NGHIEN CU ANH HNG CUA NONG O

MUOI EN HIEU QUA X LY NC THAI T

QUY TRNH SAN XUAT NC TNG
BANG CONG NGHE UASB

MUC LUC
DANH SACH CAC T VIET TAT ...................................................................... i
DANH SACH CAC BANG ................................................................................... ii
DANH SACH CAC HNH ................................................................................... iii
CHNG 1: M AU ...........................................................................................1
1.1. TNH CAN THIET CUA E TAI ...............................................................2
1.2. MUC TIEU - NOI DUNG PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU ...................2
1.2.1. Muc tieu ............................................................................................2
1.2.2. Noi dung............................................................................................3
1.2.3. Phng phap nghien cu ...................................................................3
1.3. PHAM VI NGHIEN CU ...........................................................................3
1.4. Y NGHA KHOA HOC CUA E TAI ........................................................3
1.5. NHU CAU KINH TE XA HOI ....................................................................4
CHNG 2: TONG QUAN VE NC THAI T QUA TRNH SAN XUAT
NC TNG ................................................................................5
2.1. HIEN TRANG SAN XUAT NC TNG TAI VIET NAM ..................6
2.1.1. Hien trang san xuat ...........................................................................6
2.1.2. Hien trang moi trng.....................................................................11
2.1.2.1................................................................................................
Moi trng khong kh ...........................................................................11
2.1.2.2.

Chat thai ran ......................................................................11

2.1.2.3.

Moi trng nc ................................................................12

2.2. THANH PHAN VA TNH CHAT NC THAI T QUA TRNH SAN

XUAT NC TNG..............................................................................12
2.2.1. Thanh phan .....................................................................................12
2.2.2. Tnh chat .........................................................................................13
2.3. MOT SO E XUAT NHAM X LY NC THAI T QUA TRNH SAN
XUAT NC TNG..............................................................................13
CHNG 3: TONG QUAN VE PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI NG
DUNG MO HNH UASB ..............................................................15
3.1. QUA TRNH SINH HOC K KH..............................................................16
3.1.1. Tong quan .......................................................................................16
3.1.2. Cac cong nghe x ly k kh..............................................................19
3.1.2.1. Qua trnh phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan ........................19
3.1.2.2. Qua trnh tiep xuc k kh ........................................................20
3.1.2.3. UASB......................................................................................20
3.1.2.4. Loc k kh (Gia the co nh dong chay ngc dong)...............21
3.1.2.5. Qua trnh k kh bam dnh xuoi dong (Vach ngan) .................21
3.1.2.6. Qua trnh k kh tang gia the l lng.......................................22
3.2. QUA TRNH X LY UASB .....................................................................22
3.2.1. Tong quan ve UASB........................................................................22
3.2.1.1. BE UASB ...............................................................................22
3.2.1.2. S dung biogas .......................................................................24
3.2.1.3. ieu kien e UASB hoat ong tot .........................................26
3.2.2. Qua trnh phat trien cong nghe UASB ............................................26

3.2.3. u iem va nhc iem cua viec x ly nc thai bang cong nghe
UASB ..............................................................................................27
3.2.4........................................................................................................
Khi ong mo hnh UASB .........................................................................28
3.2.4.1. Bun nuoi cay ban au .............................................................28
3.2.4.2. Nhiet o..................................................................................30
3.2.4.3. pH...........................................................................................30
3.2.4.4. Nc thai ................................................................................30
3.2.4.5. Ham lng chat hu c ..........................................................30
3.2.4.6. Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua nc thai ............................31
3.2.4.7. Chat dinh dng .....................................................................31
3.2.4.8. Ham lng can l lng ...........................................................31
CHNG 4: XAY DNG VA VAN HANH MO HNH X LY NC THAI
T QUA TRNH SAN XUAT NC TNG BANG PHNG
PHAP UASB ....................................................................................32
4.1. C S THC NGHIEM E XAY DNG MO HNH .............................33
4.1.1........................................................................................................
Mot so nghien cu x ly nc thai cua cac nganh thc pham ng
dung mo hnh UASB .........................................................................33
4.1.1.1. Nghien cu x ly nc thai cong nghiep thc pham giau protein
va chat beo bang be phan ng k kh dong ngc UASB a giai
oan a nhiet. ..........................................................................33

4.1.1.2................................................................................................
X ly nc thai t quy trnh che bien tinh bot san bang cong
nghe UASB. .............................................................................36
4.1.1.3................................................................................................
Nghien cu x ly nc thai san xuat tinh bot san thu Biogas
bang he thong UASB. ..............................................................38
4.1.2........................................................................................................
La chon cac thong so ...............................................................................41
4.2. XAY DNG MO HNH NGHIEN CU ...................................................41
4.2.1........................................................................................................
oi tng nghien cu.................................................................................41
4.2.2........................................................................................................
Lay mau ....................................................................................................41
4.2.3........................................................................................................
Mo hnh th nghiem cot UASB ..................................................................42
4.2.4. Hoa chat phan tch nh lng ........................................................43
4.3. PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH ..................................................................43
4.4. VAN HANH MO HNH ............................................................................44
CHNG 5: KET QUA VA NHAN XET ........................................................46
5.1. PHAN TH NHAT ...................................................................................48
5.1.1........................................................................................................
Giai oan 1: ...............................................................................................48
5.1.2.

Giai oan 2: ..................................................................51

5.1.3........................................................................................................
Giai oan 3: ...............................................................................................54
5.1.4........................................................................................................
Ket qua .....................................................................................................56
5.1.5.

Ket luan ...............................................................................

58

5.2. PHAN TH HAI........................................................................................59

5.2.1........................................................................................................
Giai oan 1.................................................................................................59
5.2.2........................................................................................................
Giai oan 2.................................................................................................62
5.2.3........................................................................................................
Giai oan 3.................................................................................................64
5.2.4........................................................................................................
Ket qua .....................................................................................................66
5.2.5........................................................................................................
Ket luan .....................................................................................................68

CHNG 6: KET LUAN VA PHNG HNG PHAT TRIEN ...................69

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

TI LIU CH MANG TNH CHT THAM KHO

DANH MUC CAC T VIET TAT

1) BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa

2) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc
3) EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) Lp bun m rong
4) GSS (Gas Solids Separator ) Tach kh ran
5) HRT (Hydraulic Retention Times) Thi gian lu nc
6) IC (Interal Circulation) - Lu thong tuan hoan ben trong
7) MS UASB (Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Multi Stage) - Be sinh hoc
k kh dong chay ngc qua lp bun nhieu bac
8) SS Solid Suspension Chat ran l lng
9) SMA Hoat tnh methane
10) TSS Total Solid Suspension Chat ran l lng tong cong
11) UASB (Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)- Be sinh hoc k kh dong chay
ngc qua lp bun
12) VSS Vaporize Solid Suspension Chat ran l lng bay hi
13) VSV Vi sinh vat

DANH SCH CC BNG

DANH SCH CC BNG

Bng 1. Kh nng ha tan ca CO2 trong nc ........................................ 25
Bng 2: Cc loi bn nui cy ban u cho b x l k kh. ...................... 29
Bng 3. Thnh phn c trng ca nc thi t quy trnh sn xut bnh
u. ............................................................................................ 34
Bng 4. Thnh phn c trng ca nc thi t quy trnh sn tinh bt sn.36
Bng 5. c tnh ca ht bn s dng trong ct UASB............................. 37
Bng 6. nh hng ca pH ti hiu qu x l .......................................... 39
Bng 7. nh hng ca thi gian lu ti hiu qu x l ........................... 40
Bng 8. Kt qu phn tch trong giai on 1 nng
CODvo= 1000 mg/l (Khng kim sot nng mui) ................ 49
Bng 9. Kt qu phn tch trong giai on 2 nng
CODvo= 1500 mg/l (Khng kim sot nng mui) ................ 52
Bng 10. Kt qu phn tch trong giai on 2 nng CODvo= 2000 mg/l
(Khng kim sot nng mui) .............................................. 55
Bng 11. nh hng ca nng n hiu qu x l .............................. 57
Bng 12. Kt qu phn tch trong giai on 1 nng mui 0,5 % ........ 60
Bng 13. Kt qu phn tch trong giai on 2 nng mui 0,7 % ........ 63
Bng 14. Kt qu phn tch trong giai on 3 nng mui 0,9 % ........ 65
Bng 15. nh hng ca nng mui n hiu qu x l ..................... 67

ii

DANH SCH CC HNH

DANH SCH CC HNH

Hnh 1. S quy trnh sn xut nc tng t u nnh bng phng php
ln men............................................................................................... 8
Hnh 2. S quy trnh sn xut nc tng t bnh u bng phng php
ho gii............................................................................................... 9
Hnh 3. S chuyn ho vt cht trong iu kin k kh.............................. 18
Hnh 4. Cc dng qu trnh k kh ng dng rng ri trong thc t ........... 19
Hnh 5. S hm UASB .......................................................................... 23
Hnh 6. M hnh th nghim. ......................................................................... 42
Hnh 7. Hnh thi vi sinh trong bn s dng trong ct UASB........................ 44
Hnh 8. Hiu qu x l nng CODvo = 1000 mg/l................................. 50
Hnh 9. Hiu qu x l nng CODvo = 1500 mg/l................................. 53
Hnh 10. Hiu qu x l nng CODvo = 2000 mg/l............................... 56
Hnh 11. nh hng ca nng n hiu qu x l.................................... 57
Hnh 12. Hiu qu x l nng mui 0,5 % ............................................ 61
Hnh 13. Hiu qu x l nng mui 0,7 % ............................................ 64
Hnh 14. Hiu qu x l nng mui 0,9 % ............................................ 66
Hnh 15. nh hng ca nng mui n hiu qu x l .......................... 67

iii

TI LIU CH MANG TNH CHT THAM KHO

CHNG 1:

M AU

2008 MOITRUONGXANH.INFO DIN N MI TRNG VIT NAM

TI LIU CH MANG TNH CHT THAM KHO

1.1.

TNH CAN THIET CUA E TAI

Ngay nay, chat lng cuoc song cua con ngi ngay cang c nang cao.

Do o, cac oi hoi ve nhng nhu cau hang ngay, ngay cang tr nen khat khe. ac
biet la nhu cau ve am thc. Chnh v the, cac nganh cong nghiep che bien va san
xuat thc pham ong mot vai tro rat quan trong.
Chu anh hng bi cach thc an uong cua ngi Trung Hoa, ngi Viet
Nam chung ta rat thch che bien cung nh thng thc cac mon an co s dung
nc tng e lam tang hng v am a cho thc pham. Them vao o, au tng
la mot loai nong san co nang suat rat cao va trong c rat nhieu ni tren at
nc ta. Do o, cac nha may san xuat nc tng c xay dng rong rai tren
khap at nc la mot ieu de hieu. Tuy nhien, viec san xuat nc tng a thai ra
mot lng ln nc thai gay ra khong t lo ngai cho cuoc song cua ngi dan song
xung quanh khu vc nha may va lam cac cap, cac nha lanh ao phai au au bi
van e o nhiem moi trng.
Hien trang nc thai cha lng chat hu c cao c thai trc tiep ra he
thong nc thai chung cua khu dan c gay o nhiem nghiem trong la thc trang
chung cua cac nha may san xuat nc tng. Ben canh o, cha co mot phng an
nao c a ra nham giai quyet van e bc xuc nay. Do o, viec nghien cu va
a ra cac phng phap x ly mang tnh thiet thc la rat can thiet.

