - 95 . 433 - 8 . (- 5) =
( ) 20 S . P x x x x x x x x
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
+ +
( ) ( ) 17 P 4 S x x 4 x x x x x x
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
+
* Ch : Ta c th m rng cho bi ton trn yu cu tnh
gi tr ca
2 n
2 n
2
2 n
1
S x x
+
+ +
+ ; S
n + 1
; S
n
bng cch p dng kt
qu Bi ton 1.
S
n +2
= - b S
n + 1
- cS
n
V d: Cho x
1
, x
2
l nghim phng trnh: x
2
- 2x - 2 = 0
Tnh
7
2
7
1
x x +
Ta c: = 3 > 0 nn phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
.
S
1
= 2 8 x . x 2 ) x x ( x x S
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
2
1 2
+ +
S
3
= - bS
2
- cS
1
= 16 + 4 = 20
S
4
= - bS
3
- cS
2
= = 56
S
5
= - bS
4
- cS
3
= 152 =
S
6
= - bS
5
- cS
4
= 416
S
7
= - bS
6
- cS
5
=1136
c. Bi ton 3: (Hc sinh gii Qung Ninh nm 2002).
Gi a, b l nghim phng trnh: 30x
2
- 3x = 2002.
Rt gn (Tnh)
( ) ( )
2000 2000
2001 2001 2002 2002
b a
b a 3 b a 30
M
+
+ +

* Nhn thy phng trnh cho: 30x

2
- 3x - 2002 = 0 c
> 0
x
1
= a ; x
2
= b S
n
= a
n
+ b
n
p dng cng thc thuc Bi ton 1: A . S
n + 1
+ B . S
n + 1
+
C. S
n
= 0
Theo u bi ta c: S
n
= a
2000
+ b
2000
S
n + 1
= a
2001
+ b
2001
S
n +2
= a
2002
+ b
2002
30 S
n + 2
- 3S
n + 1
- 2002S
n
= 0
30 S
n +2
- 3S
n + 1
= 2002S
n

2002
S
S 2000
M
n
n

d. Bi ton 4: Cho phng trnh x
2
- ax + a - 1 = 0 c 2
nghim l x
1
v x
2
. Khng gii phng trnh, hy tnh gi tr
ca biu thc:
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
x x x x
3 x 3 x 3
M
+
+

.
Gii: Trc ht kim tra xem phng trnh cho c
nghim khng ?
Ta c: = a
2
- 4 (a - 1) = (a - 2)
2
0
Nn phng trnh cho c 2 nghim l: x
1
v x
2
.
p dng h thc Viet ta c: x
1
+ x
2
= a ; x
1
.x
2
= a - 1.
a a
3 a 6 a 3
10 a ( a
3 ) 1 a ( 6 a 3
) x x ( x x
3 x x 6 ) x x ( 3
M
2
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2 1

+
+

(a 0;
a 1)
e. Bi 5: Cho a 0; Gi s x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh:
0
a
1
ax x
2
2
tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
4
2
4
1
x x E +
Ta c: x
1
+ x
2
= a ; x
1
.x
2
=
2
a
1

( ) P 2 P 2 S x x
2
2 4
2
4
1
+
4 2 2 4
a
2
a E
4
4
+ + +
4 2 2 E + a
8
= 2
8
2 a t
Min 2 2 4 E + ti
8
2 a t
* Ch : Nu bin i phng trnh cho thnh phng
trnh
0 1 x a x a
3 2 2

(a 0) th vic xt xem phng trnh
c nghim hay khng v tm GTNN
4
2
4
1
x x E + tin li hn.
iii. Tm h thc lin h gia cc nghim khng ph thuc tham s:
1. Phng php:
tm h thc lin h gia cc nghim khng ph thuc
tham s trong 1 phng trnh bc 2 (Gi s tham s l m) ta c
th thc hin theo cc bc sau:
- Tm iu kin ca m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
v x
2
l:

'

0
0 a
- p dng h thc Viet ta c

'

+
) m ( 2 1
) m ( 2 1
g x . x
f x x
(*)
- Khi m t h (*) ta c h thc cn tm (S dng php
th hoc cng).
2. V d:
a. Cho phng trnh (m - 1)x
2
- 2(m - 4)x + m - 5 = 0. Tm h
thc lin h gia cc nghim ca phng trnh khng ph
thucm (c lp vi m).
Gii: Trc ht tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
l:

'

0
0 a
'

'

0 ) 5 m )( 1 m ( ) 4 m (
0 1 m
2

'

0 11 m 2
1 m

2
11
m 1
Khi theo Viet phng trnh c 2 nghim x
1
, x
2
tho
mn:

'

+
1 m
5 m
x . x
1 m
) 4 m ( 2
x x
2 1
2 1

'

+
1 m
) 5 m ( 3
x . x 3
1 m
) 4 m ( 4
) x x ( 2
2 1
2 1
2 (x
1
+ x
2
) - 3x
1
x
2
= 1 (Khng cha m).
chnh l h thc cn tm.
b. Cho phng trnh: (m
2
+ 1)x
2
- 2mx + 1 - m
2
= 0.
* CMR vi mi m > 1 phng trnh lun c nghim.
* Tm h thc lin h gia cc nghim c lp vi tham
s m.
Gii:
* Ta c: a = m
2
+ 1 > 0 (m
2
0) nn phng trnh cho
l1 phng trnh bc 2 n x tham s m.
Mt khc, C = 1 - m
2
< 0 (V m > 1 m
2
> 1).
Nh vy: a v c tri du ac < 0 Phng trnh cho c
2 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
vi mi m > 1.
* p dng h thc Viet c:

