Ipv6 by Vnnic

M s : KT 02 SM 06
T R U N G T M I T E R N E T V I T N A M (VNNIC) N
B in so n : KS. N g u y n T h T h u T h y H iu h : T h.S . H o n g M i h C n g n n
NH XU T B N B U I N T P . H C H M IN H - 2006
L I G I I T H I U
a ch ca cc m y tnh trn Internet hin na y ang c nh s theo th h a ch phin bn 4 (IP v4) gm 32 bit. T rn l thuyt, kh ng gian IPv4 bao gm h n 4 t a ch (th c t th t h n). T uy nhin ng tr c s ph t trin m nh m v s l n g cc thit b trn m ng l i th xy ra nguy c thiu ht khng gian a ch IP v4; cng v i nh ng hn ch trong c ng ngh v nh ng nh c im ca IP v4 thc y s ra i ca m t th h a ch Internet m i IP v6. IP v6 c thit k v i h y vng khc phc nh ng hn ch vn c ca a ch IP v4 nh b hn ch v khng gian a ch, cu trc nh tuyn v bo m t, ng th i em li nh ng c tnh m i tha m n cc nhu cu dch v ca th h m ng m i nh kh nng t ng cu hnh m khng cn h tr ca m y ch D H C P , cu trc nh tuyn tt h n, h tr tt h n m ulticast, h tr b o m t v cho di ng tt h n. H in nay IP v6 c chun ha t ng b c, ch un b a vo ng dng th c t trong t ng lai. T rung tm Internet V it N am (V N N IC ) bin son cun sch G i i th iu v th h a ch In tern et m i IP v6 cho cc bn c nhu cu tm hiu v IP v6. C un sch g m 5 ch ng: C h ng 1 : G i i thiu v IP v4, IP v6 ; C h ng 2 : C u trc a ch IP v6; C h ng 3: C c th tc v quy trnh hat ng ca IP v6; C h ng 4: C c cng ngh chuyn i giao tip gi a Ipv4 -IP v6; C h ng 5: T hit lp m t m ng thun IP v6 (tron g iu kin IP v4 vn ang c ng dng) cung c p m t s dch v c b n DNS, WEB, FTP. C hng ti cm n N h xut bn B u in gp phn trong vic hon thnh cun sch ny. T rn trng gi i thiu cng bn c v rt m ong nhn c nh ng kin ng gp cun sch ngy cng hon thin h n trong nh ng ln xut bn sau. M i kin xin g i v: Trung tm In tern et V it N am , 115 T rn D u y H n g, C u G i y, H N i; in th oi: 04.5564944; F ax: 04.5564955. X in trn trng cm n. T R U N G T M IN T E R N E T V I T N A M
M C L C
L I G I I T H I U .................................................................................... 6 G I I T H C H C C T H U T N G V T V I T T T ............................. 13 C H N G 1 : A C H IN T E R N E T P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 ) V T H H A C H IN T E R N E T M I (IP V 6 )......................................................... 19

I. A C H IN T E R N E T P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 )...................................................... 20
I.1 . C c h s th p p h n , n h p h n , h exa d e ci al ..................................................... 20 m I.2 . B i u d i n ch In te rn e t p hi n b n 4 .................................................................. 21 a I.3 . C h c n n g c a ch IP v4 ................................................................................ 22 a I.4 . C u tr c ch IP v4 ........................................................................................... 23 a I.5 . B i u d i n m t d i ch IP v4 ............................................................................. 24 a I.6 . K h n g g i n ch IP v4 ...................................................................................... 24 a a I.7 . Q u n l ch In te rn e t....................................................................................... 25 a
II. H N C H C A T H H A C H IP V 4 V M C T I U P H T T R I N IP V 6 ... 26
II.1. S c n ki t ch IP v4 ..................................................................................... 26 a II.2. H n ch v c n g n g h v n h c i c a IP v4 ................................................ 28 m II.3. M c ti u tro n g th i k IP v6 ................................................................................ 29 t
III. H I N T R N G T R I N K H A I IP v6 T O N C U ............................................... 30
III.1 . T i u ch u n h a IP v6 ......................................................................................... 30 III.2 . T n h hn h th n g h i , p h t tri n IP v6 ............................................................... 31 m
C H N G 2 : C U T R C A C H IP v6 .............................................. 37
I. CC H B I U D I N V C U T R C A C H IP V 6 ........................................... 38
I.2 . T n g q u a n v ch IP v6 , kh c bi t so v i IP v 4 ................................................. 38 a I.2 . B i u d i n ch IP v6.......................................................................................... 39 a
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G i i th i u v th h ch In te rn e t m i - IPv6 a
I.3 . C u tr c c a m t ch IP v 6.............................................................................. 41 a I.4 . h d a n h gi o d i n tro n g ch IP v 6 ................................................................ 42 n a a
II. C U T R C N H A C H V C C D N G A C H IP v6 ........................... 45
II.1 T n g q u a n v p h n l i ch IP v6 ................................................................... 45 o a II.2 N h n g d n g ch th u c l i U N IC A S T ............................................................ 46 a o II.3. N h n g d n g ch th u c l i M ul ca st ............................................................. 53 a o ti II.4. L o i ch A N Y C A S T ....................................................................................... 61 a II.5. L a ch n ch m c h tro n g IP v6 ................................................................ 62 a n
III. T M T T V A C H IP v6 .......................................................................... 63
III.1 . T h n g k v c c d n g ch IP v6 .................................................................... 63 a III.2 . N h n g d n g ch m y tn h IP v 6 n g h e l u l n g v x l .............................. 64 a III.3 . N h n g d n g ch ro u te r IP v6 n g h e l u l n g v x l ................................... 65 a
IV . P H N M O U IP V 6 ................................................................................. 65
IV .1 . P h n m o u IP v4 .......................................................................................... 67 IV .2 . M o u c a IP v6 - N h n g th a y i ci ti n so v i IP v 4 ................................... 68 ,
V . C T N H C A A C H IP v6 ....................................................................... 75
V .1 . T n g q u t ch u n g................................................................................................ 75 V .2 . C h t l n g d v Q o S tro n g th h ch IP v6 .............................................. 78 ch a V .3 . H tr t t h n v b o m t tro n g th h ch IP v6 ........................................... 81 a
V I. T H C H N H K C H H O T IP V 6 T R N H I U H N H W IN D O W S , L IN U X . C U H N H K T N I B N G A C H IP V 6 ............................................ 82
VI.1 . H tr IP v6 tro n g h i u h n h W i d o w s 2 0 0 3 se rve r....................................... 82 n V I.2 . H tr IP v6 tr n h i u h n h L i ux .................................................................. 86 n V I.3 . M t s ti n ch kim tra k t n i v ki tra c u h n h ......................................... 88 m V I.4 . T h c h n h ........................................................................................................ 89
C H N G 3 : C C T H T C V Q U Y T R N H H O T N G C B N C A A C H IP V 6 ...................................... 101
I. T H T C IC M P V 6 ....................................................................................... 103
I.1 . T n g q u t v vai tr c a th t c IC M P v6 tro n g h o t n g c a IP v6 ................... 103
M c l c
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I.2 . P h n l i th n g i p IC M P V 6 ........................................................................... 104 o
II. T H T C N D ............................................................................................... 108

II.1. T h n g i p IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c N D ................................................. 110 II.2. T m h i u v g i ti N D ...................................................................................... 114 n II.3. N h n g q u y trn h N D cu n g c p .......................................................................... 115
III. M T S Q U Y T R N H H O T N G C B N C A A C H IP v6 ............. 117

III.1 . Q u y trn h p h n gi i ch l p 2 t ch IP v 6 l p 3 ...................................... 117 a a III.2 . K i tra tr n g l p ch tr n m t n g k t n i ............................................ 118 m a III.3 . K i tra kh n n g c th k t n i c t i n o d e l c n . ................................. 119 m n III.4 . T m ki b h tu y n tr n n g kt n i R D ............................................... 120 m n III.5 . T n g c u hn h ch kh n g tr n g th i c a thi b IP v 6 ............................. 122 a t III.6 . n h s l th i b IP v6................................................................................... 126 i t III.7 . Q u y trn h tm ki g i tr P ath M T U p h c v ch o vi c p h n m n h g i ti IP v6 .. 126 m n
IV . T H T C Q U N L Q U A N H T H N H V I N M U L T IC A S T - MLD ............ 128

IV .1 . T n g q u t v th t c M L D ............................................................................... 128 IV .2 . B a th n g i p IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c M L D .......................................... 130
V . T H C H N H Q U A N S T G IA O T I P V H O T N G C A C C NODE IPv6 ...................................................................................................... 131

V .1 . C u hn h IP v6 tr n b h tu y n C i n sco ........................................................... 131 V .2 . T h c h n h ....................................................................................................... 134
C H N G 4:C N G N G H C H U Y N I G IA O T I P IP V 6 IPV4.................................................................... 145

I. T N G Q U A N V C N G N G H C H U Y N I IP V 6 - IPV4 ......................... 146
I.1. Dual-stack......................................................................................................... 146 I.2 . C n g n g h n g h m ..................................................................................... 148 I.3 . C n g n g h ch u y n i...................................................................................... 150
II. M T S C N G N G H T O N G H M ................................................ 150

II.1. C u h n h b n g ta y n g h m ......................................................................... 150 II.2. Tunnel Broker .................................................................................................. 151
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II.3. C n g n g h n g h m 6 to 4 ............................................................................ 155
III. T H C H N H T H I T L P V S D N G N G H M ............................ 161
C H N G 5 : T H I T L P M N G T H N G H I M C H D N G A C H IP V 6 C U N G C P M T S D C H V D N S , W E B , FTP ................... 169

I. G I I T H I U M T S P H N M M H T R IP V 6 ....................................... 169
I.1 . IP v6 v i d v D N S ........................................................................................ 169 ch I.2 . M t s p h n m m cu n g c p d v h tr IP v6 ................................................ 170 ch I.3 . M t s p h n m m cle n t d v h tr IP v6 ...................................................... 172 i ch
II. T H C H N H T H I T L P M N G ................................................................. 173

II.1. M c ti u th c h n h .......................................................................................... 173 II.2. C h u n b .......................................................................................................... 173 II.3. C c b c th c hi n ......................................................................................... 175
T I L I U T H A M K H O ..................................................................... 189
G I I T H C H C C T H U T N G V T V I T TT
6Bone M n g th n g h i m v IP v6 , b a o g m c c si IP v6 k t n i th n g c c n g te h m , s d n g c s h t n g m n g In te rn e t IP v4 . 6 B o n e c h u b v o 06/06/2006. Anycast C ch th c g i g i ti n m t ch b t k tro n g m t n h m c c m y. n APNIC A si P a ci c N e tw o rk In fo rm a ti n C e n tre . T ch c q u n l ch IP , s h i u a fi o a m n g c p v n g , p h tr ch kh u v c ch u T h i B n h D n g . ARIN American Registry for Internet Number - T ch c q u n l ch IP , s h i u a m n g c p v n g , p h tr ch kh u v c B c M . ARP Address Resolution Protocol - T h t c p h n g i i ch s d n g tro n g IP v4 a , p h n g i i ch IP v4 th n h ch l p 2 t n g n g , v d ch E th e rn e t a a a MAC. Broadcast M t g i ti c ch ch b ro a d ca st s c tru y n t i t i v c x l b i n a m i m y tro n g m t m n g . DAD D u p lca te A d d re ss D e te cti n , m t q u trn h ch o p h p n o d e IP v6 m b o i o c r n g m t ch ch a c s d n g tr n n g k t n i tr c kh i n o d e a IP v6 q u y t h s d n g ch n a . DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - T h t c c u h n h ch n g , c p a a ch t m th i ch o th i t b IP v4 . c s d n g ch o p h p m t th i t b IPv4 tm
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ch IP v n h n g th n g ti kh c n h m y ch t n m i n n i b m kh n g a n c n t i c u h n h th c n g v l u tr n h n g th n g ti n y tr n m y. n
DHCPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 - T h t c c u h n h ch a ng phi n bn 6. Dual-stack M t n o d e d u a l ck l m t n o d e l m vi c v i c IP v4 v IP v6 . -sta n g kt n i n g k t n i (h a y n g ln k): K h i n i m s d n g y ch m t k t n i , i Ethernet. Gateway M y tn h , h o c th i t b th c h i n va i tr n h m t c a a l u l n g t m t my tnh ra m n g n g o i h o c sa n g m t m n g kh c. Header M o u - ph n ch a c c th n g ti p h c v ch o vi c x l th n g ti t i c c n n l p tro n g m h n h h o t n g c a th t c T C P /IP . Hop limit M t tr n g c a M o u IP v6 , x c h s n g k t n i t i a m g i ti c n n th i q u a tr c kh i b h u b . Host K h i n i m d n g y ch m y tn h , h o c th i t b kh c, cu n g c p d v , ch kh n g th c h i n ch c n n g h tu y n . n IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - T ch c q u n l t i n g u y n s ( ch a IP , s p ro to co l s p o rt...) q u c t , ICANN In te rn e t C o rp o ra ti n fo r A ssi n e d N a m e s a n d N u m b e rs. T ch c p h i l i o g n h u n , m n h i m va i tr q u n l v t i n g u y n s ( ch IP , c c th n g s a th t c) v t n (h th n g t n m i n ), n g th i q u n l h th n g m y ch t n m i n g c to n c u . ICMP
G i i th ch c c th u t n g v t vi t t t
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Internet Control Message Protocol - T h t c c a n h n g th n g i p i u kh i n , s d n g tra o i n h n g th n g i p b o l i g i o ti p , th n g i p ch n o n a m n g tro n g h o t n g c a IP . ICMPv4 Internet Control Message Protoco version 4 - T h t c IC M P p h i n b n 4 . K h i n i m n y n g n h t v i kh i n i m IC M P . ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protoco version 6 - T h t c IC M P p h i n b n 6 , l p h i n b n c s a i n n g c p c a IC M P , p h c v ch o h o t n g c a , IPv6. IETF Internet Engineering Taskforce - T ch c ti u ch u n h o , vi t c c t i l u ti u i ch u n h o (R F C ) p h c v h o t n g In te rn e t to n c u . IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol - T h t c s d n g tro n g c n g n g h m u l ca st IP v4 th i t l p q u a n h th n h vi n n h m m u l ca st tro n g m t ti ti m n g . T h t c n y ch o p h p m t m y tn h th n g b o v i b h tu y n tr n n m n g c a n r n g n m u n n h n l u l n g c a m t ch m u l ca st n h t a ti h. n IPSec M t c n g n g h cu n g c p b o m t, x c th c v n h n g d v a n n i h kh c t i ch n t n g IP . IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 P h i n b n 4 c a th t c In te rn e t. H i n a n g c s d n g p h b i n tro n g h o t n g m n g In te rn e t to n c u . IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 P h i n b n 6 c a th t c In te rn e t, c p h t tri n n h m th a y th IP v4 , kh c p h c n h n g h n ch c a p h i n b n IP v4 v c i th i n th m n h i u c tn h m i . LACNIC Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry - T ch c q u n l ch IP , s h i u m n g c p v n g , p h tr ch kh u v c M L a ti h v b i n a n Caribe. Loopback
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K n h g i o ti p ch o p h p p h n m m kh ch (cle n t) c th g i o ti p v i p h n a i a m m ch (se rve r) tr n c n g m t m y . N g i s d n g d n g m t ch IP a th n g l 1 2 7 .0 .0 .1 tr v m y tn h n y. D i ch s d n g ch o ch c a n n g l o p b a ck l t 1 2 7 .0 .0 .0 n 1 2 7 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 . o
MLD Multicast Listener Discovery L m t th t c, s d n g c c th n g i p IC M P v6 , ch o p h p c c b h tu y n kh m p h ra n h n g ch IP v6 n a m u l ca st n o a n g c "n g h e " l u l n g tr n m t n g k t n i ti . MTU Maximum Transmission Unit K ch th c g i ti l n n h t c th tru y n t i n trn m t n g k t n i . Multicast C n g n g h ch o p h p g i m t g i ti IP n g th i t i m t n h m x c h c c n n th i t b m n g . C c th i t b m n g n y c th th u c n h i u t ch c v h v n c c v tr l kh c n h a u . a NAT Network Address Translation - M t c n g n g h th a y th ch tro n g g i ti IP a n kh i g i ti i ra , h o c v o m t m n g , ch o p h p n h i u th i t b m n g n h n a ch ri n g (p ri te ) c th ch i s c n g m t ch to n c u (p u b lc) v k t n i va a a i vo Internet. ND Neighbor Discovery - M t th t c m i c p h t tri n tro n g h o t n g IP v6 . , N D s d n g c c th n g i p IC M P v6 m n h i m c c q u y trn h g i o ti p a c n th i t g i a c c n o d e tr n m t n g k t n i n h q u y trn h p h n g i i a ch (th c h i n b n g th t c A R P tro n g IP v4 ), q u y trn h tm ki m b h n tu y n Node K h i n i m y d n g ch m t th i t b (b a o g m c m y tn h , b h n tu y n , h o c th i t b kh c), l m t i m k t n i v o m n g . PathMTU Discovery Q u y trn h tm ki m g i tr M T U n h n h t tr n m t n g k t n i t n g u n t i ch . Prefix
G i i th ch c c th u t n g v t vi t t t
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L m t kh i ch IP v4 h o c IP v6 , c q u y t h b n g vi c c h m t a n n s b i u ti n c a ch V d 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .0 /2 4 l t p h p c c ch IP v4 t a . a t 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .0 n 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .2 5 5 . i v i IP v6 , 2 0 0 0 ::/3 l t p h p c c a ch IP v6 c b a b i u ti n l 0 0 1 (ch c i h e xa u ti n tro n g ch l 2 t a h o c 3 ). QoS Quality of Service - C h t l n g d v : K h i n i m tro n g tru y n t i l u l n g , ch m b o l u l n g m n g i n ch th e o m t ch t l n g n h t h (m c n l i th i g i n tru y n t i l u l n g ...) , a RFC Request For Comments - N h n g t i l u ti u ch u n ch o In te rn e t, c so n i th o v xu t b n b i IE T F . RIPE NCC Rseaux IP Europens - T ch c q u n l ch IP , s h i u m n g c p v n g , a p h tr ch kh u v c C h u u . RIR Regional Internet Registry - T ch c q u n l v p h n b ch IP c p v n g a ch o c c h o t n g In te rn e t. N h n g t ch c n y c n g c n h n g va i tr tro n g vi c h tr q u n l c s h t n g In te rn e t v p h t tri n ch n h s ch q u n l t i n g u y n ch IP , s h i u m n g A S N . a Router B h tu y n - T h i t b m n g th c h i n ch c n n g ch u y n ti p l u l n g n g i a c c m n g . TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol - M t b c c g i o th c g i o a a ti p , p h c v ch o vi c k t n i c c th i t b tr n In te rn e t. Tunnel n g h m - L m t c ch th c tru y n g i ti IP v6 t m t i m t i m t i m n kh c tr n m n g , s d n g c s h t n g m n g IP v4 b n g c ch b c g i ti n IP v6 tro n g g i ti IP v4 , d o v y ch n g c th i c tro n g c s h t n g n m n g IP v4 . Unicast C ch th c g i g i ti th n g th n g . T ro n g g i ti ch c g i n m t n n ch d u y n h t. N h n g c ch th c g i g i ti kh c b a o g m a n yca st, b ro a d ca st n v multicast
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VPN
V i a l P ri te N e tw o rk. c n h c t i n h m t m n g tro n g c c c p h n rtu va m n g c ch n h a u b i v tr l c k t n i th n g q u a In te rn e t c n g c n g a so n g d l u tru y n q u a In te rn e t c m h o , d o v y to n b m n g c i xe m n h m t m n g ri n g o .
CHNG 1 A C H INTERNET P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 ) V T H H A C H INTERNET M I (IPV6)
T ro n g p h n u ti n cu n s ch, ch n g ti xi n h c l m t c ch t n g n i q u a n v th h ch In te rne t p hi n b n 4 hi n t i a n g c s d n g a (IP v4 ), n gu y n nh n ti sa o c n thi t p h t tri n p hi n b n m i c a a ch Internet. T gi i thi v i b n c v ch Inte rn et p hi b n u a n 6 - IPv6, p h i n b n n g d n g ti p th e o ca th t c Internet. y l p h i b n c th i t k n h m kh c p h c n h n g h n ch c a g i th c n ao Internet IPv4 v b su ng n h n g tn h n n g m i c n thi t tro n g h o t n g v d v m n g th h sa u . C h n g t i c n g ch i s v i c c b n ch a n h n g ch n g u n th n g ti b n c th s d n g tm h i u th m , a , n c p n h t n h n g th ng ti m i n h t v c n g ng h IPv6. n C h n g 1 b a o g m n h n g m c ch n h sa u y: N h c l v ch Internet p hi b n 4 (IP v4 ). i a n H n ch c a th h ch IPv4. M c ti u p h t tri n IPv6. a H i n tr n g tri n kh ai IPv6 to n c u .
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I. A C H INTERNET P H I N B N 4 (IPV4)
B n l m g kh i m u n g i i n th o i ch o m t n g i q u e n b n M , ch c ch n l n h c i n th o i l n v q u a y s c a n g i , b a o g m c m q u c g i , m v n g th e o q u y h . g i th t i n h m t n g i thn, a n b n ch n h x c ch tr n b th . N h v y, x c h m t th c a n th tro n g m t m n g n h t h , th c th c n c h d a n h th e o n n m t c ch th c q u y h s n v h d a n h n y l d u y n h t tr n m n g . n n C c th c th m u n g i o ti p v i n h a u , c n th e o m t c ch th c ch u n g a q u y h s n . n K h i n hi u m n g co n k t n i v i n h a u gi ti , trao i th n g ti , ao p n n g i ta g i l ln m n g (Internetwork). Internet l l n m n g ton i i c u , k t n i c c thi t b m n g . M i thi b th am g i m n g n y c n g c n t a m t c ch th c n o h da n h d u y n h t. n g th i p h i c c ch th c n ch u n g ch ng l n h , gi o ti p c v i n h a u . C ch th c c c i a m y tn h n i ch u y n, gi o ti v i n ha u trn m n g to n c u c g i a p l gi o th c. H i n na y, Internet to n c u s d n g t p h p g i o th c a a TCP/IP. G i o th c IP (Internet P ro to col x c h c ch th c tru yn ti a ) n c c g i ti i tr n l n m n g . n i T hi t b tro n g m n g Internet d a n h d u y n h t b n g m t h th n g s , nh c g i l ch Internet. H th n g s c th i t k t th i i m b a n a u c a Internet c g i l ch Internet p h i b n 4 (IP v4). T hi a n t b m n g th a m g i h o t n g Internet to n c u c g n c c ch a a tro n g h th n g s n y the o q u y h ca gi o th c IP . H i n n a y, ch n g n a ta v n a n g s d n g ph bi p hi n b n ch n y tro n g h o t n g n a c a m n g Internet to n c u .
I.1. C c h s th p p h n , n h p h n , h exa d eci al m

C h s ch n g ta s d n g tro ng cu c s n g th n g n h t c g i l s th p p h n. P h p tn h th c h i n v i c c co n s th p p h n c g i l c s 1 0 . M i ch s ch c th bi u di n c m i g i tr t 0 n 9 . i v i co n n g i n h n g co n s h s th p ph n v c ng q u en th u c. , H thp phn (c s 10) 2024 = 4x100 + 2x101 + 0x102 + 2x103 = 2024 T u y n hi n , tron g l h v c k th u t, m y m c li s d n g p h b i h ai n n h s kh c, n h co n n g i q ue n th u c v i h s th p p h n : l h n h p h n (bi a ry c s 2 ) v h s h e xa d e ci a l (c s 1 6 ). n m
C h n g 1 : ch In te rn e t p h i n b n 4 (IP v4 ) v IP v6 a
21
C c m y tn h l u tr v x l th n g ti b n g m t t p h p n h n g o n n th n g ti v i h ai tnh tr n g n g i n c v kh n g . H n h p h n ch n b a o g m h a i s 1 v 0 t n g n g tnh tr n g n y. C c gi tr b a o g m d y c c ch s 0 v 1 . V i c s 2 , co n s n h p h n s c q u y i ra gi tr th p p h n n h sa u : H nh phn (c s 2) 1101 = 1x20 + 0x21 + 1x 22 + 1x23 = 13 C o n s 1 3 c a h s th p p h n t n g n g v i d y s 11 0 1 bi u di n tro n g h nh p h n . N u ch u y n i m t d y s 32 bit n h ph n 1 1 0 0 10 1 1 1 01 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 1 10 0 1 1 01 1 0 1 11 san g d n g s th p p h n th e o qu y t c n h tr n , gi tr th p ph n n h n c s v c n g l n v kh n h . D o v y, n g i ta th n g ha y s d n g c ch th c n h m c c s n h p h n , c th th eo 4 s (o cte t) h a y 8 s (b yte). C h u i s 3 2 bit tr n c th p h n ra n h sa u : 1100.1011.1010.0010.0011.1001.1011.0111 N u p h n t n g n h m 4 s n h p h n , m i n h m s c 1 6 g i tr th p p h n t 0 n 1 5 . H o n to n c th x y d n g m t h s c 1 6 gi tr . H s c g i l h s hexa decimal, c n g i t t l h e xa , c s 1 6 . T u y n hi n , c m t v n v c c k t b i u d i n gi tr co n s h e xa : chng ta ch c 9 ch s b i u di n m i g i tr t 0 n 9 . N h v y t g i tr 1 0 n 15 , c n p h i d n g c c k t d n g ch bi di n . u C c k t c s d n g n h sa u : A b i u d i n g i tr 1 0 , B -11, C-12, D-13, E-14 v F-15. M t s h e xa t n g n g n h m 4 s n h p h n . C h n g ta c th q u y i q u a l gi a c c h s n h ph n , th p p h n , he xa d e ci a l: i m Hexa decimal (c s 16) 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F F= 15 (thp phn) = 1111 (nh phn) CA82 = 2x160 + 8x161 + 10x162 + 12x163 = 51842
I.2. B i d i ch Internet p h in b n 4 u n a
T ro n g p hi n b n 4 , m t ch Internet c th i k b a o g m 3 2 bit a t n h ph n . N u vi t 3 2 co n s n h p h n bi d i m t ch IPv4 th u n a v c n g b t ti n v kh nh . D o v y, n g o i h s n h ph n , n g i ta c n s d n g c c h s th p p h n v h e xa d eci a l b i di n ch m u a
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IPv4. T ro n g , c ch th c b i u di n ch IPv4 d i d n g s th p a p h n l th n g d n g n h t. ch u y n i 3 2 bit n h p h n IPv4 sa n g bi d i n d i d n g s th p u phn, 32 bit n h p h n n y c chi th nh cc nhm 8 bit phn cch a n h a u b i d u ch m v ch u y n i th n h gi tr th p p h n ch o d n h : a ch IPv4 11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bit) 11001011. 10100010 . 00111001. 10110111 (32 bit)
203. 162 . 57 . 183 N u 3 2 bit ny, thay v chia thnh cc nhm 8 bit n h tr n , c ch i a thnh cc nhm 4 bit n h p h n v ch u y n i sa n g ch s h e xa . R i l i ti p t c n h m 4 ch s h e xa th n h m t n h m p h n c ch b i d u :, kh i ch IPv4 n y c bi u di n the o d n g s h e xa d e ci a l a m . Biu din dng hexa decimal 1100101110100010001110011011-0111 (32 bit) 12111023911-7 (cm 4 bit sang thp phn) CBA239B-7 (hexa decimal) CBA2:39B7 (biu din dng hexa decimal)
I.3. C h c n n g c a ch IPv4 a
C h c h n b n c s n i r n g : ch c n n g c a ch IPv4 l h a n d a n h c c thi t b tr n m n g Internet ch sa o ? T u y n hi n , n h v y ch a . ch IPv4 c h ai ch c n n g c b n sa u y: a n h d an h cc g iao d i m n g n
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ch IPv4 cu n g c p s h d an h d u y nh t ch o n h n g g i d i a n ao n (ca rd m n g ) th a m g i v o m n g Internet. T x c h m t node a n (m y tn h , h o c thi t b m n g ) d u y nh t tr n m n g Internet. H tr ch o n h tu yn tru y n t i th n g ti t m t m n g sa n g m t m n g kh c trn Internet, n c n h n g th i t b th c h i ch c n n g l m c u n i ch u yn ti th n g ti n , n g i a c c m n g g i l c c b h tu y n (router). tu y n l q u y trn h n nh tr n c c thi t b n y d ch u y n gi ti t m t m n g sa n g m n g ch n kh c tr n l n m n g . T h t n g c n hi khi n i ch IPv4 h tr cho i n a q u y trn h n y. N h n g th t s , ch IPv4 c q u y h th e o m t c u a n tr c h tr rou te r q u y t h th c hi n n h ng g v i g i ti , d a tr n n n g i tr c a ch t h tr q u y trn h h tu y n . a , n
I.4. C u tr c ch IPv4 a
h tr ch o tu y n , ch IPv4 c m t c u tr c n i b x c nh a h c c m n g v x c h c c thi t b (host) tro ng m t m n g . 3 2 bit n n tro n g m t ch IPv4 c chi th n h h ai p h n : a a P h n xc h m n g n M t s n h t c c bit, tn h t tri q u a tro ng ch IPv4 d n g x c nh a h m n g (Network ID). P h n n y cn c g i l ti n t m n g n (netwo rk p re fi h a y g i t t l ti t (p re fi x) n x). P h n xc h m y tn h tro n g m n g n S c c bit c n l tro n g ch s c s d n g x c h c c my i a n tnh (Host ID) tro n g m t m n g n h t h . n
32 bit
Network ID (n bit)
Host ID (32 n bit)
H h 1: C u tr c ch IPv4 n a
ch IPv4 u ti n c a m t m n g , t c ch v i p h n Host ID ton a a g i tr 0 c s d ng x c h m n g . n V d:
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N u l y 8 bit lm Network ID v 24 bit cn l i l m H o st ID , th 8 kh n g gi n ch IPv4 s ba o g m 2 = 2 5 6 m n g , m i m n g c a a 24 2 = 16777216 my. ch 20 3 .0 .0 .0 s x c h m n g 2 0 3 tro n g s 2 5 6 m n g trn. a n
I.5. B i d i m t d i a ch IPv4 u n
M t m n g IPv4 n h tr n b a o g m m t d i c c ch IPv4. N g i ta a s d n g ch u ti n tro ng m n g k t h p v i d i c c bit ti t a n bi u di m t d i ch IPv4, c th nh sau: n a ch IPv4 u ti n c a m n g / d i c c bit ti n t a (Vi t t t l ch re fi a /P x) V d: 2 0 3 .1 6 2 .5 7 .0 /24 x c h m t d i ch t 2 0 3 .1 6 2 .5 7 .0 n n a 203.162.57.255. 2 0 3 .1 6 2 .0 .0 /1 6 x c h m t d i ch t 2 0 3 .1 6 2 .0 .0 n n a 203.162.255.255.
I.6. K h n g g i ch IPv4 an a
V i 3 2 bit, ch IPv4 c th t o n n 2 32 co n s h d a n h thi t b C a n . n g h a tr n l th u yt, kh n g gi n IPv4 b a o g m 4 .2 9 4 .9 6 7 .2 96 ch a a (h n 4 t Con s c v t n g i l n . T u y n h i , the o ph n g th c ). n tru y n ti th n g ti th e o gi th c Internet, kh n g p h i to n b 2 32 s n ao n y c th c s d n g n h s thi t b m n g . H n n a , ch a Internet c th i t k ti th i i m s l n g th i t b n i m n g t, v n ti t ki m kh n g gi n ch ch a c q u an t m . V d , ch v i m t a a m c ch ch o ch c n n g l op b a ck, th eo thi t k s d n g v n g ch o a 127.0.0.0/8, lm m t i 1 /2 5 6 kh n g gi n ch IPv4. a a T h i gi n tri qu a , Internet p h t tri n v i m t t c ch n g m t, n y a sinh v n v thi u h t kh n g gi n ch IPv4. T ch c q u n l a a a ch Internet to n c u q u y h tro n g kh n g g i n ch IPv4 m t s n a a v n g ch d n h ri n g ( ch private), v i m c ch k t n i tro n g a a p h m vi m n g n i b c a m t t ch c (si ) m kh n g h tu y n ra te n n g o i m n g to n c u . N h v y, c c v n g ch n y c th c d n g a tr n g l p ti n hi m n g m kh n g g y xu n g t h tu y n to n c u . u n
H i n na y n h n g vn g ch sa u c qu y h l ch private: a n a 10.0.0.0/8. 172.16.0.0/12. 192.168.0.0/16.
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V i c s d n g n h n g v n g a ch n y n y si h n h u c u k t n i n h n g n m n g c ch dnh ring vo Internet to n c u , tro n g kh i kh n g a c php h tu y n to n c u n h n g v n g ch . C n g n g h n a b i n d ch NAT (Network Address Translation) c a IPv4 c ch a th i t k , s d n g ch o m c ch n y, ch o p h p k t n i n h n g m n g s d n g ch dnh ring v o m n g Internet to n c u . T u y NAT a g i p ti t ki m kh n g g i n ch IPv4, n h n g n l i l m t n h c a a i m c a IPv4. N g u y c thi u h t kh ng gi n ch IPv4, c n g v i n h n g h n ch a a c a c n g n gh N A T l n h n g ng u y n nh n th c y s ra i ca th h ch Internet m i p hi n b n 6 IPv6. a
I.7. Q u n l a ch Internet
K h n g g i ch Internet hi n a y a n g c q u n l b i h th n g an a n p h n c p c c t ch c q u n l ch to n c u . T ro n g c p q u n l a ca o n h t l T ch c q u n l ti n g u yn s q u c t IA N A , ti p l c c t ch c q u n l ch kh u v c R IR : a K h u v c chu T h i B nh D n g : A P N IC , http://www.apnic.net K h u v c chu u: RIPE NCC, http://www.ripe.net K h u v c B c M : A R IN , http://www.arin.net K h u v c M L a ti h v bi n C ari e : L A C N IC , http://www.lacnic.net n b
T ch c q u n l ch Internet tro n g t n g khu v c c c u tr c q u n l a t i n g u yn t n g n g . A P N IC c a kh u v c chu T hi B n h D n g p h n c p ch u y n gi o q u y n q u n l ch Internet tro ng p h m vi m t a a q u c g i ch o m t s t ch c g i l T ch c q u n l ch c p q u c a a gia NIR (National Internet Registry). Trung tm Internet V i t N a m , V N N IC , h i n na y a ng th c hi n vai tr ca N IR t i V i t N a m .
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II. H N C H C A T H H A C H IPV4 V M C T I U P H T T R I N IPV6