1.2.

MUC TIEU - NOI DUNG PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU

1.2.1. Muc tieu

Nghien cu kha nang x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng
bang phng phap UASB va anh gia hieu qua.

Nghien cu anh hng cua nong o muoi en qua trnh x ly nc thai t
qua trnh san xuat nc tng bang phng phap UASB.

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TI LIU CH MANG TNH CHT THAM KHO

1.2.2. Noi dung

Nghien cu x ly nc thai t quy trnh san xuat nc tng tren moi
trng th nghiem trong 3 thang (t thang 5/2006 en thang 7/2006) cac nong o
COD trong nc au vao tng ng 1000 1500 2000 mg/l. Phan tch cac ch
tieu pH, COD, N NH4, P PO4, NaCl va anh gia hieu qua x ly COD.

Nghien cu anh hng cua nong o muoi en qua trnh x ly nc thai t
quy trnh san xuat nc tng tren moi trng th nghiem vi COD c kiem
soat 2000 mg/l trong 2 thang (t thang 8/2006 en thang 9/2006) vi cac nong o
muoi trong nc au vao tng ng 0.5 0.7 0.9 % . Phan tch cac ch tieu pH,
COD, N NH4, P PO4, NaCl va anh gia hieu qua x ly COD.

1.2.3. Phng phap nghien cu

Khao sat thanh phan, tnh chat nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng.

Xay dng va van hanh mo hnh th nghiem.

Phan tch, anh gia hieu qua x ly COD tren moi trng th nghiem.

1.3.

PHAM VI NGHIEN CU
e tai chu trong nghien cu trong pham vi sau:
Nghien cu, phan tch va anh gia hieu qua x ly COD trong nc thai san

xuat nc tng tren moi trng nhan tao bang phng phap sinh hoc k kh ng
dung cot UASB.
Nghien cu c thc hien quy mo phong th nghiem vi mo hnh co dung
tch 10 lt.

1.4. Y NGHA KHOA HOC CUA E TAI

Nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng cha lng chat hu c ln va co
mui rat kho chu v the khi thai trc tiep vao he thong nc thai chung cua khu dan
2008 MOITRUONGXANH.INFO DIN N MI TRNG VIT NAM

TI LIU CH MANG TNH CHT THAM KHO

c se can tr qua trnh x ly nc thai sinh hoat cua khu dan c, cha ke en viec
neu nc thai sinh hoat cua khu dan c khong c x ly th lng nc thai hon
hp nay se gay ra o nhiem nghiem trong cho moi trng at va moi trng nc
ni no b thai ra. V vay e tai nay se gop phan tm ra giai phap lam giam s o
nhiem cho moi trng noi chung va moi trng nc noi rieng.
Ben canh o, e tai nay se a ra mot so thong so co the ng dung trong qua
trnh x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng.

1.5. NHU CAU KINH TE XA HOI

Nghien cu nay se ap ng nhu cau hien nay cua xa hoi Viet Nam o la a
ra mot phng phap x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng hieu qua ve
cong nghe cung nh ve kinh te.

2008 MOITRUONGXANH.INFO DIN N MI TRNG VIT NAM

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

CHNG 2:

TONG QUAN VE NC
THAI T QUA TRNH
SAN XUAT
NC TNG

--- 5 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

Nguyen lieu e san xuat nc tng la hat au tng. au tng la cay cong
nghiep va la cay thc pham ngan ngay co gia tr dinh dng cao. au tng c
dung lam thc pham cho ngi va thc an cho chan nuoi. ong thi, au tng
con la cay cai tao at tot va la mat hang nong san suat khau quan trong em lai li
nhuan cao. Chnh v vay, cay au tng ang la mot trong 10 chng trnh u tien
phat trien cua nc ta (TS.VS. Tran nh Long Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong
nghiep Viet Nam).
T nam 1990 tr lai ay dien tch, nang suat, san lng au tng
a khong ngng tang len. (Cung theo TS.VS. Tran nh Long Vien Khoa
hoc Ky thuat Nong nghiep Viet Nam, dien tch tang 11,2%, nang suat tang
46,8% va san lng tang 63,9%). Cung t o, cac c s san xuat nc
tng ra i ngay cang nhieu va phat trien cang rong.

2.1. HIEN TRANG SAN XUAT NC TNG TAI VIET NAM

2.1.1. Hien trang san xuat

Nc tng hay con goi la x dau ang c s dung rong rai ong A.
Rieng Viet Nam, lng nc tng tieu thu hang thang ngay cang tang bi
khong ch v hng v am a thm ngon cua no ma v kha nang khac phuc nhng
h ton te bao ngi cua nc tng.
Ngi ta phat hien thay nc tng - c lam t au tng len men - co kha
nang chong oxy hoa manh gap khoang 10 lan ru vang o va 150 lan so vi
vitamin C.
"Th nc cham nay con the hien tiem nang trong viec lam cham toc o phat
trien cac can benh tim mach va suy thoai than kinh", trng nhom nghien cu
Barry Halliwell cho biet.
Nghien cu cua ai hoc Quoc gia Singapore cung tm thay nc tng cai
thien ti 50% lu lng mau ch trong vai gi sau khi s dung.
Co the thay rang nhu cau tieu thu nc tng ngay cang tang, tai Tp Ho Ch
Minh hien nay co khoang 28 c s san xuat va phan phoi nc tng vi chat
--- 6 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

lng c phan lam nhieu loai. Tren ca nc hien nay co khoang tren 40 nha
may san xuat nc tng co quy mo tng oi ln va rat nhieu c s san xuat nc
tng va va nho khac.
Trc ay, san xuat nc tng c thc hien bang phng phap len men
theo quy trnh sau: (Hnh 1.)

--- 7 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

Ht u tng
Ngm, hp, cy mc
Nui bn rn 2 ngy
Nc, mui
1 thng
VSV gy mi
12 thng

Lc

Dch lc

B tng
ng, gia v

Kh trng

Tng c

ng chai

Thnh
phm

Hnh 1. S o quy trnh san xuat nc tng t au nanh bang phng phap
len men.

--- 8 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

Hien nay, hau het cac c s san xuat nc tng theo phng phap hoa giai
theo quy trnh sau: (Hnh 2.)

Bnh du

X l nguyn liu

Acid, nc

Trung ha

So da

Lc th

Thanh trng

Mui

Lng trong

Pha ch

ng
gi

Thnh
phm

Hnh 2. S o quy trnh san xuat nc tng t banh au bang phng phap
hoa giai.

--- 9 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

Trong s o quy trnh san xuat nc tng bang phng phap hoa giai
Hnh 2, nguyen lieu chnh e san xuat nc tng la banh dau (au tng b ep
het dau va vien thanh tng banh) vi ham lng protein at t 40% tr len.
Hoa chat dung trong san xuat nc tng gom :
 Acid clohydric: phan giai banh dau thanh am acid amin.
 Soda: e trung hoa acid sau khi phan giai xong.
 Muoi: la nguyen lieu quan trong trong san xuat nc tng v no
ieu chnh v va bao quan san pham.
 Nc: la thanh phan chnh trong san xuat nc cham.
 Caramen: e ieu chnh mau cho thch hp.
Qua trnh san xuat nc tng gom cac giai oan sau:
 X ly nguyen lieu: Nguyen lieu chu yeu e san xuat nc tng la banh
dau co nhieu protein. Tai khau nay, banh dau c xay nho e tang kha nang tiep
xuc cua banh dau vi hoa chat. Hoa chat dung e phan giai la acid clohydric va
dung dch e trung hoa sau qua trnh phan giai la cacbonat natri.
 Phan giai: Qua trnh thuy phan xay ra vi ieu kien khat khe ve nhiet o,
nong o acid va thi gian thuy phan. Lng acid s dung phai c tnh toan chnh
xac da vao phan tram khoi lng am toan phan.
 Trung hoa: Dung dch thu c sau khi thuy phan c trung hoa bang
soda.
 Loc: Dung dch sau khi trung hoa c dan vao thiet b loc. Tai ay, chat
lng am se c kiem tra e pha che ra nc tng theo yeu cau.

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TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

 Thanh trung: Dau song sau khi loc se em i thanh trung, tuy thuoc vao
lng muoi ban au ma tnh toan lng muoi them vao e at nong o muoi mong
muon.
 Lang trong: Dau chnh sau khi thanh trung c bm qua bon lang. Sau
thi gian lang, dau c bm qua he thong loc tinh. Qua kiem tra neu dau at yeu
cau se chuyen qua giai oan pha che.
 Pha che: Tuy thuoc vao o am cua moi loai san pham khi ra chai, nhan
vien ky thuat se tnh toan khoi lng phoi che va pha phu gia e ieu chnh v phu
hp vi yeu cau cua khach hang.

2.1.2. Hien trang moi trng

2.1.2.1. Moi trng khong kh
Ngay nay, san xuat nc tng theo phng phap hien ai, dung acid e
phan giai banh dau chiet xuat dch tng, cung vi viec cha co mot cong nghe x
ly kh thai hoan chnh a dan en viec e cho mot lng hi acid tha thoat vao
khong kh lam cho moi trng tai cac nha may san xuat va che bien nc tng b
o nhiem nang ne, anh hng trc tiep en sc khoe ngi lao ong.
Hi acid tha co tac hai en ng ho hap va niem mac mat. Ht phai hi
acid co the b nhiem oc gay co that thanh quan, nang hn la viem phe quan, ac
biet ve lau dai co the b phu phoi. Trieu chng thng thay ngi lam viec trong
moi trng acid tai cac nha may san xuat nc tng la ho.
Mac du vay, hien nay van cha co bien phap nao hu hieu cho van e nay
nhat la tai cac c s va va nho.

2.1.2.2. Chat thai ran

Chat thai ran t qua trnh san xuat nc tng chu yeu la ba thai. Ba thai
chnh la banh au a qua phan giai ch con lai xac au.
--- 11 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

Ben canh o, nguon phat sinh chat thai ran do qua trnh san xuat nc tng
con tap trung giai oan ong goi. Rac chu yeu la cac loai bao b, nilon,
cartonNgoai ra, rac thai sinh hoat cung gop phan ang ke gay o nhiem.
Lng chat thai ran trong qua trnh san xuat nc tng hien nay ang tr
thanh van nan cua cac nha san xuat cung nh nha quan ly moi trng bi tnh chat
gay o nhiem cao va kho x ly cua no. Chnh v the, can xuc tien tm ra bien phap
thu gom va x ly thch hp e loai bo nhng mam benh, gi cho moi trng trong
sach.

2.1.2.3. Moi trng nc

Hau het cac nha may, c s san xuat nc tng noi rieng va nc cham noi
chung eu gay o nhiem moi trng nc bi nc thai cua qua trnh san xuat.
Hien tng nc thai cha lng hp chat hu c cao c thai trc tiep ra
he thong nc thai chung cua khu dan c hoac trc tiep vao cac thuy vc gay o
nhiem nghiem trong la thc trang chung cua cac nha may san xuat nc tng.
Ben canh o, nc thai cua cac qua trnh san xuat nay cung tac ong trc
tiep en moi trng bi yeu to tao mui cua no.
Cho en nay hau het cac nha may, c s san xuat nc tng cha co he
thong x ly nc thai hoan chnh, neu co cung ch la rat s sai va khong at tieu
chuan.