'

+
+
1 m
m 1
x . x
m 1
m 2
x x
2
2
2 1
2
2 1
(*)
- Kh m t h (*) bng nhn xt:
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2 1
m 1
m 1
m 1
m 2
x . x x x

,
_

+
,
_

+
+ +
= 1
1 m 2 m
1 m 2 m
) 1 m (
1 m 2 m m 4
2 4
2 4
2 2
2 4 2

+ +
+ +

+
+ +
Vy ta c h thc cn tm l: (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
+ (x
1
.x
2
)
2
= 1
iv. tm iu kin ca tham s 2 nghim lin h vi nhau bi 1
h thc cho trc (iu kin cho trc):
1. Phng php:
C th thc hin cc bc:
* B c 1: Tm iu kin ca tham s phng trnh cho
c nghim x
1
, x
2
.
* B c 2: p dng h thc Viet, ta c:

'

+
) m ( 2 1
) m ( 2 1
g x . x
f x x
(*)
* B c 3: Kt hp (*) vi iu kin (H thc cho trc) suy ra ph-
ng trnh c n l tham s t tm c tham s.
(Ch cn i chiu tham s cn tm c vi iu kin
phng trnh u c nghim s).
2. Cc v d:
a. Tm m phng trnh: 3x
2
+ 4 (m - 1)x + m
2
- 4m + 1 = 0
c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
. x
2
tho mn:
) x x (
2
1
x
1
x
1
2 1
2 1
+ +
Gii:
* Trc ht phng trnh phi c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
21
0 nn phi c: > 0.
4 (m - 1)
2
- 3 (m
2
- 4m + 1) > 0 m
2
+ 4m + 1 > 0.
m < - 2 -
3
hoc m > -2 +
3
(*)
* Theo h thc Viet ta c:
3
) m 1 ( 4
x x
2 1

+ ;
3
1 m 4 m
x . x
2
2 1
+

(m
2
- 4m + 1 0) m 2 t
3
(**)
T h thc ca x
1
, x
2
ta c:
( ) 0
2
1
x x
1
x x
2
x x
x x
x x
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

,
_

+
+

+
x
1
+ x
2
= 0 (1) hoc
0
2
1
x x
1
2 1

(2)
- T (1) c: 1 m 0 ) m 1 (
3
4

- T (2) c:
2
1
1 m 4 m
3
2

+
m
2
- 4m + 1 = 6
m
2
- 4m - 5 = 0

5 m
1 m
* Kt hp cc gi tr ca m vi iu kin: (*) (**) ta c m
= 1 ; m = 5.
Nh vy: Vi m = 1 hoc m = 5 th phng trnh cho
tho mn u bi
(Ch : C th tm m t h hn hp sau:

'

+ +

) x x (
2
1
x
1
x
1
0
3
1 m 4 m
x . x
3
) m 1 ( 4
x x
0 '
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
Khi c:
2
x x
x x
x x
2 1
2 1
2 1
+

+
nu chia cho x
1
+ x
2
s lm my
nghim)
b. Cho phng trnh: x
2
+ bx + c = 0 c cc nghim x
1
, x
2
; ph-
ng trnh: x
2
- b
2
x + bc = 0 c cc nghim x
3
, x
4
. Bit x
3
- x
1
=
x
4
- x
2
= 1. Tm b v c.
Gii:
* Trc ht phi c:

'

0 bc 4 b
0 c 4 b
4
2
(*)
* Theo gi thit v theo h thc Viet c:

'

+
bc x . x
b x x
c x . x
b x x
4 3
2
4 3
2 1
2 1

( ) ( )
( )( )

'

+ +
+ + +

+
bc 1 x 1 x
b x 1 x 1
c x . x
b x x
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
) 4 (
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
(V x
3
= x
1
+ 1 ; x
4
= x
2
+ 1)
T (1) v (3) c: b
2
+ b - 2 = 0 (b - 1) (b + 2) = 0

2 b
1 b
T (4) c: x
1
x
2
+ x
1
+ x
2
+ 1 =bc c - b + 1 = bc
(5)
- Vi b = 1 th (5) ng khi phng trnh: x
2
+ bx + c
= 0
tr thnh x
2
+ x + c = 0
C nghim nu = 1 - 4c 0
4
1
c
Phng trnh: x
2
- b
2
x + bc = 0 tr thnh x
2
- x + c = 0
cng c nghim nu
4
1
c :
- Vi b =- 2 (5) tr thnh c + 3 = - 2c c = - 1
Khi phng trnh: x
2
- b
2
x + bc = 0 tr thnh x
2
- 4x +
2 = 0 c nghim l
2 2t
.
Phng trnh: x
2
+ bx + c = 0 tr thnh x
2
- 2x - 1 = 0 c
nghim l
2 1t
* Kt lun: (b = 1 ;
4
1
c ) hoc (b = - 2 ; c = - 1)
(V cc gi tr ny tho mn iu kin (*))
c. Tm m phng trnh: mx
2
- 2 (m - 1)x + 3 (m - 2) = 0 c
2 nghim phn bit x
1
. x
2
tho mn x
1
+ 2x
2
= 1.
Gii: C th gii h hn hp sau tm m:
1 2
) 2 ( 3
.
) 1 ( 2
0 '
0
2 1
2 1
2 1
+

'