T ro n g h n h ai th p k, ch n g ta ch n g ki n s p h t tri n m n h m v tr n n v cn g th n g d n g c a Internet to n c u v i gi o th c a IPv4. K h i u t n h n g m n g n g hi n c u n h tr th n h m n g Internet to n c u m n h m , to l n , k t n i p hi l p hi kh o n g c ch . a , C n g v i s p h t tri n v b o c a m y tn h v c n g n g h th n g ti , k t n n i m n g tr n n nh a n h h n , m n h h n h n g n g n l n th i k b a n u , c n g v i s a d n g c a c n g n g h tru y n d n , k t n i v d v ch cu n g c p tr n m n g . K h i ni m m n g th h sa u N e xt G e n era ti n o N e tw o rk xu t h i n v i xu h n g h i n h p m n g vi n th n g v Internet n g y c n g tr n n r n t, n h m cu n g c p m t n n t n g c s h t n g d u y n h t v i d v a d ng . ch T ro n g b i c n h p h t tri n c a Internet, gi o th c IPv4 v i 3 2 bit ch a a v n ti p t c c s d n g , h i a n g p h c v t t ch o h o t n g m n g n to n c u . T u y n hi n , IPv4 b c l m t s h n ch , kh i n nh n g n h n g h i n c u , n h n g t ch c ti u ch u n h a ch trch n hi m v h o t u n g m n g to n cu n h n th y c n c s ph t tri l n m t t m ca o n h n c a gi o th c Internet. a
II.1. S cn kit ch IPv4 a

N h n g th p k v a q ua , do t c p h t tri m n h m c a Internet, n kh n g gi n ch IPv4 c s d ng tr n 60 % . N h n g t ch c a a q u n l ch q u c t t m c ti u s d ng h i u q u l n h n g u . a N h n g c n g n g h g p ph n gi m n h u c u ch IP nh N A T , D H C P a (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) c p ch t m th i c s a d n g rn g ri T u y n hi n , hi n n a y, n h u cu ch t n g r t l n: . a Internet ph t tri n ti n h n g kh u v c d n c n g o n h T ru n g Q u c, n N h n g d n g d v m i i h i kh n g g i n ch IP c h (t l ch a a n s d n g ch ch h n g l 1 :1) v k t ni d n g u cu i u a /kh cu i d v xDSL, cu n g c p d v Internet q u a n g cp : ch ch truy n h n h , vi c p h t tri n c c m n g g i o d c, g a m e tr c tu y n , th i b d i ng tha m g i v o m n g Internet, tru y n ti th oi a udi , t a , o vi e o tr n m n g d
27
PC
My ch IPv4
Di ng
Dy ng
Khng dy
Khc
PC
My ch
Di ng
TV
C m bi n
T hi tb g i n h a
IPv6 Dy ng Khng dy Cp quang PLC ...
H h 2: S b i n i c a In te rn e t n
T h i i m kh n g gi n ch IPv4 c n ki t h i n a ng l m t v n a a ch a th n g n h t v g y nhi u tran h ci c n h i u d n d b o th i . g i n c n l c a ch IPv4 c n c trn s l u ti u d n g ch IPv4 a i a i a tro n g q u kh . T u y nhi n , vi c gi t n g s d n g ch IPv4 l m a a ch o b i s d n g ch IPv4 to n c u n g y c n g d c. C n g s u a d n g kho n g th i g i n g n y l m c n c d b o ( d c ca o h n) a th kh o n g th i gi c n l i IPv4 c d b o c n g n g n l Thng an i. 0 7 /2 0 0 5 , t p ch IP J (Internet P ro to co l Jo urn a l c a C i ) sco n g b i phn tch, c n hi u ki n n g tnh, d b o th i i m c c c c t ch c q u n l kh n g cn ch c p ch o h o t n g Internet to n c u l a kh o n g n m 2 0 1 0 . B i b o d a tr n s l u v c p p h t ch c a c c i a R IR , s l u ti u th ch IPv4 to n c u v s l n g ch IPv4 cn i a a l hi n n a y. T ro n g , c c R IR c p p h t i 2 2 kh i /8 tron g vn g 1 8 i th n g g n n h t, v kh n g gi n ch IPv4 c n l 8 4 kh i /8 (b a o g m a a i ch c n l c a IANA v cc RIR). Tuy nhin, t c t ng v t v a i kh n g gi n ch c c R IR p h n b trong n h n g n m g n y, s xu t a a h i n c c d v m i n h d i n g , Internet qu a tru y n h n h c p , s ch t c n g m n h n kh o n g th i gi n cn l c a ch IPv4. a i a
28
II.2. H n ch v c n g n g h v n h c i m c a IPv4
C u tr c n h tu yn kh n g h iu q u ch IPv4 c c u tr c h tu y n v a ph n c p , v a kh n g p h n a n c p . M i b h tu y n (ro u ter) ph i d u y tr b n g th n g ti tu y n n n nh l n , i h i ro u te r ph i c d u n g l n g b n h l n . IPv4 c n g y u c u ro u te r p h i ca n thi p x l n hi i v i g i ti IPv4, v d th c hi n u n p h n m n h , i u n y ti u t n C P U c a ro u ter v n h h n g n h i u q u x l (g y tr , h n g g i ti ). n H n ch v tn h b o m t v kt n i u cu i u cu i T ro n g c u tr c th i t k c a IPv4 kh n g c c ch th c b o m t n o i km. IPv4 khng cung c p ph n g ti n h tr m h a d l u . K t qu i l hi n a y, b o m t m c n g d n g c s d n g p h bi n , kh n g n b o m t l u l n g tru y n ti gi a c c my. N u p d n g IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) l m t p h n g th c b o m t p h b i ti n t n g IP , m h n h b o m t ch y u l b o m t l u l n g g i a c c m n g , vi c b o m t l u l n g u cu i u cu i c s d n g r t h n ch .
K x m n h p
IPv4 dng ring
IPv4 c n g c n g
IPv4 dng ring
PC
NAT
NAT
PC
M y ch
H h 3 : M h h th c h i n N A T c a ch IP v4 n n a
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g i m n h u c u ti u d n g ch h o t ng m n g IP v4 s d n g p h a , b i n c n g n gh bi n d N A T . T ro n g , m y ch bi n d ch ca n ch ch a th i v o g i ti tru y n ti v th a y th tr ng ch c c m y tn h p n a g n ch ri n g (p ri te ) c th k t n i v o m n g In te rn e t. a va M hnh s d n g N A T ca ch IP v4 c n hi u n h c i m : a K h th c h i n c k t n i i m i m v g y tr : L m kh kh n v n h h n g t i n hi u d ng d v (m n g ri n g o - V P N , d ch ch v th i gi n th c). i v i nhi u d n g d v c n x c th c c n g a ch (p o rt) n g u n / ch , s d ng N A T l kh n g th c. T ro ng khi , c c n g d n g m i h i n a y, c bi c c n g d n g kh ch -ch n g y n t c n g i h i k t n i tr c ti p u cu i u cu i . V i c gi ti kh n g c g i n g u y n tn h tr n g t n g u n t i ch , c n n h n g i m tr n n g tru y n ti ti g i ti b can thi p , nh n v y t n ti nh n g l h ng v b o m t.
N g u y c thi h t kh n g gi n ch c ng n h n g h n ch c a IP v4 u a a , th c y s u t n g hi c u m t g i o th c In te rn e t m i kh c p h c n a , n h n g h n ch c a gi o th c IP v4 v e m l i n h n g c tn h m i c n a th i ch o d v v ch o h o t n g m n g th h ti p th e o . G i o th c t ch a In te rn e t m IE T F a ra , q u y t h th c y th a y th ch o IP v4 l n IP v6 (In tern e t P ro to col V e rsi n 6 ), gi o th c In te rn e t p hi b n 6 , c n o a n c g i l gi o th c IP th h sa u (IP N e xt G e n era ti n IP n g). a o a ch In te rne t p hi b n 6 c chi d i g p 4 l n chi u d i ch IP v4 , n u a gm 128 bi t.
II.3. M c ti tro n g th i k IPv6 u t

IP v6 c th i t k v i nh n g th a m v n g v m c ti u n h sa u : K h n g gi n ch l n h n v qu n l d d ng . a a H tr kt ni u cui -u cui v l b hon ton cng ngh N A T . oi Q u n tr T C P /IP d d n g h n : D H C P c s d n g tro n g IPv4 n h m g i m c u h n h th c n g T C P /IP ch o th i t b IPv6 c th i . t k v i kh n ng t n g c u h nh m kh n g c n s d n g m y ch D H C P , h tr h n n a tro ng vi c gi m c u h n h th cn g . C u tr c h tu y n t t h n : tu y n IPv6 c thi t k h o n n nh to n p h n c p . H tr t t h n M u l ca st: Multicast l m t t y ch n c a ch IPv4, ti a tu y n hi n kh n ng h tr v tn h p h d n g ch a ca o .
30
H tr b o m t t t h n : IPv4 c thi t k ti th i i m ch c c c m n g n h , b i t r n h a u k t ni v i n h a u . D o v y b o m t ch a p h i l m t v n c q u a n t m . S o n g h i n n a y, b o m t m n g Internet tr th n h m t v n r t l n , l m i q u a n t m h n g u . H tr t t h n ch o di n g : T h i i m IPv4 c th i t k, ch a t n t i kh i ni m v th i t b IP d i n g . T ro n g th h m n g m i d n g , th i b n y n g y c n g p h t tri n , i h i c u tr c g i o th c Internet t a c s h tr t t h n.
III. H I N T R N G T R I N K H A I IPv6 T O N C U III.1. T iu ch u n h a IPv6

t n g v vi c p h t tri n gi o th c Internet m i c g i i thi u ti a cu c h p IE T F ngy 25/7/1994 trong RFC1752 (The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol), gi i thi g i th c IP p h i n b n u ao m i. Qu trnh ph t tri n , xe m x t, s a i h o n thi n h a c c th t c , Internet p hi b n 6 c th c h i n b i n h m l m vi c v IPv6 c a n IE T F . S a u n hi n m n g hi n c u , n h n g h o t n g c b n c a th h u ch n y c n g ha v c n g b n m 1 9 9 8 tro n g m t ch u i a nh t i l u ti u ch u n t R F C 24 6 0 t i RFC2 46 7 . T ron g n i b t nh t l i ti u ch u n h a ch IPv6 RFC 2460 (Internet Protocol Version 6 a (IPv6) Specification) v hai th t c thi t y u tro n g ho t n g c a IPv6, h tr ch o IPv6, l RFC2461 (Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 : (IPv6)) m t m t th t c m i p h tr ch gi ti p gi a c c n o d e IPv6 , ao tro n g m t n g k t n i n i b v RFC2463 (Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification) m t IC M P v6 . C n g tro ng n m 1 9 9 8 , IE T F c ng b h ai t i l u chi ti t h n v ch i a IPv6, RFC2373 (IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture), m t c u tr c ch IP p hi n b n 6 v RFC2374 (An IPv6 Aggregatable Global a Unicast Address Format), m t d n g ch IPv6 h danh to n c u . a n Tri q u a th i gi d i i u ch h , c h ai ti l u n y c th a y th c p an n i n h t b i h ai R F C m i. l RFC3513 (Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture), c u tr c n h ch IP ph i n b n 6 a v RFC3587 (IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format), m t d n g th c ch IPv6 h da n h v h tu y n to n c u . a n n
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n g th i r t n hi u R F C kh c c c n g b , h n g h a ti u ch u n , n h a ch o n h n g ch c n ng c a IPv6, m t ph i n b n m i h tr IPv6 ch o c c d v n h D N S , D H C P ch T h i i m h i n a y, n h n g ti u ch u n c bn ch o h o t n g c a g i o n a th c Internet phi n b n 6 c h o n thi n. T u y n hi n , ch n g s ti p t c c s a i n h m p n g y u c u th c t , song song v i vi c p h t tri n y n h n g c tnh m i tro n g g i o th c IPv6. N i d u ng a cu n s ch n y m t h o t n g c b n IPv6 th e o n h n g ti l u R F C i m i n h t hi n h nh . B n c th tm h i th m th n g ti v ti ch u n u n u ha IPv6 t i tran g w e b c a IETF (http://www.ietf.org), trong n h n g n h m l m vi c l n qu a n n IPv6 c a IE T F . i
III.2. T n h h h th n gh i , p h t trin IPv6 n m

T h n g hi m , n g h i n c u IPv6 l m i q u an tm v n l c c a r t n hi u t ch c, m n g n g h i n c u to n c u . T ro n g n h i n m q u a , c n hi u u d n n g hi n c u th n g hi m IPv6, x y d n g p h t tri n n hi m n g u IPv6 l n k t n i n hi u q u c gi , k t n i gi a c c ch u l c. H i n n a y, a m n g l i kt n i IPv6 ngy c n g p h t tri . N g i s d n g ti b t c n u c n g c th c k t n i IPv6, v c th th n g hi m n h n g n g d n g h tr IPv6 d o n h n g d n n g hi c u cu n g c p . n T i chu , s h n ch v ch IPv4 t m t c n tr n h t h i a n v i s p h t tri n ca Internet ti nh n g kh u v c ki h t qu a n tr n g c a n ch u l c n y: T ru n g Q u c, N h t B n , i L o a n , H n Q u c. N h n g q u c gi n y x c h IPv6 l c ng n g h c a m n g th h sa u , y a n ti m n n g . V i c p h t tri n IPv6 v v n l n v tr i u v c n g n gh m n g th h sa u c h h n g ch t ch t ch n h p h . T ru n g Q u c n t m c ti u n n m 2 0 1 0 s x y d n g m n g IPv6 l n n h t to n c u . T i C h u u , n g d n g ch IPv6 t i th i i m n y ch a c c s a h h n g t ch n h p h , son g l c p h t tri n m n h m b i r t n i n h i d n n g h i n c u l n , x y d n g n h n g m n g IPv6 k t n i n hi u u q u c gi ch u u , k t ni chu u v cc ch u l c kh c. a M vn l n i kh i ngu n m ng Internet, cn g l q u c gi s h u ph n a l n kh ng gi n ch IPv4. D o v y nh u cu ch kh ng p h i l vn a a a cp b ch. T u y nhi d o nh ng c tnh u vi v b o m t ca IPv6, B n t Q u c ph ng M q uyt h n g dn g IPv6 tro ng m ng qu c p hn g. n T ro n g ph n n i d u n g n y, ch n g ti m o n g m u n e m l i ch o b n c m t s th n g ti c b n c th h n h du n g v tnh hnh tri n khai n a
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ch IPv6 to n c u , cu n g c p th n g ti v ch b n c c th t n a m n h tru y c p , tm h i u , c p nh t th m n h i u th n g ti m i n .
III.2.1. H tr IPv6 tro n g h th n g D N S to n cu Thng 7/2004, T ch c ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) c ng b h tr ch IPv6 trn 4 trong s 13 a m y ch tn m i n g c. C c t ch c qu n l t n m i n cp q u c gi nh a P h p , N h t B n , H n Q u c thi l m y ch tn m i h tr truy vn t p n n g th i IPv4, IPv6. N g hi c u h tr IPv6 cho d v tn m i an g n ch n ti t c c c c t ch c qu n l t n m i n c p qu c gi th c hi . p a n III.2.2. D n n g h in c u v IPv6. M n g kt n i IPv6 B n c th tm h i th n g ti v n g hi c u th n g hi m IPv6 t i n h n g u n n d n sa u : D n K A M E : (www.kame.net) D n K a m e n g h i n c u p h t tri n cc ng d n g IPv6 cho h i u hnh B S D . y l d n c h n h th n h b i s u cn g ty N h t B n n h m m c ch cu n g c p m i n p h ch c nn g IPv6 v IPSec (ch o c IPv4 v IPv6) ch o B S D . D n n y p h t tri n n h i p h n m m tro n g u m co d e c a K A M E c n h n g v o h tr th t c IPv6. D n n y b t u t n m 1 9 9 8 , b a n u ch d h ko d i tro ng h ai n m . S o n g n c gi h n th m , n th n g 0 3 /2 00 6 . a D n U S A G I (http://www.linux-ipv6.org/) : D n U S A G I (UniverSAl playGround for IPv6) p h t tri n c c p h n m m c n g n h n n g c p h i h n h Linux h tr IPv6 n hi u v u t t h n . D n T A H I (www.tahi.org) : D n n y th n g h i m v p h n tch , n h gi m t c ch to n d i n m i h o t ng c a c c th t c IPv6. B n c th tm th y t i y n hi u th n g tin phn tch b ch . D n W I E : (www.wide.ad.jp). D IP v6 n m tro n g l h v c n g h i n c u c a d n W i e - N h t B n . M y n d ch g c M (M root server) thi l p b i d n W i e l m t tro n g n h n g t d m y ch g c u ti n h tr IPv6. D n C N G I :
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C N G I l d n l n ng hi n c u v IPv6 ca T ru n g Q u c nh m x y d n g m n g IPv6 l n n h t to n c u . Koreav6: (http://hdtv.nm.gist.ac.kr/KOREAv6/) D n c a H n Q u c th c y p h t tri n ch IPv6. D n n y a x y d n g m n g l i IPv6 cu n g cp c c d v Internet, P2P, VoD, ch V o IP tr n n n c n g n gh IPv6. M6BONE: (www.M6bone.net) y l m n g n g hi n c u IPv6 m u l ca st, cho p h p k t n i ng hi n ti c u , tra o i ki h n g hi m . T rn c n g cu n g c p nh n g c n g c p h c n v IPv6 multicast. M n g 6B O N E : (http://www.6bone.net) Trong khi Internet v n ho n to n l th g i i IPv4, 6Bone l m n g th n g h i m IPv6 to n c u u ti , c x y d n g n h m m c ch cu n g n c p m t kh n g g i n n gh i n c u b a n u v h o t n g c a c c th t c a IPv6, h tu yn IPv6, p h t tri n c c d v IPv6 cu n g c p k t n ch n i IPv6 to n cu , 6Bone l i d n g c s h t n g m n g IPv4. M i t ch c tr n to n c u c th kt n i t i 6Bone b n g p h n g p h p to n g h m (tunnel) k t n i trn c s h tn g s n c c a m n g IPv4 h o c s d n g k t ni th u n IPv6. N g i s d n g c th k t n i t i m n g 6Bone b n g c ch tm n h n g t ch c cu n g c p n g gi o ti p a v thi t l p c c n g h m t i m n g c a t ch c . C n g n g m n g 6Bone c IA N A c p m t v n g ch IPv6 a 3FFE::/16 s d n g . V ng ch n y c p h n chi nh h n , c p a a l ch o n h n g t ch c th a m g i 6Bone . i a T ro n g su t th i k u p h t tri n IPv6, 6Bone r t th n h c n g , hon th n h n hi m v t ra . H i n n a y, ch IPv6 kh n g c n tro n g th i gi n a a th n g hi m , ch u yn sa ng gi o n n g d n g th c ti n . IA N A th u ai h i v n g ch th n g hi m 3 F F E ::/1 6 cp ch o 6 B o n e , to n b vn g a ch n y khng cn c s d n g n a v b l c h tu y n to n cu . a n C c t ch c th am gia 6Bone ch u y n sa n g s d n g ch IPv6 chnh a th c, c p p h t b i c c t ch c q u n l ch IP q u c t . a 6NET: (www.6net.org) 6 N E T l m t d n c a chu u k o d i 3 n m (01/02 /2 0 0 2 n 3 1 /1 2 /2 00 4 ) c u t 3 2 tri u E u ro th i t l p m t m n g th u n IPv6 k t n i 1 6 n c, n h m ch n g m i h cc y u c u p h t tri n c n g n n g h c th c th o m n v i IPv6 v m b o c c t ch c n g hi n
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c u c n g n h n n cn g n g hi p chu u s n g vai tr i u tro ng p h t tri c n g n g h m n g . n GEANT (European Research Network Backbone) GEANT l m n g tr c kt n i c c m n g n g hi c u c p q u c gi C h u n a u, hi n n a y h o n to n s d n g IPv6 v l m n g n g hi n c u IPv6 l n n h t tr n th gi i GEANT cu n g cp k t n i ch o m t v n g l . a r n g l n , t Icel d n C au ca su s. M n g G E A N T h i n na y kh n g an n g n g c n n g cao (1 8 5 G ), cun g cp kn h 1 4 .5 G k t n i t i B c M v N h t B n , k t n i t i M L a ti h v T ru n g H i a ng c n a th i l p v c c n g n i l n l c s h tr IPv6. H i n a y, 2 6 t i a n m n g n g h i n c u q u c gi t i chu u (National Research and a Education Networks N R E N ) a n g l i t c tro n g d n G E A N T .
III.2.3. C p n h t th n g tin v IPv6, tm kim n g d n g th n g h im v kt n i IPv6 B n m u n c p n h t th n g ti v IPv6, c th tm n n h n g ch n a sa u y: C c y b an th c y p h t trin IPv6 (IPv6 Task Force): H i n n a y tr n to n c u, ti c c q u c gi , r t nhi u y b a n th c y p h t tri n a IPv6 c th n h l p n h m m c ch ch i s th n g ti , thi t l p a n q u a n h h p t c v p h t tri n n gh i n c u IPv6. N h n g th n g ti m i n n h t v c n g n gh n y c th tm th y t i w e b si c a n h n g y b a n te n y. B n h y tru y c p ch http://www.ipv6tf.org/ a W eb site ch ia s th n g tin : H i n c n hi t ch c d u y tr kh o d l u u i p h o n g p h chi s th n g ti v n g hi c u , n g d n g IPv6. B n c th a n n tru y c p w e b si http://ns.ipv6style.jp/en/index.shtml c a N h t B n . te T r n cun g c p n hi u ti l u , th ng ti , c n g th n g k n h n g n g i n d n g h tr IPv6 trong c c h i u h n h v cu n g c p n h n g h n g d n m b n c th s d n g x y d n g m n g IPv6 c a m n h .
T m kim kt n i IPv6
K h i thi t l m n g th n g h i m IPv6, b n s c m o n g m u n c k t p n i tra o i th n g ti v i m n g IPv6 khc. n g b a o gi ng h r n g r t , n kh kh n c th tm ki m k t n i v i m t m n g IPv6 n o . D b n ch c m t m y tn h IPv6, h a y thi t l p m n g th n gh i m IPv6, v ch c n g tru y n Internet IPv4, b n u c th k t n i t i m n g Internet IPv6. N u n h cu n g cp (ISP) c a b n kh n g h tr IPv6, b n c th tm ki m n h n g t ch c khc cu n g c p ch o b n n g n i t i Internet IPv6 d a tr n c s h t ng m n g IPv4 v i c ng n g h t o
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n g h m k t n i IPv6 t i m n g c a t ch c n y. H i n a y, c n r t n hi u t ch c th c h i ch c n n g c u n i nh v y. C n g n gh n n g h m (tunnel) c m t tro n g ch ng 4 c a s ch .
36 H i p
1. T n g i c a gi o th c Internet m i c qu y t h th c y s a n d n g th a y th cho p hi n b n hi th i ca gi th c Internet l g? n ao T r l i: G i o th c Internet m i l th t c Internet p h i b n 6 (Internet a n Protocol Version 6 - IPv6). 2. G i o th c IPv6 c k v n g m a n g l n h n g c i m m i n o a i ch o h o t n g Internet to n c u ? T r l i: T h h ch IPv6 c a ra n h m m b o h o t n g ca a m n g Internet to n c u khi kh n g gi n ch IPv4 c n g u y c c n a a ki t. IPv6 c th i t k kh c p h c n h n g h n ch v n c c a a ch IPv4 n h kh n g gi ch h n ch ( ch IPv4 ch c d i an a a 32 bit) d n t i vi c s d n g c n g n g h N A T , h n ch tro ng c u tr c h tu y n , b o m t u cu i u cu i t n g IP , n g th i e m l n i n h n g c tn h m i th a m n c c n h u cu d v c a th h ch m n g m i n h kh n n g t n g cu h n h m kh n g c n h tr c a m y ch D H C P , c u tr c h tu y n t t h n , h tr t t h n cho n multicast, b o m t v d i n g .
CHNG 2 C U T R C A C H IPV6
C u tr c n h ch l n i c th q u a n s t r t r n h n g kh c b i a t g i a IPv4 v IPv6. ch IPv6 c thi t k c chi u d i 1 2 8 bit, g p a 4 l chi u d i c a ch IPv4. C u tr c cng n h m h n h ch c n a a n h n g th a y i l n so v i ph i n b n IPv4. P h n n i d u n g n y xi gi i n th i v i b n c v c c d n g ch c u tr c n h ch IPv6. B n u a , a c s tm h i u v p h n m o u (h ea d e r) c a IPv6. Q u a th y c n h n g kh c bi t v th a y i tro n g ch IPv6. m p h n g ch o a l th u y t, b n c s th c h i n m t b i th c h n h kch h o t th t c IPv6 tr n h i u h n h Windows, Linux, th c h i m t s c u h n h c n b n qu a n s t v c c d n g ch IPv6. a C h n g 2 b a o g m n h n g m c ch n h sa u y: C ch th c b i u di n v c u tr c ch IPv6. a C u tr c n h ch C c d n g ch IPv6. a . a T m t t v ch IPv6. a P h n m o u (H e a d e r) IPv6. c tn h c a ch IPv6. a T h c h n h kch h o t IPv6 trn h i u h nh Windows, Linux. C u h n h k t ni b n g ch IPv6. a
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I. CCH B I U D I N V C U T R C A C H IPV6 I.2. T n g q u an v a ch IPv6, kh c b i so v i IPv4 t