2.2. THANH PHAN VA TNH CHAT NC THAI T QUA TRNH

SAN XUAT NC TNG

2.2.1. Thanh phan

Cung giong nh cac nganh che bien thc pham khac, nc thai cua cac nha
may san xuat nc tng cha nhieu hp chat hu c de phan huy chu yeu la cac
hydratecarbon, protein va xelluloza.
--- 12 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

Ngoai ra, trong nc thai cua cac nha may san xuat nc tng con cha mot
lng cac hoa chat e xuc ra chai va ve sinh thiet b co dnh cac loai dau m
trong qua trnh bao tr may moc.

2.2.2. Tnh chat

Nc thai do qua trnh san xuat nc tng co o o nhiem rat cao:
COD = 6000 11000 mg/l; pH thap: 4.0 5.4; chat ran l lng (SS) rat cao. Chnh
v vay, viec x ly cung gap nhieu tr ngai va kho khan. ac biet, viec x ly mau
trong nc thai cung la mot van e can quan tam.

2.3. MOT SO E XUAT NHAM X LY NC THAI T QUY TRNH

SAN XUAT NC TNG
Theo ket qua nghien cu cua cac nha khoa hoc tren the gii, ch co phng
phap sinh hoc e x ly loai nc thai nay la tot nhat. C s cua phng phap sinh
hoc nham x ly nc thai da vao kha nang oxy hoa cac lien ket hu c dang hoa
tan va khong hoa tan cua vi sinh vat. Chung x dung cac lien ket o va mot so
chat khoang nh la nguon dinh dng va tao nang lng. Trong qua trnh dinh
dng, vi sinh vat nhan cac chat dinh dng e xay dng te bao, sinh trng va
sinh san t o tang trng ve sinh khoi.
Ngi ta phan loai cac phng phap sinh hoc bao gom ba loai chnh: phng
phap thieu kh, phng phap hieu kh, phng phap k kh.
Phng phap thieu kh t c quan tam do thi gian x ly keo dai, ch thch
hp vi nhng ni co dien tch ho ao rong.
Phng phap hieu kh c ap dung nhieu hn, chu yeu la hieu kh tang
cng (aeroten). Phng phap nay s dung cac nhom vi sinh vat hieu kh. e am
bao hoat ong song cua chung can cung cap oxy lien tuc va duy tr nhiet o trong
khoang 20 en 40 oC. Phng phap nay co u iem la hieu suat x ly cao, thi
--- 13 ---

TNG QUAN V NC THI T QUA TRNH SN XUT NC TNG

gian x ly ngan. Nhng phng phap hieu kh tang cng cung co nhc iem la
kinh ph x ly cao do phai dung ien cho cac may bm va may thoi kh, khong co
kha nang x ly nc thai b o nhiem cao, tao ra lng bun thai ln va tnh on nh
cua he thong thng khong cao.
Phng phap x ly k kh c ap dung kha rong rai, chu yeu la phng
phap UASB va UASB cai tien. Vi sinh vat c s dung trong phng phap nay la
cac nhom vi sinh vat k kh. Phng phap nay co u iem vt troi so vi phng
phap hieu kh tang cng la chi ph thap, co kha nang x ly c nc thai co mc
o o nhiem cao, tao t bun thai va tao kh sinh hoc la nguon nang lng tng oi
sach va tien dung.

--- 14 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

CHNG 3:

TONG QUAN VE
PHNG PHAP X LY
NC THAI NG DUNG
CONG NGHE UASB

--- 15 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

3.1. QUA TRNH SINH HOC K KH

3.1.1. Tong quan

Qua trnh phan huy k kh la qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc chat hu c trong
ieu kien khong co Oxy.
Phan huy k kh co the chia lam 6 qua trnh:
1. Thuy phan Polymer:
 Thuy phan cac protein.
 Thuy phan Polysaccharide.
 Thuy phan chat beo.
2. Len men cac amino acid va ng.
3. Phan huy k kh cac acid beo mach dai va ru.
4. Phan huy k kh cac acid beo de bay hi (ngoai tr acid acetic).
5. Hnh thanh kh methane t acid acetic.
6. Hnh thanh kh methane t hydrogen va CO2.
Cac qua trnh nay co the hop thanh 4 giai oan, xay ra ong thi trong qua
trnh phan huy k kh chat hu c.
1) Thuy phan
Trong giai oan nay, di tac dung cua enzyme do vi khuan tiet ra, cac phc
chat va chat khong tan (polysaccharide, proteins, lipids) chuyen hoa thanh cac
phc n gian hn hoac chat hoa tan (ng, cac amino acid, acid beo).
Giai oan nay thng xay ra cham. Toc o thuy phan phu thuoc vao pH, kch
thc hat bun, ac tnh de phan huy cua c chat. Chat beo thuy phan rat cham.

--- 16 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

2) Acid hoa
Trong giai oan nay, vi khuan len men chuyen hoa cac chat hoa tan thanh
cac chat n gian nh acid beo de bay hi, ru, acid lactic, methanol, CO2, H2,
NH3, H2S va sinh khoi mi. S hnh thanh cac acid co the lam pH giam xuong
en 4.0.
3) Acetic hoa
Vi khuan tao kh H2 chuyen hoa cac san pham cua giai oan acid hoa thanh
acetate, CO2, H2, va sinh khoi mi.
4) Methane hoa
ay la giai oan cuoi cua qua trnh phan huy k kh. Acid acetic, CO2, H2,
acid formic va methanol chuyen hoa thanh methane, CO2 va sinh khoi mi.
Phan ng chnh tao thanh methane co the xay ra nh sau:
CO2

4H2A

CH4

4A

2H2O

Trong o, H2A la chat hu c cha hydro.

Cung co the xay ra cac phan ng khac (khi co va khi khong co hydro)
CO

3H2

CH4

H2O

4CO

2H2O

3CO2 +

CH4

Methane co the tao thanh do phan ra acid acetate:

CH3COOH
CO2

4H2

CH4

CO2

CH4

2H2O

Ngoai ra, trong qua trnh x ly nc thai cong nghiep cha SO42-, ieu kien
k kh, vi khuan kh sunfat se kh SO42- thanh H2S nh sau:
5AH2 +

SO42-

5A

H2S

4H2O

--- 17 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

Ben canh o con co ca qua trnh nitrat hoa:

6H2A +

2NO3-

6A

6H2O +

N2

Qua trnh chuyen hoa vat chat trong ieu kien k kh c mo ta trong
Hnh 3.

GIAI OAN

VAT CHAT

LOAI VI KHUAN

VAT CHAT HU C
PROTEINS

HYDROCARBON

LIPIDS

Thuy phan
ACID AMIN / NG

Acid hoa

Vi khuan lipolytic,
proteolytic va cellulytic
Vi khuan len men

ACID BEO

Acetic hoa

Vi khuan tao kh H2
ACETATE / H2

Methane hoa

Vi khuan methane hoa

CH4 / CO2

Hnh 3. S o chuyen hoa vat chat trong ieu kien k kh.

Trong 3 giai oan thuy phan, acid hoa va acetic hoa COD trong dung dch
hau nh khong giam. COD ch giam trong giai oan methane hoa.
Ngc vi qua trnh hieu kh, trong s ly nc thai bang phan huy k kh, tai
trong toi a khong b han che bi khong can cung cap oxy. Nhng trong cong nghe
x ly k kh, can lu y 2 yeu to sau:

Duy tr sinh khoi vi khuan cang nhieu cang tot.

Tao tiep xuc u gia nc thai vi sinh khoi vi khuan.

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TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

3.1.2. Cac cong nghe x ly k kh

S o cac dang qua trnh k kh a ng dung rong rai trong thc te:

Cng ngh x l k kh

Sinh trng l lng

Xo trn
hon ton

Tip xc
k kh

Sinh trng dnh bm

UASB

Lc k kh

Tng l
lng

Vch
ngn

Hnh 4. Cac dang qua trnh k kh a ng dung rong rai trong thc te

3.1.2.1. Qua trnh phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan

Qua trnh phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan thch hp e x ly nc thai co
ham lng hu c hoa tan de phan huy nong o cao hoac x ly bun hu c.
Be phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan la be xao tron lien tuc, khong co tuan
hoan bun. Bun va nc thai c tron eu bang he thong canh khuay c kh hoac
tuan hoan kh biogas thong qua may nen kh biogas va dan phan phoi kh nen.
Trong qua trnh phan huy lng sinh khoi mi c sinh ra va phan bo eu trong
toan bo the tch be.
Be phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan khong gi sinh khoi bun, do o, thi
gian lu nc chnh la thi gian lu bun. Thi gian lu gi bun thong thng t 12

--- 19 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

en 30 ngay. Chnh v vay, the tch be phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan yeu cau
ln hn nhieu so vi cac cong nghe x ly k kh khac.
Tuy nhien, be k kh xao tron hoan toan co the chu dng tot trong trng hp
nc thai co cha oc to hoac khi tai trong tang ot ngot do ham lng sinh khoi
trong be thap va thi gian lu nc ln.

3.1.2.2. Qua trnh tiep xuc k kh

Qua trnh tiep xuc k kh gom hai giai oan:

Phan huy k kh xao tron hoan toan.

Lang hoac tuyen noi tach rieng phan can sinh hoc va nc thai sau x
ly. Bun sinh hoc sau khi tach c tuan hoan tr lai be phan huy k kh.
Trong qua trnh tiep xuc k kh, ta co the kiem soat c lng sinh khoi,
khong phu thuoc vao lu lng nc thai, v vay thi gian lu bun cung co the
khong che c va khong phu thuoc vao thi gian lu nc. T o co the chon thi
gian lu bun thch hp cho phat trien sinh khoi, khi o tang tai trong, giam thi
gian lu nc ong thi giam chi ph cho viec xay dng cong trnh x ly.
Trong giai oan th hai cua qua trnh tiep xuc k kh, khi s dung he thong
lang trong lc, e tang cng kha nang lang cua bong bun, trc khi lang, hon hp
nc va bun i qua bo phan tach kh nh thung quat gio, khuay c kh hoac tach
kh chan khong.
He thong tiep xuc k kh co the hoat ong tai trong chat hu c t 0,5 en
10kgCOD/m3/ngay vi thi gian lu nc t 12 gi cho en 5 ngay.

3.1.2.3. UASB
Qua trnh UASB c thc hien theo nguyen ly dong chay ngc qua lp
bun. Be UASB la be x ly sinh hoc k kh hoat ong theo nguyen tac nc thai

--- 20 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

phan phoi vao t ay be va i ngc qua lp bun sinh hoc co mat o vi khuan cao,
phat trien manh Ha Lan.
Cong nghe x ly k kh ng dung qua trnh UASB se c trnh bay ro
phan sau.