+
>

x x
m
m
x x
m
m
x x
m

m
) 2 m ( 3
m
) m 2 ( 2
1 .
m
m 2
m
) m 2 ( 2
1 x
m
m 2
x
0 1 m 4 m 2 v ; 0 m
1
2
2

,
_

,
_

'

<

'

+
< <

0
m
) 4 m 6 )( m 2 (
2
6 2
m
2
6 2
v ; 0 m
2
m = 2 hoc m =
3
2
d. Tm cc s p v q ca phng trnh: x
2
+ px + q = 0 sao cho
cc nghim ca n tho mn:

'

35 x x
5 x x
3
2
3
1
2 1
Gii: * Trc ht phi c iu kin: > 0 p
2
- 4q > 0
Gii h sau:
35 x x
5 x x
q x . x
p x x
3
2
3
1
2 1
2 1
2 1

'

+
) 4 (
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
T (3) c: (x
1
- x
2
)
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- 4x
1
x
2
= p
2
- 4q = 25 (5)
T (4) c: ( ) [ ] 35 x x x x 5 ) x x x x )( x x ( x x
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
1 2 1
3
2
3
1
+ + +
(x
1
+ x
2
)
2
- x
1
x
2
= p
2
- q = 7 (6)
Kt hp (5) v (6) ta c:

'

7 q p
25 q 4 p
2
2
(*)
Gii c q = - 6 ; p
1, 2
= t 1
Nghim ca h (*) l:

'

6 q
1 p
;

'

6 q
1 p
tho mn iu kin:
p
2
- 4q > 0
Kt lun:

'

6 q
1 p
hoc

'

6 q
1 p
e. Xc nh tham s m sao cho phng trnh:
(1)2x
2
- 3(m + 1)x + m
2
- m - 2 = 0 c 2 nghim tri du
(2)mx
2
- 2 (m - 2)x + 3 (m - 2) = 0 c 2 nghim cng du
Gii:
(1) C 2 nghim tri du m
2
- m - 2 < 0 (m + 1) (m -
2) < 0
- 1 < m < 2
(2) Gii

'

>

0
m
) 2 m ( 3
0 '
0 m
- 1 m < 0
V. Thit lp phng trnh bc 2:
* Ta thit lp 1 phng trnh bc 2 nhn cc s x
1
; x
2
l
cc nghim da trn c s (nh l Viet).
Nu x
1
+ x
2
= S ; x
1
.x
2
=p th x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng
trnh
x
2
- Sx + P = 0 (S
2
- 4P 0)
* Cc v d:
1. Gi , l cc nghim ca phng trnh: 3x
2
+ 7x + 4 =
0 khng phi phng trnh hy thnh lp phng trnh bc 2 vi
h s bng s m cc nghim ca n l:
1

v
1

.
* Gii: Theo nh l Viet ta c:

'

+
3
4
.
3
7

vi 1 v
1.
Ta c:
) 1 )( 1 (

1

2 2

+

=
21
23
1 ) (
2 ) ( ) (
2

+ +
+ +
21
6
1 ) ( 1
.
1

+ +

Vy
1

v
1

l nghim ca phng trnh

0
21
6
X
21
23
X
2
+
Hay phng trnh: 21X
2
- 23X + 6 = 0
* Ch : C th gii bi ton trn bng cch lp phng
trnh tch ri a v phng trnh bc 2 cn tm.
0
1

X
1

X
,
_

,
_

2. Cho a l s thc sao cho a + 1 0. Lp phng trnh

bc 2 c 2 nghim x
1
; x
2
tho mn cc h thc:
4x
1
x
2
+ 4 = 5 (x
1
+ x
2
) (1)
(x
1
- 1) (x
2
- 1) =
1 a
1
+
(2)
Gii: * lp c 1 phng trnh bc 2 c 2 nghim x
1
;
x
2
ta phi tm c x
1
+ x
2
v x
1
.x
2
theo a.
Ta c: (2) x
1
.x
2
- (x
1
+ x
2
) + 1 =
1 a
1
+
x
1
.x
2
- (x
1
+ x
2
) =
1 a
a
+

(3)
(1) 4x
1
x
2
- 5 (x
1
+ x
2
) = - 4 (4)
T (3) v (4)

'

+
+
1 a
a 4
x . x
1 a
4
x x
2 1
2 1
x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca ph-
ng trnh:
0
1 a
a 4
x
1 a
4
x
2

,
_

hay (a + 1)x
2
- 4x + 4 - a = 0.
3. Vit phng trnh bc 2 c nghim x
1
; x
2
tho mn:

'

+

5 k ) 2 x )( 2 x (
2 ) x . x ( 3 x x 2
2 1
2 1 2 1
) 2 (
) 1 (
* Ta cn tm c x
1
+ x
2
v x
1
.x
2
theo k.
t x
1
+ x
2
= S ; x
1
.x
2
= P, ta c:

'

+

1 k S 2 P
2 S 3 P 2

'

+

1 k 3 P
k 2 S
Phng trnh cn tm l x
2
+ 2kx - 3k + 1 = 0 (
K: S
2
- 4P 0 k
2
+ 4k - 1 0)
* Qua cc v d trn ta vn dng nh l Viet o
lp 1 phng trnh bc 2 bit 2 nghim cho trc hoc h thc
lin h gia 2 nghim. Song cn ch iu kin S
2
- 4P 0.
vi. xt du cc nghim s:
1. Phng php:
Dng nh l Viet ta c th xt du cc nghim phng
trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) da trn kt qu:
* Nu
0
a
c
p <
phng trnh c 2 nghim tri du x
1
< 0
< x
2
* Nu

'

