LP TRNH HP NG

Ngn ng lp trnh
Ngn ng lp trnh
Phng tin vit chng trnh cho my tnh Hng trm ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau Nhng quy nh v c php (syntax) & ng ngha (semantic) My tnh c th hiu c

Phn chia lm 3 nhm chnh

Ngn ng my - Machine languages
Ngn ng duy nht ca my tnh - CPU

Hp ng - Assembly languages Ngn ng cp cao - High-level languages

Ngn ng my - Machine languages

Ngn ng duy nht c my tnh (CPU) hiu trc tip. c xc nh bi tp lnh ca CPU
Ph thuc vo my tnh c th Dng nh phn {0,1}* Rt kh c hiu Kh c kh nng vit chng trnh trc tip
Kh nh hng chc ngn lnh dng {0,1}* Rt kh xc nh & sa li

Khng c s dng trong thc t vit chng trnh Nn tng xy dng hp ng

Hp ng - Assembly Languages
S dng cc t kha ting Anh cho cc lnh hay nhm lnh ca m my. c dch sang m my khi thc hin Chuyn i nhanh chng D c v d hiu hn Vn tng i kh s dng do
Cc lnh cn n gin nn phi dng nhiu lnh. Cha c nhng cu trc iu khin thun tin Kh nng tm v sa li cng cha thun tin.

Nn tng xy dng cc ngn ng cp cao

Ngn ng cp cao
Mt cu lnh din t nhiu ng thi C cu trc ngy cng ging ngn ng t nhin (ting Anh) c dch sang assembly hay m my bng cc chng trnh dch trc khi thc thi.
Source code & Executed code

c phn lm nhiu lp
Lp trnh goto Lp trnh cu trc Structured Lp trnh hng i tng Object Oriented Cc dng khc

Hc ngn ng lp trnh
Hc ng php

Quy tc ng php T vng Cu trc cu

Ng ngha ca cc lnh Cc thnh ng Hc ngn ng lp trnh VS. Hc ngn ng t nhin

Quy tc ng php n gin T vng t, t quy nh Cu trc cu n gin

Hn ch v kh khn ca s dng ngn ng lp trnh.

Chng trnh dch

Dng dch t mt ngn ng lp trnh ny sang ngn ng lp trnh khc Mc tiu cui cng l dch sang m my c c executed code > chng trnh thc thi Phn loi:
Intepreter thng dch Compiler bin dch Intepreter vs. Compiler

Cng c pht trin Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Son tho Dch v sa li chng trnh Chy th v sa li

Mt s khi nim khc

Li v sa li
Syntax error li ng php Semantic error- li ng ngha Runtime error - Li thc thi

Debug Tm v sa li
D liu, kiu d liu

Cc kiu d liu c bn
integer, long, character, byte, . Real (double, float) Kiu khc: string

Kiu d liu c cu trc: array, string, record,..

Bin (Variable) & Hng (Constant) Gii thut: khi nim, cng c biu din Flow chart lu

Cu trc iu khin c bn
If <condition> then Statement; If <condition> then Statement 1 else Statement 2; Case <Value> of value 1 : Statement 1; .. value n : Statement n; else : Statement 0 end; While <condition> do Statement; Repeat Statement until <condition>; For counter=start value to end value do Statement; For counter=start value downto end value do Statement

Chu kz sng ca phn mm

Thu thp yu cu Phn tch thit k Pht trin chng trnh - codeing
Xc nh gii thut Vit code v dch th , hiu chnh cc li syntax

Th nghim - Testing
Chy th vi cc d liu mu kim tra li semantic v runtime

Vn hnh v bo tr Pht trin theo yu cu

Mt s ngn ng lp trnh
Lp trnh goto
Assembly Basic

Lp trnh cu trc
Pascal, C Foxpro

Lp trnh hng i tng

Java, C++, Object Pascal,

Khc
Prolog, LISP, Visual basic (VB), VC++, J++, Delphi, ASP, PHP,.. Visual studio .NET: VB.NET, ASP.NET, C++.NET, C#

Lp trnh hp ng
Mt chng trnh hp ng bao gm mt lot cc mnh ( statement) c vit lin tip nhau , mi mnh c vit trn 1 dng Mt mnh c th l :
mt lnh ( instruction) : c trnh bin dch ( Assembler =ASM) chuyn thnh m my. mt ch dn ca Assembler ( Assembler directive) : ASM khng chuyn thnh m my