3.1.2.4. Loc k kh (Gia the co nh dong chay ngc dong)

Be loc k kh la cot cha ay vat lieu tr la gia the co nh cho vi sinh vat k
kh song bam dnh tren be mat. Gia the co the la a, soi, than, vong nha tong
hp, tam nha, vong s
Dong nc thai c phan bo eu, i t di len, tiep xuc vi mang vi sinh
bam dnh tren be mat gia the. Mang vi sinh co kha nang bam dnh tot do o lng
sinh khoi tang len trong be c lu gi trong thi gian dai nh o giam thi gian
lu nc ong thi co the van hanh tai trong rat cao.
Tuy nhien, khi ng dung cong nghe nay cung co the gap mot so tro ngai sau:
 Khi s dung gia the la a hoac soi thng b tac do cac chat l lng
hoac mang vi sinh khong bam dnh gi lai cac khe rong gi cac vien a hoac soi.
 Trong be loc k kh, dong chay quanh co va tch luy sinh khoi do o de
dang tao ra cac vung chet. Khi cac vung chet ngay cang tang lam can tr dong
chay, cac dong chay ngan hnh thanh dan en giam hieu qua x ly.
e khac phuc nhng nhc iem nay, ngi ta dung vat lieu nha tong hp
co cau truc thoang, o rong cao (95%) lam gia the thay cho soi a ket hp vi lap
at he thong phan phoi kh di lp vat lieu nham tao ra s xao tron, tranh hnh
thanh cac vung chet. Ben canh o, kiem tra nh k va loai bo chat ran khong bam
dnh bang cach xa ay be va ra ngc.

3.1.2.5. Qua trnh k kh bam dnh xuoi dong (Vach ngan)

--- 21 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

Qua trnh nay thch hp cho x ly nc thai co ham lng SS cao. Trong qua
trnh nay, nc thai vao chay t tren xuong qua lp gia the module. Gia the nay
tao nen cac dong chay nho tng oi thang theo hng t tren xuong. ng knh
dong chay nho khoang 4 cm.
Vi cau truc nh tren, qua trnh k kh bam dnh xuoi dong tranh c hien
tng bt tac va tch luy chat ran khong bam dnh ma qua tnh loc k kh thng
gap phai.

3.1.2.6. Qua trnh k kh tang gia the l lng

Qua trnh nay thch hp e x ly nc thai co nong o hu c thap nh nc
thai sinh hoat. Trong qua trnh nay, vat lieu s dung lam gia the cho vi sinh bam
dnh co dang hat nho nh cat, than hoat tnh Vat lieu hat co ng knh nho nen
ty le dien tch be mat / the tch rat ln tao sinh khoi bam dnh ln. Ngi ta thng
lap at them he thong suc kh nham tao ra s xao tron u ln e gi lp vat lieu
trang thai l lng. Ham lng sinh khoi trong be rat ln co the len en 40 000
mg/l.

3.2. QUA TRNH X LY UASB

3.2.1. Tong quan ve UASB
Be UASB la be sinh hoc k kh dong chay ngc qua lp bun (Upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket) c goi vi nhieu ten tuy theo quy mo x ly nh, lo
phan ng UASB, be UASB, quy mo phong th nghiem thng c goi la cot
UASB.

3.2.1.1. Be UASB
Loai be UASB nay c thiet ke bi Lettinga va cac cong s vien vao 1983
Netherlands. Loai be UASB nay thch hp cho viec x ly cac chat thai co ham
lng chat hu c cao va thanh phan vat chat ran thap. Be UASB gom 2 khu vc:
--- 22 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

khu vc phan huy va khu vc lang. Trong khu vc phan huy chia thanh hai lp: lp
bun ac di ay cot va mot lp tham bun gia ham, khu vc lang cha dung
dch long pha tren. Nc thai c nap vao be UASB t ay ham, no i xuyen
qua lp tham bun roi i len tren va ra ngoai. Cac chat ran trong nc thai c
tach ra bi thiet b tach chat kh va chat ran trong ham. Cac chat ran se lang xuong
lp tham bun do o no co thi gian lu tr trong cot cao va ham lng chat ran
trong ham tang. Luc be UASB mi bat au hoat ong kha nang lang cua cac chat
ran rat thap nhng khi no a c tch tr nhieu va tao thanh cac hat bun th kha

nang lang tang len va se gop phan gi lai cac VSV hoat ong. Khoang 80 en
90% qua trnh phan huy dien ra tham bun nay. Tham bun nay chiem khoang 30
en 60% the tch cua be UASB.
Hnh 5. S o be UASB
Trong o:

1. au vao
2. au ra
3. Biogas

--- 23 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

4. Thiet b gi bun (VSV)

5. Khu vc lang

3.2.1.2. S dung biogas

Da tren c s nhiet tr cua Biogas (4500 6300 Kcal/m3), Hesse (1982) c
tnh rang 1m3 Biogas u e:

Chay mot ong c 1 nga trong 2 gi

Cung cap mot ien nang khoang 1.25 KWh

Cung cap nang lng e nau an ngay 3 buoi cho gia nh 5 ngi

Thap sang trong vong 6 gi (o sang tng ng en 60 W)

Chay 1 tu lanh 1m3 trong 1 gi

Chay mot lo um 1m3 trong na gi
Nh vay 1m3 Biogas tng ng vi 0,4 kg dau diesel, 0,6 kg dau hoa,
0,8kg than.
S dung Biogas e chay ong c Diesel: trong cac he thong x ly ket hp
yem kh va hieu kh ngi ta can s dung ien nang e chay may bm, may nen
kh... do o Biogas c s dung e chay ong c diesel, chung ta nen loai bo CO2
va H2S e at hieu qua cao va giam o an mon may doH2S .
 Cach loc CO2
V CO2 co the hoa tan trong nc do o viec suc Biogas qua nc c coi
la phng phap n gian nhat e loai CO2. Ngoai ra CO2 con co the b hap thu bi
nhng dung dch kiem, do o ta cung co the dung dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)2 va
KOH e loai CO2. Cac phng trnh phan ng nh sau:
2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Na2CO3 + H2O (q)

2NaHCO3
--- 24 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

Ca(OH)2 + CO2

CaCO3 + H2O

1 kg voi nung hoa tan trong 1m3 nc u e loai 300 L CO2.

Kha nang hoa tan cua CO2 trong nc c the hien trong bang Bang 1.

Nhiet o (oC)

Ap suat
atm kg/cm2

10

20

30

40

1,03

0,40 0,25

0,15

0,10 0,10

10

10,3

3,15 2,15

1,30

0,90 0,75

50

51,7

7,70 6,95 6,000 4,80 3,90

100

103

8,00 7,20

200

207

7,95

6,66

6,00 5,40

7,20

6,55 6,05

(Theo Nonhebel (1972), trch dan bi Chongrak, 1989)

Bang 1. Kha nang hoa tan cua CO2 trong nc (kg CO2/100 kgH2O)

 Loai H2S
NaCO3 phng trnh (q) co the dung e loai H2S trong Biogas qua phan
ng sau:
H2S + Na2CO3

NaHS + NaHCO3

Mot cach n gian khac la cho Biogas i qua mat sat tron lan vi dam sat
phay. Phan ng loai H2S nh sau:
Fe2O3 + 3H2S

Fe2S3 + 3H2O

--- 25 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

Sau khi s dung oxyt sat c tai sinh bang cach em Fe2S3 phi nang, ta
co:
2Fe2S3 + 3O2

2Fe2O3 + 3S2

3.2.1.3. ieu kien e UASB hoat ong tot

UASB hoat ong tot vi cac ieu kien sau:
 Bun k kh co tnh lang tot.
 Co bo phan tach kh - ran nham tranh ra troi bun khoi be. Phan lang
pha tren co thi gian lu nc u ln, phan phoi va thu nc hp ly se han che
dong chay roi. Khi o hat bun a tach kh en vung lang co the lang xuong va tr
lai ngan phan ng.
 He thong phan phoi nc au vao am bao tiep xuc tot gia nc thai
vao vi bun sinh hoc. Mat khac, kh biogas sinh ra se tang cng s xao tron gia
nc thai va bun, v vay khong can khuay c kh.

3.2.2. Qua trnh phat trien cong nghe UASB

Cong nghe UASB a c s dung rong rai trong lnh vc x ly nc thai
cong nghiep t trc nam 1997. Lo phan ng UASB thong thng thch hp x ly
cac loai nc thai co nong o COD kha cao vi tai trong t khoang 10 en 15 Kg
COD/m3/ngay. V the, cong nghe UASB c anh gia la cong nghe kha hoan
chnh.
Tuy nhien, vi muc tieu hng en viec at c hieu xuat x ly cao hn
a lam xuat hien mo hnh UASB th hai vi lp bun k kh trong lo phan ng day
hn goi tat la EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed) va co qua trnh lu thong
tuan hoan ben trong goi la IC (Interal Circulation). ay cung c xem la mot
thanh cong ln trong viec cai tien lo phan ng UASB. Sau khi ra i, lo phan ng
UASB cai tien c ng dung rong rai trong nhieu nam qua.
--- 26 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

Mat khac, e ap ng nhu cau ngay cang cao trong lnh vc x ly nc thai,
lo phan ng UASB lai c cai tien len mot bac. Chnh nh s cai tien nay ma ta
co the kiem soat c nhiet o trong lo phan ng. T o, tao ieu kien nhiet o
thch hp cho qua trnh phat trien cua vi sinh vat, nang cao hieu qua x ly. Tuy
nhien, cung vi viec co the x ly mot lng nc thai ln hn, lng biogas sinh ra
cung nhieu hn, ieu nay dan en khuynh hng gay ra hien tng trao bun t lo
phan ng UASB.
e giai quyet van e tren, mot dang lo phan ng UASB lai c nghien
cu. Ket qua, ngi ta a a ra mot dang lo phan ng UASB co chia ngan ben
trong va co gan thiet b tach kh ran (Gas Solids Separator - GSS). Vi dang lo
phan ng UASB nay, lng bun c duy tr cao, ong thi van am bao hieu suat
x ly va lng biogas thu c.
Ngay nay, s phat trien cua cong nghiep, ac biet la cong nghiep thc pham
dan en viec tao ra mot lng nc thai hon tap khong lo. Chnh v vay, viec x ly
nc thai cung ngay cang gap nhieu kho khan. Co rat nhieu phat minh va nghien
cu a a ra rat nhieu cong nghe cung nh ky thuat nham em lai hieu qua x ly
ngay cang cao cho van e nc thai. Va cong nghe UASB c xem la kha hoan
chnh va c ng dung rong rai khong ch bi hieu qua x ly cao ma con bi
nhng u iem ve kinh te va ky thuat van hanh cua no.

3.2.3. u iem va nhc iem cua viec x ly nc thai bang

cong nghe UASB
 u iem
 Lng bun sinh ra t.
 Lo phan ng tng oi n gian va chi ph xay dng thap.
 Chi ph van hanh va bao dng thap.
--- 27 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

 Khong oi hoi cung cap oxy.

 San xuat nang lng hu ch v du nh kh methane.
 Co the ng dung cho ca he thong x ly ln va nho.
 Lng chat dinh dng vi lng oi hoi thap.
 Co kha nang hoat ong nhiet o thap (10 oC)
 Co the ieu chnh nhiet o trong lo phan ng en nhiet o mong
muon e nang cao hieu qua x ly.

 Nhc iem
 Thi gian khi ong ban au phai mat t 8 10 tuan tuy theo loai
bun hoat tnh c s dung.
 oi hoi phai co kinh nghiem thc te ve van hanh he thong x ly nc
thai ng dung cong nghe UASB.
 Vi khuan k kh nhay cam vi hp chat hoa hoc oc nh toluen,
axeton, benzen, ngoai ra con ac biet nhay cam vi co crom (Cr3+/Cr6+) va ong.