ch IPv6 c chi d i g p 4 l n chi u d i ch IPv4, g m 1 2 8 bit. a u a T ro n g vi c nh s thi t b b ng ch IPv6, so v i ch IPv4 c hai a a i m kh c b i t c b n sa u :
ch IPv6 c n h i l i a u o
K h n g g i n ch IPv6 p h n th nh n hi u l i ch kh c n h a u. M i a a o a l i ch c ch c n n g n h t h tro n g ph c v gi o ti . C l i ch o a n a p o s d n g tro n g gi o ti p ni b trn m t n g k t n i ( n g l a ink, Ethernet). C l i s d n g tro ng gi o ti p to n c u t n g n g nh o a ch IPv4 c n g c n g (IP v4 p u blc) h i na y. C l i khi thi t b s a i n o d n g ch g i o ti v i m t th i b kh c d u y nh t. C l i khi thi b s a p t o t d n g s gi ti p n g th i v i n hi thi t b khc. ao u K tqu l :
m t th i t b IPv6 h o t n g b n h th n g , n p h i c g n n g th i n hi u l i ch kh c n h a u. o a T ro n g cu tr c ch IPv6 c n c m t c ch th c n o a nh n d ng c c l i ch IPv6. o a
ch IPv6 c g n ch o g i d in . M t g i d i c th a ao ao n n g th i g n n h iu ch a .
N u t c u h i ch n g ta g n b a o n hi u ch cho m t n o d e trn : a m n g IPv4 Internet. C th n h n c c u tr l i n h sa u : m t m y tnh IPv4 v i m t ca rd m n g ch c g n m t ch IPv4 v x c h a n tr n m n g Internet b n g ch n y. N h v y n g n g ha v i ch a a IPv4 c g n ch o c c n o d e . C h c b h tu y n (router) IPv4 c n g n trn m i gi o di n (t ng n g m t ca rd m n g ) m t ch IPv4 a a v ro u ter c tr ch n hi m l m c u n i ln l c gi a c c m n g kh c n h a u . i T h h ch IPv6 c n h n g th a y i c b n v m h n h ch a a . a ch IPv6 c g n cho c c gi o di n (interface), kh n g p h i g n ch o a cc node. M t gi o di n c th g n n g th i nh i u ch c n g l i a a , o h o c kh c l i M i ch khi c g n ch o m t g i o di s c th i o . a a n g i n s n g h p l t n g n g . N o d e IPv6 d ch c m t ca rd m n g c n g a s c n h i g i o di n . y c th l gi o di v t l h o c l c c gi o u a a n , a
C h n g 2: C u tr c ch IPv6 a
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d i n o d n h ch o c n g ng h n g h m (tu n n el) c m t trong ch ng 4 c a sch.
I.2. B i d i ch IPv6 u n a
N g i ta kh n g bi d i n ch IPv6 d i d n g s th p p h n . ch u a a IPv6 c vi t h o c th e o 1 2 8 bit n h p h n , ho c th n h m t d y ch s hexa . T u y n hi , n u vi t m t d y s 1 2 8 bit nh p h n q u l kh n g n th u n ti n, v n h ch n g th kh n g th . D o v y, ch IPv6 c a b i u di n d i d n g m t d y ch s h e xa . b i u di 1 2 8 bit n h p h n IPv6 th n h d y ch s h e xa d e cim a l n , n g i ta chi 1 28 bit ny thnh cc nhm 4 bit, ch u y n i t n g nh m a 4 bit th n h s h e xa t n g n g v n h m 4 s h e xa th n h m t n h m p h n c ch b i d u :. K t q u , m t ch IPv6 c b i u d i n th n h a m t d y s g m 8 n h m s h e xa c ch n h a u b n g d u :, m i n h m g m 4 ch s h e xa . a ch IPv6: 128 bit 0010 0000 00 1100 1011 1010 0010 0011 1001 1011 0111
32 cm 4 bit = 32 ch s hexa = 8 cm 4 ch s hexa 2000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:CBA2:39B7
I.2.1. R t g n cch vit a ch IPv6 D y 3 2 ch s h e xa c a m t ch IPv6 c th c r t n hi u ch s 0 a i ln n ha u . N u vi t to n b v y n h n g co n s n y th d y s i b i u d i n ch IPv6 th n g r t di D o v y, c th r t g n c ch vi t a . ch IPv6 th e o h ai q u y t c sa u y: a Q u y t c 1 : T ro n g m t n h m 4 s h e xa , c th b b t n h n g s 0 b n tri V d c m s 0 0 0 0 c th vi t th nh 0 , c m s 0 9 C 0 c th . vi t th n h 9 C 0 Q u y t c 2 : T ro n g c ch IPv6, m t s n h m l n n h a u ch a to n s a i 0 c th kh n g vi t v ch vi t th n h ::. T u y n h i , ch c th a y th n m t l n n h v y tro n g to n b m t ch IPv6. i u n y rt d hi u . a
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N u ch n g ta th c hi n th a y th h ai h a y n hi l c c n h m s 0 b n g u n ::, ch n g ta s kh n g th bi c s c c s 0 tro n g m t c m :: t t kh i p h c l ch n h x c ch IPv6 ba n u . i a V d v bi u di n v r t g n ch IPv6: a
T ro n g v d tr n, ch 2 03 1 :0 00 0 :1 3 0F :0 000 :0 0 0 0 :09 C 0 :8 7 6 A :13 0 B a p d n g q u y t c th u g n th n h t c th vi t l i th n h 2 0 3 1 :0:1 3 0F :0 :0 :9 C 0 :8 7 6 A :1 30 B . p d n g q u y t c r t g n th h a i c th vi t l th n h 2 0 3 1 :0:1 3 0F ::9 C 0 :87 6 A :1 3 0B . i ch IPv6 c n c bi u di th eo c ch th c l n h v i ch a n i a IPv4. 32 bit cu i c a ch IPv6 t n g n g ch IPv4 c bi t a a th e o c ch vi th ng th n g ca ch IPv4, n h tro n g v d tr n . t a I.2.2. B iu d in m t d i a ch IPv6 T n g t n h IPv4, m t d i ch IPv6 c vi d i d n g m t a t a ch IPv6 i k m v i s bit x c h s bit ph n m n g (bit ti n t), n h n sau: a ch IPv6/s bit mng V d: V n g ch F F ::/8 t n g n g v i d i ch b t u t a a F F 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 n FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF.
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V n g ch 2 0 0 1 :D C 8 :0:0::/64 t n g n g v i d i ch b t u a a t 2 0 0 1 :0 D C 8 :0 :0:0 :0 :0 :0 n 2001:0DC8:0:0:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
I.3. C u tr c c a m t ch IPv6 a
C u tr c ch u n g c a m t ch IPv6 th n g th y n h sa u (m t s a d n g ch IPv6 kh n g tu n th e o c u tr c n y): a
128 bit 64 bit
T i n t (n bit)
(64 n) bit
h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID)
H h 4: C u tr c th n g th y c a m t ch IPv6. n a
Trong 128 bit ch IPv6, c m t s bit th c h i n ch c n n g x c h : a n Bit xc n h lo i ch IPv6 (bit tin t - prefix) a N h c p , ch IPv6 c n hi u l i kh c n h a u . M i l i ch c a o o a ch c n n g n h t h tro n g p h c v gi o ti p . p h n l i ch m t n a o a , s bit u tro n g ch IPv6 c d nh ri ng x c h d n g ch a n a , c g i l c c bit ti t (p re fi C c bit ti t n y s q u y t n x). n nh a ch th u c l i n o v s l n g ch tro ng kh n g gi ch u ng IPv6. o a an V d : 8 bit ti n t 1111 1111 t c FF x c h d n g ch n a multicast, l d n g ch s d n g kh i m t n o d e m u n g i o ti p n g a a th i v i n hi n o d e kh c. ch m u l ca st ch i m 1 /2 5 6 kh n g g i n u a ti a a ch IPv6. Ba bit ti n t 001 x c h d ng ch u ni st (d n g ch n a ca a ch o g i o ti p m t - m t) h d a n h to n c u, t n g n g n h ch a n a IPv4 c n g c n g ch n g ta v n th n g s d n g h i n a y. n Cc bit n h d an h g i d in (Interface ID) ao N g o i tr d n g ch m u l ca st v m t s d n g ch dnh ch o m c a ti a ch c bi t, ch IPv6 s d n g tro n g gi ti p to n c u, c n g n h a ao ch d n g tro n g gi o ti p gi a c c node IPv6 tr n m t n g k t n i a a (link-local), ch c thi t k ch o gi o ti tro n g p h m vi m t m n g a a p (site-local) u c 6 4 bit cu i c ng c s d n g x c h m t g i o n a d i n d u y n h t (tham kh o ch n g 2 v cc dn g ch IPv6). a
42
I.4. h d an h g iao d in tro n g ch IPv6 n a

h d an h gi o di n (Interface ID) l 64 bit cu i cn g tro ng m t ch n a a IPv6. S d a n h n y s x c h m t g i d i n tron g p h m vi m t nh n ao m n g co n (su b n e t). d a n h gi o di n ph i l s d u y n h t tro n g nh a p h m vi m t su b n e t. 6 4 bit h d an h n y c th c c u th n h t n n g th eo m t tro n g n h n g c ch th c sa u y: nh x t d n g th c ch E U I-6 4 ca gi o d i n. a a T n g to m t c ch n g u n hi n . G n gi o di b ng th t c g n ch D H C P v6 (DHCP version 6). a n a
I.4.1. T n g to 64 bit n h d an h g iao d in t a ch M A C c a card m n g H i n n a y, card m n g c h d a n h d u y n h t to n c u th eo c ch n th c h d a n h E U I-48 v EUI-6 4 . ch nh th e o c ch th c n y x c n a h d u y n h t m t ca rd m n g tr n to n c u , c g i l ch M A C . n a D n g th c EUI-48 D n g th c n h ch E U I-48 dng 48 bit. T ro n g , 2 4 bit u s a d n g h d an h n h s n xu t thi t b v 2 4 bit sa u l ph n m r n g , n h d a nh card m n g . V i c k t h p m t s d an h 24 bit duy n nh n h t c a m t n h s n xu t ca rd m n g v m t s d a n h 2 4 bit duy nh n h t c a ca rd n h sn xu t cun g c p ra th tr n g , s t o n n m t co n s 4 8 bit, x c h m t ca rd m n g d u y n h t tr n to n c u , c n g i l ch M A C (h a y c n g i ch v t l ch E th ern e t), vi t a a , a d i d n g h e xa d e ci a l m . D n g th c E U I -64 N h m t o n n m t kh n g g i n h d a n h thi t b l n h n ch o c c n h a n s n xu t, IE E E a ra m t p h n g th c n h s m i ch o c c gi ao d i n m n g g i l E U I-6 4 , tro ng gi n g u y n 2 4 bi h d a nh n h s n t n xu t th i t b v p h n m r n g t n g l n th n h 4 0 bi N u gi o di t. a n m n g c h d a n h the o d n g th c n y, ch p h n c n g c a n n a s g m 6 4 b i t.
h d a n h n h s n xu t n 24 bit h d a n h ca rd m n g n 24 bit
43
EUI - 48
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
EUI - 64
ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc
11111111 11111110 0xFF 0xFE 64 bit
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
24 bit
24 bit
H h 5: n h x t E U I-4 8 t i E U I-64 n
n h x t E U I -48 sang EUI-64 D n g th c d an h E U I-4 8 c n h x th n h E U I-64 b n g c ch nh th m 1 6 b i c gi tr 11111111 11111110 (vi t d i d n g h e xa s l t FFFE) v o ch nh gi a 4 8 bi c a E U I-48 . t C u th n h 64 b it n h d an h g iao d i I v6 t a ch M A C n P 6 4 bi dan h gi o di n tron g ch IP v6 c t ng to n n t 64 t nh a a bi h da nh d ng E U I-64 ca gi o di m n g th eo qu y t c nh sau: t n a n T ro n g s 24 bi x c h n h cu n g c p thi t b c m t b i c qu y t n , t h l bi U (xxxx xxU x xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx). T h n g th ng bi n y c n t t g i tr 0 . N g i ta ti n h n h o bi U n y (t 0 th n h 1 v t 1 th n h t 0 ), v l y 6 4 b i sa u khi th c hi n n h v y l m 6 4 b i d a n h gi o t t nh a d i n tro ng ch IP v6 . a V d : T o 6 4 b i h da n h gi di n ca ch IP v6 t ch M A C t n ao a a 00-90-27-17-FC-0F: T ch ch M A C 4 8 bi E U I-48 (00-90-27-17-FC-0F ) l m 2 p h n , a t th m v o 1 6 b i F F F E tr th n h d n g th c E U I-64 (00-90-27t FF-FE-17-FC-0F). T i n h nh o bi U c a d n g th c E U I-6 4 tr n , s thu c 6 4 b i t t h d a n h gi o di : 0 2 -90-27-FF-FE-17-FC-0F. n a n
44
Ethernet MAC (48 bit) 00
00
90
27
17
FC
0F
90
27
17
FC
0F
FF
FE
00
90
27
FF
FE
17
FC
0F
0000 00U0 h d an h g i d i n ao n (64 bit)
o b i U (th u t to n b ): 0 tr th n h 1 t
02
90
27
FF
FE
17
FC
0F
H h 6: T n g c u h h 6 4 b i h d a n h g i o d i n t ch M A C n n t n a a
I.4.2. T n g to 64 bit n h d an h g iao d in m t cch n g u n h in K h i s d n g p h n g th c q u a y s (dialup) k t n i v o Internet qua m n g c a m t n h cu n g c p d v , m i l n k t n i n g i s d n g s ch , n h n c m t ch IPv4 kh c n h a u . N u c n c v o ch IP , vi c a a tm ki m l u l n g ca m t n g i s d n g di l p th n g kh kh n . au T ro n g ch IP v6 , 6 4 bi h da n h gi di n c th t n g t o n n t a t n ao ch ca rd m n g . N u 6 4 b i h d a n h gi d i n l n l n c t o a t n ao u u n n t ch card m n g , h o n to n c th tru y c u c l u l ng a c a m t n o d e n h t h , t x c h c n g i s d n g v vi c n n s d n g In te rne t. m b o v n v q uy n ri ng t , IE T F a ra m t c ch th c kh c (m t tro n g R F C 3 0 41 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6)) t o 6 4 bi h d a n h t n g i o di n , tr n n g u y n t c s d ng th u t to n g n m t s n g u n hi n a l m 6 4 b i h d a n h gi di n . h da n h l t m th i v s th a y i t n ao n th e o th i g i n . a
45
II. C U T R C N H A C H V C C D N G A C H IPv6 II.1 T n g q u an v p h n l i a ch IP v6 o

