Anion Test Salt s NO3ClSO42CO32

Insoluble None PAH (Pb2+, Ag+, Hg2+) PBC (Pb2+, Ba2+, Ca2+) All

Soluble All Others Others KNN (K+, Na+, NH4+)

Cation Test Salt/ Metal oxide Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+: CuCO3 CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2, CuCl2 CuO Pb2+: PbI2 PbCl2 PbO Yellow White Hot Cold ZnO Hot Cold Others White : Brown : Yellow : Yellow : White Green Blue Black Color Green Brown

Add a No With NO3-little Dilute H2precipitate SOprecipitate SO4 + Fe(II) 4 + Concentrated H2SO4 (a few drops only) 4+ NaOH NH Mg2+, Ca2+, solution Brown ring formed 2+, Al3+, Zn Cl PAH Insoluble Pb2+ Ag+ (Add into Cl-) formed NH3 white +, Ca2+ NH4 precipitateMg2+, Al3+, 2SO4 solutionInsoluble PBC Pb2+, Zn2+ Ba2+ (Add into SO42-) White precipitate formed CO32- Add acid (eg. HCl) effervescence bubble into limewater limewater turns milky/ cloudy

Add excess NaOH solution NH3 solution

Insoluble MC Mg2+, Ca2+ MAP Mg2+, Al3+, Pb2+

Soluble ZAP Zn2+, Al3+, Pb2+ Z Zn2+

Confirmatory test for Ammonium, NH4+ Nesslers reagent + NH4+ brown precipitate formed

Acid and Bases *Ethanoic acid = CH3COOH (CH3COO- + H+)

Preparation of Salts Soluble salts: KNN salts (K+, Na+, NH4+) Neutralisation method Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

End point = point where an indicator changes color during titration

Identification of Gases Gases O2 Oxygen H2 Hydrogen CO2 Carbon dioxide Cl2 Chlorine gas Properties rekindles glowing splinter produce pop sound when tested with lighted splinter turns limewater cloudy

Not KNN salts Acid + Reactive metal = Salt + H2 Acid + Metal oxide/hydroxide = Salt + H2O Acid + Metal carbonate = Salt + CO2 + H2O Insoluble salts: Precipitation reaction/

turns moist blue litmus paper red bleaches moist litmus paper

Double decomposition method Soluble salt + Soluble salt =

NH3 Ammonia gas

pungent smell

Insoluble salt + Soluble salt PbNO3 + NaCl = PbCl2 + NaNO3 * Recrystalisation = purify a soluble salt Stir Heat Cool Filter Dry Definitions Salt = an ionic compound formed when the H+ ion in an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion NO2 Nitrogen dioxide SO2 Sulphur dioxide

turns moist red litmus paper blue produce white fumes when reacted with concentrated HCl pungent smell

bleaches purple color of potassium manganate(VII) pungent smell brown in color

 turns moist blue litmus paper red