3.2.4. Khi ong mo hnh UASB

3.2.4.1. Bun nuoi cay ban au
Bun nuoi cay ban au phai co o hoat tnh methane. o hoat tnh methane
cang cao th thi gian khi ong cang ngan. Bun hat hoac bun lay t 1 be k kh la
tot nhat. Ngoai ra, co the s dung bun cha nhieu chat hu c nh bun t be t
hoai, phan gia suc hoac phan chuong. Mot so loai bun co the s dung trong cot
UASB c trnh bay trong Bang 2.

--- 28 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

STT

Loai bun

Hoat tnh methane

Ham lng VSS

(kgCH4-COD/kgVSS)

(kg/m3)

Bun hat

0.80 1.50

15 35

Bun t cac be k kh khac

0.40 1.20

10 25

Bun cong ranh

0.02 0.10

8 20

Phan chuong

0.02 0.08

20 80

Bun be t hoai

0.01 0.02

15 50

Phan bo ti

0.001 0.006

30 100

Phan gia suc khac

0.001 0.004

30 - 100

Bang 2. Cac loai bun nuoi cay ban au cho be x ly k kh

Nong o bun cung cap ban au cho be UASB toi thieu la 10kg VSS/m3.
Lng bun cho vao be khong nen nhieu hn 60% the tch be.
Khi khong co bun nuoi cay tot, giai oan khi ong phai het sc can than,
ac biet lu y van toc nc i len. Neu van toc qua ln, bun trong be se b cuon
troi ra ngoai.
Be phai khi ong tai trong thap hoac nong o COD thap. Khi be hoat
ong can theo doi lng kh sinh hoc sinh ra, hieu qua x ly hoac chat lng nc
au ra. Ch tang tai trong khi moi th hoat ong tot va khong co mot tr ngai nao.

--- 29 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

Khi co loai bun nuoi cay tot, be UASB co the van hanh tai trong
3kg COD/m3/ngay va thi gian lu nc khoang 24 gi.
giai oan nay can tao ieu kien cho vi khuan methane phat trien do bun
nuoi cay ban au thng co rat t lng vi khuan. V vay, giai oan khi ong
thng mat rat nhieu thi gian.

3.2.4.2. Nhiet o
Nhiet o la yeu to ieu tiet cng o cua qua trnh. Be UASB co the hoat
ong nhiet o am (30 35 oC) hoac nong (50 55 oC). Nhiet o toi u cho qua
trnh hoat ong cua be UASB la 35 oC. Khi nhiet o di 10 oC vi khuan tao
methane hau nh khong hoat ong.

3.2.4.3. pH
pH toi u cho qua trnh hoat ong cua be UASB dao ong trong pham vi hep,
t 6,5 en 7,5. Neu pH giam th ngng nap nguyen lieu. V neu tiep tuc nap
nguyen lieu th ham lng acid tang len dan en ket qua la lam chet cac vi khuan
tao CH4.

3.2.4.4. Nc thai
Trc khi van hanh be UASB can phai xem xet thanh phan tnh chat nc
thai, can x ly cu the ham lng chat hu c, kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua
nc thai, tnh em, ham lng vi lng chat dinh dng, ham lng can l lng,
cac hp chat oc, nhiet o nc thai,

3.2.4.5. Ham lng chat hu c

Nong o chat hu c trong nc thai co the c xac nh theo COD. Khi
COD nho hn 100mg/l, x ly nc thai nay bang USAB khong thch hp. Khi
COD > 50.000mg/l, can pha loang nc thai hoac tuan hoan nc thai au ra.
--- 30 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

3.2.4.6. Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua nc thai

Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua nc thai co the xac nh bang cach: cho
mot lng COD a nh lng trc vao trong mo hnh tnh va theo doi lng kh
methane sinh ra hoac lng COD con lai trong thi gian dai khoang 40 ngay. Khi
o co the anh gia de dang kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua nc thai.

3.2.4.7. Chat dinh dng

Nhu cau dinh dng cho s sinh trng cua vi khuan k kh thng thap hn
so vi vi khuan hieu kh.
Ham lng toi thieu cua cac nguyen to dinh dng a lng co the c tnh
theo ty le (COD/Y) : N : P : S = (50/Y : 5 : 1 : 1). Trong o Y la he so san lng te
bao phu thuoc vao nc thai. Nc thai khong de acid hoa co Y = 0.15 ; nc thai
de acid hoa co Y = 0.03.

3.2.4.8. Ham lng can l lng

Cong nghe UASB khong thch hp oi vi nc thai co ham lng SS ln.
Khi nong o can l lng ln hn 3000mg/l, can nay kho co the phan huy sinh hoc
c trong thi gian lu nc ngan va se tch luy dan trong be gay tr ngai cho
qua trnh phan huy nc thai. Tuy nhien, neu lng can nay b cuon troi ra khoi be
th khong con tr ngai g.

--- 31 ---

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L NC THI NG DNG CNG NGH UASB

--- 32 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

CHNG 4:

XAY DNG VA VAN HANH

MO HNH X LY NC THAI
T QUA TRNH SAN XUAT
NC TNG BANG
PHNG PHAP UASB

--- 33 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

4.1. C S THC NGHIEM E XAY DNG MO HNH

Nc thai do qua trnh san xuat nc tng co tnh chat cha nhieu hp chat
hu c de phan huy chu yeu la cac hydratecarbon, protein va xelluloza giong nh
cac nganh che bien thc pham khac, do o tham khao mot so nghien cu x ly
nc thai cua mot so nganh che bien thc pham la c s e xay dng mo hnh th
nghiem nghien cu x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng.

4.1.1. Mot so nghien cu x ly nc thai cua nganh thc pham

ng dung mo hnh UASB
4.1.1.1. Nghien cu x ly nc thai cong nghiep thc pham
giau protein va chat beo bang be phan ng k kh dong ngc UASB a
giai oan a nhiet
ay la mot th nghiem tien hanh trong thi gian 600 ngay, c thc hien
bi mot nhom nha khoa hoc thuoc bo phan ky thuat moi trng cua trng ky thuat
Nagaoka, tai Nhat Ban. Th nghiem c thc hien tai nha may san xuat banh au
t ht o tng.
Th nghiem nham kham pha va kiem tra hieu qua x ly cua lo phan ng
UASB nhieu ngan oi vi nc thai cua qua trnh san xuat thc pham co nong o
lipid va protein cao.
Lo phan ng UASB c hoat ong nhiet o 55 oC trong thi gian 600
ngay va c chia thanh 4 giai oan. Giai oan th nhat t ngay 1 cho en ngay
th 75, giai oan th hai t ngay th 76 en ngay th 165, giai oan th ba bat au
t ngay 169 en ngay th 400, giai oan th t la thi gian sau ngay th 400 (t
ngay th 401 en ngay th 600).

--- 34 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

Nc thai t quy trnh san xuat banh au se c s dung lam nguyen lieu
au vao cho lo phan ng UASB trong nghien cu nay. Thanh phan ac trng cua
nc thai c trnh bay trong Bang 3.

Thanh phan

n v

5.4

pH
Nhiet o

Ham lng

COD

mg/l

BOD5

mg/l

57
Tong so

21.520

Hoa tan

14.240

Tong so

10.300

Hoa tan

6.730
8.9

Ty le C/N
SS

mg/l

5.010

VSS

mg/l

4.85

Protein

mgCOD/l

Carbonhydrate mgCOD/l

Lipid

mgCOD/l

Nit tong

mg/l

Khoang

mg/l

Tong so

7.150

Hoa tan

3.280

Tong so

6.670

Hoa tan

6.610

Tong so

6.440

Hoa tan

2.940

Tong so

890

Hoa tan

450
K: 451, Ca: 436, Mg: 267, P: 37

Bang 3. Thanh phan ac trng cua nc thai t quy trnh san xuat banh au.

--- 35 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

Ket qua at c sau 600 ngay th nghiem nh sau:

Trong giai oan th nhat, mac du, tai trong COD au vao tng oi thap (t
2 en 12 kgCOD/m3/ngay) nhng hieu qua x ly van khong at yeu cau. Chnh v
vay, nc au ra cua lo phan ng UASB c pha loang vi nc thai trc tiep t
nha may va hoan lu tr lai thanh nguyen lieu au vao cua lo phan ng.Trong suot
giai oan th nhat, bun c nuoi dng ay la qua trnh khi ong cua lo phan
ng UASB nhieu bac (UASB MS: Multi Staged UASB)
Trong giai oan th hai, thay v dung nc au ra cua lo phan ng MSUASB e pha loang, nc c dung e pha loang nc thai. Ket qua, tai trong
COD a co the tang en 25 kg COD/m3/ngay vi hieu suat x ly COD len ngay
en 90%.
en giai oan th ba, nc au ra cua lo phan ng UASB MS lai tiep tuc
c hoan lu tr lai bon khuay tron, giong nh giai oan th nhat. Hieu qua x ly
COD giam i tram trong, t 80% en 37%. Nguyen nhan la do s hnh thanh lp
vang mong trong bon khuay tron va lp bun, gay can tr s tiep xuc gia lp bun
va nc thai. S co mat cua ion Mg2+ va ion Ca2+ trong nc thai ket hp vi lng
protein va lipid con lai trong nc au ra cua lo phan ng UASB MS la nguyen
nhan chnh gay ra hien tng nay.
e khac phuc tnh trang hnh thanh lp vang mong, ngi ta a ngng viec
hoan lu nc au ra t lo phan ng UASB MS tr lai bon khuay tron, thay vao
o, nc thai c pha loang vi nc. Ket qua at c la quy trnh a i vao on
nh, tai trong COD tang len 50 kg COD/m3/ngay vi hieu suat x ly COD len en
90% oi vi dong nc thai c loc va 60 70% oi vi dong nc thai khong
loc, thi gian lu nc c chap nhan la 3,4 gi va nong o COD la 7000 mg/l.
Nh vay, t nghien cu nay, co the de dang nhan thay rang viec dung nc
au ra t lo phan ng UASB MS e pha loang nc thai va hoan lu tr lai lo
--- 36 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

phan ng la khong hieu qua. Dung nc e pha loang nham at c nong o ham
lng hu c thch hp trong nc thai cho lo phan ng UASB MS hoat ong la
bien phap toi u.

4.1.1.2. X ly nc thai t quy trnh che bien tinh bot san

bang cong nghe UASB
Th nghiem nham nghien cu kha nang x ly nc thai t quy trnh san xuat
tinh bot san bang cong nghe UASB, c thc hien bi giao s Ajit P.Annchhatre
thuoc hoi giao s ky thuat moi trng cua Vien cong nghe Chau A tai Thai Lan va
ky s Prasanna L.Amatya.
Quy trnh chiet tinh bot bao gom cac giai oan nh x ly s bo cu san (ra,
cat bo cho h hong), cat nho, chiet tinh bot, say kho. T o thai ra mot lng ln
nc thai.
Trong nghien cu nay, nc thai c lay t mot nha may san xuat tinh bot
san tai mot tnh trung tam cua Thai Lan lam nguyen lieu au vao cho cot UASB.
Tnh chat ac trng cua nc thai c the hien trong Bang 4.

STT Thong so n v

Ham lng

Ham lng sau loc

COD

mg/l

13.500 25.000

12.500 24.550

TSS

mg/l

2.200 4.000

540 1.280

TDS

mg/l

6.000 8.000

5.500 7.800

pH

3.8 4.5

3.8 4.5

o uc

280

32

NTU

Bang 4. Thanh phan ac trng cua nc thai t quy trnh san tinh bot san.