N h c l v c ch th c p h n l ch ca IP v4. T h eo c ch th c g i ti i oi a n c g i t i ch , tro ng ch IP v4, tn ti khi ni m ba l ch a oi a : Broadcast: ch b ro a d ca st ( ch q u ng b ) c n o d e IP v4 s a a d n g g i m t g i ti t i n g th i to n b c c n od e IP v4 tro ng n c n g m t m n g . T ro n g vn g ch c a m t m n g , ch v i c c a a b i x c m y (H o st ID ) to n 1 s c s d n g l m a ch t nh q u n g b (bro a d ca st). V d tro n g m n g 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9.0 /2 7 , ch a b ro a d ca st s l 2 03 .1 1 9 .9 .3 1 Unicast: ch u n i st IP v4 ch n h l d n g ch ch n g ta g n a ca a ch o thi t b m n g k t n i vo m n g In te rn e t. ch n y x c a h d u y n h t m t node IPv4 tr n m n g In te rn e t to n cu . G i ti n n g i n ch ch u ni st s ch n d u y n h t m t n o d e IP v4 . a ca Multicast: K h i th i t k IP v4 , IE T F d n h ri ng v n g ch l p D (t a 2 2 4 .0 .0 .0 n 2 3 9 .2 55 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 ) s d n g ch o m t c n g n g h tru y n ti g i ti c t n g i m u l ca st. C ng n gh m u l ca st ch o p h p n ti ti g i m t g i ti IP n g th i t i m t n h m x c h c c thi t b n n m n g . C c th i t b m n g n y c th th u c n h i u t ch c v h v n c c v tr l kh c nh a u . a
ch IP v6 khng c n du y tr khi ni m b ro a d ca st. T h eo c ch th c g i a ti c g i n ch , IP v6 b a o g m 3 l i ch sa u : n o a Unicast: ch u ni st x c h m t g i o di n d u y n h t. T ron g m a ca n a h n h h tu y n , c c g i ti c ch ch l ch un i st ch n n a a ca c g i t i m t g i o d i n d u y n h t. ch u n ica st c s d n g a a tro n g gi ti p m t m t ao Multicast: ch m u l ca st d a n h m t n h m n h i u g i di n . a ti nh ao G i ti c ch ch l ch m u l ca st s c g i t i t t c c c n a a ti g i o di n tro n g n h m c g n ch . ch m u l ca st c a a a ti s d n g tro ng gi o ti p m t n h i . a u T ro n g ch IP v6 kh n g c n t n ti kh i ni m ch b roa d ca st a a ( ch q u n g b ). M i ch c n ng c a ch b ro a d ca st tro ng IP v4 a a c m n h i m th a y th b i ch IP v6 m u l ca st. V d ch c a ti n n g q u n g b tro n g m t m n g c a ch IP v4 c m n h i m a
46
b n g m t l ch m u l ca st IP v6 c t n g i ch m u l ca st m i oi a ti a ti n o d e p h m vi m t n g k t n i (F F 02 ::1 ) Anycast: A n yca st l kh i n i m m i tro n g ch IP v6 . ch a a a n yca st c n g x c h t p h p n hi u gi di n . T u y nh i n , trong n ao m h n h h tu y n , g i ti c ch ch anyca st ch c g i t i n n a m t g i o di d u y n h t tro n g t p h p . G i o di n l gi o di n a n a a g n n h t th e o kh i ni m c a th t c h tu y n . n
N h trn h b y, kh n g gi n IP v6 c p h n chi th nh r t nhi u a a d n g ch M i d ng ch c ch c n n g n h t h tro n g ph c v a . a n g i o ti p . C d n g ch s d n g tro n g gi o ti n i b tr n m t n g a a p k t n i, c d n g s d n g tro n g k t n i to n c u . D o v y, m t l i o a ch IP v6 ( c p h n bi th e o c ch th c g i ti c g i t i ch, m t n t p h a tr n) l ba o g m n h i u d n g ch kh c n h a u. C c d n g i a a ch n y c p h m vi h o t ng n h t h . n
II.2 N h n g d n g a ch th u c l i U N IC A S T o
ch uni st b ao g m 5 d n g sa u y: a ca 1. ch c b i t. a 2. ch p h c v ch o g i o ti p tr n m t n g k t n i ( ch a a a Link-local). 3. ch p h c v ch o g i o ti p p h m vi m t m n g ( ch S i a a a te local). 4. ch h d a n h to n c u ( ch G l b a l U n i st). a n a o ca 5. ch t n g th ch ( ch C o m p a ti ii a a b lty).
I. I 2.1 a ch c b it
IPv6 s d n g h ai ch c bi sa u y trong g i o ti p : a t a 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 h a y c n c vi t "::" l l i ch kh n g o a h d a nh c node IPv6 s d n g th h i n r n g hi n ti n n kh n g c ch ch :: c s d n g l m ch n gu n ch o a . a a cc gi tin trong q u y trn h h o t n g c a m t node IP v6 khi ti n h n h ki m tra xe m c m t n o d e n o kh c trn c n g n g k t n i s d n g ch IP v6 m n a n g d h d n g h a y ch a . a n a ch n y kh n g b a o g i c g n ch o m t g i d i h o c c s ao n d n g l m ch ch . a 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 hay "::1" c s dn g l m ch x c a nh gi di l ao n oopback, cho ph p m t node g i gi ti cho chnh n, n
47
t n g n g v i ch 127.0 .0.1 c a IP v4. C c gi ti c ch a n a ch ::1 kh ng bao gi c g i trn ng kt n i hay chu yn tip i b i b tu yn. P h m vi ca d ng ch ny l ph m vi nod e . nh a II.2.2. a ch p h c v ch o g iao tip trn m t n g kt n i ( a ch Link-local) K h i n i m n o d e l n c n tro ng h o t n g c a ch IPv6 a Trong IPv6, c c n od e tr n cn g m t n g k t n i (m t Ethernet) coi nhau l c c n o d e l n c n (n ei b o r). T ron g m h n h h o t n g c a gh IPv6, g i o ti p gi a c c n o d e l n c n tr n m t n g k t n i l v a c n g q u a n tr ng . IPv6 p h t tri m t th t c m i t n g i N ei h b or n , g D i very (N D ) l m t th t c thi y u , p h c v gi o ti p gi a c c sco t a n o d e tr n cn g m t n g k t n i. ch Link-local s d n g tro n g cc a q u y trn h m th t c N D p h tr ch . ch Link-local a Link-local l l i ch p h c v ch o gi o ti p n i b , gi a c c node o a a IPv6 tr n c n g m t Ethernet. IPv6 c th i k v i tn h n n g pl g t u and-pl y, t c kh n n g cho php thi t b IPv6 t ng c u h n h ch a a v c c tha m s p h c v cho gi ti p b t u t trn g thi ch a c ao th n g ti c u h n h n o . T n h n n g c c l n h node IPv6 lun n c kh n n g t ng c u h nh n n m t d n g ch s d ng cho giao a ti p n i b . ch n h l ch Link-local. a a ch Link-local l n c n o d e IPv6 cu h n h m t cch t u n g , kh i b t u h o t n g , n g ay c kh i kh n g c s t n ti c a m i d n g ch u n icast kh c . ch n y c p h m vi tr n m t a a n g k t n i (m t Ethernet), p h c v ch o gi o ti p gi a c c n od e l n a c n . S d m t node IPv6 c th t n g c u h n h ch Link-local l a do node IPv6 c kh n n g t n g c u h n h 64 bit h d a n h gi o di n . n a ch Link-local c t o n n t 6 4 bit h d a n h g i d i n (Interface a n ao ID) v m t ti n t (pre fi q u y h s n ch o ch Link-local l x) n a FE80::/10. C u tr c ch Link-local a K h i kh n g c ro u te r (b h tu y n ), c c no d e IP v6 tr n m t n g k t n n i s s d n g ch Li k-l cal g i o ti v i nh a u . P h m vi c a a n o a p d n g ch n y l tr n m t n g k t n i a . C u tr c ca ch Li k-l cal nh tro n g h n h 7 . a n o
48
10 bit
54 bit 64 bit h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID)
1111 1110 10
000 000
H h 7: C u tr c ch L i k-local n a n
ch Link-local b t u b i 1 0 bit ti n t F E 8 0 ::/1 0 , th e o sa u b i 5 4 a bit 0. 64 bit c n l l h d an h gi o di n (Interface ID). i n a II.2.3. ch p h c v cho g i ti p hm vi m t m ng ( ch si a ao p a te-local) T ro n g th i k b an u c a IPv6, dn g ch IPv6 Site-l ca l c thi t a o k v i m c ch s d n g tro n g p h m vi m t m n g , t n g n g v i ch d n g ri n g (pri te ) c a IPv4. Tn h du y n h t c a d n g ch a va a ny c m b o tro n g p h m vi m t m n g d n g ri n g (v d m t m n g v n p h n g , m t t h p m n g v n p h n g c a m t t ch c...). C c router bin IPv6 khng ch u yn ti p g i ti c ch si -l cal ra kh i n a te o p h m vi m n g ri ng c a t ch c. D o v y, m t v n g ch si -local c a te th c d n g tr n g l p b i n hi u t ch c m kh n g g y xu n g t nh tu y n IPv6 to n c u . ch si -l cal trong m t m n g d n g ri g a te o n kh n g th c tru y c p t i t m t m n g khc. ch S i -l cal c ti t F E C 0 ::/1 0 v c c u tr c nh trong hnh 8 a te o n
10 bit 38 bit 16 bit h d a n h m n g co n n (Subnet ID) 64 bit h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID)
1111 1110 11
000 000
H h 8: C u tr c ch S i -local n a te
ch si -l cal b t u b n g 1 0 bit ti n t F E C 0 ::/1 0 . T i p th e o l 38 a te o bit 0 v 16 bit m t ch c c th ph n ch i m n g co n (su b n e t), a nh tu y n tro n g p h m vi m n g c a m n h . 6 4 bit cu i l 64 bit h da n h n g i o di n c th tro n g m t m n g co n . a ch S i -l ca l c h n g h a tron g th i k u p h t tri n IPv6. a te o n T ro n g q u trn h s d n g IPv6, n g i ta n h n th y n hu c u s d n g a ch d ng si -l cal tro n g t n g l p h t tri n c a th h ch IPv6 l te o ai a kh n g th c t v kh n g cn thi t. D o vy, I T F s a i R F C 3513, E lo i b i d n g a ch si te-local. T i y, ch n g ta c p n ch S i -l ca l v i m c ch tm h i u , a te o b i t c tro ng q u trn h p h t tri n IPv6, t n g c d n g ch n y. a
II.2.4. a ch n h d an h to n cu ( a ch Global Unicast)
49
y l d ng ch t n g n g v i ch IPv4 c n g c ng hi n a ng a a s d n g ch o m n g Internet to n c u . T n h du y n h t ca d n g ch a n y c m b o tro n g p h m vi to n c u . C h n g c tu y n v nh c th l n k t t i tr n ph m vi to n b m n g Internet. V i c p h n b v i c p p h t d n g ch n y d o h th n g c c t ch c q u n l ch q u c a a t m n h i m . ch h d a nh to n c u c ti n t b a o g m b a bit 001::/3. M t a n a ch d a nh to n c u l du y n h t trn to n b m n g Internet IPv6. nh N h ch n g ta b i t, n od e IPv6 n g a y t lc kh i t o c kh n ng g i o ti p , d o l n c kh n n g t ng t o n n d n g ch Link-local. a u a T u y n hi n v i ch n y, n od e ch c th th c h i n gi ti tro n g a ao p p h m vi m t LAN. c g i ti p to n c u , node IPv6 c n c g n t ao n h t m t ch d a nh to n c u . ch n y c th c c u h n h a nh a b n g ta y ch o no d e nh h i n n a y v n a n g th c h i n v i IP v4 . Tuy n h i , gi o th c IPv6 c th i t k v i c tn h h tr node IPv6 kh n a n n g tm ki m v t n g g n ch h da n h to n cu , qu a nh n g a n g i o ti p n i b s d n g ch Link-local. a a K h n g n h ch IPv4, v i c u tr c h tu y n v a p h n c p , v a a n kh n g p h n c p , ch Internet IPv6 c c i ti n tro ng thi t k a m b o c m t c u tr c h tu y n v n h ch p h n c p r r ng . n a N u b a m c ti u q u an tr n g nh t tro n g q u n l ch IPv4 l s d n g a h i u q u , ti t ki m , tn h t h p v tn h c n g k th i v i ch a IPv6, m c ti u u ti n c t l n h n g u l tn h t h p. i u n y r t d hi u . V i chi u d i 1 28 b i kh n g g i n ch v cn g r n g t, a a l n . N u ch IPv6 kh ng c t h p th t t t, c c u tr c a nh tu y n p h n cp r rn g hi u q u th kh n g th x l c m t kh i l n g th n g ti kh n g l t l n b n g th n g ti h tu yn to n c u . n n n C u tr c ch h d a n h to n c u a n
48 bit 45 bit T i n t h tu y n to n c u n (Global routing prefix) 16 bit h d a n h m n g co n n (Subnet ID) 64 bit h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID)
001
H h 9 : C u tr c ch h d a n h to n c u n a n
50
ch h d a nh to n c u c b t u v i 3 bit ti n t 001. a n T h e o c ch th c bi u di n d n g s h e xa , h i n a y h o t n g l n k t n i m n g IPv6 to n c u a n g s d n g ch th u c v n g 2 0 0 0 ::/3 (b t u a t 2 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 n 3FFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF), do h th n g t ch c q u n l ch IP q u c t c p p h t, p h n b l i ch o h o t n g Internet a to n c u . N u m t ch IPv6 c b t u b i ba bit ti n t 0 0 1 , a ch n g ta b i t l v n g ch h tu y n to n c u . a n T ro n g th i gi n u ti s d n g ch IPv6, IA N A c p p h t tro n g a n a v n g 2 0 0 1 ::/1 6 . T i th i i m h i n n a y, n h u c u s d n g IPv6 gi t n g , a c c v n g ch kh c b t u c c p p h t, n h 2 4 0 0 ::/1 6 , v nhi u a d i ch kh c n a . a P h n c p h tu y n ch h d a n h to n c u n a n Theo RFC3587 (IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format) m t d n g th c ch IP v6 h d an h to n c u . ch IP v6 h da n h to n c u c a n a n p h n c p h tu y n n h sa u : n P h n c h : 3 bi u ti n 0 0 1 x c h d n g ch h da n h n t n a n to n c u . P h n h tu y n to n c u : 4 5 bi ti p th eo . C c t ch c q u n l s n t p h n c p qu n l v n g ch n y, chu y n gi o l ch o c c t ch c a a i kh c. K ch th c vn g ch n h n h t q u ng b ra n g o i p h m vi a m t m n g c a m t t ch c th n g th n g th eo c u tr c n y l /48 .
h tu y n to n c u n 48 bit 001 T i n t h tu y n to n c u n (Global routing prefix) h tu y n tro n g m n g n 16 bit h d a n h m n g co n n (Subnet ID) h danh gi o di n n a 64 bit h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID)
H h 10: P h n c p h tu y n ch h d a n h to n c u n n a n
T h e o ch nh s ch q u n l ch h i n ti kch th c v n g ch a , a n h n h t c p h n b ch o m t IS P l /3 2 v kch th c v n g a ch th ng th n g c p ch o m n g c a n g i s d n g cu i c n g l /4 8 . T u y n hi n y kh n g p h i n h n g con s c h . C h n h s ch n q u n l ch to n c u l n c th a y i v xe m x t p h h p a u n h t v i n hu c u v h o t n g m n g .
51
V n g h tu y n tron g m n g (site): 16 bit ti th e o l kh n g gi n n p a ch m t ch c c th t m n h q u n l ph n b , c p ph t v t a , ch c h tu y n b n tro n g m n g c a m n h . V i m t v n g ch n a /4 8 , t ch c c th t o n n 6 5 .536 m n g co n c /6 4 h o c n hi u c p h tu y n p h n c p h i u q u s d n g tron g m n g c a mnh. n
II.2.5. a ch t n g th ch ( a ch Compatibility) ch IPv6 pht tri khi m ng Internet l m t th gi i k t ni IPv4. C n a n c nh ng cng ngh p hc v ch o vi chuy n i t ch IPv4 sang c a ch IPv6, cng n h nh ng c ch th c cho php l i dng c s h a tng m ng Internet IPv4 k t ni cc m n g , hoc cc my tnh IPv6 ri ng l . ch IPv6 t ng th ch c ngha s d ng tron g a nh nh n g c ng ng h chuyn i t a ch IPv4 sa ng ch IPv6, ba o g m : a S d n g tro n g cn g n g h bi n d gi a ch IPv4 IPv6 (cho ch a p h p m n g IPv4 g i ti p c m n g IPv6) ao S d n g ch o m t h n h th c ch u y n i c g i l n g h m tu n n el tro ng l i d ng c s h t n g s n c c a m n g IPv4 , k t n i c c m n g IPv6 b n g c ch b c g i ti IPv6 vo trong gi tin n n h ch IPv4 tru y n i tr n m n g c s h t n g IPv4, s a d n g c u tr c tu y n IPv4. nh
D o p h c v ch o cn g n gh ch uy n i gi a gi o ti p IPv4 v IPv6, a a ch IPv6 t n g th ch c c u h n h n n t ch IPv4 v c n hi u a d n g tu thu c th eo c c c n g n g h chu y n i kh c n h a u . M t s d n g h i n n a y kh ng c n c s d n g n a . C h n g ta s tm h i u b a tro n g s n h n g d n g ch t n g th ch . l ch IPv4a a compatib l , ch IPv4-m a p p e d , ch 6 to 4 . e a a ch IPv4-compatible a ch IPv4-co m p a ti e c t o t 3 2 bit ch IPv4 th e o c ch th c a bl a g n c c bit ton 0 vo tr c 32 bit ch IPv4 v c vi t n h sa u: a 0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z hoc ::w.x.y.z T ro n g w.x.y.z l ch IPv4 vi t th e o c ch th n g th ng . a
80 bit 16 bit 32 bit
0000 .0000
0000
ch IP v4 a
H h 11: ch IP v4 -Compatible n a
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D n g ch IPv4-co m p a ti e c s d n g tro n g m t c n g n g h t o a bl n g h m c t n gi tu nn el t n g . K hi m t g i ti IPv6 c ch n a n g u n v ch d ng IPv4-compatible, gi tin IPv6 s c t n g b c tro n g g i ti c p h n m o u (header) IPv4 v g i t i ch s n d n g c s h tn g m n g IPv4. H in n ay, n h u cu v d n g kt n i tu n n el t n g n y kh n g c n n a. D o vy, d n g ch n y c n g c lo i b kh n g c n s a d n g tro n g g iai o n p h t trin tip th eo c a ch IPv6. a
ch IPv4-mapped a
80 bit 16 bit 32 bit
0000 .0000
FFFF
ch IP v4 a
H h 12: ch IP v4 -mapped n a
ch IP v4 -m a p p e d c t o n n t 3 2 bi ch IP v4 theo cch a t a th c g n 80 bi 0 u ti , ti th eo l 1 6 b i c gi tr h e xa F F F F v i t n p t 3 2 bi ch IP v4 . ch IP v4 -m a p p e d c vi t n h sa u : t a a 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z h o c ::F F F F :w.x.y.z T ro n g : w.x.y.z l ch IP v4 vi th e o c ch th n g th n g . a t ch IPv4-m a p p e d c s d n g bi u d i n m t n o d e th u n IPv4 a th n h m t n o d e IPv6 p h c v tro ng c n g ng h bi n d ch IPv4 ch a ch IPv6 (v d c n g ng h N A T -P T , p h c v g i o ti p gi a m n g a a th u n IPv4 v m n g th u n IPv6). ch IPv4-mapped khng b ao gi a c d n g l m ch ng u n ha y ch ch c a m t g i ti IPv6. a a n ch 6 to 4 a Trong vng ch h da n h to n c u (x c h b n g 3 bit u 0 0 1 ), a n n IA N A d n h ri n g m t d i ch t t n l ch 6 to 4 , lm m t d n g a , a ch t ng th ch ph c v ch o m t c n g n gh t o n g h m c tn a g i cn g n g h tu n n el 6 to 4 . ch 6 to4 c s d n g tro n g gi ti p a ao g i a h ai no d e ch y n g th i c h ai th t c IPv4 v IPv6 tr n m n g c s h t ng h tu y n c a IPv4. n ch 6to 4 c h n h th n h nh sau: a Trong vng ch h d a n h to n cu , IA N A c p p h t m t d i a n ch d n h ri n g 2 0 0 2 ::/1 6 t o n n ch 6 to 4 . a a
53
ch 6 to 4 c t o n n b ng c ch g n 16 bit ti n t 20 0 2 ni a tr n v i 3 2 bit ch IPv4 vi t d i d ng h exa , t t o n n m t a v n g ch IPv6 kch th c /4 8 . V ng ch n y s c s a a d n g t o n n m n g IPv6 6to4. C c m n g n y s k t n i v i n h a u tr n c s h tn g m n g Internet IPv4.
C c cng ngh ch uyn i IPv4 IPv6 ni chung, v cn g ng h to n g h m 6to4 ni ring c cp chi ti trong ch ng 4 ca s ch . t
II.3. N h n g d n g a ch th u c l i Multicast o
ch m u l ca st, l m t p h n ph c t p so ng r t c th c a ch a ti a IPv6. T ro n g h o t n g c a ch IPv6, kh ng t n t i kh i ni m ch a a broadcast. Ch c n n g ca ch bro a d ca st IPv4 c m n h i m b i a m t tro n g s c c d n g ch IPv6 m u l cast. ch IPv6 multicast a ti a th a y th cho c ch b roa d ca st v m u l ca st IPv4. a ti IP v6 c r t nh i u d n g ch m u l ca st. M i d n g c p h m vi ho t a ti n g t n g n g . M t node IPv6 n h t h s "n g h e" l u l n g ca n m t s l i ch IPv6 multicast. Node IPv6 c th n gh e l u l n g o a c a n hi u l i ch m u l ca st ti c n g th i i m . N o d e c n g c th o a ti g i n h p ho c r i b m t n h m m u l ca st ti b t c th i i m n o . a ti T ro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i c n h ng h o t n g m u l ca st m , ti khng c n c u h n h g cho node IPv6. Cc node IPv6 m c h th a m n gia m t s n h m m u l ca st c n thi t ch o c c q u y trn h h o t ng c a ti IPv6 trn n g k t n i, v d n h m x c h m i n o d e tr n n g kt n n i h a y n h m x c h m i b h tu y n tr n n g k t n i Tuy , n n . n h i n u l u l n g m u l ca st i v t q u a b h tu y n , ra ngoi n ti n p h m vi m t n g k t n i (m t E th e rn e t), kh i c n c n h n g c u h n h th c hi n h tu yn m u l ca st. n ti II.3.1. Multicast v broadcast trong IPv4 Broadcast N h ch n g ta b i t, tron g IPv4, ch q u n g b (broadcast) c a s d n g tro n g th t c p h n gi ch ARP (Address Resolution i a Protocol), th t c c u h n h ch n g DHCP (Dynamic Host a Configuration Protocol) v c c th t c kh c th c h i ch c n n g tm n ki m (d i ve ry), p h c v ch o n h n g quy trnh h o t n g c t yu c a sco IPv4. T ro n g m t m n g , ch IPv4 c g i tr c c bit tron g p h n Host ID a to n 1 c s d n g l m ch q u n g b (broadcast) tro n g m n g . a G i ti g i t i ch ch IPv4 b roa d ca st s c ch u y n t i v x l n a
54
t i to n b c c n o d e tr n m n g . T i l p 2, ch E th e rne t a FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF l ch bro a d ca st m c E th e rn e t. a
B h n tu y n M y ch
Broadcast
B h n tu y n M y ch
Multicast
H h 13: M u l ca st v B ro a d ca st tro n g ch IP v4 n ti a
Multicast T ron g IP v4, m u l ca st l m t cng ng h c thi t k c ng cho ph p g i ti m t g i ti n g th i t i n hi ch. T uy nhi n m u l ca st kh c bro ad ca st n u ti i m , g i ti kh ng ph i c g i t i m i n o de tro ng ph m vi m t n m n g m c g i t i n h m c c n od e xc h, c c nod e n y c v tr n l kh c nha u, v c th th u c nhi t ch c kh c nh au . K hi th c hi a u n m u l ca st, b tu y n (ro uter) trn c c m ng c nod e tha m gi nh m ti nh a m u l ca st ph i h tr th t c h tuyn m ul ca st. N o de c th l a ch n ti n ti
55
c tha m g i vo m t n h m m u l cast no ha y kh ng . Tron g khi v i a ti b roa dcast, m i nod e trong ph m vi m t m ng con (su bn et) l th nh vi n ca n h m broad ca st b t k n c m u n ha y kh ng . V i c qu n l q ua n h n h m m u l ca st tron g IP v4 c th c hi b n g ti n th t c q u n l n h m IG M P (Internet Group Management Protocol). Khi th i k IP v4 , to n b ch l p D (t 2 2 4 .0.0 .0 n 2 3 9 .2 5 5 .25 5 .2 5 5) t a c d n h ri g s d n g ch o cn g n gh M u l ca st. T u y c nh n ti g i hi u q u v c c ti u ch u n k th u t c thi t k h o n thi n , so n g c n g n g h m u l ca st kh n g c p d n g r n g ri tro n g h o t ti n g c a In te rn e t IP v4 d o n hi u n g u y n n h n v i h i cu h n h. II.3.2. C u tr c a ch IPv6 Multicast ch M u l ca st IPv6 c thi k th c h i c ch c n n g a ti t n b ro a d ca st v m u l ca st. D o v y c n hi d n g ch m u l ca st IPv6. ti u a ti C n h n g d n g ch IPv6 multicast m b t k node IPv6 n o c ng a p h i nh n l u l n g . N h n g ch IP v6 m u l ca st n y p h c v ch o a ti n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g thi t y u ca IPv6. Nh n g d n g ch a multicast IPv6 khc s d n g tro n g c n g ng h tru y n g i ti t i n hi u n ch c n g l c, n h c n g n g h m u l ca st ca IPv4. ti M i d n g ch multicast IPv6 c ph m vi h o t ng n h t h . L u a n l n g c a ch IPv6 m u l ca st s c ch uy n t i to n b c c n o de a ti tro n g m t p h m vi n o h a y ch c ch u y n t i n h m c c n o d e tro n g ph m vi l t y th u c v o d n g ch m u l ca st. a ti V n g ch c ti n t F F ::/8 (8 bit u l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1), ch i m 1 /2 5 6 a kh n g gi n ch IPv6 c d n h ri n g l ch IPv6 multicast. a a m a C u tr c ca ch IPv6 m u l ca st nh trong hnh 14. a ti
8 bit 4 bit C (Flags) 4 bit P h m vi (Scope) 80 bit 32 bit h danh nhm n (Group ID)
1111 1111
000 ...000
H h 14: C u tr c ch IP v6 m u l ca st n a ti
ch IPv6 multicast l n c b t u b i 8 bit ti n t 1111 1111 v a u r t d p h n bi t. ch m u l ca st kh n g b ao g i c s d n g l m a ti a ch ng u n ca m t g i ti IPv6 . n T ro n g c u tr c ch IPv6 multicast c cc nhm bit th c h i n c c a ch c n n g sa u y:
56
C (F l ) 4 bit: T r n g n y c b n bit "0T 0 0", tro ng 3 bit hi n ch a ag s d n g c t gi tr 0 , bit T s x c h y l d ng ch IPv6 n a m u l ca st c IA N A g n vnh vi n , s d n g th n g n h t tro n g h o t ti n g Internet IPv6 to n cu , hay l d n g ch IPv6 multicast do a n g i s d n g t g n . K h i n i m n y c n g t n g t n h kh i n i m well-kno w n p o rt tron g th t c T C P /IP . N u bit T = 0 , y l ch m ul cast IPv6 vnh vi n c IA N A qu y a ti h. D a nh sch c c ch n y c cung c p tro ng RFC2375 n a (IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments). Trong s c nh ng d ng ch p h c v ch o n h n g q uy trn h h o t ng ct yu c a IPv6, s a d n g cho n h n g gi ti khi m t nod e cn gi o ti p v i to n b ao p a h o c v i nh m cc node x c trn m t ng kt ni (Ethernet). nh V d : FF02::1 l ch m u l ca st g i t i m i n o d e tr n m t a ti n g k t n i. F F 0 2 ::2 l ch m u l ca st g i t i m i b h a ti n tu y n (ro u ter) tr n m t n g k t n i. N u bit T = 1 , y l d n g ch m u l ca st c g n b i n g i s a ti d n g tron g m t p h m vi n h t h . ch m u l ca st s kh n g c n a ti n g h a n g o i p h m vi . M t c ch th c t o n n ch n y l t a ch c s d n g ti n t (p re fi c a v n g ch h d an h to n c u x) a n c a m n h g n c n g v i 8 bit ti n t F F t o n n ch m u l ca st. a ti
P h m vi (S cope) 4 bit: T r n g n y g m 4 bit x c p h m vi c a nh n h m ch m u l ca st. H i n n a y a n g h n gh a c c gi tr n h sa u : a ti n 1 : P h m vi tro n g m t th i t b (ph m vi N o d e ). 2 : P h m vi m t n g k t n i (ph m vi L i k). n 5 : P h m vi m t m ng (ph m vi S i ). te 8: P h m vi t ch c (ph m vi O rg a n i zation). E : P h m vi to n c u (ph m vi G l b a l o ). C c g i tr kh c h i n n a y ch a g n . G i th ch m t c ch r r n g h n , n u ta th y 4 b i tr ng sco p e l i t "0 0 0 1 " (t c g i tr S co p e l 1 ) khi p h m vi c a ch m u l ca st n y a ti l p h m vi n o d e . G i ti m u l ca st s ch c g i tro ng p h m vi c c n ti g i o di n tro n g m t th i t b m th i a . N u 4 b i n y l "0 0 1 0", gi tr tr n g S co pe l 2 , p h m vi c a ch t a m u l ca st l p h m vi ln k. G i ti m u l ca st c g i tr n p h m vi to n ti i n ti b n g k t n i .
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Global
Site
Link
Hnh 17
H h 15: P h m vi c a ch IP v6 n a
R o u te r s d ng gi tr tr n g S cop e c a ch m u l ca st q u y t a ti h c chu y n ti p l u l n g m u l ca st ha y kh n g . V d ch n ti a m u l ca st F F 02 ::2 c p h m vi l n k, b h tu y n s kh n g b a o g i ti i n ch u y n ti p g i ti n y ra khi p h m vi n g k t n i n . n h d an h n hm (Group ID) 32 bit T h c h i n ch c n n g d a n h nh c c n h m m u l ca st. T ro ng m t p h m vi c n h i u nh m m u l ca st (v d ti , ti nhm multicast m i b h tu y n , n h m m u l ca st m i n o d e , n h m n ti m u l ca st m i m y ch D H C P ). G i tr c c bit h da n h n h m s xc ti n h c c n h m m u l ca st. T ro n g m t p h m vi s h d a n h n y l d u y n ti , n n h t. L u l n g c ch ch m u l ca st s c ch u y n t i c c m y a ti th u c n h m m u l ca st x c h b i h d anh n h m Group ID, trong ti n n p h m vi x c h b i g i tr tr n g Scope. n T ro n g ch IPv6 multicast, 32 bit cu i c s d n g x c h a n nhm multicast. T h e o th i t k ba n u , h d a n h n h m g m 1 1 2 bit. n 112 V i 11 2 bit, c th xc h 2 n h m . T u y n h i , c th tru y n i n n tr n m n g t i ch , d l u p h i ch a n g th i th ng ti ch IP (l p i n a m n g ) v ch l p 2 ( ch M A C tro ng tr n g h p k t n i E th e rn e t) a a t n g n g . c c n h x 1 -1 t m t ch IPv6 m u l ca st t i a ti m t ch E th e rne t m u l ca st M A C d u y n h t, s l n g bit c a ph n a ti h d a n h n h m c kh u y n n g h l 3 2 bit. n II.3.3. M t s a ch m u lticast IPv6 vn h vin K h i thi t b c kch h o t h tr IPv6, c c nod e p h i th a m g i v o m t a s n h m m u l ca st b t b u c. N o d e p hi th am g i v o n h m m u l ca st ti a ti d n h ch o m i n o d e tro n g p h m vi n o d e v p h m vi link. R o u ter p h i tham gia vo nhm multicast dn h ch o m i b h tu y n p h m vi n n o d e , p h m vi link. M u l ca st t i m i n o d e ti N h m m u l ca st m i n o d e hi n a y c g n g i tr G ro u p ID 1 . ti n
58
B n g 1: ch m u l ca st m i n o d e a ti
ch a IPv6 multicast
T n g i
G i tr S co p e
G i tr G ro u p ID 1 (X c h n nhm multicast m in o d e ) 1 (X c h n nhm multicast m in o d e )
Ch thch
FF01::1
ch m u l ca st 1 (X c h a ti n m i n o d e p h m vi p h m vi node node) ch m u l ca st a ti 2 (X c h n m i n o d e p h m vi p h m vi ln k) i link
FF02::1
Xc h m i n node IPv6 trong p h m vi m t n g k t n i
FF02::1
M y ch
M y ch g i g i ti t i ch M u l cast m i n o d e p h m vi l n k n a ti i
FF02::2
M y ch
M y ch g i g i ti t i ch M u l cast m i b h tu yn p h m vi l n k n a ti n i
H h 16: M u l ca st tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i n ti
M u l ca st t i m i ro u te r ti N h m m u l ca st m i ro u ter hi n na y c g n g i tr G ro u p ID 2 ti
B n g 2: ch M u l ca st m i ro u te r a ti ch I v6 a P multicast G i tr G ro u p ID 2 (X c h n nhm m u l ca st m i ti router)
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T n g i
G i tr S co p e
Ch thch
FF01::2
ch m u l ca st 1 (X c h a ti n m i ro u te r p h m p h m vi tro n g vi node m t th i t b ) 2 (X c h n ch m u l ca st a ti p h m vi m t m i ro u te r p h m n g k t vi link ni ) ch m u l ca st 5 (X c h a ti n m i ro u te r p h m p h m vi m t vi site m ng)
FF02::2
X c h m i n 2 (X c h n router IPv6 nhm tro n g p h m vi multica st m i m t n g k t router) ni 2 (X c h n nhm m u l ca st m i ti router) X c h m i n router IPv6 tro n g p h m vi m tm ng
FF05::2
N h n g gi tr IP v6 m u l ca st vn h vi n kh c, c th tm h i u tro n g ti RFC2375 - IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments. II.3.4. a ch m u lticast Solicited node M t tro n g n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g c t y u c a IPv4 l th c h i n p h n g i g i a ch IPv4 32 bit thnh ch l p 2 t n g n g (v d i a a ch M A C Ethernet 48 bit). IPv4 th c hi n ch c n n g n y b ng th a t c A R P (Address Resolution Protocol). N g uy n l h o t n g c b n c a th t c n y l gi ti p y u c u/ p ng tro n g m t n o d e khi ao kh n g bi t ch l p v t l c a m t n o d e kh c tr n n g k t n i s a g i g i ti A R P t i to n b n od e g n trn m t E th e rn e t (s d n g n a ch b roa d ca st). G i ti n y c ch a ch IP c a n o d e m n m u n n a g i o ti p . C c no d e tr n E th ern e t u n h n v x l gi tin ny, node a c ch IP tr n g kh p v i ch IP ch a tro n g g i ti s g i th n g a a n ti p tr . T h t c A R P c a IPv4 c m t h n ch : do s d n g ch n a broadcast (q u ng b ) nn khi m t n o d e kh i th c h i n th t c p h n gi i ch, v n l q u y trn h di n ra th n g xu yn l m p h i n t i m i a n o d e tr n m n g L A N , l m g i m h i u q u c a m n g . Trong IPv6, ch c n n g p h n gi ch c m n h i m b n g m t i a th t c m i p h tr ch gi o ti p c a c c no de tr n m t n g k t n i, , a
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c t n g i th t c N e i b o r D i very (xem thm ch n g 3 ), q u a vi c gh sco tra o i c c th n g i IC M P v6 (ICMP version 6). Trong qu trnh phn p g i ch (xe m th m ch n g 3 ), tr n h t c n g n to n b c c i a n o d e tr n ng k t n i (v n l m t h n ch c a th t c A R P IPv4), IPv6 kh n g s d n g ch m u l ca st m i n o d e p h m vi ln k (FF02::1) a ti i l d n g ch th c hi n ch c n n g t n g t n h ch q u n g b a a tro n g m n g L A N c a IPv4 l m ch ch c a g i ti tru y v n . T h a y v a n , q u trn h ph n gi i ch c a IPv6 s d n g m t d n g ch IPv6 a a multica st c b i t, c t n g i ch multicast solicited node. a ch multicast solicited node c c u th n h t ch uni st a a ca gn cho node. M i m t ch u ni st c g n ch o n o d e , s c m t a ca ch m u l ca st sol ci d n od e t n g n g . a ti i te
C u th n h ch S o lci d n o d e t ch u n i st a i te a ca ch solicited node c c u th nh t ch u ni st b n g c ch g n a a ca 104 bit ti n t (prefix) F F 0 2 ::1 :F F /1 0 4 v i 2 4 bit cu i c n g ch n h l 2 4 bit cu i c a ch u ni st. a ca c th g i o ti p , n o d e c n p h n g i i c c c ch IPv6 unicast a a g n ch o n o d e th n h ch l p 2 t n g n g , d o v y v i m i m t a ch u n i st c g n ch o n o d e s c m t ch m u l ca st a ca a ti solicited node. Node IPv6 s v a n g h e l u l n g t i ch u n i st, a ca v a n g h e l u l n g t i ch m u l ca st solicited node t n g n g a ti a ch u n i st . ca
64 bit T i n t c a d i ch a Unicast 64 bit h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID) 24 bit FF02: 0:0:0:0 :1:FF
H h 17: C u th n h ch m u l ca st solicited node t ch u n i st n a ti a ca
D o tr n g S co pe tro n g ch solci n od e c gi tr 2 , y l ch a i ted a multicast c p h m vi tr n m t n g k t n i (E th ern e t). ch a m u l ca st solci d n o de s t n g c t o ra kh i thi b c g n ti i te t c c ch u ni st. a ca V d c th , m t n o d e IPv6:
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C ch Link-local F E 8 0 ::2 A A :F F :F E 3 F :2A1C . ch M ul ca st a a ti Solicite d n o de t n g n g a ch Link-local ny l F F 02 ::1 :F F 3F :2 A 1 C . N u n o d e c g n ch u ni st to n c u 2 0 0 1 :d c8 ::3 0 0 5 :BC68. a ca ch M ul ca st S olci d no d e t n g n g ch u ni st n y l a ti i te a ca F F 02 ::1 :F F 3F :BC68.
II.4. L o i a ch A N Y C A S T
ch a n yca st c g n ch o m t n h m n h i gi o di . G i ti c a u a n n g i t i ch an yca st s c ch u y n i the o c u tr c h tu yn t i a n g i o di n g n n h t tro n g n h m (kh i ni m g n n h t l tn h the o th a t c h tu y n ). R F C 35 1 3 (Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) n Addressing Architecture) h n g h a ch a n yca st v i n h n g c n a i m n h sa u : A n yca st kh n g c kh n g g i n ch ri ng m th u c v n g ch a a a unicast (v n g ch x c h b i ti n t 0 0 1 ). K hi m t ch a n a u n i st c g n n g th i ch o n hi gi o d i n, n s tr th n h ca u a ch a n yca st. a M t ch a n yca st c th c g n ch o n h i u g ia o d i n c a a n h i u n o d e .
ch a nyca st khn g b ao gi c s d ng l m ch ng un ca m t a a gi tin IPv6. H i na y, ch an yca st kh ng c g n cho my tnh n a IPv6 m ch c g n ch o c c b h tu yn (ro uter) IPv6. M t tron g n n h n g ng d ng m o ng m u n c a ch an yca st l s d ng x c a nh m t t p c c b tuyn th u c v m t nh cun g c p d v Internet. nh ch H i n n a y, m i ch c m t d n g ch a n yca st c h n g h a v n g a n d n g , c t n g i ch a n yca st Subnet-R ou te r. T r n m t m n g co n a (subnet) IPv6, c th c n hi b h tu y n p h tr ch k t n i v u n ch u y n ti p g i ti cho c c my th u c m n g co n sa n g n h n g m n g n kh c. K h i c s d n g , ch anycast Subnet-Route r n g th i a c g n ch o cc b h tu y n IPv6 tro ng m t m n g co n . G i ti s n n d n g ch n y l m ch ch s n c m t tro n g s c c b a a h tu y n ny v t s t i c m n g . n C ch th c to ch A n yca st S u b n e t-R o u te r t ti n t c a m n g co n a N g i ta gi n g u yn c c bit ti n t c a m n g co n (subnet) v t m i bit kh c v gi tr 0 . L y ch th u c l ch an yca st S u bn e t a m a ro u te r c a m n g co n . M i g i o di n b h tu y n g n v i m n g co n a n
62
n y c n g th i g n ch a n yca st S u bnet-R o u te r tr n. ch a a n y c s d n g m t n o d e t xa g i o ti v i m t tro n g s n h n g a p b h tu y n c a su b n e t. n
II.5. L a ch n a ch m c n h tro n g IPv6

IPv6 ch o p h p n hi u ch thu c n hi u d n g c th g n ch o cn g a , m t g i o di n . V i c c n hiu ch tr n m t g i o di n khi n cho c c a a a th c th i IPv6 th n g xu y n i d i n v i tn h tr n g n hi u ch n g u n a v ch ch khi kh i t o gi o ti p . C n p h i c m t th u t to n m c a a h ch u n g ch o m i th c thi l a ch n ch ng u n v ch ch . n a a T h u t to n ch o p h p l a ch n ch n y s d n g n hi y u t cn a u n h c. T ro n g c m t s y u t nh sa u : (1) T n h tr n g ch M i m t ch IPv6 g n ch o node IPv6 i a : a k m v i kh o ng th i gi n sn g h p l . N ode IPv6 q u n l tn h trn g a ch the o th i gi n s n g , tro ng pre fe rre d " t c ch c n c a a a l a ch n v de p re cate d " t c ch b i K hi l a ch n ch a . a s d n g tro n g g i o ti p , node IPv6 s kh ng s d n g n h n g ch a a d e p re ca te d. (2) B n g ch n h s ch (Policy Table): T h u t to n l a ch n ch a c n s d n g m t b n g l u tr g i l P olcy T ab l . B ng n y l u tr c c i e ti n t ch (prefix) c g n ch o n o d e v i h a i gi tr i k m l gi tr a ch qu y n u ti n (P re ce de n ce ) v gi tr n h n (L a b el ): G i tr q u yn u ti n c s d ng sp x p ch ch. a G i tr nh n s d n g l a ch n m t p re fi ng u n n h t t n g x nh n g v i m t p re fi ch n h t h . C c th u t to n th n g h a y s x n d n g ch n g u n (S ) t n g n g v i ch ch (D ) kh i La b el ) a a (S = Label(D).
K h i l a ch n gi tr n h n trn g kh p tro n g b n g chnh sch, ch s a c l a ch n: N g u n l ch th u n IPv6 a N g u n l ch 6to4 a --> ch l ch th u n IPv6. a --> ch l ch 6to4. a
N gu n l ch IPv4-compatible --> ch l ch IPv4-compatible. a a N g u n l ch IPv4-map a --> ch l ch IPv4-map. a
T ro n g h i u h nh Windows, ch n g ta c th xe m g i tr c a b n g P o lcy T abl b ng l n h : i e netsh> interface ipv6> show prefixpolicy
63
H h 18: L a ch n ch tro n g h i u h n h W i d o w s n a n
(3) S d n g th t tr v c a D N S : Khi node IPv6 A k t n i t i m t n o d e B n o , n c th l a ch n ch ch ch o g i o ti p tron g s a a n h n g ch c a B d a tr n th t tr v t tru y v n D N S . a
III. TM T T V A C H IPv6
N h n g m c tr c c p v m t n h i u d n g ch IPv6. By a g i , ch n g ta s th n g k l i c c ti n t (p re fix) v t n g k t l i n h n g d n g ch m h o t n g c, host IPv6, router IPv6 c n c a gn.
III.1. T h n g k v cc d n g ch IPv6 a
B n g 3 th n g k m t s c c ti n t v d ng ch th n g g p c a a IPv6.
B n g 3: B n g t m t t v c c d n g ch IP v6 a Bit :: D n g ch a ch c b i t a Ch thch
64
Bit ::1 FE80::/10 FEC0::/10 2000::/3
D n g ch a ch l o p b a ck a o ch Link-local a ch si l ca l a te o ch h d a n h to n c u . Trong a n : 2002::/16 ch 6 to 4 a
Ch thch
c hy b
::w.x.y.z
ch IPv4-compatible a
D n g ch o c n g n g h tu n n e l t n g . D n g tro n g b i n d ch ch IPv6-IPv4. a K h i c n th i t p h i bi u di n m t node th u n IPv4 thnh node IPv6.
::FFFF:w.x.y.z
ch IPv4 - map a
ch m u l ca st a ti FF01::1 - ch m u l ca st m i n o d e a ti p h m vi n o d e FF02::1 - ch m u l ca st m i n o d e a ti p h m vi ln k i FF::/8 FF01::2 - ch m u l ca st m i a ti ro u te r p h m vi node FF02::2 - ch m u l ca st m i a ti ro u te r p h m vi ln k i FF05::2 - ch m u l ca st m i a ti ro u te r p h m vi si te FF02::1:FF/104 ch m u l ca st a ti Solicited node S d n g th a y th ch o ch c nng b ro a d ca st c a a ch IPv4 v p h c v n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g c a IPv6 nh phn gi i a ch q u y trn h g i o , a ti p g i a c c n o d e tr n m t n g k t ni ...
III.2. N h n g d n g ch my tnh IPv6 n g h e l u l n g v x a l