>

0 p
0
phng trnh c 2 nghim cng du.
* Nu

'

>
>

0 s
0 p
0
phng trnh c 2 nghim dng 0 < x
1

x
2
* Nu

'

<
>

0 s
0 p
0
phng trnh c 2 nghim m: x
1
x
2
< 0
2. Cc v d:
a. Cho phng trnh: mx
2
- 2(3 - m)x + m - 4 = 0 (1)
Xc nh m phng trnh:
- C ng 1 nghim m
- C 2 nghim i nhau.
Gii: Xt 2 trng hp:
* TH
1
: Vi m =0 ta c: (1) - 6x - 4 = 0
3
2
x

l nghim
m duy nht ca phng trnh.
* TH
2
: Vi m 0 khi (1) c ng 1 nghim m cn
iu kin l:

<
<
0 x x
x 0 x
2 1
2 1

<
< <
<
0 x x
x 0 x
x 0 x
2 1
2 1
2 1

<

<
<
0
a 2
b
v 0
0 p
0 vS 0 f
) 0 (

< <

2
9
m
4 m 0
4 m
Vy m (0; 4] hoc m =
2
9
th phng trnh c ng 1
nghim m.
b. Cho phng trnh: 2x
2
- (m - 1)x + m
2
- 4m + 3 = 0 (1)
* Tm m phng trnh (1) c nghim.
* Xc nh du ca cc nghim x
1
, x
2
(x
1
x
2
) vi cc gi tr
tm c ca m.
Gii: * V (1) l phng trnh bc 2 n x tham s m c
nghim s
0 (m - 1)
2
- 2 (m
2
- 4m + 3) 0 - m
2
+ 6m - 5
0
m
2
- 6m + 5 0 (m - 1) (m - 5) 0 1 m 5.
* Theo h thc Viet c: P = x
1
x
2
=
2
3 m 4 m
2
+
S = x
1
+ x
2
= m - 1
- Xt du ca P = x
1
.x
2
.
Ta c: m
2
- 4m + 3 = 0 m = 1 hoc m = 3
m 1 3
x
1
x
2
+ 0 - 0 +
Nu m = 1 th p = 0 v s = 0 x
1
= x
2
= 0
Nu m = 3 th p = 0 ; s > 0 0 = x
1
< x
2
Nu 3 < m 5 th p > 0 ; s > 0 0 < x
1
< x
2
Nu 1 < m < 3 th p < 0 x
1
< 0 < x
2
.
c. Tm gi tr ca m phng trnh: (m - 1)x
2
+ 2x + m = 0
(1)
c t nht 1 nghim khng m.
* Gii: * Nu m = 1 x =
2
1
< 0 vy m = 1 (loi)
* Nu m 1 th (1) l 1 phng trnh bc 2.
= - m
2
+ m + 1 c nghim 0
m
2
- m - 1 0
2
5 1
m
2
5 1+
* Xt S =
m 1
2

c 2 trng hp:
- Nu m < 1 S > 0 (1) c t nht 1 nghim dng
- Nu m > 1 S < 0 ta cha kt lun m phi xt:
1 m
m
P

v m > 1
P > 0 kt hp vi S < 0 (1) c 2 nghim m nn loi m
> 1.
* Kt lun: Gi tr ca m cn tm l:
2
5 1
m < 1.
* Cch gii 2:
Xt
1 m
m
P

- (1) c nghim x = 0 P = 0 m = 0 (1)

- (1) c 2 nghim tri du P < 0 0 < m < 1 (2)
- (1) c 2 nghim dng

'

>
>

0 A
0 P
0 '

'

<

>
<
+

1 m
1 m
0 m
2
5 1
m
2
5 1

2
5 1
m < 0 (3)
T (1), (2), (3)
2
5 1
m < 1
ng dng khc
I. Ph ng trnh ng thng (d): y = ax + b (a 0) vi Parabol (P):
y = mx
2
(m 0):
1. Dng 1:
Lp phng trnh ng thng y = ax + b (a 0) i qua 2
im A (x
A
; y
A
); B (x
B
; y
B
) thuc Parabol y = mx
2
(m 0)
* C s l lun: Do ng thng v Parabol c 2 giao
im nn honh giao im l nghim ca phng trnh:
mx
2
= ax + b mx
2
- ax - b = 0.
T theo Viet ta c:

'

+
m
b
x . x
m
a
x x
B A
B A
(*)
T (*) tm a v b PT (d)
2. Dng 2:
Lp phng trnh ng thng tip xc vi Parabol (P) ti
im M (x
M
; y
M
)
* C s l lun: Do (d) v (P) c duy nht 1 giao im nn
phng trnh:
mx
2
- ax - b = 0 c nghim kp: x
1
= x
2
. Vn dng h thc
Viet, ta c:

'

+
m
b
x x
a x x
2 1
2 1
a v b
phng trnh tip tuyn.
3. V d:
a. Cho parabol (P) c phng trnh: (P): y = x
2
.
Gi A v B l 2 im (P) c honh ln lt l x
A
= - 1 ;
x
B
= 2. Lp phng trnh dng thng i v A v B.
* Gii: (Ta c th ng dng h thc Viet).
* Gi s phng trnh ng thng (AB): y = ax + b
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (AB) v (P) l: x
2
=
ax + b
x
2
- ax - b =0 (*).
Ta c: x
A
= - 1 ; x
B
= 2 l nghim ca phng trnh (*).
Theo Viet ta c:

'

+
b x x
a x x
B A
B A

'