--- 37 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

Quy trnh x ly bao gom: be cha nc thai, ong dan, bm tuan hoan, cot
UASB vi the tch lam viec la 21,5 lt, cao 2,5 m va thiet b thu gas. Bun c s
dung la bun lay t be x ly nc thai k kh. ac tnh cua hat bun c the hien
trong Bang 5.

Ngay

Chieu cao
VSS
lp bun (cm) (mg/l)

TSS
(mg/l)

VSS/TSS

SMA
(kgCH4COD/kgVSS.ngay)

Bun hat

30.054

69.791

0.43

0.06

220

15.005

34.895

0.43

0.60

38

85

13.332

17.915

0.74

0.58

84

90

17.599

24.328

0.72

0.77

115

106

21.292

25.198

0.84

0.66

Bang 5. ac tnh cua hat bun s dung trong cot UASB

Nc thai sau khi lang e loai bo bt chat ran l lng c pha loang vi
nc va trung hoa bang NaOH e ieu chnh pH len 7.0, ty le COD : N : P cung
c ieu chnh bang urea va KH2PO4 theo ty le 300 : 5 : 1. Sau o, lng nc
thai nay c s dung lam nguyen lieu au vao cho cot UASB trong suot giai oan
khi ong (t ngay th 1 en ngay th 43).
Sau giai oan khi ong, cot UASB i vao hoat ong on nh (t ngay th 44
en ngay th 115). Nc thai sau lang c nap trc tiep vao cot UASB vi ty le
COD : N : P c duy tr theo ty le 600 : 5 : 1, pH = 7.0.
Trong giai oan khi ong, hoat tnh cua bun ban au rat thap nen cot UASB
hoat ong vi nong o COD au vao khoang 3.000 mg/l, van toc nc i len duy
tr 0.4 m/h, tuy nhien hieu qua kh COD rat thap khoang 15 50%. Sau ngay
--- 38 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

th 24, van toc nc i len c giam xuong 0.24 m/h. Lng biogas sinh ra thap
khoang 30 l/ngay. Sau ngay th 25 hieu qua x ly tang dan, nong o COD cung
c nang len khoang 6.000 9.000 mg/l. Ket thuc giai oan khi ong, lng
biogas sinh ra at tren 100 l/ngay, hieu qua kh COD len en 80% .
Sau ngay th 43, nc thai c nap vao cot vi nong o COD khoang t
12.000 24.000 mg/l. Ket qua c anh gia la thanh cong vi hieu qua x ly at
gan 95%. Lng biogas thu c trung bnh t 100 140 l/ngay, thnh thoang at
ti 170 l/ngay. Lng CH4 chiem khoang 60 67% trong tong lng biogas thu
c.
Vi nghien cu nay, nc thai c trai qua giai oan lang nham loai bo SS
trc khi a vao x ly chnh thc va hieu qua x ly at c rat cao (95%).
Chng to rang viec loai bo SS trong nc thai au vao se nang cao hieu qua x ly
cua cot UASB.

4.1.1.3. Nghien cu x ly nc thai san xuat tinh bot san thu

Biogas bang he thong UASB
ay la mot nghien cu khac tai Viet Nam, cung nghien cu va khao sat anh
hng cua mot so yeu to en hieu qua kh COD trong qua trnh x ly nc thai
cua qua trnh san xuat tinh bot t san cu bang cong nghe UASB.
Nghien cu nay do PGS.TS Nguyen Th Sn va ky s Nguyen Th Thu Ha
thuoc Vien Khoa Hoc va Cong Nghe Moi Trng, trng H Bach Khoa Ha Noi
thc hien nam 2004.
Thiet b UASB pilot c che tao bang thuy tinh hu c co dung tch 38 lt,
cau tao gom 4 khoang: khoang nap nhien lieu, khoang cha bun, khoang kh hoa
va chup thu biogas.

--- 39 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

Nc thai dung cho nghien cu lay tai c s san xuat tinh bot san quy mo ln
tai Dng Lieu Hoai c Ha Tay. Nc thai co COD = 9.400 12.394 mg/l;
BOD = 4.212 7.200 mg/l; pH = 3.8 4.8.
Cac yeu to c khao sat la pH va thi gian lu (Hydrraulic Retention
Times HRT). Ket qua nghien cu c the hien trong cac bang sau:
 Anh hng cua pH ti hieu qua x ly

pH vao pH ra

COD vao COD ra Tong Biogas Hieu qua x ly

(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(l/ngay)
(%)

4.2

6.9

10.826

912

35

91.57

5.5

7.2

10.650

659

42

93.80

6.0

7.4

10.359

425

45

95.90

Bang 6: Anh hng cua pH ti hieu qua x ly

Ket qua nghien cu Bang 6 cho thay vi thi gian lu la 84 gi, hieu qua
kh COD va hieu qua kh hoa eu tang khi pH c ieu chnh t 4,2 (khong ieu
chnh) len 5,5 va 6. pH = 4,2 hieu qua x ly ch at 91,57%, trong khi pH = 6,0
hieu qua at ti 95,27%. Nh vay, co the thay hieu qua x ly tang len ro ret khi
ieu chnh pH dong vao len 6,0.
 Anh hng cua thi gian lu ti hieu qua x ly

--- 40 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

HRT Lu lng pH pH
(gi) (l/ngay) vao ra

COD COD
Tong Biogas Hieu qua
vao
ra
(l/ngay)
x ly (%)
(mg/l) (mg/l)

84

10

6.0

7.4 10.359

425

45

95.90

72

12

5.7

7.4 11.200

313

75

97.22

55

15

5.8

7.3 11.121

342

78

96.92

48

17.5

5.9

7.1 11.307

490

80

96.0

42

20

5.9

7.1 11.549

652

91.6

94.4

Bang 7. Anh hng cua thi gian lu ti hieu qua x ly

Bang 7. the hien th nghiem c tien hanh lu lng dong vao 10; 12; 15;
17,5 va 20 l/ngay ng vi thi gian lu la 84; 72; 55; 48 va 42 gi, pH c ieu
chnh 5,7 5,9. Ket qua cho thay, khi giam thi gian lu t 84 gi xuong 48 gi
hieu qua x ly bien ong khong ln (1,22%). Thi gian lu 72 gi cho hieu qua x
ly cao nhat, nhng khi tiep tuc rut ngan thi gian lu, COD dong ra tang dan (490
en 652 mg/l), pH giam nhe xuong en 7,1. ieu o chng to thi gian lu dan
tien ti gii han.
Ket qua tren khang nh pH la nhan to quan trong anh hng en hieu qua
x ly cua cot UASB. pH tien ve trung tnh se la ieu kien thuan li cho s phat
trien cua vi sinh ong thi nang cao hieu qua x ly.
Cung vi pH, thi gian lu cung ong mot vai tro to ln en kha nang x ly
cua cot UASB. Thi gian lu qua dai se dan en viec lang ph thi gian. Thi gian
lu qua ngan, vi sinh cha kp phan huy toi a lng chat hu c co trong nc
thai. Ca hai trng hp eu tac ong khong tot en hieu qua x ly. Viec la chon
mot thi gian lu phu hp vi loai nc thai se em lai mot ket qua toi u cho
cong tac x ly.
--- 41 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

4.1.2. La chon cac thong so

T nhng tham khao tren cung vi nhng kien thc c ban ve phng phap
x ly nc thai ng dung cong nghe UASB, ta co the la cac thong so cho qua
trnh hoat ong cua cot UASB nh sau:

Kch thc cot UASB: Cot hnh tru, chieu cao 1000 mm, ng knh
116 mm, the tch lam viec 10 lt

Lu lng: 10 l/ngay

The tch bun: Lng bun cho vao cot UASB se chiem 40% the tch cot.
Lng bun thap hn 40% se khong ap ng u nhu cau x ly. Lng bun cao hn
40% the tch cot, hien tng trao bun co the xay ra gay giam hieu qua x ly va bat
li trong cong tac van hanh.

RHT: Thi gian lu c chon la 24 gi

Van toc dang nc: 0,042 m/h

pH: 5,50 6,50

4.2. XAY DNG MO HNH NGHIEN CU

4.2.1. oi tng nghien cu

Nc thai nhan tao mo phong nc thai cua qua trnh san xuat nc tng.

4.2.2. Lay mau

Mau la nc thai san xuat nc tng c pha che vi nong o va chat dinh
dng thch hp.
S dung nc e pha loang mau trong trng hp can ieu chnh nong o
COD thch hp.

--- 42 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

4.2.3. Mo hnh th nghiem cot UASB

Mo hnh th nghiem gom: thung cha nc thai, bm nh lng e bm
nc thai t thung cha vao cot UASB, cot UASB, bo phan thu kh va thung cha
nc au ra cua cot UASB. Nh Hnh 6.
Thung cha nc thai va nc au ra cua cot UASB co dung tch 45 lt.
Cot UASB lam bang nha PE, hnh tru, chieu cao 1 m, ng knh 0,116 m,
dung tch lam viec 10 lt. Doc theo chieu cao cua cot bo tr 5 van lay mau, moi van
cach nhau 20 cm.
Bo phan thu kh la bnh PE, dung tch thu kh 5 lt.

Hnh 6. Mo hnh th nghiem

--- 43 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

4.2.4. Hoa chat phan tch nh lng

Hoa chat phan tch Ammonium theo phng phap Nessler gom dung dch
KaliNatritartrat (KNaC4H4O6), thuoc th Nessler.
Hoa chat phan tch Photpho tong gom dung dch H2SO4 , Ammonium
molipdate, ascobic acid, potassium antimony tartarat.
Hoa chat phan tch COD theo phng phap Kalibicromat gom dung dch
Kalibicromat (K2Cr2O7), ch th mau Feroin, dung dch muoi Fe2+ 0.25N.

4.3. PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH

STT

Ch tieu

Phng phap phan tch

PH

Dung may o Model 2000 VWR Scientisic.

N NH4

Phng phap soi mau vi thuoc th Nessler e xac nh ham

lng ammonium co trong mau tao phc chat mau vang co o
hap thu cc ai tai bc song = 430nm .

P PO4

Phng phap soi mau vi thuoc th tong hp e xac nh

ham lng Photpho tong co trong mau tao phc chat mau xanh
co o hap thu cc ai tai bc song.

COD

Phng phap Kali permanganate e oxy hoa hoan toan cac

chat hu c sau o chuwnr o lai bang dung dch muoi Fe2+ vi
ch th Feroin en khi xuat hien mau o , t o tnh c ham
lng COD.

NaCl

Dung may o Model 2000 Scientisic, Japan.

--- 44 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

4.4. VAN HANH MO HNH

Sau khi lap at mo hnh, bun hoat tnh c cho vao cot UASB va chiem
40% the tch cot UASB. Bun hoat tnh nay c lay t be x ly k kh nc thai
chan nuoi heo cua Vien Sinh Hoc Nhiet i. Hnh thai vi sinh trong bun c the
hien Hnh 7.

Hnh 7. Hnh thai vi sinh trong bun s dung trong cot UASB.

Sau o tien hanh van hanh mo hnh theo hai giai oan:

Giai oan th nhat: tien hanh trong 3 thang (thang 5 en thang 7).
Nguyen lieu au vao cua cot UASB la nc thai t quy trnh san xuat nc tng
nhan tao tng nong o tng ng 1000 1500 2000 mg/l va khong khong che
nong o muoi trong nc thai. Theo doi s phat trien cua vi sinh va phan tch cac
ch tieu COD, N NH4, P PO4 va anh gia hieu qua x ly COD.