Trng Tn ( Name Field)

Trng tn c dng cho nhn lnh , tn th tc v tn bin . ASM s chuyn tn thnh a ch b nh . Tn c th di t 1 n 31 k t . Trong tn cha cc k t t a-z , cc s v cc k t c bit sau : ? ,@ , _ , $ v du . Khng c php c k t trng trong phn tn. Nu trong tn c k t th n phi l k t u tin. Tn khng c bt u bng mt s. ASM khng phn bit gia k t vit thng v

Phn bit
Tn hp l COUNTER1 @CHARACTER SUM_OF_DIGITS DONE? .TEST Tn khng hp l TWO WORDS

2ABC
A45.28 YOU&ME ADD-REPEAT

Cc kiu s liu trong chng trnh hp ng

Cc s Cc k t Cc bin ( variables)

Cc s

Mt s nh phn l mt dy cc bit 0 v 1 v 2 phi kt thc bng h hoc H V d: 10111b, 11111b Mt s thp phn l mt dy cc ch s thp phn v kt thc bi d hoc D ( c th khng cn V d: 64223, -2183d Mt s hex phi bt u bi 1 ch s thp phn v phi kt thc bi h hoc H V d: 183Dh, 1AC0h, 0FFFFH

Cc k t
K t v mt chui cc k t phi c ng gia 2 du ngoc n hoc hai du ngoc kp . V d: A v HELLO . Cc k t u c chuyn thnh m ASCII bi ASM . Do trong mt chng trnh ASM s xem khai bo A v 41h ( m ASCII ca A) l ging nhau

Cc bin ( variables)
Trong ASM bin ng vai tr nh trong ngn ng cp cao. Mi bin c mt loi d liu v n c gn mt a ch b nh sau khi dch chng trnh PSEUDO-OP STANDS FOR DB DW DD define byte define word ( doublebyte) define doubeword ( 2 t lin tip)

Chui cc k t ( character strings)

Mt mng cc m ASCII c th c nh ngha bng mt chui cc k t V d : LETTERS DW 41h, 42h, 43h LETTERS DW ABC Bn trong mt chui , ASM s phn bit ch hoa v ch thng . V vy chui abc s c chuyn thnh 3 bytes : 61h ,62h v 63h. Trong ASM cng c th t hp cc k t v cc s trong mt nh ngha . V d : MSG DB HELLO, 0AH, 0DH, $ MSG DB 48H, 45H, 4CH, 4Ch, 4FH, 0AH, 0DH, 24H

Cc hng ( constants)
Trong mt chng trnh cc hng c th c t tn nh ch dn EQU (equates) . C php ca EQU l : NAME EQU constant V d : LF EQU 0AH Cng c th dng EQU nh ngha mt chui: V d: PROMPT EQU TYPE YOUR NAME Sau khi c khai bo ny, thay cho MSG DB TYPE YOUR NAME MSG DB PROMPT

Cc lnh c bn
MOV XCHG ADD SUB INC DEC NEG

Cu trc ca mt chng trnh hp ng

Mt chng trnh ngn ng my bao gm :
M ( code) S liu ( data) Ngn xp (stack )

Mi mt phn chim mt on b nh . Mi mt on chng trnh l c chuyn thnh mt on b nh bi ASM .

Cc kiu b nh ( memory models)

ln ca m v s liu trong mt chng trnh c quy nh bi ch dn MODEL nhm xc nh kiu b nh dng vi chng trnh . C php ca ch dn MODEL nh sau : .MODEL memory_model

on s liu
on s liu ca chng trnh cha cc khai bo bin, khai bo hng ... bt u on s liu chng ta dng ch dn DATA vi c php nh sau : .DATA ;khai bo tn cc bin, hng v mng V d : .DATA WORD1 DW 2 WORD2 DW 5 MSG DB THIS IS A MESSAGE MASK EQU 10010010B

on ngn xp
Mc ch ca vic khai bo on ngn xp l dnh mt vng nh (vng stack) lu tr cho stack. C php ca lnh nh sau : .STACK size Nu khng khai bo size th 1KB c dnh cho vng stack . .STACK 100h ; dnh 256 bytes cho vng stack

on m
on m cha cc lnh ca chng trnh. Bt u on m bng ch dn CODE nh sau : .CODE Bn trong on m cc lnh thng c t chc thnh th tc (procedure) m cu trc ca mt th tc nh sau : name PROC ; body of the procedure name ENDP

Cu trc chng trnh

.MODEL SMALL .STACK 100h .DATA ; nh ngha s liu ti y .CODE MAIN PROC ; thn ca th tc MAIN MAIN ENDP ; cc th tc khc nu c END MAIN

Cc lnh vo ra
Lnh INT ( interrupt) Lnh INT 21h INT 21h c dng gi mt s ln cc cc hm ( function) ca DOS. Ty theo gi tr m chng ta t vo thanh ghi AH, INT 21h s gi chy mt routine tng ng .