2 b
1 a
Vy phng trnh ng thng (AB) l: y = x + 2
b. Cho (P):
4
x
y
2
; A (P) c honh x
A
= 2 lp phng
trnh ng thng tip xc vi (P) ti A.
Gii:
Gi s phng trnh tip tuyn ti A l (d): y = ax + b. Ph-
ng trnh honh giao im ca (d) v (P) l:
4
x
2
= ax + b x
2
- 4ax - 4b = 0 (*)
Ta c: x
A
= 2 l nghim kp ca (*) (x
1
= x
2
= 2)
Theo Viet ta c:

'

+
b 4 x x
a 4 x x
2 1
2 1

'

1 b
1 a
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn (d) l: y = x - 1
ii. bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht:
1. T h thc S = x
1
+ x
2
; P = x
1
.x
2
.
a. Nu S = x
1
+ x
2
khng i cn P thay i.
Do: S
2
- 4P 0 P
4
S
2
Nn P
max
=
4
S
2
x
1
= x
2
=
2
S
a 2
b

(V PT: x
2
- Sx + P = 0 c
nghim kp)
* Vy: Nu 2 s c tng khng i tch ln nht 2 s
bng nhau.
b. Gi s: x
1
> 0 ; x
2
> 0 v x
1
.x
2
= P (khng i) cn S =
x
1
+ x
2
(thay i)
v S
2
- 4P 0 (S -
P 2
) (S +
P 2
) 0
S -
P 2
0 S
P 2
> Min S =
P 2
x
1
= x
2
=
P
* Vy: Nu 2 s dng c tch khng i th tng nh
nht khi chng bng nhau.
2. Tm cc tr ca bin s trong h iu kin rng
buc.
a. V d 1: Cho a, b, c l 3 s thc tho mn iu kin:

'

+ +

>
abc c b a
a
c
b
a
0 a
Tm GTNN ca a (Xc nh b, c khi a
min)
* Gii: T gi thit bi ton ta c:

'

a a a abc c b
a bc
3
2
Theo Viet: b, c l nghim ca phng trnh bc 2: x
2
- (a
3
-
a)x + a
2
= 0
= (a
3
- a)
2
- 4a
2
0 a
2
[(a
2
- 1)
2
- 4] 0
(a
2
- 3) (a
2
+ 1) 0 a
2
- 3 0 a
2
3
a
3
(a > 0) min a =
3
ti b = c =
3

Vy: a
min
=
3
ti b = c =
3
* bi ton trn do vai tr ca a, b, c nh nhau nn c th
yu cu tm min ca1 trong cc bin a, b, c.
Mt khc, trong bi ton trn ta da vo iu kin tn
ti ca h thc Viet l S
2
- 4P 0 (iu kin c nghim ca ph-
ng trnh bc 2) t suy ra GTNN.
iii. bi ton chng minh bt ng thc:
* Lin quan ti nghim ca 1 phng trnh bc 2 ta c th
s dng h thc Viet chng minh bt ng thc c cha
cc nghim ca 1 phng trnh bc 2 cho. Hoc chng
minh cc bt ng thc c h iu kin rng buc cho trc.
1. V d 1: Cho phng trnh: mx
2
- (m + 2)x + 1 = 0 (1) (m l
tham s).
a. Chng minh rng (1) c nghim vi mi m.
b. Gi s (1) c 2 nghim l a v b.
Chng minh rng: (ma - 1)
2
+ (mb + 1)
2

2
) 2 m (
2
+
Gii:
a. Vi m = 0 th (1) tr thnh - 2x + 1 = 0 x =
2
1
(Phng trnh c nghim vi m = 0).
Vi m 0: (1) l 1 phng trnh bc 2 c = (m + 2)
2
-
4m = m
2
+ 4 > 0
m (1) c nghim vi m 0
* Vy (1) c nghim vi m.
b. Mun phng trnh cho (1) c 2 nghim a, b th m
0.
Do a, b l cc nghim ca (1) nn theo Viet ta c:
a + b =
m
2 m+
t: X = am - 1; Y = bm + 1 X + Y = m(a + b)
X + Y = m(m + 2) : m = m + 2
Chng minh c: 2 (X
2
+ Y
2
) (X + Y)
2
vi mi X, Y
X
2
+ Y
2
(X + Y)
2
/ 2 X, Y
Thay: X + Y = m + 2 ta c: X
2 +
Y
2
(m + 2)
2
/2
Hay (am - 1)
2
+ (bm - 1)
2
(m + 2)
2
/2
2. V d 2: Cho x, y, z tho mn

'

+ +
+ +
8 xz yz xy
5 z y x
(*)
Chng minh rng: 1 x, y, z
3
7
Gii: T h (*) ta c:

'

+
+
) x 5 ( x 8 ) z y ( x 8 yz
x 5 z y

'