Giai oan th hai: tien hanh trong 2 thang (thang 8 en thang 9). Nc
thai au vao vi COD c kiem soat nong o 2000 mg/l, nong o muoi c
--- 45 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

ieu chnh tang dan tng ng tng nong o 0.5 0.7 0.9 %. Phan tch cac ch
tieu COD, N NH4, P PO4 va anh gia hieu qua x ly COD.
Lu lng van hanh la 10 lt/ngay.
Thi gian lu nc la 24 gi.
Lay mau nc au vao va au ra cua mo hnh phan tch ammonium, photpho
tong va COD e xac nh ham lng trong mau.
Theo doi s bien thien cua pH, cac bien oi cua bun hoat tnh e co s ieu
chnh thch hp.
Theo doi cac ch tieu ammnium, photpho tong va COD cua mau nc au
vao va au ra cua mo hnh xem ham lng tang hay giam e t o biet c hieu
suat cua qua trnh x ly.

--- 46 ---

XY DNG V VN HNH M HNH

--- 47 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

CHNG 5:

KET QUA
VA
NHAN XET

--- 48 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Nghien cu c thc hien trong suot thi gian t thang 5/2006 en thang
9/2006 chia thanh hai phan:
 Phan th nhat: Nghien cu kha nang x ly nc thai san xuat nc
tng bang phng phap UASB tren moi trng th nghiem thong qua viec khao
sat kha nang kh COD trong nc thai 3 nong o tang dan 1000 1500 2000
mg/l va khong kiem soat nong o muoi. Phan nay c chia thanh ba giai oan
nho:
Giai oan 1: Nong o COD trong nc thai au vao cua cot UASB c
kiem soat 1000 mg/l. Tien hanh t ngay 15/5/2006 en ngay 31/5/2006.
Giai oan 2: Nong o COD trong nc thai au vao cua cot UASB c
kiem soat 1500 mg/l. Tien hanh t ngay 2/6/2006 en ngay 30/6/2006.
Giai oan 3: Nong o COD trong nc thai au vao cua cot UASB c
kiem soat 2000 mg/l. Tien hanh t ngay 2/7/2006 en ngay 31/7/2006.
 Phan th hai: Nghien cu anh hng cua nong o muoi en qua trnh
x ly nc thai cua cot UASB tren moi trng th nghiem vi ham lng COD
c kiem soat 2000 mg/l trong 2 thang thong qua viec khao sat kha nang kh
COD trong nc thai khi nong o muoi tang dan en vt ngng muoi sinh ly
(0.85%) tng ng 0.5 0.7 0.9 %. Chia thanh 3 giai oan nho:
Giai oan 1: Nong o muoi trong nc thai au vao cua cot UASB c
kiem soat 0.5 %. Tien hanh t ngay 4/8/2006 en ngay 22/8/2006.
Giai oan 2: Nong o muoi trong nc thai au vao cua cot UASB c
kiem soat 0.7 %. Tien hanh t ngay 25/8/2006 en ngay 12/9/2006.
Giai oan 3: Nong o muoi trong nc thai au vao cua cot UASB c
kiem soat 0.9 %. Tien hanh t ngay 12/9/2006 en ngay 29/9/2006.

--- 49 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

5.3. PHAN TH NHAT

Trong phan nay, nc thai dung cho th nghiem c pha che t nc tng.
Nc tng c pha tron vi nc may theo ty le thch hp e at c nong o
theo yeu cau cua th nghiem. Cac ket qua at c nh sau:

5.3.1. Giai oan 1:

 Nc thai c loai bo SS.
 pH au vao trung bnh t 6,00 6,50.
 Nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 1000 mg/l.
 Nong o muoi t nhien trong nc thai: 0,59%.
Ket qua phan tch the hien Bang 8.

--- 50 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Bang 8. Ket qua phan tch trong giai oan 1 nong o CODvao = 1000 mg/l (Khong kiem soat nong o muoi)
--- 51 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Ket qua phan tch cho thay hieu qua x ly khong cao. Hieu qua x ly trung
bnh trong giai oan nay at 66,7%, hieu qua x ly at c cao nhat la 67,4% vi
pH au vao 6,25. Ket qua c the hien ro tren bieu o Hnh 8.

1250

100

1000

80

750

60

500

40

250

20

0
COD vo (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Nng COD (mg/l)

Hiu qu x l nng
CODvo = 1000 (mg/l)

0
COD ra (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Hnh 8. Hieu qua x ly nong o CODvao = 1000 mg/l

Bieu o the hien qua trnh hoat ong cua cot UASB oi vi nc thai t qua
trnh san xuat nc tng. Trong thi gian au, vi sinh cha u thi gian thch nghi
nen kha nang x ly tng oi thap, hieu qua x ly khoang 60 65%. Sau thi gian
thch nghi, hieu qua x ly a c cai thien va i vao on nh mc 67%.
e co mot nghien cu ay u ve kha nang x ly nc thai t quy trnh san
xuat nc tng, nong o COD au vao c nang len 1500 mg/l.

--- 52 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

5.3.2. Giai oan 2

 Nc thai c loai bo SS.
 pH au vao trung bnh t 6,00 6,50.
 Nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 1500 mg/l.
 Nong o muoi t nhien trong nc thai: 0,89%.
Ket qua phan tch the hien Bang 9.

--- 53 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

--- 54 ---

Bang 9. Ket qua phan tch trong giai oan 2 nong o CODvao = 1500 mg/l (Khong kiem soat nong o muoi)

KT QU V NHN XT

Theo ket qua phan tch nh Bang 9, hieu qua x ly trung bnh at 75,4%,
hieu qua x ly cao nhat at 76,7% pH au vao 6,50 cao hn han so vi giai oan
1. Nh vay, co the nhan xet rang cot UASB hoat ong tot hn nong o chat hu
c cao. Nong o chat hu c qua thap se lam giam hieu qua x ly cua cot UASB.
Ket qua c the hien ro tren bieu o Hnh 9.

1700

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Nng CO D (m g/l)

1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
COD vo (mg/l)

COD ra (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (% )

Hiu qu x l nng
CODvo = 1500 (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Hnh 9. Hieu qua x ly nong o CODvao = 1500 mg/l

Trong giai oan nay, mac du nong o muoi a vt qua ngng sinh ly
(0,85%) nhng hieu qua x ly van khong giam va em lai mot gia tr nhat nh
trong qua trnh x ly nc thai.

--- 55 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Tng t nh giai oan 1, khi bat au co s thay oi t nong o CODvao t

1000 mg/l len 1500 mg/l, hieu qua x ly giam xuong 58,1%, sau giai oan thch
nghi, cot UASB dan i vao on nh va hieu qua x ly cung tang dan en on nh
73 77 %. Do o, tiep tuc nang nong o COD au vao len 2000 mg/l.

5.3.3. Giai oan 3

 Nc thai c loai bo SS.
 pH au vao trung bnh t 5,50 6,00.
 Nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 2000 mg/l.
 Nong o muoi t nhien trong nc thai: 1,18%.
Ket qua phan tch the hien Bang 10.

--- 56 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

--- 57 ---

Bang 10. Ket qua phan tch trong giai oan 3 nong o CODvao = 2000 mg/l (Khong kiem soat nong o muoi)

KT QU V NHN XT

nong o CODvao = 2000 mg/l, hieu qua x ly giam ro ret.

--- 58 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Hieu qua x ly trung bnh ch at 51,5%. Hieu qua x ly at c vao ngay au

tien khi nang nong o CODvao t 1500 mg/l len 2000 mg/l la 54% pH = 5,58.
Sau o giam dan i en on nh hieu suat khoang 51 52%. Ket qua the hien ro
tren bieu o Hnh 10.

Hiu qu x l nng
CODvo = 2000 (mg/l)
100

2000

75

1500
50
1000
25

500
0

Hiu sut x l (%)

Nng COD (mg/l)

2500

0
COD vo (mg/l)

COD ra (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Hnh 10. Hieu qua x ly nong o CODvao = 2000 mg/l

nong o muoi tng oi cao (1,18%), kha nang tai cua cot UASB a b han
che ro ret va c anh gia la gan nh khong em lai hieu qua x ly.

5.3.4. Ket qua

Ket qua tong hp cho giai oan th nhat c the hien Bang 11.

Hieu qua x ly tng nong o COD vao

--- 59 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

COD vao
(mg/l)

Hiu sut
kh COD
min
(%)

Hiu sut
kh COD
trung bnh
(%)

Hiu sut
kh COD
max
(%)

Nng
mui
(%)

1000

65.2

66.7

67.4

5.9

1500

73.4

75.4

76.7

8.9

2000

51.1

51.5

52.1

11.8

Bang 11. Anh hng cua nong o en hieu qua x ly

Co the thay rang cot UASB at c hieu qua x ly cao nhat la 75,4%
nong o COD au vao 1500 mg/l. nong o 1000 va 2000 mg/l, hieu qua x ly
khong ap ng c nhu cau x ly. Ket qua c trnh bay ro qua bieu o the hien
s anh hng cua nong o en hieu qua x ly cua cot UASB, Hnh11.

nh hng ca nng COD u

vo n hiu qu x l
Hiu sut xl (%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
500

1000

1500

2000

2500

COD vo (mg/l)

Hnh 11. Anh hng cua nong o en hieu qua x ly

5.3.5. Ket luan

--- 60 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Ket thuc phan th nhat, mot so ket luan c a ra nh sau:

nong o COD au vao 1000 mg/l va nong o muoi t nhien trong nc
thai t quy trnh san xuat nc tng tng ng la 0,59%, hieu qua x ly trung
bnh at 66,7% va cao nhat la 67.4%. Vi hieu qua x ly nay, cot UASB c
anh gia la x ly cha hieu qua. Nguyen nhan c nhan nh co the la do nong
o chat hu c au vao tng oi thap gay c che kha nang x ly. Viec cung cap
u dinh dng cho s hoat ong cua vi sinh se nang cao hieu qua x ly cua cot
UASB.

nong o COD au vao 1500 mg/l va nong o muoi t nhien trong nc
thai tng ng la 0,89%, hieu qua x ly nang len ang ke, trung bnh at 75,4%,
cao nhat la 76,7%. Nh vay de dang nhan thay rang nong o chat hu c au
vao thch hp, cot UASB se la cong nghe x ly nc thai em lai hieu qua tng
i cao.

nong o COD au vao 2000 mg/l va nong o muoi t nhien trong nc
thai tng ng la 1,18%, hieu qua x ly giam xuong ro ret, trung bnh at 51,5%
va cao nhat la 52,1%. Nguyen nhan gay ra van e nay c nhan nh rang co the
do nong o muoi t nhien trong nc thai qua ln (1,18%) vt xa so vi ngng
muoi sinh ly (0,85% - ngng muoi gay chet vi sinh vat).
e xac nh nguyen nhan dan en van e giam sut nghiem trong hieu qua x
ly cua cot UASB oi vi nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng nong o
COD au vao 2000 mg/l va khong kiem soat nong o muoi trong nc thai, nghien
cu chuyen qua phan th hai Khao sat anh hng cua nong o muoi en hieu
qua x ly cua cot UASB oi vi nc thai t quy trnh san xuat nc tng nong
o COD au vao 2000 mg/l vi nong o muoi tang dan t

0,5% len 0,7%

va 0,9%.