M t my tnh IPv6 s n g h e l u l n g n h n v x l g i ti ti n n h n g ch sa u y: a M t ch Link-local ch o m i g i o di n. a a
N h n g ch u ni st ch o m i gi o di . a ca a n ch l p b a ck. a oo ch m u l ca st m i n o de p h m vi n o d e (FF01::1). a ti ch m u l ca st m i n o de p h m vi ln k (F F 0 2::1 ). a ti i ch so lci n o de ch o m i ch u ni st c a m i g i di n . a i ted a ca ao
65
N g o i ra cn n g h e l u l n g ti n h n g ch m u l ca st: a ti
ch c c nh m m u l ca st kh c m c c g i o di n th a m g i (khi a ti a a my tnh c c u h n h n h n l u l n g tro n g c n g n gh truy n t i m u l ca st q u a c c m n g (t n g t n h c n g n g h m u l ca st c a ti ti IPv4).
III.3. N h n g d n g a ch router IPv6 n g h e l u l n g v x l

C h n g ta c n g bi t, m t b h tu y n (ro u ter) c n p h i c g n m i n l i ch m m t my tnh IPv6 c g n. N g o i ra , b h tu y n o a n IPv6 c n c g n n h n g ch sa u y: a ch anycast Subnet - Router. a C c ch a n yca st kh c (n u cn ). a
B h tu y n IP v6 (rou te r IP v6 ) c n g n gh e l u l n g ti m i ch n a m n c g n . B h tu y n IP v6 n gh e l u l n g ti m i ch n a multicast m m t my tnh IPv6 c n n g h e . N g o i ra , p h c v cho h o t n g tu y n , b h tu y n IP v6 c n p h i ng h e , n h n v x l nh n c c g i ti ti n h n g ch m u l ca st sau : n a ti ch m u l ca st m i ro ute r ph m vi node (FF01::2). a ti ch m u l ca st m i ro ute r ph m vi ln k (F F 02 ::2 ). a ti i ch m u l ca st m i ro ute r ph m vi si (F F 05 ::2 ). a ti te
N g i s d n g kh n g cn thi t ph i c u hn h ro u te r g n n h n g a ch m u l ca st tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i Khi b h tu y n ti . n (router) c kch ho t h tr IPv6, h i h n h (v d C i u sco O S ) s t n g g n n h n g ch n y ch o router IPv6. a
IV. P H N M O U IPV6
H o t n g ca Internet d a tr n c c th t c, l tp c c q u y trn h p h c v ch o gi o ti p . T ro n g th t c Internet, nh n g th n g ti p h c v ch o a n th i l p gi o ti p v tru y n ti d l u n h ch IP c a n i g i v n i t a i a
66
n h n g i ti , v n h n g th n g ti c n thi t kh c c t p h a tr c d n n l u . P h n th ng ti c g i l ph n m o u (h ea d e r). i n M o u IP V 6 l p hi n b n ci ti n , c t ch c h p l h n so v i m o u IPv4. T ro n g l i b i m t s tr n g kh ng c n thi t h o c o t kh i s d n g v th m v o n h n g tr n g h tr t t h n ch o l u l n g th i gi n th c. a
Bit 0
Phin bn
8
C hi u di m o u h danh n D n g d v ch
16
T n g ch i u d i C T h t c ch n g u n (32 bit) a ch ch (32 bit) a T y ch n m C h h p h n m n h n K i m tra m o u
31
T h i g i n s n g a
H h 19: P h n m o u c a IP v4 n
Bit 0
Phin bn
4
P hn dng l u l ng C h i u d i t i d l u i
12
16
24
Nhn dng M o u ti p th e o G i ih n b c
31
ch n g u n (128 bit) a
ch ch (128 bit) a
H h 20: P h n m o u c a IP v6 n
T h c h i so s n h h ai d n g th c m o u IPv4 v IPv6, s th y m t n s tr n g c gi n g u y n, m t s tr n g tro n g m o u IPv6 th c h i n ch c n n g t ng t trong IPv4, c tr n g c th m v o v m t s tr n g c b i .
67
th y n h n g th a y i v n n g c p tro n g ph n m o u IPv6, chng ta s n h c l v c c tr n g tro n g p h n m o u c a IPv4 v ch c i n n g c a ch n g , sa u s so s nh v i p h n m o u c a IPv6.
IV.1. P h n m o u IPv4
M o u IPv4 c c c tr n g sa u y: P h in b n (Version) C h p hi n b n ca IP , c gi tr 4 . nh C h iu d i m o u (Header Length) C h h chi u d i p h n m o n u IPv4 ( n v o l kh i 4 b yte ). D n g d ch v (Type of Service) C h h d v m o n g m u n kh i n ch tru y n c c gi ti q u a b h tu y n (router). T r n g n y c 8 bit, xc n n h q u y n u ti n, tr , th ng l ng , c c c tn h ch h ti c y n n n kh c. T r n g S e rvi ce T yp e g m T O S (T ype o f S e rvi ) v ce P re ce d e n ce . T O S x c h l i d v , b a o g m : g i tr ti c y, n o ch , n th n g l n g , tr ho c b o m t. P re ce d e nce x c h m c u ti n , n s d n g 8 m c t 0 -7. T n g ch iu d i (Total Length) C h h t n g ch i u d i g i ti IPv4 n n (c p h n m o u v p h n d lu ). K ch th c 1 6 bit, ch h r n g i n gi tin IPv4 c th d i t i 6 5 ,5 35 b yte . n h d an h (Identifier) h d a n h g i ti . K ch th c 1 6 bit. n n nh d a n h ch o g i ti c l a ch n b i ng u n g i g i ti N u g i ti IPv4 n n. n b p h n m n h , m i p h n m n h s g i l i gi tr tr n g h d a nh n y, n m c ch n o de ch c th n h m l c c m n h , p h c v ch o vi c i p h c h i l g i tin. i C (Flag) X c c ch o q u trn h p h n m n h . K ch th c 3 bit. nh C h ai c : m t x c h g i ti b p h n m n h v c ki ch h xe m c n n a n th m p h n m n h kh c n a ti p th eo p h n m n h hi n th i h a y kh n g . C h n h p h n m n h (Fragment Offset) C h v tr c a p h n nh m n h tro n g p h n d lu (p a yl a d) ca g i ti b a n u . T r n g n y c i o n kch th c 1 3 bit. T h i g ian s n g (Time to Live) C h h s l n g k t n i ti a m n m t g i ti IPv4 c th i qu a tr c khi b h y b . T r n g n y d i 8 bit. n TTL c s d ng n h m t b m th i gi m ro u te r IPv4 d n g an q u y t h d i th i gi n c n thi t (b n g gi y) ch u y n ti p g i ti n a n IPv4. B h tu y n hi i ch u y n ti p g i ti ch a n m t g i y n n n so n g th e o qu y c, l n gi m g i tr tr n g n y 1 n v K hi gi tr u . T T L tr v 0 , g i ti s c h y i v th ng i p l c g i tr l n i i
68
ch IPv4 n g u n . a
T h t c (Protocol) X c th t c l p ca o h n g i ti s c nh n ch u y n ti . T r n g n y g m 8 bit. V d m t s gi tr 6 l T C P , 1 7 l p : UDP, 1 l ICMP. K im tra m o u (Header Checksum) C u n g c p thng tin ki m tra cho p h n m o u IPv4. Kch th c 1 6 bit. P h n d l u c a g i ti i n IPv4 kh n g b a o g m tro n g ki m tra n y m ch a th n g ti ki m tra n ri g c a n . C c node IPv4 n h n g i ti s xe m x t p h n ki m tra n n m o u v l i b g i ti n u gi tr ki m tra (th e o th u t to n o n checksum) tn h to n c kh n g tr n g kh p v i gi tr tr n g ki m tra trong p h n m o u c a g i ti n h n c, b i v n h v y ch n g t n c sa i l ch th ng ti trong tru y n ti K hi b h tu y n chu y n ti i n . n p m t g i ti IPv4, n p h i gi m g i tr tr n g T T L , d o v y tr n g n H e a d e r C he cksu m c tn h to n l t i m i b h tu y n gi a n g u n i n v ch . a ch n g u n (Source Address) C h a ch n g u n g i g i ti a n IPv4. K ch th c 3 2 bi t. a ch ch (Destination Address) C h a ch IPv4 ch . K ch a th c 3 2 bi t. T u ch n (Option) C h a m t h o c n h i u h n t y ch n tro n g IPv4. K ch th c tr n g n y l m t s n g u yn l n c a kh i 4 byte (32 bit). N u c c tu ch n kh n g d n g h t v l m l kh i 3 2 bit, c c gi tr 0 (g i l p h n m - P a d d i ) s c th m v o m b o m o u IPv4 ng l m t s n g u y n c a kh i 4 b yte , n h v y ch i u d i m o u IPv4 m i c th ch c b ng gi tr cu tr n g C h i u d i m o u . nh
IV.2. M o u c a IPv6 - N h n g th a y i, ci ti so v i IPv4 n

P h n m o u IP v6 c n h n g th a y i g so v i th h ch IPv4? a IV.2.1. C h iu d i c a p h n m o u N h tr n m t , m o u IPv4 c m t tr n g ch i d i kh n g c h , u n l T u ch n . T r n g T u ch n c s d n g th m c c th n g ti n v c c d v tu ch n kh c n h a u tro n g IPv4, v d th n g ti l n q u a n ch n i n m h o . D o , ch i u d i c a m o u IPv4 th a y i tu the o tn h tr n g . V s th a y i , c c b h tu y n i u khi n gi o ti p d a n a trn n h n g th n g ti tro n g ph n m o u kh n g th bi tr c chi u n t d i c a m o u . i u n y c n tr vi c t ng t c x l g i ti . n
69
K h c v i IPv4, gi tin IPv6 c hai d ng m o u : m o u c b n (basic header) v m o u m r n g (e xte n si h e a d e r). P h n m o u on c b n c ch i u d i c h 4 0 b yte , ch a n h n g th n g ti c b n n n tro n g x l g i ti IPv6, thu n ti h n ch o vi c t n g t c x l g i ti . n n n N h n g th n g ti l n q u a n n d v m r n g k m th e o c ch u y n n i ch h n t i m t p h n o n kh c g i l m o u m r n g . C u tr c m t g i ti IPv6: n
C c m o u m r n g D l u c a th t c i l p tr n T i d l u i
M o u c b n IP v6
Gi tin IPv6
H h 21: C u tr c g i ti IP v6 n n
M c d tr n g ch n gu n v ch ch tro n g m o u IPv6 c a a ch i u d i 12 8 bit, g p 4 l n s bit ch IPv4, so n g chi u d i p h n a m o u c a IPv6 ch g p h a i l n IPv4. l n h d n g th c c a mo u c n gi n h o i tro n g IPv6 b n g c ch b b t i n h n g tr n g kh ng c n thi t v t c s d n g . IV.2.2. N h n g tr n g b i tro n g p h n m o u IPv6 T u ch n (Option): M t tro ng n h n g th a y i q u an tr n g l kh n g c n t n t i tr n g O p ti n tro n g m o u IPv6, d o n h n g th n g ti l n q u a n o n i n d v k m th e o (v n c m t b n g tr n g O p ti n trong mo ch o u IPv4) c ch u y n t ri ng tro n g p h n m o u m r n g , t ngay sau m o u c b n . V v y, chi u d i p h n m o u c b n c a IPv6 l c h (4 0 b yte ). n K im tra m o u (Header Checksum): Trong IPv4, Header C h e cksu m l m t s s d n g ki m tra l tro n g p h n m o u , i c tn h to n ra d a tr n n h n g th n g ti p h n m o u . D o gi tr n c a tr n g T h i g i n s n g (Time to Live-TTL) th a y i m i kh i g i ti a n c tru y n q u a m t b h tu y n (router), s ki m tra m o u c n n p h i c tn h to n l m i khi g i ti i q u a m t ro u te r IPv4. IPv6 i n g i p h n g b tu y n kh i c n g vi c n y, n h g i m c tr . D o i nh l p T C P p h a tr n l p IP c ki m tra l th n g ti n n vi c th c hi i n n p h p tn h t ng t ti t n g IP l kh ng c n thi t v d th a , d o v y tr n g K i m tra m o u c l b kh i ph n m o u IPv6. oi
70
C h iu d i m o u (Header Length): C hi u d i p h n m o u c b n c a g i tin IPv6 c l 4 0 b yte , do v y kh n g c n th i t c nh tr n g n y. C c tr n g n h d an h (Identifier), C (Flag), C h n h p h n m n h (Fragment Offset): Trong IPv4, y l n h n g tr n g p h c v ch o vi c p h n m n h g i ti . T ro n g IPv6, th n g ti v ph n m n h kh n g b a o g m n n trong m o u c b n m c ch u y n hn sa n g m t m o u m r n g c t n g i m o u p h n m n h (Fragment). Router IPv6 khng ti n h n h p h n m n h g i ti . V i c th c h i p h n m n h d o n g d n g n n th c h i n n ga y ti my tnh n g u n . D o v y, c c th n g ti h tr p h n n m n h c b i kh i p h n m o u c b n l p h n c x l t i c c b tu y n v c ch u y n sa n g p h n m o u m r n g , l p h n nh c x l t i u cu i .
IV.2.3. N h n g tr n g tro n g m o u IPv6 th c h in ch c n n g t n g t m o u IPv4 Phin b n (V ersio n ) 4 bit: C n g t n v i tr n g tro n g IPv4. C h kh c g i tr th hi n ch p hi n b n 6 . a P h n d n g l u l n g (Traffic Class) 8 bit: T h c hi n ch c n n g t n g t tr n g D n g d v (T ype of Service) c a IPv4. T r n g n y ch c s d n g b i u di n m c u ti n c a g i ti v d g i ti n n n, n c tru y n v i t c n h an h h a y th n g th n g , h n g d n th i t b th n g ti x l g i m t c ch t n g n g . n C h iu d i ti d liu (Payload Length) 16 bit: T r n g n y th a y th ch o tr n g T n g chiu d i (T otal L e n g th) ca ch IPv4. Tuy nhin, a n ch x c h ch i u d i ph n d l u (p a yl ad ). P h n d l u trong gi n i o i tin IPv6 c tn h b ao g m c m o u m r n g . V i chi u d i 16 bit, tr n g P a yl a d Le n g th c th ch h ch i u d i p h n d l o n iu c a gi tin IPv6 l t i 65 ,5 3 5 b yte . n G i i h n b c (Hop Limit) - 8 bi T h a y th tr n g T h i gi s n g t: an (Time to live) ca IPv4. M o u tip th eo (Next Header) 8 bit: T h a y th tr n g T h t c (Protocol). T r n g n y ch n m o u m r n g u ti n c a gi nh tin IPv6 (n u c ) t sa u m o u c b n , h o c ch t i th t c l p nh tr n n h T C P , U D P , IC M P v6 kh i tro n g g i ti IPv6 kh n g c p h n mo n u m r n g . N u s d n g ch h th tc l p tr n , tr ng n y s n c g i tr t n g t n h tr n g P ro to col c a IPv4. a ch n g u n (S o u rce A d d ress): ch n gu n , chi u d i l 1 28 bit. a
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a ch ch (D estin atio n A d d ress): ch ch , chi u d i l 1 28 bit. a IV.2.4. T r n g th m m i c a m o u IPv6 Nhn dng (Flow Label): T r n g F l w L a b e l c chi u d i 2 0 bit, l o tr n g m i c th i t l p tron g IPv6. T r n g n y c s d n g ch h r n g g i ti th u c m t d n g (fl w ) n h t gi a n gu n v n n o nh ch , y u c u B h tu yn IP v6 (ro u ter IP v6 ) p h i c c ch x l c n b i t. F l w L a b e l c d ng khi m u n p d n g ch t l n g d v o ch (Quality of Service - QoS) kh n g m c h , v d Q o S ch o d l u th i n i g i n th c (th o i, vi eo ). B n g c ch s d n g tr n g n y, n i g i g i ti a d n c th x c h m t ch u i c c g i ti , v d g i ti c a d v th o i n n n ch VoIP, thnh 1 dng, v yu cu ch t l n g d v c th ch o d n g . ch T h e o m c h , F l w L a b e l c t gi tr 0 . C th c nh i u d ng n o g i a n g u n v ch , s c x c h b i n h n g g i tr t ch bi t c a n Flow Label. IV.2.5. C c m o u m r n g trong IPv6 Mo u m r n g (extension header) l c tn h m i c a th h a ch IPv6. Trong IPv4, th ng ti l n q u an n n h n g c tn h m r n g (v d x c n i th c, m h o ) c tron g p h n T u ch n c a m o u IPv4. a ch IPv6 a n h n g c tn h m r n g v cc d v th m v o th n h ch m t p h n ri g , t ch bi t kh i m o u c b n c a g i ti , c g i l n n m o u m r n g . G i ti IPv6 c th c m t h a y n hi m o u m n u r n g , c t sau m o u c b n. C c m o u m r n g c t n i ti p n h au th eo th t q u y h , m i d n g c c u tr c tr n g ri n g . n M o u c b n (kch th c 4 0 b yte ) tro n g g i ti IPv6 l p h n th n g n ti c x l t i m i b h tu y n g i ti i q u a . T h ng th n g , c c n n n m o u m r n g c x l ti ch . T u y n h i , c ng c d n g mo n u m r n g c x l ti m i b h tu yn m g i ti i qu a , l n n d n g m o u m r n g T n g b c (Hop-by-Hop). T r n g M o u tip th eo trong cc m o u IPv6 M o u c b n v m i m o u m r n g IPv6 u c tr n g mo u ti p th e o (Next Header) chi di 8 bit. u Trong m o u c b n , tr n g N e xt H e a d e r s x c h g i ti c t n n n t i m o u m r n g h a y kh n g . N u kh n g c m o u m r n g , gi tr c a tr n g s x c h p h n m o u ca t n g ca o h n (T C P h a y n UDP, ), p h a tr n tn g IP . N u c , gi tr tr n g N e xt H e a d e r ch ra
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l i m o u m r n g u ti n th e o sa u m o u c b n . T i p th e o , o tr n g N e xt H e a d e r c a m o u m r n g th n h t s tr t i m o u m r n g th h a i n g k ti p n . T r n g N e xt H e a d e r c a m o u , m r n g cu i cn g s c gi tr x c h m o u t n g ca o h n . n
M o u c b n IP v6 M o u ti p th e o = h tu y n n
M o u h tu y n n M o u ti p th e o = X c th c
M o u x c th c M o u ti p th e o = TCP
M o u c a T C P
D l u i
H h 22: M o u m r n g c a ch IP v6 n a
G i tr T r n g m o u ti p th eo c th h i n tro ng b n g 4 .
B n g 4: G i tr N e xt h e a d e r tro n g c c p h n m o u G i tr 0 43 44 50 51 60 D n g m o u m r n g t n g n g T n g b c (Hop-By-Hop) h tu y n (Routing) n P h n m n h (Fragment) M ho (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP) X c th c (Authentication Header - AH) ch (Destination)
H i n na y, c s u d n g m o u m r n g t n g n g s u d v an g ch c h ng h a . l : T n g b c (H op -By-Hop), ch (D e sti a ti n ), n n o h tu y n (R o u ti g ), P h n m n h (F ra g m en t), X c th c (A u th e nti ti n n n ca o Header - AH), v M ho (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP). T h t cc m o u m r n g tro n g g i ti c t th e o m t q u y t c n h t n h. C h n g ta s tm h i u chi ti v c c m o u m r n g , ch c n n g n t v th t c a ch n g tro n g g i ti IPv6. n
C c d n g m o u m rn g c a IPv6
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D i y l n h n g d ng m o u m r n g h i n na y a n g c nh n g h a ch o ch IPv6. N h t ch bi c c d v g i t ng kh i c c d a t ch a ch v c b n v t ch n g tro ng m o u m r n g , n g th i ph n l oi m o u m r n g th e o ch c n n g , ch IPv6 g i m t i n h i ch o a u router v th i t l p n n c m t h th n g ch o p h p b su n g m t c ch ln h ng c c ch c n n g kh i c n h n g y u c u m i n y si h tron g q u i n trn h p h t tri n g d ng ch IPv6. n a T n g b c (Hop by Hop)
Hop by Hop l m o u m r n g c t u ti n n ga y sa u mo u c b n . M o u n y c s d n g x c h n h n g th a m s n n h t h ti m i b c (hop) tr n n g tru yn d n g i ti t n g u n t i n n ch . D o v y s c x l ti m i b h tu y n (ro u ter) tr n n g n tru y n d n g i ti n. ch (Destination)
M o u m r n g ch c s d n g x c h c c th a m s tru y n n t i g i ti ch ti p the o h o c ch cui c n g tr n n g i ca g i ti . n - N u tro n g g i ti c m o u m r n g h tu y n , th m o u m n n r n g ch mang thng tin tham s x l t i m i ch t i ti th e o . p - N u tro n g g i ti kh n g c m o u m r n g h tu yn , thng tin n n trong m o u m r n g ch l th a m s x l t i ch cu i c n g . n h tu yn (Routing)
M o u m r n g h tu y n m n h i m x c h n g d n h n n n tu y n c a g i ti . N u m u n g i ti c tru y n i the o m t n g x c n n h, ch kh n g tu thu c v o vi c l a ch n n g i c a c c th u t n to n h tu y n , n o d e IPv6 n g u n c th s d n g m o u m r n g n h tu y n x c n g i, b n g c ch l t k ch ca cc b n nh i a h tu y n (router) m g i ti p h i i qu a . C c ch th u c da n h s ch n n a n y s c l l t d n g l m ch ch c a g i ti IPv6 th eo th t n a n c l t k v g i ti s c g i t ro ute r n y n rou te r kh c, th e o i n d a n h s ch lt k tro n g m o u m r n g tu y n . i nh P h n m n h (Fragment)
M o u m r ng P hn m n h m a ng th ng ti h tr cho qu trnh ph n n m n h v ti to gi ti IPv6 (xe m th m ch ng 3). M o u m rn g n
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P h n m n h c s d n g khi ng un IPv6 g i i g i ti l n h n gi tr n MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) n h n h t tron g to n b ng d n t ng un t i ch . T rong ho t ng ca ch IPv4, m i b tu yn a nh (router) trn n g d n cn ti n h nh ph n m nh g i ti the o gi tr c a n M T U t cho m i gi o di . T u y nhi n, chu trnh n y p t m t g nh a n n n g l ro ute r. B i vy trong ch IPv6, rou ter khn g th c hi n p h n n a m n h g i ti . V i c n y c th c hi n ti ngu n g i gi ti . n n N o d e n g u n IPv6 s th c hi n thu t to n tm ki m g i tr M T U n h n h t tr n to n b m t n g d n n h t t n gu n t i ch (g i l g i tr nh PathMTU) v i ch h kch th c g i ti tu th e o g i tr n y tr c khi u n n g i ch n g . N u n g d n g ti n gu n p d n g p h n g th c n y, n s g i d l u c kch th c t i u , v kh n g c n th i t x l t i t n g IP . i Tuy n hi n, n u n g d n g kh n g s d n g ph n g th c n y, n p h i ch i n h g i ti c kch th c l n h n PathMTU. T ro ng tr n g h p , a n n h n g g i ti n y c n c p h n m n h t i tn g IP c a no d e ng u n v n m o u m r n g P h n m n h c s d n g m a n g n h n g thng tin p h c v cho q u trn h p h n m n h v t i to g i ti IPv6 ti c c u n cu i n g k t ni . M ho (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP)
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) l p h n g th c m h a b o m t d l u ti tn g IP c s d n g p h bi n (v d kh i th c hi n m n g ri n g i o VPN (Virtual Private Network)). T ro n g th h ch IP v4 , khi c s a d n g IPSec tro n g b o m t k t n i d n g u cu i - u cu i th n g ti , n h tr b o m t v m h a c t tro n g tr n g T u ch n ca m o u IP v4 . T ro n g h o t n g ca ch IP v6 , th c thi IPSec c coi l m t c a tn h b t bu c. T u y n hi n, IPSec c th c s c s d n g tro ng gi o a ti p h a y kh n g t y th u c v o t n g tr n g h p . K hi IPSec c s d n g , g i ti IP v6 cn c c c d n g m o u m r n g X c th c v M n ho . M o u m r n g X c th c d n g x c th c v b o m t tn h n g n h t c a d l u . M o u m r n g M h o d n g x c h i n n h n g th n g ti l n q ua n n m h o d l u. n i i T h t t c c m o u m r n g K h i s d n g c n g l c n hi u m o u m r n g , c c m o u m r n g n y s c th t n h tro n g h n h 2 3 tro n g g i ti IP v6 . n T hi t b ch s ti n h n h x l c c m o u m r n g l l t, th eo n n g th t c a ch n g tro n g g i ti IP v6 . n
75
IPv6 T ng b c ch h tu y n n P hn m nh X c th c M ha ch L p tr n X l b i m i b h tu y n tr n n g n X l b i b h tu y n l t k tro n g m o u h tu y n n i n L i t k b h tu y n s i q u a n X l t i ch X l t i ch , sa u kh i t i t o g i ti n M ha thng tin C h c x l t i ch
Hnh 23: T h t x l c c m o u m r n g
V. C T H C A A C H IPv6 N V.1. T n g q u t ch u n g
Th t c Internet th h sau , IPv6, c p h t tri n d o ng u y n n h n v n g u y c c n ki t kh n g gi ch IPv4. T u y n h i n, kh n g ph i l l an a d o d u y n h t. H o t n g Internet n th i i m c n c th t c Internet u vi t h n , p n g c c c y u c u v d ch v cn g n g y p h o n g ph tr n m n g Internet, c n g n h xu h n g tch h p m n g Internet v i m n g vi n th ng , cun g c p a dn g d v tr n m t c s ch h t n g m n g th n g n h t. ch IPv6 c n hi u c tn h u vi t, c a c i ti n so v i th h tr c - IPv4. Tro n g , n hi u c tn h c ti u ch u n h a, c ng c n n hi u c tn h ch a c ti u chu n h a h o n th i n , c n ti p t c p h t tri n ; n hi u c tn h c p d n g r n g r i v b t bu c khi IPv6 h o t ng , m t s c n ch a c p d ng r n g ri T u y n hi n c m t i m ch c ch n , ch IPv6 s c s . a d n g , ng g p tro n g m n g th h sa u v p h t h u y n h n g u i m c a m n h . ch IPv6 c n h c n v i n h n g c tn h sa u : a
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K h n g g i a ch r n g l n h n . an
M r n g kh n g gi n ch l m t tro n g n h n g l d o ch n h p h t tri n a a th h ch IPv6. ch IPv6 c chi u d i 1 28 bit, g p 4 l n chi a a u di bit c a ch IPv4. V l th u y t, m r n g kh n g gi n ch t 4 t a a a l n t i m t co n s kh n g l ( 2 128 = 3,4 x 1038 ) ch M t s n h a . phn tch tnh ton v kt l n r n g , ch o d s d n g n h th n o , u ch n g ta c n g kh n g th d n g h t ch IPv6. S o n g g n y, nhi u a n h p h n tch ch o r n g , q u n l ch IPv6 c n p h i th t ch t h n , a th i i m n y ch n g ta ch a th l n g tr c c m n g Internet s pht tri n nh th n o , c n g gi n g n h ti th i i m b a n u c a IPv4, n g i ta b u n g l n g , kh n g qu n l ch t ch kh n g gi n ch D o a a . v y, g n y, c c ch n h s ch q u n l ch IPv6 a n g c i a u ch h th ch h p h n . n P h n cp n h a ch v p h n cp h tu yn r rt h n . n i v i ch IPv4, ch n g ta c th s d n g b t c d i ti n t a m n g (p re fix) n o tro n g p h m vi 3 2 bit. V i c n h ch IPv4 v a c a tn h p h n c p , v a kh n g p h n c p . C h n h i u n y l m n h h n g t i kh n n g t h p h tu y n v e m l i n g u y c g i t n g b n g n a th n g ti h tu y n to n c u . ch IPv6 c th i t k c m t c u n n a tr c n h ch v p h n c p h tu y n th n g n h t. V d tro n g 1 2 8 a n bit ch 6 4 bit cu i c n g c s d n g l m h d a n h g i o d i n . a , n a M t m n g co n n h n h t (su b n e t) c kch th c /6 4 . P h n c p h n tu y n to n c u d a tr n m t s m c c b n i v i c c n h cu n g c p d v . C u tr c h tu y n p h n c p g i p ch o ch IPv6 tr n h kh i ch n a n g u y c q u t i b n g th n g ti h tu y n to n c u v i ch i u d i n n a ch l n t i 1 2 8 bit. n g i h a d n g th c c a m o u . n M o u IP v6 c d n g th c m i kh n g t ng th ch v i m o u IPv4. , My tnh h o c b h tu y n p h i th c thi c IPv4 v IPv6 c kh n n n g n h n d ng v x l c h ai d n g m o u . M c d chi u d i bit ch IPv6 g p 4 l chi u di bit IPv4, kch a n th c m o u IPv6 ch g p 2 l IPv4. N h n g tr n g kh ng thi t y u n c b i v c c t y ch n c a th n h p h n m o u m r n g t sa u m o u c b n . P h n m o u c b n c kch th c c h n g i p t n g h i u q u x l ch o b h tu yn . V i c t c c tu ch n san g n m o u m r n g ch o p h p n n g ca o tn h ln h h o t, c th c nh n g i tu ch n m i tron g t n g l . ai
K h n n g cu h n h a ch t n g v n h s l i
77
c th g n ch v nh n g th n g s h o t n g cho thi t b IPv6 a kh i n k t n i v o m n g m kh n g c n n h n c n g c u h n h b n g ta y, c th s d ng D H C P v6 . y c gi l d n g th c c u hn h t n g c tr n g th i (sta te ful a u to co n fi ura ti n). B n c n h , thi t b IPv6 cn g o c kh n n g t n g c u h n h ch v cc th n g s ho t n g m a kh n g cn c s h tr c a m y ch D H C P . l c i m m i tro n g th h ch IPv6, c g i l d n g th c c u h n h kh ng tr n g th i a (stateless autoconfiguration), xe m c th tro ng ch n g 3 . H tr ch o ch t l n g d ch v IPv6 m o u c m t tr n g m i Nhn dng (Flow Label) cho php h d n g l u l ng IPv6. Flow Label cho php b h tu y n (ro u ter) n n h d n g v cu ng c p c ch th c x l c bi t n h n g g i ti th u c n n m t d n g (fl w ) n h t h gi a n g u n v ch . V d , n i g i c th y u o n c u ch t l n g d v kh c m c ch o d v d n g th i gi th c. ch nh ch an H tr b o m t K h n n g h tr b o m t tro n g ch IPv6 s d n g c c m o u m a r n g X c th c, M h o v m t s c tn h kh c. T h t c m i ch o g iao tip g i a c c no d e ln cn trn m t n g kt n i
T ro n g ho t ng c a ch IPv6, tra o i g i o ti gi a c c n o d e a , a p tro n g m t n g k t n i l v c ng q ua n tr ng . ch IPv6 c m t th a t c m i p h tr ch h o t n g gi o ti p n y, c t n g i N ei h bor , a g D i very (N D ). N D s d n g m t ch u i c c th n g i p IC M P v6 , p h sco tr ch c c q u y trn h gi o ti p gi a c c node IPv6 tr n m t n g k t a n i th c hi n ch c n n g c a c c th t c sau y tro n g ch IPv4: , a th t c p h n gi ch (Address Resolution Protocol) A R P , th t c tm i a ki m ro u te r (ICMPv4 Router Discovery), IC M P v4 R e d i ct v m t s re ch c n n g kh c n a (xe m th m ch n g 3 ). K h n n g m r n g ch IPv6 c th i t k c tnh n n g m r n g . C c tn h n ng m a r n g c t tro ng m t p h n mo u m r n g ri n g sa u m o u c b n . K h n g gi n g n h m o u IP v4 , ch c th h tr 4 0 b yte ch o p h n tu ch n (O p ti ), ch IPv6 c th d d n g c th m n h n g on a tn h n n g m i b n g c ch th m n h n g m o u m r n g sa u m o u c b n .
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V.2. C h t l n g d v QoS tro n g th h a ch IPv6 ch