+
+
8 5
5
2
x x yz
x z y
Theo Viet: y. z l nghim ca phng trnh: t
2
- (5 - x)t +
(x
2
- 5x + 8) = 0
V phng trnh trn c nghim 0
(5 - x)
2
- 4 (x
2
- 5x + 8) 0 - 3x
2
+ 10x - 7 0
3x
2
- 10x + 7 0 1 x
3
7
Bng cch chng minh tng t ta c: 1 y, z
3
7
* bi ton trn ta da vo iu kin tn ti 2 s y v
z chnh l iu kin phng trnh (*) c nghim s l 0
hay S
2
- 4P 0. T suy ra cc bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Cc bin php thc hin
1. Xy dng h thc Vi-t
- Sau khi hc xong cng thc nghim ca PT bc 2 tng
qut GV hng dn HS tm ra mi quan h gia cc nghim s
vi cc h s thng qua biu thc:
x
1
+ x
2
= ?; x
1
. x
2
= ? T y, gi HS tm ti thm cc mi
lin h khc khng nh gi tr ca 2 h thc trn.
2. Yu cu HS lp mnh o ca nh l v gi
cch chng minh M:
Nu c x
1
+ x
2
=
a
b
v x
1
. x
2
=
a
c
th x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca
PT bc 2:
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0).
Hng dn: f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c = a (x2 +
a
b
x +
a
c
) = = a
(x x1)(x x2)
V a 0 nn f(x) = 0 x = x1 hoc x = x2 kt lun
3. Vn dng nh l o ca nh l Vi-t vo bi ton
tm 2 s bit tng v tch ca chng: a + b = S; a . b =
P (S
2
4P 0) a, b l nghim ca PT bc 2: x
2
sx + p = 0
Lu : Trc ht xt s
2
4p khng nh c tn ti a v b hay
khng tn ti a v b. Tuy nhin nu c 2 s x
1
; x
2
l nghim ca
h PT: x
1
+ x
2
= s v x
1
x
2
= p
th khng nh c ngay x
1
v x
2
l nghim ca PT: t
2
st +
p = 0
4. Tin hnh thng xuyn vic nhm nghim 1phng
trnh bc2 trong cc trng hp: a+b+c= 0; a-b+c=0
T hnh thnh thi quen quan st cc h s ca 1pt
bc2 tin hnh nhm nghim nu c; Xy dng cho hc sinh
thc gii 1pt bc2 bng cch Nhm nghim trc khi s dng
cng thc tng qut; To thi quen s dng ht Vi-t kim
tra nghim pt bc 2
5. Xy dng h thng bi tp c ng dng Vi-t ngay
sau khi hc xong bi H thc Vi-t v ng dng.
Gm cc bi ton:
- Khng phi phng trnh bc 2 m tnh tng, tch cc
nghim; tnh gi tr ca biu thc i xng gia 2 nghim.
Khng i xng gia 2 nghim
- Cho trc 1 nghim s ca phng trnh bc 2 Tm
nghim cn li v tham s.
- Tm mt s bit tng v tch ca chng
- Lp mt phng trnh bc 2 bit 2 nghim cho trc;
hoc hai nghim c lin quan ti 2 nghim ca 1 phng trnh
cho.
- Tm h thc lin h gia cc nghim ca 1 phng
trnh bc 2 khng ph thuc tham s.
- Tm iu kin ca tham s (tm tham s) sao cho cc
nghim ca mt phng trnh bc 2 cho tho mn 1 h thc
(1 iu kin cho trc).
- Tm iu kin ca tham s cc nghim ca phng
trnh bc 2 cho trc cng du, tri du, dng, m
6. a h thc Viet vo gii 1 s phng trnh, h phng
trnh Khng mu mc nh phng trnh, h phng
trnh v t.
V d: Gii phng trnh:
6 )
1
5
).(
1
5
(
+

+
+

x
x
x
x
x
x
(1)
1
7
+ +
xy
x
y
y
x
Gii h phng trnh: (2)
78 + xy y xy x
T thc cho HS thy c c nhng phng trnh, h
phng trnh c th chuyn v vn dng cc ng dng ca
nh l Viet. Nh (1) a v tm A vB sao cho: A.B = 6
A + B = 5
(2) ch ra x > 0 ; y > 0 l iu kin h c nghim ri
chuyn h v dng
(x + y) + 7 ) ( xy
(x + y)(- 78 ) xy
7. xut cho HS nhng bi ton tm cc tr ca 1 biu
thc i s c ng dng h thc Viet nh:
- Khai thc: S
2
4p 0 trong cc trng hp S thay i P khng
thay i, S hng i; P thay i.
T lin h vi bt ng thc Csi v ng dng ca bt
ng thc ny.
- a h thc Viet vo bi ton tm cc tr ca cc bin trong
h iu kin rng buc nh:
x + y + z = 5
Tm cc tr ca x, y, z bit rng:
xy + yz + xz = 8
8. Cho HS lm quen vi vic s dng h thc Viet vo bi
ton chng minh bt ng thc:
V d: Cho phng trnh: x
2
2m
2
x + 2m
2
2 = 0 ( m >1)
Chng minh rng: Phng trnh lun c 2 nghim phn bit.
Gi s: x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh cho v x
1
> x
2
, hy
chng minh:
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
+ +
+
<
+ +
+
x x
x
x x
x

9. ng dng h thc Vi t trong mt phng to v
trong hnh hc
a. Trong mt phng to Oxy cho ng thng (d) : 2x- y =
a
2
v parabol
(p): y= a x
2
(a > 0). Tm a (d) ct (p) ti 2 im phn
bit A v B.
Chng minh rng: Khi A v B nm bn phi trc tung .
* bi ton trn cn gip cho hc sinh ch ra pt honh giao
im :
a x
2
= 2x a
2

a x
2
-2x + a
2
= 0 (*) lun c 2nghim
phn bit
= 1 a
3
> 0

a<1 Vy 0 < a < 1 l iu kin cn
tm.
T gi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (*) vn dng h thc Vi-t:

Ta c:

'

>
> +
0 .
0
2
2 1
2 1
a x x
a
x x
x
1
> 0 v x
2
> 0
A v B nm bn phi trc tung.
b. Cho ABC (B = 90
0
); ng cao BH = 3cm; AC = 7cm. Tnh
AB, BC.
* bi ny nu t vn tm AB, BC thng qua tm AH,
HC th s h tr ca Vi-t rt hu hiu.

