% MATLAB SIMULATION OF FS-1015 LPC-10e % COPYRIGHT (C) 1996-99 ANDREAS SPANIAS and TED PAINTER % % % % % % % % % % % This Copyright applies

only to this particular MATLAB implementation of the LPC-10e coder. The MATLAB software is intended only for educational purposes. No other use is intended or authorized. This is not a public domain program and unauthorized distribution to individuals or networks is prohibited. Be aware that use of the standard in any form is goverened by rules of the US DoD. This program is free software. It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. There is no commitment or even implied commitment on behalf of Andreas Spanias or Ted Painter for maintenance or support of this code.

% MATLAB is trademark of The Mathworks Inc % ALL DERIVATIVE WORKS MUST INCLUDE THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE. % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ****************************************************************** BSYNZ PORTED TO MATLAB FROM LPC-55 C RELEASE 4-6-94 ****************************************************************** DESCRIPTION Synthesize one pitch epoch of output speech. DESIGN NOTES First determines LPC filter tail scale factor. Filter memory is scaled appropriately. Voicing is then examined to determine filter excitation requirements. Unvoiced epochs are excited by random numbers uniformly distributed between -512 and 512. For voiced epochs, a voiced excitation is generated, consisting of a low-pass filtered 25 sample waveform added to high-pass filtered random noise samples. The excitation sequence is then passed through an excitation modification, all-zero filter. Finally, the modified excitation sequence is passed through the all-pole LPC synthesis filter. This routine is called once for each epoch within a speech frame. See Also: Version 52 release notes VARIABLES INPUTS coef ip iv rms Predictor coefficients Pitch period (length of epoch to be synthesized) Voicing decision for current epoch Energy for current epoch

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ratio g2pass OUTPUTS sout GLOBALS kexc exc exc2 ipo bsRmso Zlpf Zhpf INTERNAL xy px pulse sscale Blpf Bhpf Alhpf noise xssq ssq gain clip rvals mrk el eh

Frame energy slope for unvoiced epoch plosive scaling Sharpening factor for excitation modification filter Synthesized speech epoch buffer Voiced excitation base sequence (predefined) Input excitation for LPC synthesis filter I (all zero) Input and output for LPC synthesis filter II (all pole) Pitch epoch length, previous epoch Previous epoch energy Filter memory, excitation LPF Filter memory, excitation HPF LPC filter history tail energy scale factor Position of plosive impluse doublet Impulse doublet magnitudes, unvoiced excitation Voiced pulse excitation scale factor Filter taps, excitation sequence low-pass Filter taps, excitation additive noise high-pass Filter denominators, lpf and hpf = 1 (FIR filters) Additive noise for voiced excitation modification Precorrected energy of entire output epoch Desired energy of output speech Output energy correction factor Number of samples to used from standard voiced excitation sequence. Random values used in unvoiced excitation Negative value marker vector for unvoiced excitation Excitation buffer low index Excitation buffer high index LPC predictor order LPC predictor order Maximum pitch epoch length

CONSTANTS ORDER MAXORD MAXPIT -

******************************************************************

function [ sout ] = bsynz( coef, ip, iv, rms, ratio, g2pass, sout ) % DECLARE GLOBAL CONSTANTS global ORDER MAXORD MAXPIT % DECLARE GLOBAL VARIABLES global kexc exc exc2 ipo bsRmso Zlpf Zhpf; global guiExcit; % INITIALIZE LOCAL VARIABLES Blpf = [ 0.125, 0.75, 0.125 ]; Bhpf = [ -0.125, 0.25, -0.125 ]; Alhpf = [ 1, 0, 0 ]; el = 1 + ORDER; eh = ip + ORDER; noise = zeros( MAXPIT+MAXORD, 1 ); % CALCULATE HISTORY SCALE FACTOR XY AND SCALE FILTER STATE xy = min( [bsRmso/(rms+0.000001), 8.0] );