T ro n g h o t ng m n g , "C h t l n g - Quality" t c l tru y n ti d l u i "t t h n m c b n h th n g ". B a o g m : m t d lu , tr (h a y cn g i i d - ji r), b n g th n g ... "D v - S e rvi l n h n g g cu n g c p ch tte ch ce ch o n g i s d n g , c th l k t n i u cu i - u cu i c c n g d n g , ch - kh ch , tru y n ti d l u .... i M t c ch l th u y t, ch t l n g d v QoS (Quality of Service) c ch n h c n l p h ng th c o c c ch th c c x c a m n g (c a c c b h tu yn ) i v i l u l n g , tro n g c t i n h n g c tn h n n h t c a n h n g d v x c h . T h n g ti b h tu y n thi t nh ch n n n l p c ch th c c x c th i v i g i ti c th c ch u y n t i b n g n m t th t c i u kh i n , ho c b ng ch n h th ng ti ch a tron g g i ti n n. V.2.1. H tr Q o S tro n g a ch IPv4 M o u c a ch IPv4 c tr n g D n g d v 8 bit, c s d n g a ch p h n h m c u ti n v m t s g i tr kh c d n h cho l u l n g n IPv4. T ro n g s 8 bit c a tr ng D n g d v : ch
Bit 0
Phin bn
3 bit u x c h u ti n c a g i ti . V i 3 bit, c th c 8 m c n n u ti n kh c n h a u i v i l u l n g IPv4. 4 bit ti p th eo c gi l T o S (T yp e of S e rvi gi xc d ce) p nh ch v v m t s cc th ng s kh c nh tr, thn g l ng , ti c y. n B i cu i cn g kh ng s d n g , l n t gi tr 0 . t u

4
C hi u di m o u h danh n T h i g i n s n g a T h t c ch n g u n (32 bit) a ch ch (32 bit) a T y ch n m
8
D n g d v ch
16
T n g ch i u d i C C h h p h n m n h n K i m tra m o u
31
H h 24: T r n g h tr Q o S tro n g p h n m o u IP v4 n
79
T u y n h i n , s d n g c c g i tr c a D n g d v tro n g vi c p h n h ch n l i d v v m c u ti n p h c v ch o Q o S c m t s v n n h o ch sau: T r n g n y cu n g c p m t m h n h c v h n ch tron g vi c nh p h n d ng l i d v o ch V g i tr u ti : C h m h o m t c ch t n g i m c u ti n n
D o m h n h h o t n g , ch IPv4 cn c n h n g h n ch n h sau a tro n g h tr Q o S : P h n m n h gi tin trong IPv4: V i c th c h i n p h n m n h g i ti ti n ro u te r l m t v n i n h n h c a IPv4. N d n n kh n n g l m t c n g h n m n g , ti u tn b ng thng v kh n n g x l c a thi t b . Q u ti v qu n l IC M P v4 c q u n hi u tu ch n :
N h n g y u t n h h n g n kh n n g h tr Q o S tro n g IPv4, c b i t tro ng p h m vi r ng l n . V.2.2. H tr Q o S tro n g a ch IPv6 ch IPv6 c thi t k c m t c u tr c h tr t t h n ch o Q o S : a

Bit 0
Phin bn
4
P hn dng l u l ng C h i u d i t i d l u i
12
16
Nhn dng M o u ti p th e o
24
31
G i ih n b c
ch n g u n (128 bit) a
ch ch (128 bit) a
Hnh 25: H tr Q o S tro n g ch IP v6 a M o u IP v6 c h ai tr ng : P h n d n g l u l n g (T ra ffi C l ss) 8 bit c a v Nhn dng (Flow label) 20 bit c s d n g ph c v Q o S . Node IPv6 c th s d n g h ai tr n g n y p hn d n g g i ti v y u c u n B h tu y n IP v6 c n h n g c ch c x c b i t n o . n Phn d n g l u l n g (Traffic Class): T r n g P h n d n g l u l n g th c h i ch c n ng t n g t tr n g D n g d v (T yp e o f S e rvi n ch ce) c a ch IPv4. T r n g n y c s d ng bi u di n m c u ti n a c a g i ti . N o d e g i g i ti c n thi t l p gi tr p h n l i u ti n n n o
80
n h t ch o g i ti IPv6, s d n g tr ng P h n d n g l u l n g . nh n R o u te r khi x l ch u y n ti p g i ti c n g s d n g tr n g n y cho m c n ch t n g t . i v i th h ch IPv6, tr ng P h n d n g l u l n g v i s bit a n h i h n s gi p p h n h t t h n m c u ti n ch o g i ti u n n. Nhn dng (Flow Label): T r n g Nhn dng s d n g h d an h n m t d n g d l u gi a n gu n v ch . Nhn dng l tr n g m i c a i m o u IP v6 , khi c s d n g , tr n g n y s h tr t t h n th c thi Q o S . M t n g u n IPv6 c th s d n g 2 0 bit tr n g N h n d n g trong m o u IP v6 l m s h d a n h x c h g i ti g i i tro n g m t n n n d n g n h t , y u c u c ch th c c x c b i t c a ro ute r, v d y u nh c u ch t l n g kh c m c h ch o n h n g d v th i gi th c. n ch an K h i n i m m t d ng (flow): M t d n g l m t ch u i c c g i ti c g i t m t n g u n t i m t ch n n h t . N gu n s y u c u c c ro u te r c c c c x c bi t i v i nh c c g i ti thu c m t d n g . T h a m s x c h c ch th c c x i v i n n g i ti c th c tru y n t i ro ute r b ng m t th t c i khi n , h o c n u c th l th ng ti ch a tro ng ch n h gi ti c a d n g , v d c c th ng n n s tro n g m o u m r n g T n g b c (hop-by-hop) c a g i ti . n G i a m t n g u n v m t ch c th c n h i u d n g . V i c k t h p gi a ch n g u n v m t s nhn dng kh c 0 s x c h m t d n g d u y a n n h t. N h n g gi ti kh n g thu c d n g n o c s c thi t l to n b n p cc bit tr n g N h n d n g c gi tr 0 . M i g i ti th u c m t d n g s c c n g ch n g u n , c n g ch ch , n a a v c n g m t s Nhn dng khc 0 . R o u te r x l g i ti s thi t l p n tr n g th i x l i v i m t s Nhn dng c th . R o u te r c th l a ch n l u tr (ca ch e ) th n g ti , s d n g gi tr ch n g u n v nhn n a dng l m kh o . i v i n h n g g i ti sa u , c c n g ch n g u n v n a g i tr nhn dng, ro u ter c th p d ng c ch th c x l d a tr n th n g ti h tr t v n g ca che . n T i th i i m h i n n a y, vi c s d ng tr n g Nhn dng tro n g th c thi QoS cho IPv6 v n n m m c th n g h i m , c c ti ch u n ho i v i u tr n g n y cn ch a h o n thi n v ch a c m t c u tr c th n g d n g ch o vi c s d n g n . N hi u thi t b ch a h tr vi c s d n g tr n g Nhn dng. IE T F a n g ti p t c ti u chu n ho v a ra nh n g y u c u r r n g h n v h tr tr n g Nhn dng. i v i n h n g thi t b ch a h tr tr n g n y, to n b c c bit c a tr n g Nhn dng s c th i l p gi tr 0 v ro u ter, my tnh b q u a tr ng khi nh n t
c g i ti . n
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N h n g c i ti n tro ng m o u IP v6 , c n g v i n h n g u i m kh c c a IPv6 n h : kh ng p h n m n h , h tu y n p h n c p , c bi t g i tin IPv6 n c th i t k v i m c ch x l th t hi u qu ti ro u ter; t t c t o ra kh n n g h tr t t h n ch o ch t l n g d v . T u y n hi n t t i ch tr n g th i h o n thi n v s d n g rn g ri th n g n h t, c n c n th i gi n a v c n g s c c a nh n g t ch c n g hi n c u v ti u ch u n h o .
V.3. H tr t t h n v b o m t tro n g th h ch IPv6 a

Internet hi n a y g p n hi u v n v b o m t, m t p h n d o th i u n p h n g th c hi qu x c th c v b o v tn h ri n g t d i t n g u n g d n g . T ro n g h o t n g Internet, bo m t ti t n g IP c th c h i n p h bi n b ng c n g n g h IPSec. IPSec th c h i n ch c n n g x c th c n i g i v m h a n g k t n i , d o v y m b o c k t n i b o m t. IPSec c h ai p h n g th c l m vi c: ph n g th c n g h m - tu n n e l m o d e v p h n g th c tru y n t i - tra n sp ort m o d e . T u n n el m o d e p d n g IPSec b n g c ch : thi t b th c h i IPSec (v d t n g l a - fi w a l) s th m m t m o u m i n re l v l y to n b g i ti IP tr c ki l m p h n d l u (p a yl a d). C h n a i o n y th n g c s d n g tro n g V P N , s d n g h ai thi t b th c h i n IPSec b o m t g i a h a i m n g . T ra n sp o rt m o d e p d n g IPSec cho tru y n g i ti IP b i host, c s d n g tro n g b o m t k t n i u cu i n - u cu i gi a c c n o de . V c u tr c IP Sec bao g m : h a i th t c b o m t A u th e n ti o n H e a de r cati (A H ) v E n ca p su l ti g S e cu ri P a yl a d (E S P ), c c c s d l u l u a n ty o i tr th a m s v ch n h s ch v b o m t v c c th t c tra o i kh a. C n g n g h IPSec h tr c ch IPv4 v IPv6. Tuy nhin, trong IPv6, a th c th i IPSec c h n g h a n h l m t c tn h b t b u c c a n a ch IPv6 khi c c th t c b o m t c a IPSec c a v o th n h h ai h ai c tn h l h ai m o u m r n g c a ch IPv6. l m o u X c a th c (Authentication Header - AH) v m o u M h o (Encapsulating Security Payload - ESP). Hai m o u n y c th c s d n g cng l c, ho c ri g r cu n g c p c c m c b o m t kh c n h a u ch o n h n g n n g i s d ng kh c nh a u . C u tr c c a IPSec trong IPv6 cn g c c i ti , v d tro n g th t c n tra o i kh a , ph c v cho b o m t. T ro n g h o t ng m n g IPv4, c n g n g h bi n d ch N A T c s ch a d n g v cn g rn g ri T hi t b th c hi n N A T ca n thi p v th a y i .
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m o u c a g i ti , i u n y g y c n tr tro n g vi c th c h i n IPSec. n T h h ch IPv6 v i kh n g gi n ch v c n g r n g l n c a a a m o n g ch r n g IPSec s c s d n g r n g ri tro ng c c gi o ti p a u cu i u cu i . IPSec c co i l m t tro n g n h n g c tn h c b n c a ch IPv6. a C h n g ta r t h a y g p n h n g k t l n IP v6 t n g c n g b o m t, u IPSec l b t b u c. T u y n hi ti th i i m h i n n a y, d n hi u h i u n h n h c h tr IPSec, vi c s d ng IPSec trong IPv6 ch o k t n i u cu i u cu i l ch a ph bi . M t tro n g n h n g n g u y n nh n l do n m h n h k t n i c t n g l a (firewall) hi n a y v th i q u en s d n g n n h n g th t c b o m t t i t ng n g d n g kh i ch o vi c p d n g IPSec n ch o k t n i u cu i u cu i ch a ph b i n. N h m l m vi c c a IE T F v n a n g th c hi n s a i h o n thin c c ti u ch u n h a ln i q u a n n IPSec n h v A H , E S P v n l c ti n t i m c ch m i node IPv6 u c kh n n g s d n g IPSec, a IPSec p h d n g c n g v i s p h b i n n g y c n g n hi u ca ch IPv6. a
VI. T H C H N H K H H O T IPV6 TRN H I U H N H C WINDOWS, L I U X . C U H N H K T N I B N G A C H IPV6 N

c c n h n g q u a n s t v ch IPv6, ch n g ta s th c hi n m t a b i th c h n h n h , ti h n h kch h o t th tc IPv6 tr n h i u h n h n Linux v Windows 2003 v c u h n h k t n i m t c ch n gi n h ai m y tn h b ng ch IPv6. a H i n na y, h u h t c c h i u h nh u h tr th t c IPv6: Windows, Linux, BSD, Solaris, HP-U X . T ro ng b i th c h n h n y, ch ng ta s ti n h n h m t s c u hn h v k t n i c b n tro n g c c m y tn h s d n g h i u h n h Windows 2003, Linux.
VI.1. H tr IPv6 trong h iu h n h Windows 2003 server

T ro n g c c p hi b n Windows Server 2003 v Windows X P (c i t n S P 1 , S P 2 ) h tr t n g i h o n thi n IPv6 (Microsoft IPv6 Developer E d i o n ) v i n h n g n g d n g h tr IPv6 n h sa u : ti P h i n b n c h tr IPv6 c a c c l h ipconfig, ping, tracert, n pathping, netstat, v route. C c d v M i so ft Internet Explorer (IE) v Internet Information ch cro Services (IIS). T u y n hi n , IE kh n g h tr IPv6 U R L . C n g h a kh n g th s d n g IE tru y c p tra n g w e b IPv6 b n g c ch g a
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ch IPv6 v o trn h du y t d ng h ttp ://[ _ ch p v6 ], c n p hi s a _i d n g t n m i n . P h i n b n h tr IPv6 c a c c cle n t: telnet (telnet.exe), telnet i server (tlntsvr.exe), FTP client (ftp.exe), v Windows Media Services.
B th t c IPv6 trong h i u h n h Windows c th c ci t b n g l n h, h o c qu a gi o di n . T u y n hi , cu h n h T C P /IP v6 , hi n ti a n Windows ch h tr gi o di n d n g l n h . T ro n g p hi b n Windows a n 2 0 0 0 , c c l n h c u h n h th t c IPv6 c cu n g c p b n g t h p l n h rtu. T p hi n b n Windows 2003, Windows XP SP, rtu c th a y th b n g t h p l n h netsh. B n c n n s d n g t h p l n h netsh khi c u h n h IPv6 v c th th a m kh o c p h p c c l n h tro n g w e b si c a M i so ft (tra c u v te cro Netsh commands for Interface IPv6). v o c a s d ng l n h , ch n Start->Run, g cmd v n h n enter. v o m i tr n g l nh netsh cho gi di IPv6, tron g c a s cmd g ao n netsh v n hn enter, sau g interface ipv6 v n hn enter. B n g sa u y l t k m t s l n h th u c t h p l n h netsh, s d n g i c u h n h th n g ti v T C P /IP v6 . n
B n g 5: C c l n h c u h h IP v6 c a h i u h n h W i d o w s n n K ch h o t T h t c I v6 P C 2 c ch th c kch h o t th t c IP v6 : D n g g i o d i n : C h n properties c a a Network Connection, c i t th t c Microsoft TCP/IP version 6 S d n g d n g l n h : netsh interface ipv6 install K h i c i t th t c IP v6 , c n n h c d n g l n h netsh interface ipv6 install tro n g c a s l n h cmd, ch a v o c m i tr n g l n h n e tsh ch o g i o d i n IP v6 . a S a u kh i c i t T h t c IP v6 , c c l n h c u h n h IP v6 c a W i d o w s n n m tro n g m i tr n g l n h netsh cho gia o d i n IP v6 n e tsh > i te rfa ce n ipv6 (g netsh v n h n enter, sau g interface ipv6 v nh n enter).
Q u an st cu h n h 1. H i n th c c g i o d i n a K h i c kch h o t th t c IP v6 , m t
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m y tn h IP v6 c n h i u g i o d i n a (g i o d i n v t l h o c g i o d i n o , a a m i g i o d i n c h d a n h b i t n a n h o c b n g m t s ch m c (i d e x). n T ro n g L o ca l A re a C o n n e cti n l o giao di n v t l c a card m ng. N u m y tn h c kch ho t IP v6 c a ch IPv4 g n cho card m ng, m t giao di n o dnh cho cng ngh ng h m 6 to 4 c n g t n g c t o ra. C c l n h h i n th s i ra m n h n h n to n b th n g ti , h a y th n g ti c n n th t n g n g n h n g t y ch n i km. V d: show interface s h i n th m i g i o a d i n c a m y tn h show address s h i n th m i ch a IPv6 show address 4 s h i n th ch a IP v6 c g n ch o g i o d i n c ch a m c l 4
show interface show interface [[interface=]ch u i k_ t ] _ [[level=]{normal | verbose}] [[store=]{active | persistent} 2. H i n th th n g ti v ch n a show address show address [[interface=]ch u i k_ t ] _ [[level=]{normal | verbose}][[store=]{active| persistent}] 3. H i n th th n g ti v c c n o d e l n c n n show neighbors show neighbors [[interface=]ch u i k_ t ] _ [[address=] _ ch IPv6] a _ 4. H i n th th n g ti v tu y n n show routes show routes [[level=]{normal | verbose}] [[store=]{active | persistent}]
C u h n h n etw o rki g n 1. G n ch a add address add address [[interface=]ch u i k_ t ] _ [address=] _ ch IP v6 [[type=]{unicast | a _ anycast}] [[validlifetime=]{g i _ tr | infinite}] [[preferredlifetime=]{g i _ tr | infinite}] [[store=]{active | persistent}] V d: add address 4 2001:dc9::2 add addre ss L o ca l A re a C o n n e cti n o 2001:dc9::3 ch g n ch o m t g i o d i n s c n a a c n h n g th n g ti i k m (v d th i n gi n a h p l validlifetime, preferredlifetime). T y ch n store (l u tr ) (c c gi tr a cti /p e rsi n t) x c h th n g ti ve ste n n v ch s c l u tr ch n kh i a kh i n g l i m y (a cti ), h o c vn h ve vi n (p e rsi n t). ste N h n g t y ch n n y n u kh n g c ch n th s m a n g g i tr m c h . V n d g i tr m c h c a store l n p e rsi n t. G i tr m c h c a th i ste n g i n h p l l i fi i (v h n ). a n n te
2. T o tu y n (ro u te ) ch o m t g i o d i n n h t T h u c tn h p u b lsh x c h tu y n c a i n h n c q u n g b (ye s), q u n g b tro n g
85
kh o n g th i g i n n h t h a n (immortal), hay khng (no) trong qu n g b th n g ti h tu y n q u a n n g i o d i n kh i m y tn h c kch a h o t v h o t n g v i ch c n n g c a m t b h tu y n (ro u te r) IP v6 . n
add route add route [prefix=] _ ch IP v6 / _ d i ti n _ t a _ _ [[interface=]C h u i k_ t ] _ [[nexthop=] _ ch IP v6 ] [publish=]{no | a _ yes | immortal}] [[validlifetime=]{G i _ tr | infinite}] [[preferredlifetime=]{G i _ tr | infinite}] [[store=]{active | persistent}] V d: a d d ro u te 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::/6 4 L o ca l A re a C o n n e cti n p u b lsh = ye s o i Xo thng tin 1. X o ch a delete address
delete address [[interface=]C h u i k_ t ] [address=] _ ch IP v6 [[store=]{active | _ a _ persistent}] V d : d e l te a d d re ss L o ca l A re a C o n n e cti n 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::3 e o 2. X o g i o d i n a delete interface delete interface [[interface=]C h u i k_ t ] [[store=]{active |persistent}] _ 3 . X o th n g ti v n o d e l n c n n delete neighbors delete neighbors [[interface=]C h u i k_ t ] [[address=] _ ch IP v6 ] _ a _ 4. X a tu y n delete route delete route [prefix=] _ ch IP v6 / _ d i ti n _ t [[interface=]C h u i k_ t ] a _ _ _ [[nexthop=] _ ch IP v6 ] [[store=]{active | persistent}] a _ V d : delete route 2001:dc9::/64 4 G b T h t c I v6 P Uninstall
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VI.2. H tr IPv6 trn h i h n h L in u x u

Linux ke rn el h tr IPv6 t phi n b n 2.2 .x. T u y n hi n , h tr IPv6 tro n g p hi n b n ke rn el n y kh n g c c p n h t th e o n h n g th a y i v ti u ch u n k th u t hi n h nh . N g i s d n g Linux m u n c h tr IPv6, c n s d n g ke rnel p hi n b n t 2 .4 .x tr n n . i v i h i u hnh Linux, c m t d n l n t n g i U S A G I ti n h n h n g hi c u v n t o c c b n v (p a tch ) i v i IPv6 trong h i u h n h Linux. N g i s d n g ch u y n ng hi p c th b i n d l ke rn el i v i p hi n b n ch i . kernel Linux t 2 .6 , n h n g b n v c a U S A G I c b a o g m tro n g ke rn el ch u n . H i u h n h Linux d c ke rn el h tr IPv6, c n g kh n g m c h n p n m o d u l th c thi IPv6. M o d ul th c thi IPv6 tro ng h i u h n h Linux c n p h i c n p l n b n g c u l n h modprobe ipv6. K h i m o d u l th c thi IPv6 c n p l , fie sa u y s t n ti /proc/net/if_inet6 n l : B n g 6 gi i thi m t s l n h c u h nh trong Linux. u
B n g 6: C c l n h c u h h IP v6 tro n g h i u h n h L i u x n n K i tra xem T h t c I v6 c kch h o t ch a m P
K i m tra xe m tro n g th m c /proc/net/ c t n t i fie if_inet6 l C th d n g l n h :
test f /proc/net/if-inet6 && e ch o ke rn e l h i n ta i d a d u o c ca i d a t h o tro IP v6 e K ch h o t T h t c I v6 P
N p m o d u l th c th i IP v6 :
modprobe IPv6 K i m tra :
lsmod | grep -w 'p v6 '& & e ch o "N a p th a n h co n g m o d u l th u c th i IP v6 i N u kh n g n p c m o d u l th c th i IP v6 , ch n g t ke rn e l ch a h tr IP v6 . Q u an st cu h n h 1. Hi n th ch v g i o d i n a a ifconfig < t n _ g i o _ d i n > a H o c: ip -6 addr show dev < t n _ g i o _ d i n > a
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2 . H i n th tu y n ip -6 route show [dev < th a m _ s > ] H o c: route -A inet6 M u n xe m c th g i o d i n e th 0 : a route A inet6 | grep w e th 0 3 . H i n th n e i h b o r g ip -6 neigh show [dev < th a m _ s > ] C u h n h n etw o rki g n 1. G n ch a /sbin/ip -6 addr add < _ ch IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i ti n _ t > dev < t n _ g i o _ d i n > a _ _ a V d : /sbin/ip -6 addr add 2001:dc9::5/64 dev eth0 H o c: /sbin/ifconfig <t n _ g i o _ d i n > inet6 add < _ ch IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i ti n _ t > a a _ _ V d : /sb i /i n fi e th 0 i e t6 a d d 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::6 /6 4 n fco g n 2. T o tu y n (ro u te ) ip -6 route add < _ ch m n g > /< ch i u _ d i ti n _ t > via < _ ch IP v6 > [dev a _ _ a _ < th a m _ s > ] V d : ip -6 route add 2002::/16 via 2002:836b:213c::836b:213c dev tun6to4 H o c: route -A inet6 add < _ ch m n g > /< ch i u _ d i ti n _ t > gw < _ ch IP v6 > [dev a _ _ a _ < th a m _ s > ] V d : /sbin/route A inet6 add 2002::/16 gw 2002:836b:213c::836b:213c dev tun6to4 3. T o g i o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m (tunnel) a ip tunnel add t n _ g i o _ d i n a mode sit ttl <g i _ tr ttl _ > _ ch IP v4 _ u _ tu n n e l xa local _ ch IP v4 _ u _ tu n n e l n i b a _ _ a _ _ _ C u h n h th n g ti m y ch D N S n remote
S a i fie /e tc/re so l l v.co n f
V d th m v o : nameserver 2001:dc9::2
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Xo thng tin 1. Xo ch a /sbin/ip -6 addr del < _ ch IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i ti n _ t > dev < t n _ g i o _ d i n > a _ _ a V d : /sbin/ip -6 addr del 2001:dc9::5/64 dev eth0 H o c: /sbin/ifconfig < t n _ g i o _ d i n > inet6 del < _ ch IP v6 > /< ch i u _ d i ti n _ t > a a _ _ V d : /sbin/ifconfig eth0 inet6 del 2001:dc9::6/64 2. X o g i o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m (tu n n e l a ) /sbin/ip tunnel del t n _ g i o _ d i n _ _ t o a 3 . X o th n g ti v n o d e l n c n n ip -6 neigh del < _ ch IP v6 > lladdr < _ ch l p _ h a i dev < th a m _ s > a _ a _ > 4 . X a tu y n ip -6 route del < _ ch m n g > /<chi u _ d i ti n _ t > via < _ ch IP v6 > [dev a _ _ a _ < th a m _ s > ] V d : ip -6 route del 2002::/16 via 2002:836b:213c::836b:213c dev tun6to4
VI.3. M t s ti ch kim tra kt n i v ki n m tra cu h h n