'

+
9 3 .
7
2
HC AH
HC AH
AH.HC l nghim PT: x
2
7x + 9 = 0.
Sau d dng tm c AB.AC nh h thc trong tam gic
vung
Mt khc, c th trc tip tnh AB, BC nh vo Pitago v
ng dng ca Viet nh sau:
AB
2
+ BC
2
= AC (AB + BC)
2
2AB . BC = AC
2
(AB = BC)
2
= 49 + 2AC . BH = 49 + 42 = 91 AB + BC =
91
kt hp vi AB . BC = 21 ta tm AB v BC thng qua tm
nghim phng trnh:
x
2
- 91 x + 21 = 0
(chnh l bi ton tm 2 s c tng l S v tch lP)
10. S dng h thc Viet bi tp s hc:
V d: Tm cc s nguyn a cc phng trnh sau c
nghim nguyn.
A
H B
C
a) x
2
(a + 5)x +5a + 2 = 0 (1)
b) x
2
+ ax + 198 = a (2)
H ng dn:
a. Gi x
1
,x
2
Z l nghim (1) theo Viet ta c:

'

+
+ +
2 5 .
5
2 1
2 1
a x x
a x x
(*)
T (*)

'

+
+ +
2 5 .
25 5 5 5
2 1
2 1
a x x
a x x
(x
1
5)(x
2
5) = 2 = 1 .2 = 2 . 1 = - 1.(-2) = (-2).(-1)
a = 8 hoc a = 2.
b. Ta c:

'

+
a x x
a x x
198 .
2 1
2 1
x
1
+ x
2
x
1
. x
2
= -198
(x
1
1) (x
2
1) = 199
Do 199 l s nguyn t nn:
(x
1
1)(x
2
- 1) = 1.199 = 199.1 = -1.(-199) = -199.(-1) a =
198 hoc a = -2
11. Gy ng c nghin cu cho HS thng qua vic t
vn :
Ta hy d on xem vi phng trnh bc 3: ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (a 0) (*) khi c 3 nghim: x
1
; x
2
; x
3
th cc nghim
ny c lin h vi cc h s a, b, c, d nh th no ? sau GV
gii thiu nh l Viet m rng cho phng trnh bc 3. Nu
phng trnh bc 3 (*) c 3 nghim x
1
, x
2
, x
3
th ta c 3 h
thc sau gia cc nghim:
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
=
a
b
x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ x
2
x
3
=
a
c
x
1
x
2
x
3
=
a
d

(nh l ny khng yu cu chng minh v s c hc ch-
ng trnh ton cp 3).
12. Thng xuyn nhn mnh vic tm iu kin cho
mtphng trnh bc hai c nghim s trc khi p dng
h thc Vi-t trong cc bi ton v phng trnh bc hai
c lin quan ti quan h gia cc nghim s; c bit l
phng trnh bc hai cha tham s.
Kt qu v bi hc kinh nghim
A. Kt qu:
Qua trc nghim v kho st cc i tng HS, sau khi
cung cp cho HS ni dung kin thc k nng cc ng dng ca
Viet, kt qu bc u thu c:
-100% s HS bit kim tra nghim ca 1 phng trnh
bc 2 bng h thc Viet.
- 98% s HS thnh tho nhm nghim phng trnh bc2
2 trng hp:
a + b + c = 0 ; a b + c = 0.
- 80% s HS bit nhm nghim phng trnh bc 2 bng
nh l Viet o:

+
p x x
s x x
2 1
2 1
.
x
1
, x
2
l nghim phng trnh bc 2
- 100% s HS bit tm 2 s bit tng, tch v lp ph-
ng trnh bc 2 bit 2 nghim cho trc.
- 85% s HS tnh c gi tr cc biu thc i xng gia
cc nghim ca phng trnh bc 2 cho trc.
- 80% s HS tm c h thc lin h gia cc nghim s
khng ph thuc tham s.
- 85% s HS tm c iu kin ca tham s 2
nghim lin h vi nhau bi mt h thc (iu kin cho trc).
- 90% s HS xt du c cc nghim s ca mt phng
trnh bc 2.
HS tm c iu kin ca tham s 2 nghim phng
trnh bc 2 c du cho trc.
- 85% s HS s dng h thc Viet vo tm phng trnh
ng thng i qua A (x
A
,

y
A
); B (x
B
,y
B
) thuc parabn y = mx
2
(m 0).
Lp phng trnh ng thng tip xc vi parabn (p) ti
M(x
M
, y
M
).
- 90% s HS vn dng h thc Viet vo tm cc tr cc
trng hp:
a) S = x
1
+ x
2
(khng i) P thay i, P = x
1
. x
2
b) P= x
1
. x
2
(khng i) S thay i
- 80% s HS bit tm cc tr ca bin trong h iu
kin rng buc.
- 90% s HS vn dng c h thc Viet v ng dng vo
bi tp chng minh bt ng thc.
- 85% s HS bit vn dng h thc Viet vo gii bi ton
hnh hc.
- 90% s HS vn dng c h thc Viet vo gii bi ton
c lin quan n s hc.
Bi hc kinh nghim