Chng trnh u tin

.model small .stack 100h .data s DB Hello !$ .code mov AX,@data mov DS, AX ; xut chui mov DX, OFFSET s mov AH , 9 int 21h mov AH, 4Ch int 21h end

; Khai bo xu k t cn in ; Ly a ch data segment ghi vo DS

; Ly a ch offset ghi vo DX ; Gi hm 9, ngt 21h in ; Thot khi chng trnh

To ra v chy mt chng trnh hp ng

C 4 bc to ra v chy mt chng trnh hp ng l : Dng mt trnh son tho vn bn to ra tp tin chng trnh ngun ( source program file ) . Dng mt trnh bin dch (Assembler ) to ra tp tin i tng (object file) ngn ng my Dng trnh LINK lin kt mt hoc nhiu tp tin i tng ri to ra file thc thi c . Cho thc hin tp tin EXE hoc COM .

Chuyn ngn ng cp cao thnh ngn ng ASM

Gi s A v B l 2 bin t . Chng ta s chuyn cc mnh sau trong ngn ng cp cao ra ngn ng ASM . Mnh B=A MOV AX,A ; a A vo AX MOV B,AX ; a AX vo B Mnh A=5-A MOV AX,5 ; a 5 vo AX SUB AX,A ; AX=5-A MOV A,AX ; A=5-A cch khc : NEG A ;A=-A ADD A,5 ;A=5-A Mnh A=B-2*A MOV AX,B ;Ax=B SUB AX,A ;AX=B-A SUB AX,A ;AX=B-2*A MOV A,AX ;A=B-2*A

Cu trc ca ngn ng cp cao

Chng ta s dng cc lnh nhy thc hin cc cu trc tng t nh trong ngn ng cp cao

Cu trc r nhnh
IF condition is true THEN
execute true branch statements
END IF

Hoc IF condition is true THEN execute true branch statements ELSE execute false branch statements END_IF

V d 1: Thay th gi tr trn AX bng gi tr tuyt i ca n

Thut ton: IF AX<0 THEN replace AX by - AX END-IF M ho: ; if AX<0 CMP JNL AX,0 END_IF AX ; no , exit , yes , change sign

;then
NEG END_IF :

V d 2 : gi s AL v BL cha ASCII code ca 1 k{ t .Hy xut ra mn hnh k{ t trc ( theo th t k{ t )

Thut ton IF AL<= BL THEN display AL ELSE display character in BL END_IF M ho : MOV AH,2 ; chun b xut k t ;if AL<=BL CMP AL,BL ;AL<=BL? JNBE ELSE_ ; no, display character in BL ;then MOV DL,AL JMP DISPLAY ELSE_: MOV DL,BL DISPLAY: INT 21H END_IF :

R nhnh nhiu hng

Case l mt cu trc r nhnh nhiu hng . C th dng test mt thanh ghi hay , bin no hay mt biu thc m gi tr c th nm trong 1 vng cc gi tr. Cu trc ca CASE nh sau :
CASE expression value_1 : Statements_1 value_2 : Statements_2 . .

V d
Nu AX m th t -1 vo BX Nu AX bng 0 th t 0 vo BX Nu AX dng th t 1 vo BX

Thut ton : CASE AX < 0 put -1 in BX = 0 put 0 in BX > 0 put 1 in BX

Ci t
; case AX CMP JL JE JG NEGATIVE: AX,0 NEGATIVE ZERO positive ;AX>0 ;test AX ;AX<0 ;AX=0

MOV JMP
ZERO: MOV JMP POSITIVE: MOV JMP END_CASE :

BX,-1 END_CASE
BX,0 END_CASE BX,1 END_CASE

R nhnh vi mt t hp cc iu kin
i khi tnh trng r nhnh trong cc lnh IF , CASE cn mt t hp cc iu kin di dng : Condition_1 AND Condition_2 Condition_1 OR Condition_2