5.4. PHAN TH HAI

--- 61 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Trong phan nay, nguon chat hu c trong nc thai la au tng len men
tng ng vi lng chat hu c trong nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng.
au tng len men c xay nhuyen va hoa tan trong nc e tao ra nguon nc
thai co nong o COD khoang 2000 mg/l dung cho th nghiem.
Cac ket qua at c nh sau:

5.4.1. Giai oan 1.

 Nc thai c loai bo SS.
 pH au vao trung bnh t 5,50 6,50.
 Nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 2000 mg/l.
 Nong o muoi trong nc thai: 0,5%.
Ket qua phan tch the hien Bang 12.

--- 62 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

--- 63 ---

Bang 12. Ket qua phan tch trong giai oan 1 nong o muoi 0,5%

KT QU V NHN XT

Trong giai oan nay hieu qua x ly kha cao, trung bnh at 82,6%, cao nhat
at ti 84,1%. Trong khi, phan th nhat, vi nong o COD au vao la 2000 mg/l
va nong o muoi 1,18% hieu qua x ly ch at trung bnh 51,5 %. Ket qua c
the hien ro Hnh 12.

2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Hiu sut x l (%)

Nng COD (mg/l)

Hiu qu x l nng
mui 0,5 %

COD vo (mg/l)

COD ra (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Hnh 12. Hieu qua x ly nong o muoi 0,5 %

Trong giai oan nay, nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 2000 mg/l va
nong o muoi cung c kiem soat 0,5%, hieu qua x ly tang len ro ret. Nh vay
co the khang nh rang nong o muoi a anh hng rat ln en hieu qua x ly cua
cot UASB oi vi nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng. Tuy nhien, can xac
nh nong o muoi toi u cho s hoat ong cua cot UASB. Do o, tiep tuc nang
nong o muoi len e khao sat va nghien cu.

--- 64 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

5.4.2. Giai oan 2.

 Nc thai c loai bo SS.
 pH au vao trung bnh t 5,50 6,50.
 Nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 2000 mg/l.
 Nong o muoi trong nc thai: 0,7%.
Ket qua phan tch the hien Bang 13.

--- 65 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

--- 66 ---

Bang 13. Ket qua phan tch trong giai oan 2 nong o muoi 0,7%

KT QU V NHN XT

Ket qua phan tch cho thay hieu qua x ly tng oi on nh 82,7% tng
ng vi hieu qua x ly trong giai oan 1 (nong o muoi 0,5 %). Hnh 13, the
hien moi tng quan gia nong o COD au vao, COD u ra va hieu qua x ly
cua cot UASB nong o muoi 0, 7%.

Hiu qu x l nng
mui 0,7 %
100
90

1600

80

1200
800

70

400

60

50
COD vo (mg/l)

COD ra (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Nng COD (mg/l)

2000

Hiu sut x l (%)

Hnh 13. Hieu qua x ly nong o muoi 0,7%

Mac du nong o muoi a c tang len 0,7 % nhng van khong co s thay
oi nao ro ret anh hng en hieu qua x ly, chng to rang cot UASB co kha nang
hoat ong nong o muoi tng oi cao.

5.4.3. Giai oan 3.

 Nc thai c loai bo SS.

--- 67 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

 pH au vao trung bnh t 5,50 6,50.

 Nong o COD au vao c kiem soat 2000 mg/l.
 Nong o muoi trong nc thai: 0,9%.
Ket qua phan tch the hien Bang 14.

--- 68 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

--- 69 ---

Bang 14. Ket qua phan tch trong giai oan 3 nong o muoi 0,9%

KT QU V NHN XT

Hieu qua x ly cua cot UASB oi vi nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc
tng bat au giam xuong, cao nhat ch at 75,2% va co chieu hung i xuong.
The hien ro bieu o Hnh 14.

2500

100

2000

90

1500

80

1000

70

500

60

50

COD vo (mg/l)

COD ra (mg/l)

Hiu sut x l (%)

Nng COD (mg/l)

Hiu qu x l nng 0,9%

Hiu sut x l (%)

Hnh 14. Hieu qua x ly nong o muoi 0,9%

nong o muoi 0,9%, kha nang x ly cua cot UASB a b han che va i
xuong t 75,2% en 70,0%. Chng to, nong o muoi cao la nguyen nhan chnh
gay ra s sut giam hieu qua x ly cua cot UASB.

5.4.4. Ket qua

Ket thuc phan th hai, ket qua tong hp c the hien Bang 15.

--- 70 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

Hieu qua x ly tng nong o muoi

COD vao
(mg/l)

Hiu sut
kh COD
min
(%)

Hiu sut
kh COD
trung bnh
(%)

Hiu sut
kh COD
max
(%)

Nng
mui
(%)

2000

80.8

82.6

84.1

0.5

2000

81.9

82.7

83.8

0.7

2000

70.0

72.7

75.2

0.9

Bang 15. Anh hng cua nong o muoi en hieu qua x ly

Khi tang nong o muoi t 0,5% len 0,7%, hieu qua x ly bien oi khong
ang ke. Nhng khi tang nong o muoi len 0,9%, hieu qua x ly giam i mot cach
ro ret ch at c trung bnh 72,7%. Bieu o Hnh 15, the hien ro ieu nay.
nh hng ca nng mui n
hiu qu x l

Hiu sut x l (%)

90

85
82.7

82.6
80

75
72.7
70
0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Nng mui (%)

Hnh 15. Anh hng cua nong o muoi en hieu qua x ly

--- 71 ---

KT QU V NHN XT

5.4.5. Ket luan

Ket thuc phan th hai, mot so ket luan c a ra nh sau:

nong o muoi 0,5 va 0,7%, cot UASB hoat ong rat tot, hieu qua x ly
at c kha cao (83%). ieu nay chng to rang, nong o muoi thap hn ngng
muoi sinh ly khong gay anh hng en qua trnh hoat ong cua cot UASB.

nong o muoi 0,9 %, hieu qua x ly at c cha ap ng c yeu
cau x ly. Nh vay co the ket luan rang, nong o muoi cao vt qua ngng
muoi sinh ly gay c che vi sinh dan en han che kha nang hoat ong cua cot
UASB va co the gay mat kha nang x ly nc thai neu nong o muoi qua cao.

Ket qua th nghiem phan th hai nay cung cho thay rang, cot UASB co
kha nang chu tai tot khong ch nong o muoi thap ma ngay ca nong o muoi
cao xap x ngng muoi sinh ly cung khong gay tr ngai cho qua trnh hoat ong
cua cot. Nh vay, kiem soat nong o muoi trong nc thai t quy trnh san xuat
nc tng e at c hieu qua x ly cao la khong kho khan.

--- 72 ---

KT LUN V PHNG HNG PHT TRIN

CHNG 6:

KET LUAN VA PHNG

HNG PHAT TRIEN

--- 73 ---

KT LUN V PHNG HNG PHT TRIN

 KET LUAN
Sau ay la nhng ket luan t ket qua th nghiem thu c t cot UASB:
Mac du, nghien cu c tien hanh vi moi trng th nghiem nhng cac
ket qua a khang nh rang viec x ly nc thai t quy trnh san xuat nc tng
bang phng phap k kh ap dung cong nghe UASB la mang tnh kha thi. Hieu qua
x ly at c khoang 82,7% vi nong o COD au vao: 2000 mg/l; nong o
muoi: 0,5 0,7%; pH: 5.5 6.7; RHT: 24 gi; lu lng: 10 l/ngay; van toc dang
nc: 0,042 m/h.
Ket qua th nghiem cua nghien cu nay cung cho thay ro rang, neu nong o
muoi trong nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng nho hn 0,9% th viec x ly
nc thai nay bang cong nghe UASB hoan toan co the thc hien c va hieu suat
at c khoang 70 84%. Ngc lai, neu nong o muoi ln hn 0,9% th se gay
chet vi sinh vat, t o lam sut giam hieu qua x ly.
Nh vay, co the nhan nh rang cot UASB co kha nang x ly tot khong ch
nong o muoi thap ma ngay ca nong o muoi cao xap x ngng muoi sinh ly
cung khong gay tr ngai cho qua trnh hoat ong cua cot.

 PHNG HNG PHAT TRIEN

Trong qua trnh thc hien e tai, mac du, nc thai nhan tao c s dung
trong hai phan th nghiem co nhng tnh chat tng ong vi nhau cung nh tng
ong vi nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng thc te nhng van cha ong
nhat hoan toan .V vay, thc hien th nghiem tren moi trng ong nhat se la mot
hng nghien cu nham kiem tra lai nhng ket qua s bo a a ra trong e tai
nay.

--- 74 ---

KT LUN V PHNG HNG PHT TRIN

Gii han cua e tai la nghien cu, phan tch va anh gia hieu qua x ly
COD trong nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng tren moi trng nhan tao
bang phng phap sinh hoc k kh ng dung cong nghe UASB. Do o, xin c e
ngh rang tnh kha thi cua viec x ly k kh ap dung cong nghe UASB oi vi nc
thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng se c kham pha va kiem tra trong tng
lai.
Ben canh o, e co the hieu hn ro ve anh hng cua nong o muoi en
hieu qua x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat nc tng xin c e ngh khao
sat them anh hng cua nong o muoi en viec x ly photpho trong nc thai.

--- 75 ---

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]

Lam Minh Triet (Chu bien), Nguyen Thanh Hung, Nguyen Phc

Dan Cefinea - Vien Moi Trng va Tai Nguyen, 11/2001, X ly nc thai o th

va cong nghiep Tnh toan thiet ke cong trnh.
[2]

PGS.TS. Nguyen Th Sn, KS. Nguyen Th Thu Ha, Vien KH & CN

Moi trng, Trng HBK Ha Noi, 2004, Nghien cu x ly nc thai san xuat
tinh bot san thu Biogas bang he thong UASB, Tap ch Bao ho lao ong, So 7/2004.
[3]

Tran Van Nhan Ngo Th Nga, 1999, Giao trnh cong nghe x ly

nc thai, Nha xuat ban Khoa Hoc va Ky Thuat, Ha Noi.

[4]

G.O.Sigge, T.J. Britz, P.C. Fourie, C.A. Barnardt and R.Strydom,

Department of Food Science, Uniersity of Stellenbosch, South Arica, Combining

UASB technology and advaced oxidation process (AOPs) to treat food processing
wastewaters, Water Science and Technology Vol 45 No 10 pp 329 334, IWA
Publishing 2002.
[5]

Jens Ejbye Schmidt

and Birgitte Kaer Ahring, The Technical

University of Denmark, Treatment of wastewater from a multi product food

processing company, in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors: The
effect of seasonal variation, D.L. Wise (ed.): Global Environment Biotechnology,
245 -252.
[6]

Prof Ajit P.Annachhatre and Prasanna L.Amatya, UASB treatment of

tapioca strach wastewater, Journal of enviromental engineering, 12/2000/1149.

[7]

Rie Kuramitsu, Daisuke Segawa, kazo Nakamura, Shunsuke

Muramatsu and Hideo, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of General Education,

Akashi College of Technology, Uozumi, Akashi, Hyogo 674, Japan, Further

Studies on the Preparation of Low Sodium Chloride containing Soy Sauce by

Using OrnithyItaurine Hydrochloride and Its Related Compounds, 13/1/1997.
[8]

T.Tagawa, H.Takahashi, Sekiguchi, A. Ohashi and H.Harada,

department of Enviromental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of

Technology, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940 2188, Japan, Pilot plant
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