bsRmso = rms; exc2(1:ORDER) = exc2(1+ipo:ORDER+ipo) .* xy; ipo = ip; % GENERATE WHITE NOISE FOR UNVOICED EPOCHS; DETERMINISTIC + NOISE FOR VOICED if iv == 0 % UNVOICED EPOCH EXCITATION rvals = random(ip); mrk = rvals < 0; rvals = rvals + ( 65536 .* mrk ); exc(el:eh) = fix( rvals ./ 64 ) - ( mrk .* 1024 ); % % % % % % % % % NOTE: ABOVE ADD/SUBTRACT IS REQUIRED TO MATCH BEHAVIOR OF C VERSION OF LPC55-C, WHERE INTEGER VALUES ARE SHIFTED RIGHT BY SIX BITS. RIGHT SHIFTS ON NEGATIVE QUANTITIES ARE EQUIVALENT TO FIXED POINT DIVISION OF A DIFFERENT VALUE BECAUSE OF 2S COMPLEMENT ENCODING. SAME TECHNIQUE IS USED BELOW TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR RESULT. THIS SECTION CAN EVENTUALLY BE REPLACED BY MATLAB RANDOM SETUP FOR UNIFORM OVER -512 to 512. THIS PAINFUL METHOD HAS ONLY BEEN USED TO ALLOW EASIER PORT TESTING.

% ADD IMPULSE DOUBLET TO UNVOICED EXCITATION FOR PLOSIVES px = fix( ((random(1)+32768)*(ip-1)) / 65536 ) + ORDER + 1; pulse = ratio * 85.5; if pulse > 2000 pulse = 2000; end exc(px) = exc(px) + pulse; exc(px+1) = exc(px+1) - pulse; else % VOICED EPOCH EXCITATION % LOWPASS FILTER STANDARD EXCITATION SEQUENCE sscale = sqrt(ip) * 0.144341801; exc(el:eh) = zeros(ip,1); clip = min([25,ip]); exc(el:clip+ORDER) = sscale .* kexc(1:clip); [ exc(el:eh), Zlpf ] = filter( Blpf, Alhpf, exc(el:eh), Zlpf ); % HIGHPASS FILTER ADDITIVE NOISE SEQUENCE rvals = random(ip); mrk = rvals < 0; rvals = rvals + ( 65536 .* mrk ); noise(el:eh) = fix( rvals ./ 64 ) - ( mrk .* 1024 ); [ noise(el:eh), Zhpf ] = filter( Bhpf, Alhpf, noise(el:eh), Zhpf ); % COMBINE FILTERED NOISE PLUS FILTERED PULSE exc(el:eh) = exc(el:eh) + noise(el:eh); end % COPY EXCITATION TO GRAPHICAL OUTPUT BUFFER guiExcit = [guiExcit;exc(el:eh)]; % SYNTHESIS FILTER I % MODIFY THE EXCITATION WITH AN ALL-ZERO FILTER, 1+G*SUM for i = el:eh exc2(i) = ( g2pass * sum( coef .* exc(i-1:-1:i-ORDER) ) ) + exc(i); end

% SYNTHESIS FILTER II % APPLY ALL-POLE LPC FILTER TO THE MODIFIED EXCITATION (1/1-SUM) for i = el:eh exc2(i) = exc2(i) + sum( coef .* exc2(i-1:-1:i-ORDER) ); end % COMPUTE RMS SIGNAL LEVEL xssq = sum( exc2(el:eh) .* exc2(el:eh) ); % SAVE FILTER MEMORY FOR NEXT EPOCH exc(1:ORDER) = exc(ip+1:ip+ORDER); exc2(1:ORDER) = exc2(ip+1:ip+ORDER); % APPLY GAIN TO MATCH RMS ssq = rms * rms * ip; gain = sqrt( ssq / xssq ); sout(1:ip) = gain .* exc2(el:eh);