V d 1: c mt k{ t v nu n l k{ t hoa th in n ra mn hnh
Thut ton :
Read a character ( into AL) IF ( A<= character ) AND ( charater <= Z) THEN display character END_IF

Ci t
;read a character MOV AH,2 INT 21H ; character in AL ; IF ( A<= character ) AND ( charater <= Z) CMP AL,A ; char >=A? JNGE END_IF ;no, exit CMP AL,Z ; char <=Z? JNLE END_IF ; no exit ; then display it MOV DL,AL MOV AH,2 INT 21H END_IF :

V d 2: c mt k{ t , nu k{ t l Y hoc y th in n ln mn hnh , ngc li th kt thc chng trnh . Thut ton Read a charcter ( into AL) IF ( character =Y) OR ( character=y) THEN dispplay it ELSE terminate the program END_IF

Ci t
;read a character MOV AH,2 INT 21H ; character in AL ; IF ( character =y ) OR ( charater = Y) CMP AL,y ; char =y? JE THEN ;yes , goto display it CMP AL,Y ; char =Y? JE THEN ; yes , goto display it JMP ELSE_ ;no , terminate THEN : MOV DL,AL MOV AH,2 INT 21H JMP END_IF ELSE_: MOV AH,4CH INT 21h END_IF :

Cu trc lp
Mt vng lp gm nhiu lnh c lp li , s ln lp ph thuc iu kin

Vng FOR
Lnh LOOP c th dng thc hin vng FOR . LOOP destination_label S m cho vng lp l thanh ghi CX m ban u n c gn 1 gi tr no . Khi lnh LOOP c thc hin CX s t ng gim i 1 . Nu CX cha bng 0 th vng lp c thc hin tip tc . Nu CX=0 lnh sau lnh LOOP c thc hin Lu { rng vng FOR cng nh lnh LOOP thc hin t nht l 1 ln. Do nu ban u CX=0

V d : Dng vng lp in ra 1 hng 80 du * MOV CX,80 MOV AH,2 MOV DL,* TOP: INT 21h LOOP TOP ; CX ch s ln lp ; hm xut k{ t ;DL ch k{ t * ; in du * ; lp 80 ln

Vng WHILE
Vng WHILE ph thuc vo 1 iu kin .Nu iu kin ng th thc hin vng WHILE . V vy nu iu kin sai th vng WHILE khng thc hin g c

V d : Vit on m m s k{ t c nhp vo trn cng mt hng .

MOV DX,0 MOV AH,1 INT 21h ; DX m s k{ t ;hm c 1 k{ t ; c k{ t vo AL

WHILE_:
CMP JE INC INT JMP AL,0DH ; c phi l k{ t CR? END_WHILE ; ng , thot DX ;tng DX ln 1 21h ; c k{ t WHILE_ ; lp

Vng REPEAT
Cu trc ca REPEAT l repeat statements until condition Trong cu trc repeat mnh c thi hnh ng thi iu kin c kim tra. Nu iu kin ng th vng lp kt thc .

V d : vit on m c vo cc k{ t cho n khi gp k{ t trng .

MOV AH,1 REPEAT: INT 21h ;until CMP AL, JNE REPEAT ; c k t ; k t trn AL ; AL= ?

Lp trnh vi cu trc cp cao

Bi ton: Vit chng trnh nhc ngi dng g vo mt dng vn bn . Trn 2 dng tip theo in ra k t vit hoa u tin v k t vit hoa cui cng theo th t alphabetical . Nu ngi dng g vo mt k t thng , my s thng bo No capitals Kt qa chy chng trnh s nh sau : Type a line of text : truong dAi hoc sU pham First capital = A Last capital = U gii bi ton ny ta dng k thut lp trnh TOP-DOWN , ngha l chia nh bi ton thnh nhiu bi ton con . C th chia bi ton thnh 3 bi ton con nh sau : 1. Xut 1 chui k t ( li nhc) 2. c v x l 1 dng vn bn 3. In kt qa

Bc 1: Hin du nhc .
MOV AH,9 ; hm xut chui LEA DX,PROMPT ; ly a ch chui vo DX INT21H ; xut chui Du nhc c th m ho nh trong on s liu: PROMPT DB Type a line of text :,0DH,0AH,$