ki m tra k t n i v c u hn h , b n c th s d n g m t s ti n ch n h sa u : Trn Windows: ipconfig netstat ping -6 # T u ch n -6 s b t b u c ch n g trnh pi s d n g ng ch IPv6 a tracert -6 # T u ch n -6 s b t b u c ch ng trnh tra cert s d n g ch IPv6 a
Trn Linux: ifconfig route ping6
traceroute6 tracepath6 tcpdump
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V d b t g i ti IPv6 tra o i q u a g i o di e th 0 , c th d n g l nh : n a n tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto IPv6
VI.4. T h c h n h
M c ti u
K ch h o t th t c T C P /IP v6 trn h i u h n h Windows, Linux. T h c h i n m t s th a o t c c u h n h kt n i n gi b n g ch IPv6. n a
C h u n b
M n g th c h n h c thi t l p n h h n h v sa u . B a o g m m t m y tnh ci h i u h n h Windows 2 0 0 3 se rver, m t m y tn h c i h i u hnh Linux Enterprise 3.0
Window 2003 servers
Linux
IPv4: 203.119.9.15 IPv6: 2001:dc9::1
IPv4: 203.119.9.16 IPv6: 2001:dc9::2
H h 26: M h h m n g th c h n h ch n g 2 n n
T m tt
K ch h o t th t c IP v6 trn my tnh Windows 2003, Linux. Q u a n s t m t s th n g ti c u h n h . n T h c t p m t s l n h : G n ch b ng ta y, ki m tra k t n i b n g a ch IPv6, xo ch. a a
90 C c b c th c h i n
Trn my tnh ci h iu h n h Windows server 2003 M i l n h gi ti p c th c hi n tro n g c a s l n h : C h n Run, g ao cmd v n h n Enter. Q u a n s t cu h n h kh i ch a kch h o t T h t c IP v6 ipconfig K t q u : ch c n h ng thng tin lin quan IPv4 h i n l n . K ch h o t th t c IPv6. netsh interface ipv6 install C h : G c d n g l h tro n g c a s cm d . L n h n y s ti h nh ci n n t T h t c IP v6 trn h i u h n h Windows 2003 server. Q u a n s t l i th n g ti c u h n h n T h t c IPv6 trn h i u h nh c kch ho t c n g v i m t s c u h n h m c h . C h n g ta s ti n h n h qu a n s t th n g ti cu h n h, g hi n n l v xe m m t s th n g ti m c b ng cc l nh sa u : i n nh ipconfig (/all) K t q u : Q u an s t th y th ng ti v ch IPv6. n a Ghi l i ch IPv6 xu t ra m n hn h a ch b t u b i ti n t F E 8 0 l ch Link-local c t n g a a c u h n h t ch M A C c a ca rd m n g . a T h c h i n c c l n h sa u : netsh> interface ipv6> show interface # H i n th n h n g g i o di n t o n n b i th t c IPv6 a show interface Local Area Connection # H i n th th n g ti ca gi o d i n v t l n a show interface "6to4 Pseudo-Interface" # H i n th th n g ti ca gi o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m 6to4 n a show routes
# H i n th tu yn c t o m c . nh
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Khi th t c IPv6 c kch h o t, h i u h nh Windows s t n g to nhi u g i o d i n , tro n g c gi o di n th c v t l (L o ca l A re a a a C o n n e cti n ) c a ca rd m n g , c n h n g gi o d i n o , v d "6 to 4 o a Pseudo-In terfa ce" l gi di n o c Windows t n g c u h nh cho ao c n g n g h t o n g h m 6to4 ((6to4 tunnel) n u ca rd m n g c a m y c g n s n m t ch IPv4 to n c u . a M i gi o di n n y c h da n h b n g m t s ch m c (index) duy a n n h t. N g i s d n g c th d n g l nh t o th m n h n g g i o di n kh c. a G h i l i m t s th n g ti c u h n h sau : n G i o d i n t o ra kh i kch h o t T h t c IP v6 v c c i d e x c a c c a n gi o di n . a T h n g ti v g i o d i n v t l - Local Area Connection n a ch IPv6 tr n g i o di n: a a G i o d i n o d n g ch o tunnel 6to4 a ch IPv6 tr n g i o di n : a a a ch IPv6 c a g a te w a y: C c ro u te c t o m c h n Idx (ch m c) Gateway/Interface (g a te w a y/g i o di n ) a Prefix (ti n t)
C u h n h b n g ta y ch IPv6 ch o g i o d i n ca rd m n g a a G n ch IPv6 to n cu ch o gi di n ca rd m n g a ao netsh>interface ipv6> add address Local Area Connection 2001:dc9::1 K i m tra l i th n g ti c u h n h n ipconfig Local Area Connection ipconfig /all B n s q u a n s t th y tr n g i o d i n v t l, c th n g ti v ch IPv6 a n a b n v a g n b n g ta y. h d a nh g i o di n c a ch IPv6 c th t n g t o t ch M A C n a a a h o c n h n d y s ng u n hi . K hi kch h o t th t c IPv6l trn h i n u hnh Windows, c ch th c t o ch t ng b n g c ch n h n d y s a
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n g u nh i n l m d an h gi di c m c h kch h o t. N u nh ao n n m u n t t ch c n n g n y, ta s d n g l n h sa u : netsh>interface ipv6> set privacy state=disabled store=persistent K h i ch a t t ch c n n g tr n , n u l c n y tron g m n g L A N c b h n tu y n (ro u te r) q u ng b th n g ti ti n t m n g (prefix) trong Ethernet, n my tnh Windows c a b n s n g th i c ba ch IPv6: a ch IPv6 g n b n g ta y. a ch IPv6 t n g t o t p re fi q u n g b c a ro u ter v ch a x a MAC. ch IPv6 t pre fi v 6 4 bit d a nh gi o d i n n g u n hi n . a x nh a
Trn my tnh ci h iu h n h Linux Quan st cu h n h kh i ch a kch h o t T h t c IP v6 ifconfig K t q u : ch c n h n g th n g ti l n q u a n IPv4 h i n l n . n i K ch h o t th t c IPv6. modprobe ipv6 lsmod | grep -w 'ipv6' && echo "Nap thanh cong modul thuc thi IPv6 N u k t q u l n h xu t ra d n g ch N a p thanh cong modul thuc thi IPv6, t c m o d u l th c thi IPv6 c n p ln thnh cng. e Q u a n s t l i th n g ti c u h n h n ifconfig B n s q u a n s t th y th n g ti v ch IPv6 Link-local t n g n a c t o ra . H i u h nh Linux kh n g t n g t o g i o di n o ch o a n g h m 6to4 (tunnel 6to4) n h Windows. G h i l i ch IPv6 Link-local tr n g i o d i n ca rd m ng : a a T h c h i n c c l n h: ifconfig eth0 # H i n th th n g ti v gi o di e th 0 n a n
ip -6 route show dev eth0
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# H i n th th n g ti v c c tu yn (route) t o ra ch o gi o di e th0 n a n ip -6 neigh show dev eth0 # H i n th th n g ti v c c n o de IPv6 l n cn n C u h n h b n g ta y ch IPv6 ch o g i o d i n ca rd m n g a a ifconfig eth0 inet6 add 2001:dc9::2/64 K i m tra l i th n g ti c u h n h n ifconfig ifconfig eth0 Kim tra kt n i b n g ch IPv6 tro n g m n g L A N a Q u a n s t tra o i th n g ti g i a h a i m y n Trn my tnh ci h i u h n h Linux, b t ri g m t c a s l n h v s n d n g tcp du m p th e o d i gi o ti p gi a h ai m y: a tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto IPv6 K i m tra k t n i b n g ch Link-local a Trn my Windows: ping -6 -t a_ch_Linklocal_ca_my_Windows%index_ca_giao_din_vt_l ping -6 -t a_ch_Linklocal_ca_my_Linux%index_ca_giao_din_vt_l Ch : K h i pi g ch Link-local, p h i x c h gi d i . T ron g h n a n ao n i u h nh Windows, gi o di n c x c b n g c ch t ch m c a nh c a gi o di sa u d u % a n Trn my Linux: ping6 -I eth0 a_ch_Link-local_ca_my_Linux ping6 -I eth0 a_ch_Link-local_ca_my_Windows Ch : K h i pi g ch Link-local, p hi x c h gi o di (b n g c -I n a n a n tro n g l nh pi g 6 c a h i u h n h Linux). n K i m tra k t n i b n g ch to n cu g n b n g ta y a
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Trn my Windows:
ping -6 -t 2001:dc9::1 ping -6 -t 2001:dc9::2 Trn my Linux:
ping6 2001:dc9::2 ping6 2001:dc9::1 B n g c a s q u a n s t tra o i gi a h ai m y tn h tcpd u m p b t, b n c th q ua n s t th y tra o i th n g ti gi a h ai m y tn h . n Ch : K hi ti n h n h kch h o t h tr IPv6 trn h i u h n h Windows, m ca rd m n g c a m y c g n ch IPv4, h i u h n h s t n g a t o m t g i o d i n o d n h ch o tu nn el 6 to 4 v tu y n (ro u te ) m c h a n (::/0 ) t n g t o m i l u l n g i q u a gi d i n n y. T ro n g tr n g ao h p cn xo tu y n m c h tr n i th m i ki m tra c k t n i n b n g ch g n b n g ta y. a X o a ch g n b n g tay v g b T h t c I v6. P Trn my Windows: X o ch g n b n g ta y: a netsh>interface ipv6> delete address Local Area Connection 2001:dc9::1 G b T h t c IP v6 uninstall Trn my Linux: X o ch g n b n g ta y: a ifconfig eth0 inet6 del 2001:dc9::2 B su n g M o d u l th c th i th t c (p ro to col IPv6 trn h i u h n h Linux khng ) c t n g n p l n kh i m y tn h kh i n g . ch IPv6 g n a b n g ta y s b x a i sa u khi m y Linux kh i n g l . n p m o d u l i th c th i IPv6 kh i kh i n g l m y v ch IPv6 g n b n g ta y i a kh n g b x a i m i khi kh i n g l m y, ch n g ta cn tr c ti p th m i th n g ti v o c c fie c u h nh m n g n h sa u : n l
C u h n h n p modul IPv6 t n g K i m tra th vi n scri t IPv6 t n t i p :
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K i m tra c t n t i file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network functions-ipv6 H o c te st b n g l n h : test -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/networkfunctions-ipv6 && echo "Co thu vien IPv6 script" S a i fie c u h n h m n g l D ng vi th m dng /etc/sysconfig/network. C u h n h v h vi n ch IPv6 n a S a i fie c u h n h g i o d i n l a Dng trnh so n th o vn b n (vi) s a i fie /e tc/sysco n fi /n e tw o rkl g scripts/ifcfg-e th 0 , th m n h n g d n g th n g ti sa u v o fie : n l IPV6INIT=yes IPV6ADDR=<a_ch_IPv6> NETWORKING_IPV6=yes v o fie l
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H i p
B iu d in a ch I v6 P 1. ch IP v6 c bi u di n h th n o ? a n T r l i: ch IP v6 c chi u d i 1 2 8 bi n h p h n , c b i u di n d i a t d n g s h e xa d e ci a l M t ch IP v6 l m t d y s g m 8 n h m m . a s h e xa c ch n h a u b n g d u :, m i n h m c 4 ch s h e xa . 2. K h i bi u di ch IP v6 , c ph i vi t y to n b 3 2 ch s n a hexa hay khng? T r l i: K h n g c n . ch IP v6 c th vi t g n l bn g h ai q u y t c th u g n a i n h sa u : Q u y t c 1: T ro n g m t n h m 4 s h e xa , c th b b t n h n g s 0 bn tri Q u y t c 2 : T ro n g c ch IP v6 , m t s n h m l n n h a u ch a to n a i s 0 c th kh ng vi t v th a y th b n g ::. T u y nh i n ch c p h p th a y th m t l n nh v y tron g to n b m t ch IP v6 . a K h i bi u di n th u g n the o h ai q u y t c n h v y, ch IP v6 y a h o n to n c th c x y d n g l t ch IP v6 th u g n. i a P h n lo i, cu tr c a ch I v6 P 1. B a l i ch u ni st, m u l ca st, a n yca st ca IP v6 kh c n h a u t i o a ca ti i m g ? T r l i: B a l i ch IP v6 kh c n h a u c ch th c g i g i ti n g i o o a n a d i n g n ch ch . G i ti c ch ch l ch u n i st ch a n a a ca c g i t i m t g i o d i n d u y n h t. G i ti c ch ch l a n a a ch m u l ca st s c g i t i t t c c c g i o d i n tro n g n h m ti a c g n ch . G i ti c ch ch a n yca st c g i t i a n a g i o d i n g n n h t tro n g n h m c g n ch (tn h th e o th t c a a h tu y n ). n
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2. T ro n g ch IP v6 , ch c n n g b ro a d ca st c a IP v4 c m a n h i m b n g d ng ch n o ? a T r l i: ch IP v6 kh ng c n t n ti kh i ni a m ch q u ng b a (bro a d ca st). C h c n n g c a ch bro a d ca st tro n g IP v4 c a m n h i m th a y th b i ch IP v6 m u l ca st. a ti 3. T r n p h n g di g n ch ch o thi t b ch IP v6 kh c IP v4 n a , a i m no? T r l i: M t m y tn h IP v6 ch c m t ca rd m n g c n g s c n hi u gi o a d i n, c th l gi o di n v t l h o c gi o di n o d n h ch o c n g a , a n g h n g h m (tu n n el M t g i o di IP v6 c th c g n ). a n n g th i n hi u ch IP v6 . M t m y tn h IP v4 v i m t ca rd m n g a ch c g n m t ch IP v4 v h d a n h b n g ch . a n a 4. IP v6 s d n g ch n o l m ch l op b a ck? a a o T r l i: ch l o p ba ck c a IP v6 l 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0:1 , h a y c n c vi t l a o ::1.
5. K h i cn t i ch IP v4 ch o ho t n g k t n i m n g to n c u , a ch n g ta xi c p t c c t ch c q u n l ch q u c t . D n g a n a ch IP v6 n o t n g n g v i ch IP v4 trn ? a T r l i: D n g ch IP v6 t n g n g v i IP v4 s d n g tro ng h tu y n a n In te rn e t to n c u , hi n n a y a n g c c c t ch c q u n l ch a c p p h t, p h n b ch o h o t n g Inte rn et l ch d a n h to n a nh c u (gl al u ni st a d dre ss). L o i ch n y c b a bi ti n t b a n ob ca a t u 0 0 1 (tr v n g ch 20 0 2 ::/16 l ch 6 to 4 ). a a 6. D n g ch IP v6 n o m node IPv6 c th s d n g gi o ti a a p v i c c n o de kh c tro n g m t n g k t n i ch o d n ch a c c u h n h ch p h m vi to n c u ? a
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T r l i:
l ch Link-local. ch Link-local c 1 0 b i ti t l a a t n F E 8 0 ::/6 4 . T hi t b IP v6 c kh n n g t n g t o ch Link-local, a ch o d ch a c c u h n h b t c ch ph m vi to n c u n o . a D o v y, th i t b IP v6 c th s d n g ch Link-local n y gi o a a ti p v i n h a u tr n m t n g k t n i n g a y c kh i ch a c cu , h n h c c d n g ch kh c. a 7. Cc cng n g h chu y n i IP v6 - IP v4 s d n g d n g ch IP v6 a no? L y v d ? T r l i: C c c n g n g h ch u y n i IP v6 -IP v4 s d ng d n g ch t n g a th ch (C o m p a ti ii a d dre ss). N h n g ch n y c x y d n g t b lty a ch IP v4 v p h c v n h n g c ng n g h ch uy n i kh c n h a u . V a d ch IP v4 -co m p a ti e (::w .x.y.z) d n g ch o tu n n el t n g (h i n a bl nay kh ng c n dng n a ), a ch IP v4 -mapped (0 :0 :0 :0:0 :F F F F :w .x.y.z) d n g tro n g c n g n gh b i d , ch n ch a 6 to 4 (c ti n t d n h ri ng 2 0 0 2 ::/1 6 ) d n g ch o c n g n g h n g h m 6 to 4 . 8. B n ch o bi t, ch m u l ca st IP v6 c nh n d ng b n g c ch a ti no? T r l i: ch IP v6 m u l ca st c n h n d n g b n g 8 bi ti n t F F (11 1 1 a ti t 1111). 9. N u m t m y tn h g i g i ti c ch ch F F 0 2 ::2 th n h n g n a node IPv6 n o s n h n c, n u g i g i ti c ch ch n a F F 0 2 ::1 th n h n g node IPv6 n o s n h n c? T r l i: ch m u l ca st F F 0 2 ::2 c g i tr tr n g S co p e = 2 l p h m vi a ti n g k t n i gi tr g ro up ID = 2 l n h m m u l ca st m i ro u te r. , ti N h v y, kh i g i ti c ch ch n y, s c g i t i m i b h n a n tu y n trn p h m vi n g kt n i .
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ch m u l ca st F F 02 ::1 c g i tr tr ng P h m vi (S co p e ) = 2 l a ti p h m vi n g k t n i gi tr d a nh n h m (G ro u p ID ) = 1 l , nh n h m m u l ca st m i n o d e . N h v y, kh i g i ti c ch ch n y, ti n a s c g i t i m i n o d e (b tu y n , my tnh) tr n p h m vi nh n g k t n i . M o u IPv6 1. K h c v i ch IP v4 , ch IP v6 c h a i d n g m o u , l hai a a dng m o u no? T r l i: ch IP v6 c h a i d n g m o u . l m o u c b n v m o a u m r n g . 2. T i sa o p h n m o u c b n c a ch IP v6 c ch i u d i c a h? n T r l i: T ro n g ch IP v4 , c c d v tu ch n k m th e o c th m v o a ch b i c c tr n g T u ch n (O p ti ) c a m o u IP v4 . T r n g on O p ti n kh n g c d i c h d o v y chi u d i c a m o u IP v4 o n l kh n g c . ch IP v6 c thi t k n n g cp . C c d v nh a ch t y ch n c th m v o b n g m o u m r n g t ch bi t kh i m o u c b n . D o p h n m o u c h ca ch IP v6 c chi u n a d i c h 40 b yte . l m t u i m c a IP v6 khi b h n n n tu y n (ro u ter) x l g i ti d d ng hi u q u h n . n 3. N u g i ti IP v6 c p h n m n h , p h n m o u c a g i ti IP v6 n n s c th m d n g m o u m r n g n o ? T r l i: l m o u m r ng P h n m n h. R ou ter IP v6 kh n g m nhi m p h n m nh g i ti . G i ti IP v6 c ph n m nh ti u cui Host n n . n gu n v h ost ch s th c hi n x l m o u m rng n y. 4. T ro n g h u h t tr ng h p , ro u te r IP v6 kh ng x l c c m o u m r n g . T u y n hi n d n g m o u m r n g n o s c x l ti m i ro u te r trn n g tru yn d n ?
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T r l i:
M o u m r n g T n g b c (H o p -by-Hop) x c h n h n g th a m n s n h t h ti m i b c tr n n g tru y n d n t n g u n t i ch . n D o v y n s c x l ti m i rou te r tr n n g tru y n d n g i tin. Do node IPv6 x l c c m o u m r n g th e o th t n m tro n g g i ti IP v6 n n m o u m r n g n y l n c t ng a y n u sa u m o u c b n .
CHNG 3 C C T H T C V Q U Y T R N H H O T NG C BN C A A C H IP V 6
T h t c l p m n g (Internet Protocol - IP ) cu ng c p p h n g th c k t n i n h n g m n g n i b ri g r th n h m t m n g l n h n , c g i l n l n m n g (internetw o rk). N h n g th t c l p ca o coi l n m n g n h m t i i m n g n i b p h m vi r n g l n , b i v nh n g l p th p h n g i u i n h n g ch i ti t ln k t n h n g m n g n h ri n g b i t th n h l n m n g . i i T r n p h n g di c c th t c l p ca o v c c n g d n g , c c thi t b coi n n h a u n h n h n g i t n g n g a n g h n g . T uy n h i n tr n p h ng di n c c l p th p h n , c m t s kh c b i t r t q u an tr n g gi a thi t b th u c m n g n i b v n h n g thi t b b n ng o i T hi b th u c m n g n i b s . t c n h n g gi o ti p c b i t v i n ha u . a T h h ch IPv4, h tr n h n g gi o ti p n y v n h n g yu cu a a h o t n g kh c, b n c n h th t c Internet Protocol (phi n b n 4), c n h i th t c h tr kh c n h A R P ch o p h p thi t b ph n gi ch u i a l p 2 t ch l p 3; th t c IC M P (Internet Control Message a Protocol) cu n g c p c c th n g i p i u khi h tr g i o ti p . N h n g n, a th t c v q u y trn h h o t n g n y hi a n g p h c v t t ch o h o t n g n m n g v i p hi n b n IPv4, tu y n hi n , cn g t n t i n hi u h n ch . T h t c IP p hi b n 6 c n h n g th a y i l n , th c h i n ti u ch u n h o n v t h p n hi ch c n n g , q u y trn h ri ng b i c a gi o ti gi a u t a p n h n g th i t b n i b . i v i h o t n g c a ch IPv6, g i ti g i a a ao p cc node trn m t n g k t n i l v c n g q u a n tr n g . D o v y, IPv6 pht tri n m t th t c m i m n h i m g i o ti g i a n h n g n od e th u c a p
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m t n g k t n i ( c kh i ni m h o l n h n g n o d e l n c n ), c t n g i IPv6 Neighbor Discovery N D . ch IPv6 c n g th c hi n n g a n h t h o c c th n g i p s d n g tro n g q u trn h g i o ti p n i b . T o n a b n h n g q u y trn h gi o ti p n y s d n g c c th n g i IC M P v6 . Ba a p th t c: ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 6), ND (Neighbor Discovery), MLD (M u l ca st Li ner D i ve ry) l n h n g th ti ste sco t c thi t y u ch o h o t n g c a IPv6. T ro n g M L D v N D h o t n g tr n n n c c th n g i p IC M P v6 . C h ng n y m t v i b n c cc th tc v q uy trnh ho t ng c b n c a ch IPv6. Q u a , gi bn c hnh du ng c cch th c a p h o t ng ca th h ch m i IPv6, nh ng c tnh ca ch IPv6. a a m i ho l thu y t, b n c s th c hi m t b i th c h nh qua n st nh n gi o ti v ho t n g c a c c nod e IPv6 trn m t ng kt ni a p . C h n g 3 b a o g m n h n g n i d un g ch nh sau : T h t c ICMPv6. T h t c N D . M t s q u y trnh h o t n g c b n c a ch IPv6. a T h t c MLD. T h c h n h qu a n s t gi o ti v h o t ng ca c c n o d e IPv6. a p
C h n g 3: C c th t c v q u y trn h h o t n g c a ch IPv6 a
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I. T H T C I M P V 6 C I.1. T n g q u t v vai tr c a th t c I M P v6 tro n g h o t n g C c a IPv6