1. Xy dng mi quan h gia cc nghim s ca mt
phng trnh bc hai tng qut (khi c nghim s). Vi cc h
s a, b, c t hnh thnh cc h thc Vi-t n pht biu
c ni dung ca nh l Vi-t l mt cng vic c ngha v
cng quan trng trong vic dy ton theo hng i mi phng
php ging dy trn c s kin to kin thc mi sinh ng v
phong ph.
2. T nh l Vi-t (thun) nu ra c cc ng dng quan
trng nh tm tng v tch cc nghim s (khng gii phng
trnh) Cng lm tng thm gi tr s dng ca mt nh l
ton hc cng nh ngha ca nh l vi nhng bi ton c
lin quan.
3. Vic thit lp mnh o ca nh l Vi-t v
chng minh mnh ny ng to ra mt nh l o c
nhiu ng dng vo cc bi tp.
- Tm 2 s bit tng v tch.
- Lp mt phng trnh bit hai nghim.
- Nhm nghim phng trnh.
4. Nu ra mt h thng ng dng ca nh l Vi-t vo
cc bi ton c ngha thit thc trong rn luyn k nng v
vn dng h thc vo suy lun cp t duy cao nh: Tm h
thc lin h gia cc nghim khng ph thuc tham s
5. Thng xuyn ng vin HS c thi quen gii mt phng
trnh bc hai, trc tin l s dng Vi-t. To cho HS mt ng
hnh, (tp qun), gii nhanh (hp l) bi ton c phng trnh.
c bit l thi quen tnh nhm trong cc trng hp nu.
6. Thng xuyn cnh gic cho HS trc khi s dng h
thc Vi-t l tm iu kin phng trnh bc hai c
nghim s (hoc iu kin c hai s) l mt hot ng c
ngha vn dng kin thc trong suy lun v rn luyn tnh
cn thn, cht ch trong gii ton cho HS.
7. Rn luyn tnh linh hot khi vn dng h thc Vi-t vo
cc bi ton nh: Bt ng thc, cc tr, gii phng trnh, h
phng trnh lm phong ph v a dng ho cc bi tp c
lin quan, cng tng thm ngha phong ph ca nh l Vi-
t.
8. Ghi nh cho HS kinh nghim gii cc bi ton v phng
trnh bc hai lun nh n vic vn dng h thc Vi-t mt
cch linh hot.
9. Khai thc trit , su sc, phong ph mt nh l
ton hc ni chung, nh l Vi-t ni ring v phng din ng
dng vo cc bi tp to ra mt h thng cc bi tp phong
ph, hp dn HS gip cho vic rn luyn k nng ca cc em -
c vng chc hn.
kt kun
1. Vi cc ng dng phong ph, a dng. nh l Viet c
1 v tr quan trng trong chng trnh i s 9 v gi tr s
dng ca n vn cn c ngha vi cc lp trn. Cng nh vic
m rng n vi phng trnh bc 3. nh l ny khng ch c
gi tr v phng din thc hnh nh lng m n cn c gi
tr nh tnh 1 cch phong ph cho cc nghim s c phng
trnh bc 2.
2. Khai thc cc ng dng ca nh l Viet thun v o
vo cc bi ton i s lp 9, lm phong ph v a dng cc
bi tp v phng trnh bc 2, bc 3. Gip cho ngi hc rn
luyn cc thao tc t duy c bit l kh nng suy lun 7 tnh
linh hot trong qu trnh hc tp mn ton.
3. Cung cp cho HS 1 cch c h thng cc ni dung v
phng php ca h thc Viet v cc ng dng phong ph ca
n gip HS hiu su mi quan h gia nghim s vi cc
h s ca 1 pt bc 2, bc 3. T hnh thnh HS 1 thi
quen hc nh l, thy r vai tr ca cc nh l ton hc
trong chng trnh ton. gip cho cc em rn luyn c cc
phm cht tr tu: c lp, sng to, mm do, linh hot v c
o trong suy ngh.
4. Nu ra c cc gii php gii tng loi ton ng dng
nh l Viet. Gip HS c c phng hng gii quyt vn c
c s l lun. Xy dng cho HS 1 nim tin trong hc tp chng
t tng ngi kh, s ton, gip cc em hng say hc tp, hng th
tm ti ci mi, ci hay trong qu trnh hc tron.
5. Bc u hnh thnh HS nhng thi quen, k nng
lm ton, hc ton c phng php. Trang b cho HS phng
php thc hnh ton hc 1 cch phong ph, a dng. Chun b
cho HS nhng tin tip thu kin thc v phng php
mi cc lp sau.
6. Gp phn quan trng vo thi k i mi phng php
gio dc. l: vic i tm chn l ton hc khng ch dng
chn l m ci quan trng phi thy c gi tr ca chn l
, nhm nng cao cht lng dy v hc theo hng pht huy
tch cc ca HS..
7. Trn y l cc ng dng phong ph ca mt nh l
ton hc (nh l Vi-t) c xy dng mt cch c h thng
v c s l lun, bc u c thc nghim v cho kt qu
nht nh nht l vic bi dng HS kh gii phn no gip
ngi hc hnh thnh c Angrt gii ton cc ng dng vo
cc bi tp ca nh l Vi-t gp phn pht huy c tnh tch
cc ch ng trong hc ton, phm cht tr tu (t duy) to
cho HS i mi cch hc trong giai on hin nay.
Tuy nhin do hn ch c nhn nn bn sng kin kinh
nghim ni trn cng khng trnh khi nhng hn ch v thiu
st. V vy ti knh mong s quan tm ca hi ng gim
nh sng kin kinh nghim ca cc cp gp chn thnh
cho bn sng kin kinh nghim c hon m hn.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n!

Tc gi
Nguyn Ngc Thi