Bc 2 : c v x l mt dng vn bn
Read a character WHILE character is not a carrige return DO IF character is a capital (*) THEN IF character precedes first capital Then first capital= character End_if IF character follows last character Then last character = character End_if END_IF Read a character END_WHILE Trong dng (*) c ngha l iu kin k t l hoa l iu kin AND IF ( A<= character ) AND ( character <= Z)

Ci t
MOV AH,1 INT 21H ; c k{ t ; k{ t trn AL

WHILE : ;trong khi k{ t g vo khng phi l CR th thc hin CMP AL,0DH ; CR? JE END_WHILE ;yes, thot ; nu k{ t l hoa CMP AL,A ; char >=A? JNGE END_IF ;khng phi k{ t hoa th nhy n END_IF CMP AL,Z ; char <= Z? JNLE END_IF ; khng phi k{ t hoa th nhy n END_IF ; th ; nu k{ t nm trc bin FIRST ( gi tr ban u l* : k{ t sau Z ) CMP AL,FISRT ; char < FIRST ? JNL CHECK_LAST ; >= ; th k{ t vit hoa u tin = k{ t MOV FIRST,AL ; FIRST=character ;end_if

Ci t (tt)
CHECK_LAST: ; nu k{ t l sau bin LAST ( gi tr ban u l @: k{ t trc A) CMP AL,LAST ; char > LAST ? JNG END_IF ; <= ;th k{ t cui cng = k{ t MOV LAST, AL ;LAST = character ;end_if END_IF : ; c mt k{ t INT 21H ; k{ t trn AL JMP WHILE_ ; lp END_WHILE: Cc bin FIRST v LAST c nh ngha nh sau trong on s liu : FIRST DB * $ ; * l k{ t sau Z LAST DB @ $ ; @ l k{ t trc A

Bc 3 : In kt qu
Bc 3 s phi in ra cc thng bo :
NOCAP_MSG nu khng phi ch in CAP1_MSG ch in u tin CAP2_MSG ch in cui cng

Chng c nh ngha nh sau trong on s liu : NOCAP_MSG DB 0DH,0AH,No capitals $ CAP1_MSG DB 0DH,0AH, First capital= FIRST DB * $ CAP2_MSG DB 0DH,0AH,Last capital=

Bc 3 : In kt qu
;in kt qu MOV AH,9 ; hm xut k{ t ; IF khng c ch hoa no c nhp th FIRST =* CMP FIRST,* ; FIRST=* ? JNE CAPS ; khng , in kt qa ;THEN LEA DX,NOCAP_MSG INT 21H CAPS: LEA DX,CAP1_MSG INT 21H LEA DX,CAP2_MSG INT 21H ; end_if

Xem chuong trinh

Lnh XLAT
Trong mt s ng dng cn phi chuyn s liu t dng ny sang dng khc . V d IBM PC dng ASCII code cho cc k{ t nhng IBM Mainframes dng EBCDIC ( Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) . chuyn mt chui k{ t c m ho bng ASCII thnh EBCDIC , mt chng trnh phi thay m ASCII ca tng k{ t trong chui thnh m EBCDIC tng ng . Lnh XLAT ( khng c ton hng ) c dng i mt gi tr byte thnh mt gi tr khc cha trong mt bng . AL phi cha byte cn bin i DX cha i ch offset ca bng cn bin i Lnh XLAT s : 1) cng ni dung ca AL vi a ch trn BX to ra i ch trong bng 2) thay th gi tr ca AL vi gi tr tm thy trong bng

V d
Gi s rng ni dung ca AL l trong vng 0 n Fh v chng ta mun thay n bng m ASCII ca s hex tng ng n , tc l thay 6h bng 036h=6 , thay Bh bng 042h=B . Bng bin i l : TABLE DB 030h,031h, 032h,033h,034h, 035h, 036h,037h,038h,039h DB 041h , 042h ,043h , 044h, 045h , 046h V d , i 0Ch thnh C , chng ta thc hin cc lnh sau : MOV AL,0Ch ; s cn bin i LEA BX,TABLE ; BX ch i ch offset ca bng XLAT ; AL cha C y XLAT tnh TABLE + Ch = TABLE +12 v thay th AL bi 043h. Nu AL cha mt s khng trong khong 0 n 15 th XLAT s cho mt gi tr sai .

Thut ton m ha
Print prompt Read and encode message Go to a new line Print encoded message go to a new line translate and print message

Chng trnh minh ha

HT