Furthermore, the different approaches in organizational research also apply at d ifferent levels (social psychological, structural, and ecological).

Closed sytem approaches were at the social psychological and structural levels, and the intr oduction of open system theory added an ecological approach. Type I: Closed Rational System Models All of these theorists portray organziations as "tools to achieve preset ends" a nd largely ignore the impact of the environment (Scott p. 101). This includes, T aylor, Fayol, Weber, and early Simon. Type II: Closed Natural System Models Most of these are from the human relations group, and remained focused on intern al organizational actions. This type includes theorists like Mayo, Dalton, Barna rd, Roy, and Whyte. Type III: Open Rational System Models When the open system approach was introduced by Simon in the 1940's, it quickly caught on and spurred the development of multiple theories built on economical, psycholocial, and sociological backgrounds. This includes bounded rationality, a gency theory, contingency theory, comparative structural analysis, and transacti on cost analysis. Type IV: Open Natural Systems Models Recently the open rational models that have dominated since the 60's are being s upplanted by open natural theories. These new, abundant theories challenge the i dea that organizations behave rationally. These include Weick's "organizing" the ory, negotiated order, organizational learning, socio-technical systems, strateg ic contingency, population ecology, resource dependency, Marxist theory, institu tional theory, and postmodernism. Bernard- Functions of Executive in 1938. Bernard devised a more abstract system approach. Bernard viewed willingness to server, common purpose and communication as three important elements of org. comparative analysis-1940 SYSTEM APPROACH -1950 New Public Administration- Later 1960s