T ro n g h o t n g Internet p hi n b n 4, Internet Control Message P ro to col (IC M P ), l m t th t c c a c c th ng i p i khi n , h tr u ch o h o t n g m n g . C c th n g i p IC M P , tru y n ti b n g n h n g g i ti , c s d n g tro n g IPv4 v i m c ch b o l v i kh i tru y n n i u n t i IP , c n g n h th c h i n n h n g ch c n n g ch n o n m n g . T h n g i p IC M P p h n l i th n h h ai d ng : th n g i p l , h o c th ng i o i p h i - p . K hi c l x y ra tro n g q u trn h tru y n ti gi ti IP , rou te r i n a n g x l ho c no d e n h n g i ti s th n g b o v n ch o no d e g i n n o d e g i c th tru yn l g i ti h o c ti p t c th c hi n n h n g ch u i n trn h x l l kh c. N h n g ch n g trnh d tm n h p i g , tra ce ro u te s i n d n g n h n g th n g i p h i - p c a IC M P th c hi n ch n o n m n g . T h n g i p IC M P c n g p h c v ch o q u trn h li (redirect), l qu trnh router thng bo cho my tnh v m t ch ti p th e o (ne xt hop) t t h n ch u yn l u l n g t i m t ch n h t . nh M t s ch c n n g c a IC M P : T hng bo l m ng. i T h n g b o t c n g h n m n g . H tr x l s c , ch o c c ch n g trn h ch n o n m ng. Thng bo ht th i gi s n g c a g i ti . an n T h c h i n redirect.
T ro n g h o t n g Internet p hi n b n 6 , IC M P v6 c t h p v i IPv6. M i n o d e h tr IPv6 p h i th c th i h o n to n IC M P v6 . IC M P v6 l p h i n b n c bi n i n ng c p ca IC M P tro n g IPv4. , Trong phi b n 4 , IC M P ch b a o g m c c th n g i p i khi , h n u n tr h o t n g m n g . C n c c q u y trn h h o t n g c n thi t kh c c m n h i m b n g n h n g th t c ri n g . V d : q u trn h ph n gi ch i a c m n h i m b n g th t c A R P . N u th i t b IPv4 tham gia vo qu trn h h tu y n m u l ca st, vi c q u n l q ua n h th n h vi n n h m n ti m u l ca st c m n h i m b n g th t c IGMP, s d n g t p h p th n g ti i p ri n g.
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P h i n b n ch IPv6 th c h i n q u y ch u n h o c c th n g i p p h c a v ch o n h n g q u y trn h ho t n g tro n g m n g n i b . C c q u y trnh h o t n g , gi o ti p g i a c c no d e IPv6 tron g m t m n g n i b , ba o a g m q u trn h p h n gi t ch l p 2 thn h ch l p 3 v n hi u i a a q u y trn h kh c c m n h i m b n g th t c m i ND (Neighbor Di very). T o n b n h n g th n g i p s d n g tro n g c c q u trn h n y sco l th ng i IC M P v6 . N u n o d e IPv6 th a m g i v o q u trn h h p a n tu y n m u l ca st, th vi c q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n nh m m u l ca st ti ti c m n h i m b n g th t c M L D (M u l ca st L i n e r D i o ve ry). T h ti ste sc t c n y c ng s d n g c c th n g i p IC M P v6 . D o v y, th t c IC M P v6 v n h n g th n g i IC M P v6 n g vai tr v p c n g q u an trn g tro n g h o t n g c a th h ch IPv6. Cc quy trnh a g i o ti p c t y u g i a host v i h o st, gi a h o st v i ro u ter IPv6 tr n m t a n g k t n i v n l n n t n g ch o h o t ng c a node IPv6, u d a , tr n vi c tra o i c c th n g i p IC M P v6 . S o v i ICMPv4 , IC M P v6 c n g i ho b n g c ch b b t i n n h n g d n g th n g i p kh ng h o c hi m kh i s d n g , n h n g l m i n h i m n hi u ch c n ng h n IC M P v4 . T h n g i p IC M P v6 n g o i th c h i n ch c n ng b o l , ch n o n , i u khi n h o t n g m n g , c n i p h c v ch o nhi u qu y trn h kh n g t n t i tron g IPv4 h o c c cun g c p b i c c th t c ri g tro ng IPv4, v d th c th i q u trn h p h n gi i n ch a . IC M P v6 c m t tro n g R F C 2 46 3 (Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification). D o th n g i IC M P v6 c s d n g tro n g c c q u y p trn h ho t n g c a h ai th t c c t y u kh c c a IPv6, nn ICMPv6 c co i l cu n g cp c c u h o t n g cho ha i th t c n y. l : MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) - T h t c q u n l q ua n h th nh vi n m u l ca st, p h c v cho h tu y n m u l ca st ti n ti
ND (Neighbor Discovery) - m n h i m th c th i g i o ti p gi a c c a n o d e tro n g m t n g k t n i.
I.2. P h n lo i th n g i I M P V 6 p C
I.2.1 Gi tin ICMPv6 G i ti IC M P v6 b t u sa u m o u c b n h o c m t m o u m n r n g c a IPv6 v c x c h b i gi tr 58 c a tr n g M o u ti p n theo (Next-Header) tro n g m o u c b n h o c m o u m r n g p h a
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tr c. G i ti IC M P v6 b a o g m p h n m o u c a ICMPv6 (ICMPv6 n header) v ph n th n g i p (IC M P v6 m e ssa g e ). IC M P v6 h e a d e r b a o g m b a tr n g : D n g (Type) 8 bit, M (Code) 8 bit v K i m tra (Checksum) 16 bit. H ai tr n g D n g v M tron g m o u ICMPv6 c s d n g p h n l th ng i IC M P v6 . oi p D n g (T yp e): G i tr bit u ti n ca tr ng D n g s x c h y n l th n g i l , h a y th n g i p th n g ti . p i n M (Code): 8 bit tr n g M s p h n d n g su h n g i ti IC M P v6 , n h r y l g i ti g tro n g t n g l th ng i p IC M P v6 . n n oi K im tra (Checksum): cu n g c p gi tr s d n g ki m tra l i cho to n b g i ti IC M P v6 . n
M o u IP v6
M o u IC M P v6
T h n g i p IC M P v6
0 D ng
7 8 M
15 16 K i m tra
31
T h n g i p IC M P v6
H h 27: C u tr c g i ti IC M P v6 n n
C n g n h IC M P v4 , IC M P v6 c s d n g trao i c c th n g i p i u khi n , ba o g m n h n g th n g i m n h i m b o c o tnh trn g p h o t n g ca m n g , b o co l , h tr ch n o n m n g . T u y n hi n , i n h m p h c v th c h i n n h n g q u y trn h h o t n g c b n c a ch a IPv6, IC M P v6 c n b a o g m n h n g d n g th n g i p m i ph c v ch o , c c th t c v n h n g q u y trnh gi o ti p c a c c n o d e IPv6. Cc thng a i p IC M P c p h n l m h a i l i T h n g ip l i v T h n g i o : p thng tin. I.2.2. T h n g ip l i C c th n g i p l c s d n g b o l tro n g q u trnh ch u yn ti p i i v p h n p h i g i ti IPv6, th c hi n b i n o d e ch h o c ro u ter a n g x n l gi tin. C c th ng i p n y c gi tr c a 8 bit tr n g D n g t 0 n 127 (bit u ti c t g i tr 0). C c th n g i p l b a o g m : n i
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Destination Unrea ch a bl (K h n g t i c ch ), Packet Too Big (Gi e ti q u l n ), T i e E xce e d e d (Q u th i gi ch o p h p ), v Parameter n m an P ro b l m (C v n v th a m s ). e
B n g 7: C c th n g i p l i
D n g (type)
M t
G i tr tr n g M (co d e) 0 - K h n g c tu y n t i ch
Destination unreachable. (K h n g t i c ch )
1 - G i o ti p t i ch b c m a 2 - C h a gn 3 - ch kh n g k t n i c. a 4 - P o rt kh n g k t n i t i c
Packet too big (G i ti q u l n ) n Time exceeded (Q u th i g i n ch o p h p ) a
0 0 - V t q u g i i h n b c (h o p limit). 1 - T h i g i n t o l i g i ti v t a n q u g i i h n ch o p h p 0 - L i p h n m o u (h e a d e r)
Parameter problem (C v n v th a m s )
1 - K hng nhn dng c M o u ti p th eo 2 - K h n g n h n ra t y ch n IP v6
T h n g i p l K h n g t i c ch c g i khi m t n o d e kh n g th i ch u y n ti p g i ti v m t s l d o n o (kh n g p h i d o t c ng h n n m n g ). N o d e g i th ng b o l v n gu n c a g i ti , tr n g M s ch i n h n g u yn n h n, n h tron g b ng 7 . n N o d e g i th n g i l G i ti q u l n khi kch th c g i ti v t p i n n q u g i tr M T U c a n g k t n i T ro n g IPv6, vi c p h n m n h kh n g . c th c h i n b i ro u te r (b tu y n ), ch c n o d e n g u n th c hi n nh p h n m n h . T h n g i p G i ti q u l n c n c s d n g tro n g q u y n trn h tm ki m g i tr M T U n h nh t (PathMTU) tr n to n b ng tru y n d n ca IPv6, l m t q u y trn h d o th t c N ei hb o r D i ve ry g sco m nhi m .
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K h i g i tr G i i h n b c (Hop limit) trong m o u gi tin IPv6 t t i 0 , g i ti s b h u b v th n g i p l i Q u th i g i n ch o p h p n a c g i . T h n g i p l C vn v th a m s c g i n u m t n o d e n h n i th y c v n tro n g m o u c b n , ho c tro n g m t mo u m r n g c a gi ti IPv6. D n g l c ch b n g gi tr tr n g M, n i nh n h tro n g b n g 7 . I.2.3. T h n g ip th n g tin T h n g i p th n g ti IC M P v6 ch i th n h h ai n h m : T h n g i p th n g n a ti c b n v T h n g i p th n g ti m r n g . T r n g D n g (Type) ca n n g i ti th n g i p th n g ti IC M P v6 c gi tr tro n g kh o n g 1 28 - 255 n n (bit u ti n c thi t l p gi tr 1 ). T h n g ip th n g tin c b n : B a o g m E ch o re qu e st (Y u c u ph n h i v E ch o re pl (P h n hi . H ai d ng th n g i p n y c s ) y ) d n g tro n g c c ch ng trn h d tm n h p i g , tra ce ro ute , th c hi n n ch c n n g ch n o n m n g .
B n g 8: T h n g i p th n g ti c b n n
D n g (T yp e) 128
M t Echo request (Y u c u p h n h i ) Echo reply (P h n h i ) 0
M (Code)
129
T h n g i th n g tin m r n g : L n h n g th n g i p IC M P v6 p h c p v ch o c c th t c th c hi n ch c n n g gi ti p gi a c c n o d e ln ao c n tro n g m t n g k t n i, s d ng ch o cc q u y trn h h o t n g c t y u c a IPv6. N h n g th n g i p n y c l t k tro n g b n g 9 . T ro ng cc thng i i p: Multicast Listener Query (T ru y v n i t n g n g he l u l n g Multicast), Multicast Listener Report (B o c o i t n g n gh e l u l n g M ul ca st), Multicast Listener Done (K t th c n g h e l u l n g ti m u l ca st) p h c v ch o th t c M L D . N m th n g i p Router Solicitation ti (D tm router), Router Advertisement (Q u ng b c a rou te r), Neighbor
108
Solicitation (D tm n o d e l n c n ), Neighbor Advertisement (Q u n g b c a n o d e ln c n) v Redirect (Li) p h c v ch o th t c N D .
B n g 9: T h n g i p th n g ti m r n g n
D n g (T yp e) 130
M t Multicast Listener Query (T ru y v n i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u l ca st) ti Multicast Listener Report (B o c o i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u l ca st) ti Multicast Listener Done (K t th c n g h e l u l n g m u l ca st) ti Router Solicitation (D tm router) Router Advertisement (Q u n g b c a ro u te r) Neighbor Solicitation (D tm n o d e l n c n ) Neighbor Advertisement (Q u n g b c a n o d e l n c n ) Redirect (Li)
M (Code) 0
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
C h n g ta s tm h i u chi ti t h n v n h n g th n g i p th n g ti m n r n g tro n g n h n g m c sa u , khi m t ch i ti t v c c q u y trn h h o t n g c b n c a IPv6.
II. T H T C N D
Neighbor Discovery - N D l m t th t c c p h t tri n m i tron g p h i b n IPv6. N D h o t n g trn n n n h n g th n g i p IC M P v6 v n p h tr ch c c q u y trnh gi o ti p gi a cc node IPv6 tr n cn g m t a n g k t n i. N h n g q u y trn h ho t n g gi o ti p n y (gi a my tnh a v i my tnh, g i a my tnh v i ro u te r) l thi t y u i v i h o t n g c a th h ch IPv6. N D s d n g th ng i p IC M P v6 m n h i m a
109
n h n g ch c n n g ph n gi ch tm ki m b h tu y n (router), li i a , n (redirect), n g th i c n g cu n g c p n hi u ch c n n g kh c n a . K h i m t n o d e IPv6 kh i t o , c th ti n h n h gi o ti p , n o d e c n a b i t m t s i m : ch c a n o de . a T h n g ti v ti n t m n g (prefix) c a ch n h n n o d e bi t c n c ch th c g i g i ti t i nh n g n o d e kh c thu c n h n g p refi kh c. n x B i t c b h tu y n tr n n g k t n i. n Q u y t h c ch ti p th e o (n e xt h o p ) tro n g n g d n t i n m t ch . C n p h n gi i n h n c ch l p 2 (link-l ye r) t m t ch a a a l p 3 (network-l ye r) bi t. a C n b i t n c th g i g i ti c l n b ao nh i u. n B i t c v n h n g n o de l n c n tr n c n g n g k t n i. C kh n n g d ki m tra c tn h tr n g n od e l n c n kh n g cn k t n i t i c, n kh n g g i g i ti t i no d e n a . n B i t c ch n a n g h d n g l u c b m t n o d e kh c s a n i d n g ri h a y kh n g . C kh n ng l (re di ct) g i ti t i m t n o d e ch u y n ti kh c t t i re n p h n (n u c ).
n g th i gi o ti p ti n h n h c su n s , n o d e c n g c n: , a
T t c nh n g i u tr n s th c hi n c b n g n h n g qu y trn h h o t n g m th t c N e i h b o r D i ve ry p h trch . N h n h n g q u y trn h g sco g i o ti p gi a my tnh v i my tnh, my tnh v i b h tu y n trn a n c n g n g k t n i node IPv6 c kh n n g t n g c u h n h ch , a v n h n g th a m s h o t n g kh c m kh n g c n c s h i n di n ca m y ch D H C P . T r n m t n g k t ni, node (b ao g m my tnh v b h tu yn ) s n s d n g N D : T h c h i n p h n gi ch l p 2 c a m t n o d e l n c n t ch i a a IPv6. Q u y t h xe m n o d e l n cn c cn k t n i t i c ha y kh ng . n
My tnh s s d n g N D :
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T m ki m b tu y n (rou te r) trn n g k t n i nh . T m ki m th n g ti v ch ti n t m n g (prefix) c a n g k t n a , n i v n h n g th n g ti c u h nh kh c p h c v ch o vi c c u h n h n a ch v h o t n g ca my tnh. Q u n g b s h i n di c a m n h , q u n g b n h n g th n g ti c u n n h n h c n thi t ch o my tnh, q u n g b ti t ch ca n g k t n a ni . Thng bo cho my tnh v ch ch ti p th e o (next-hop) t t h n a c th ch u y n ti p g i ti n m t ch n h t h . n n
R o u te r s s d n g N D :
II.1. T h n g i I M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c N D p C
N D s d n g t p h p 5 th n g i IC M P v6 sa u y: p Q u n g b c a ro u te r RA (Router Advertisement) D tm router RS (Router Solicitation) D tm n o d e l n cn NS (Neighbor Solicitation) Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n NA (Neighbor Advertisement) Li (Redirect)
N h n g th n g i p n y c tra o i gi a c c n o d e l c n tr n m t n n g k t n i, trong cc quy trnh h o t n g c n thi t ca ch IPv6. a II.1.1. T h n g ip Qu n g b c a ro u ter RA T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g Dn g tro n g m o u ICMPv6 l 134. B h tu yn (rou te r) IPv6 n g o i ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i ti ch o n n cc my tnh trn m t n g k t n i c n m n h i m m t ch c n n g , r t q u an tr n g l q u n g b th n g ti gi p c c my tnh tr n n g k t n n i bi t c s h i n di n c a rou te r v n h n c n h n g th n g s tr gi p ch o h o t n g . N h p h n g th c q u n g b th n g ti t b n h tu y n , my tnh IPv6 c kh n n g t n g c u h n h ch to n n a c u , c u h n h c c th a m s p h c v ch o gi o ti p . a T ro n g s n h n g th n g i p IC M P v6 c tra o i gi a c c n o d e (bao g m my tnh v b h tu y n ) tr n n g k t n i th n g i p Q u n g n , b c a rou te r (RA) c m t va i tr c bi t. R A c b h tu y n trn n n g k t n i g i h k t i ch m u l cast m i n o d e p h m vi ln k n a ti i (F F 02 ::1 ), c n gh a g i t i m i n o d e tr n n g k t n i .
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T hng i Qung b ca rou ter c g i cho nh n g m c ch sa u y: p 1. T h n g b o ch l p 2 (link layer) c a ro u te r a 2. T h n g b o c ch th c c u h n h ch to n c u cho node trn a n g k t n i. 3. Thng bo ti n t m n g (network prefix) ch o c c n o d e tr n n g k t n i. 4. T h n g b o g i tr gi i h n b c (hop limit), M T U , n h n g th a m s h o t ng ch o nh n g n o d e tr n n g k t n i. Router (b h tu y n ) th ng b o ch c a m n h ch o n h n g no d e n a tr n n g k t n i, c c n o d e c th x c h c ro u te r m c nh n s n s n g ch u y n ti p g i ti . T h n g ti v th i gi n s ng (Router n n a lfe ti e ) c n g c g i k m n o d e x c h c th i gi n b a o l u i m n a n c th coi ro u te r l ro u ter m c h . n T th n g ti qu n g b n h n c t ro u ter, node IPv6 s x y d n g n danh sch cc b h tu yn m c h (d e fa u l ro u ter). i v i IPv4, n n t c n p h i c u h n h b n g ta y b h tu y n m c h cho cc my. Khi n n th i gi n s ng h t, b h tu y n s b l i b kh i d a n h s ch b a n o nh tu y n m c h . n T h n g i p q u n g b c a ro u ter c n g ch a th n g ti x c h c ch n n th c a n g c s d n g t ng c u h n h ch ch o c c n o d e a tr n m t n g k t n i Trong IPv4, thi t b c n c c u h n h b n g . tay x c h r ng n n h n c c th n g ti c u h n h IP t m y ch n n DHCP. T h i b IPv6 c h ai ph n g th c t n g c u h n h ch T t a . n g c u h nh ch c s h tr c a m y ch D H C P v6 c g i t n a l c ch th c t n g c u h n h c tr n g th i (sta te ful autoconfiguration), ngoi ra thi b IPv6 c n kh n n g t n g c u h n h ch kh n g c n t a m y ch D H C P v6 , g i l c ch th c t n g c u h n h kh n g tr n g th i (stateless autoconfiguration). T h n g i p q u n g b c a ro ute r s x c h p h ng th c c u h n h n o a n g c p d n g tr n m t n g n k t n i. K h i n g k t n i s d ng p h n g th c t n g c u h n h ch a kh n g trn g th i th n g i R A s b a o g m ti n t m n g (network , p prefix) c a n g k t n i. T n g n g v i m i ti n t m n g s c th a m s th i gi n s n g . T h a m s th i gi n s n g b a o g m h a i gi tr V ald a a : i Lifetime (T h i gi n h p l v Preferred Lifetime (T h i gi u ti n ). a ) an G i tr V ald Li ti e x c h b n g gi y kh o n g th i gi n ti n t m n g i fe m n a l h p l trn n g k t n i G i tr P refe rred L i ti e x c n h b ng . fe m
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g i y kh o n g th i gi m ch c t n g c u h n h n n t ti n t an a m n g c tr n g th i u ti n . T h n g i p R A c n g ch a th n g ti v n G i i h n b c (hop limit) v M T U c c n o de s d n g tro n g qu trn h g i o ti p . a M t c i m u vi t c a ch IPv6 l khi m t th i t b kh i ng , n a c th t m n h kh i to n g a y ch Li k l ca l s d n g trong giao a n o ti p tr n m t n g k t n i. Khi th i t b nh n c ti n t m n g t th n g i p Q u n g b ca ro u te r, ti n t m n g n y s c thi t b k t h p v i h d a n h gi o di n c t n g t o ra t n g c u n a h n h n n ch d n g ch o gi o ti to n c u . a a p T h n g i Q u n g b ca ro u ter ch c th g i b i ro u te r (b p nh tu y n ) v c g i h k t i ch m u l ca st m i n o d e p h m vi ln k n a ti i (FF02::1). Tuy nhin, b h tu y n c ng s t o n g a y th n g i p R A n p tr y u c u c a m t my tnh trn n g k t n i n u n n h n c g i ti D tm router (R o u ter S o lci ti ). T ron g tr n g h p , n i ta on th n g i p R A s c g i t i ch ch l ch c a n i g i thng a a i p D tm router.
II.1.2. T h n g ip D tm router RS T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g Dn g ICMPv6 133. My tnh IP v6 tru y n g i ti R S n h c b h tu y n tr n c n g n g n n k t n i l p t c t o th n g i p R A g i th n g ti ch o my tnh. n T h n g i p n y s d ng ch ng u n ho c l m t ch u ni st a a ca c g n ch o g i o di n g i g i ti , h o c, tron g tr n g h p ch n y a n a kh n g t n ti n s d n g ch c bi t 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0:0 :0 . ch ch , a a th n g th n g l ch m u l ca st m i ro u te r p h m vi l n k (F F 0 2 ::2 ). D o a ti i q u trn h t n g c u h n h v h tu y n p h th u c v o kh n n g tm n th y ro u ter v ti t m n g , th n g i p n y l c n thi t tr c kh i b t n c g i o ti n o c thi t l p. a p II.1.3. T h n g ip D tm n o d e ln cn NS T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g D n g ICMPv6 135. T h n g i p N S c m t n o d e s d n g yu c u c c n o de kh c tr n n g k t n i cun g c p ch l p 2 c a ch n g . C h c n n g n y g i n g a n h th t c A R P trong IPv4. N o d e c h i s s d n g th n g i p Q u n g b c a no d e l n c n (Neighbor Advertisement-NA) tr l i v ch l p 2 c a n . a
113
T h n g i p NS c n c s d n g ch o q u trn h ki m tra trn g l p a ch khi m t n o d e c n x c n h n r n g kh n g c m t n o d e n o kh c trn n g k t n i c g n tr n g ch ca n . NS c n g c s d n g a tro n g qu y trnh ki m tra tn h k t ni t i c c a n o d e l c n . n ch ng u n ca th n g i p n y h o c l ch u ni st gi di n a a ca ao tru y n g i ti h o c l ch c bi t 0 :0 :0 :0 :0:0 :0 :0 . n a T h n g i p D tm n o d e l n c n s c g i t i ch m u l ca st khi a ti m t n o d e c n p h n gi m t ch IPv6 th nh ch l p 2 t n g n g , i a a h o c g i t i ch un i st khi m t n o d e m u n ki m tra tn h k t n i t i a ca c c a n o d e l n c n tr n c n g n g k t n i . C c th n g i p D tm n o d e l n c n (N S ) v Q u n g b ca n o de l n c n (NA) c s d n g ch o n hi u m c ch : t n g c u h nh ch a , ki m tra tr ng l p ch d tm kh n n g k t n i t i c. T ro n g t t a , c n h n g qu y trn h , c c th ng i n y ch c tra o i tro n g p p h m vi n g k t ni n i b v cn c tr c kh i c c gi o ti p c th a c th i l p . t II.1.4. T h n g ip Qu n g b c a n o d e ln cn NA T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g D n g ICMPv6 136. N o d e g i g i ti Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n (N A ) p tr g i ti D n n tm n o d e l n cn (NS). Khi thng ti ca m t n o d e , v d ch l p 2 n a th a y i n cn g g i th n g i N A c p n h t s th a y i ch o c c , p n o d e l n cn trn c n g n g k t n i (Ethernet). ch n gu n c a th n g i p l ch uni st g n ch o n o d e g i th ng a a ca tin, ch ch l a ch u ni st c a n o de h i th n g ti h o c l ch a ca n a m u l ca st m i n od e ph m vi ln k (F F 0 2 ::1). C n g n h th n g i p N S , ti i c c g i ti n y ch c g i tro n g ph m vi n g k t n i v c n c n tr c kh i c c gi o ti p c thi l p . a t II.1.5. T h n g ip Li (Redirect) T h n g i p n y c gi tr tr n g D n g ICMPv6 137. T h n g i p R e di ct l n c g i g i a cc ch u ni st. T h n g re u a ca i p n y c g i b i b h tu yn th n g b o ch o my tnh IPv6 n r n g c m t b h tu y n kh c t t h n c th s d n g l m ch ti p n theo (next hop) g i g i ti n m t ch n h t h . ch n g u n n n a c a th ng i p l ch Link-local c a gi o di n b tu yn . ch a a nh a ch l ch ng u n ca g i ti khi n cho b h tu y n p h i g i a n n th n g i p R e di ct. re
114
II.2. T h iu v g i ti N D m n
G i ti N D l g i ti IC M P v6 th u c m t tro n g n m d n g th n g i p n u n n tr n . G i ti N D s ch a c c th n g ti c n thi t tra o i gi a c c n o d e n n l n c n tr n m t n g k t n i v c c u tr c n h trong hnh 28.
T hng i p N D M o u IP v6 M o u ti p th e o = 58 (ICMPv6)
M o u c a N D
C c t y ch n N D
8 bit D ng
8 bit C hi u di
N x 8 bit G i tr
H h 28: C u tr c th n g i p N D n
T h n g i p N D b a o g m m t m o u ND v c h o c kh ng c c c tu ch n ND. T y ch n ND T y ch n N D s d n g ch a n g c c th n g ti m th n g i N D n p c n tru y n ti ch M A C , ti n t m n g (prefix) c a n g k t n i : a , thng tin M T U c a n g k t n i c c tha m s h o t n g , d l u p h c , i v ch o vi c li (redirect). M t T y ch n N D c c u th n h t ba tr n g : D n g (Type)/C hi u d i (Lengh)/G i tr (Value) T r n g D n g ch h d n g c a T y ch n N D , hi n n a y tro n g n RFC2461 (Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)), c c c d n g n h tro n g b n g 1 0.
B n g 10: C c d n g T y ch n N D D n g 1 2 3 4 5 Tn T y ch n ch l p 2 c a n g u n a ch l p 2 c a ch a T i n t m n g L il u l n g MTU
115
D n g 1: ch l p 2 c a n g u n ch h ch l p 2 ca n i g i a n a th n g i p N D . T y ch n n y c tro n g c c th n g i D tm node p l n c n (N S ), D tm router (RS), v Q u n g b c a ro u ter (RA). C c q u y trn h s d n g n h n g th n g i p trn c n c t y ch n ny th ng b o ch l p 2 ca n i g i th ng i p N D (v d q u a trn h p h n gi ch i a ). D n g 2: ch l p 2 c a ch ch h ch l p 2 ca n o d e m a n a gi tin IPv6 n n c g i t i T y ch n n y c tro n g th ng i p . Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n (NA) v Li (Redirect). D n g 3: T i n t m n g T y ch n T i n t m n g c tro n g th n g i p Q u n g b c a ro u te r (RA) ch h ti n t m n g (prefix) trn n g k t n i v i b n h tu y n , ng th i c n g m a n g th n g ti ch h v t n g c u n n n h n h ch T ro ng m t th n g i R A , c th c n g th i n hi u a . p t y ch n T i n t m n g th n g b o c n g l c n hi u p refi ch x a tr n m t n g k t n i. T ro n g th n g i p c ch a t y ch n T i n t m n g , p h n G i tr s l N n h m 8 bit, tro n g ch a c c th ng ti v chi u d i ti n t n m n g , th n g ti v th i gi n tn t i h p l ca ti n t m n g , c n a x c h xe m ti n t m n g c c s d ng c u h n h ch t n a n g h a y kh n g , v m t s c c th n g ti kh c n a . n
D n g 4: L i l u l n g T y ch n n y c tro n g th n g i p Li (Redirect) x c g i ti nh n IPv6 kh i n ch o ro ute r p h i g i th n g i p red i ct. N c th b a o re g m m t p h n h o c t t c g i ti IPv6, t y thu c v o kch c g i ti n n c g i ba n u .
D n g 5: T y ch n MTU T y ch n n y c tron g th n g i p Q u n g b c a rou te r (R A ) ch h gi tr M T U tr n n g k t n i. G i tr c a M T U n y s c n d n g th a y ch o gi tr M T U cu n g c p b i g i o d i n p h n c n g. a
II.3. N h n g q uy trnh ND cu n g cp
V i n m th n g i p IC M P v6 m t n h tr n , th t c N ei h b or g Discovery th c hi n nh n g q u y trn h nh tro ng b n g 11 .
B n g 11: Q u y tr h th t c N D cu n g c p n
116
Quy trnh T m ki m ro u te r (R o u te r discovery) T m ki m ti n t m n g (Prefix discovery) T m ki m th n g s (P a ra m e te r discovery)
M t Q u y trn h m n h , m t my tnh khm ph ra b h tu y n tr n n g k t n i s n s n g n ch u y n ti p g i ti ch o my tnh. n Q u y trn h m n h , th i t b tm th y ti n t m n g (n e tw o rk p re fi tr n n g k t n i c a x) mnh. Q u y trn h m n h , th i t b tm c n h n g th a m s h o t n g n h g i tr M T U c a n g k t n i g i tr G i i h n b c (hop limit) m c , h g i g i ti . n n Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th c u h n h th n g ti ch IP ch o c c g i o d i n , th e o n a a p h n g th c c h o c kh n g c s h i n d i n c a m y ch D H C P v6 . Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th p h n g i i a ch l p 2 (link-layer) c a m t n o d e l n c n t ch IPv6 b i t (t n g n g ch c n n g a c a th t c A R P tro n g IPv4). Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th q u y t h n ch IPv6 c a ch ti p th e o g i ti s c a n ch u y n ti p t i d a tr n ch ch . ch , a a n y s h o c ch n h l ch ch cu i c n g , a h o c l ch c a c a b h tu y n m c h a n n tr n n g k t n i . Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e q u y t h c n m t n o d e l n c n c th c n n h n c g i ti n hay khng. Q u y trn h m n h , n o d e c th b i t ch a IPv6 n d h s d n g h i n c m t n o d e n n o kh c tr n n g k t n i s d n g r i h a y ch a . Q u y trn h th n g b o ch o m t my tnh ch a IPv6 ch ti p th e o (n e xt h o p ) t t h n c th s d n g t i c ch cu i c n g .
T n g c u h n h ch a (Address autoconfiguration)
P h n g i i ch (A d d re ss a resolution)
Q u y t h ch ti p th e o (N e xtn hop determination)
K h m p h kh n n g c th k t n i t i c c a n o d e l n c n (Neighbor unreachability detection) K i m tra tr n g l p ch a (Duplicate address detection)
C h c n n g l i (R e d i ct fu n cti n ) re o
117
III. M T S Q U Y T R H H O T N G C B N C A A C H N IPv6 III.1. Q u y tr h p h n g ii a ch l p 2 t ch IPv6 l p 3 n a

T ro n g ho t ng c a th t c IP p hi n b n 4 , q u y trn h n y c m n h i m b i th t c A R P . N o d e c n p h n gi ch s g i g i ti tru y i a n v n t i ch ch l ch q u n g b ( ch broadcast) c a m n g , a a a d o v y s t c n g n m i n o d e kh c tr n n g k t n i l m g i m , h i u su t m n g . T ro n g h o t n g c a ch IPv6, y l m t tro n g s n h n g q u y trn h a d o th t c ND (Neighbor Discovery) m n h i m . p h c v ch o vi c p h n gi t ng n g ch l p m n g v ch v t l c c n o d e IPv6 i a a , d u y tr m t b n g l u tr th n g ti v c c n o de l n cn , g i l "neighbor n cache". Trong h i u h n h Windows, ch ng ta c th xe m th n g ti n tro n g b n g n y v i l n h netsh>interface ipv6>show neighbors. K h i m t node IPv6 c n tm ch l p 2 (v d ch M A C tr n m t a a E th e rn e t) t n g n g v i m t ch IPv6 n o , th a y v g i g i ti a n tru y v n t i ch m u l ca st m i n o d e p h m vi ln k (F F 0 2 ::1) t c a ti i n g t i m i n o d e tr n ng k t n i (t n g n g n h ch a broadcast trong IPv4), n o d e g i t i ch ch l ch M ul ca st a a ti Solicited Node t n g n g ch u ni st c n p h n gi . a ca i N h c p tro n g ch n g 2 , n o d e IPv6, kh i c g n m t ch a unicast, n g oi vi c l n g n g h e l u l n g ti ch u ni st n y, s l p a ca t c n g h e v n h n l u l n g c a m t d n g ch m u l ca st t n g n g a ti ch u ni st l M u l ca st S olci d N o d e . a ca ti i te N h v y, tro n g q u trn h p h n gi i ch c a IPv6, ch n h n g no d e a a n g n g h e l u l n g ti ch M u l ca st S o lci d N o d e p h h p m i a ti i te n h n v x l g i ti . i u n y gi m th i u vi t c n g n m i no d e n c tr n n g k t n i t n g h i u q u h o t n g. y l m t tro n g n h n g , c i ti c a IPv6 so v i p hi b n IPv4. n n th c h i n q u y trn h p h n gi ch h ai n o d e IPv6 tra o i th n g i a , i p D tm n o d e l n c n (N ei h bo r S olci ti n - NS) v Q u n g b c a g i ta o n o d e l n cn (N e ighbor Advertisement - NA). K h i m t n o d e c n p h n gi ch n g i i tr n n g k t n i th ng i a , i p N S , v i : ch ng u n : ch IPv6 c a g i o di n g i g i ti . a a a n
118

ch ch : ch IPv6 M u l ca st S ol ci d N o d e t n g n g a a ti i te a ch un i st c n p h n g i ch ca i a T hn g ti ch a tro ng p h n d lu c ch a ch l p 2 c a n i g i n i a (n m tron g T y chn ch l p 2 c a n gu n trong gi tin ND). a
Trn ng k t n i, n o d e a n g ng h e l u l n g t i ch M u l ca st a ti S o lci d N o de trn g v i ch ch c a gi ti s n h n c th n g i te a n ti . N th c hi n nh n g h n h n g sa u : n C p n h t ch l p 2 c a n i g i vo b n g ne i hb o r ca ch e . a g G i th ng i p N A p tr t i ch ch l ch ng u n g i a a g i ti , th n g ti tro ng p h n d l u c ch l p 2 c a n (ch a n n i a trong T y ch n ch l p 2 c a ch trong gi tin ND). a
K h i n h n c th n g i p N A , n o de c n p h n g i ch s c p n h t i a th n g ti v o b n g n ei hb o r ca ch e c a m n h v s d n g th n g ti n g n tro n g th c hi l n l c. n i
A `
B `
ICMPv6 D n g = 135 N gun = A ch = ch M u l ca st S o lci d -n o d e c a B a ti i te D l u = ch l p 2 c a A i a T ru y v n = ch c a b n l g ? a ICMPv6 D n g = 136 N gun = B ch = A D l u = ch l p 2 c a B i a H ai n o d e c th th c h i g i ti n ao p
H h 29: Q u y tr h p h n g i i ch n n a
III.2. K i m tra tr n g l ch trn m t n g kt n i p a

M i n od e IPv6 th c hi n th u t to n ki m tra s trn g l v ch p a (Duplicate Address Detection - DAD) tr n m t n g k t n i tr c khi
119
ch n h th c g n ch u ni st ch o m t g i o d i n , nh m n g n n g a a ca a vi c xu n g t v ch Q u y trn h n y c p d n g d ch c a . a g n b n g ta y ho c b n g hn h th c c u h n h t n g . C h n g n o thi t b v n c n a ng th c h i n D A D v ch a q u y t c l ch nh a kh n g c s tr n g l p , th ch c coi l ch th m d . a a D A D s d n g h a i th n g i p D tm n o d e l c n (N S ) v Q u n g b n c a n o d e l n cn (N A ). T u y n hi n m t s th n g ti ca g i ti n y kh c n n v i gi ti s d n g tro ng q u trn h p h n g i i ch n a . K h i m t n o d e cn ki m tra trn g l p ch n g i g i ti N S v i c c a , n thng tin: ch IPv6 n g u n : L ch c bi "::". a a t ch ch : l ch M u l ca st S o lci d N od e t n g n g ch a a ti i te a a n g ki m tra tr n g l . p Gi tin NS s ch a ch IPv6 a n g c ki m tra tr n g l p . a
S a u kh i g i N S , n o d e s i N u kh n g c p h n h i c n g h a ch . , a n y ch a c s d n g . N u ch n y c m t n o d e n o s a d n g ri n o d e n y s n h n c th n g i p N S v g i th n g i p NA , p tr : N u n o d e an g ki m tra ch trn g l p nh n c th n g i NA a p p h n h i l NS m n h g i n s h y b vi s d n g ch n y. i , c a
III.3. K i m tra kh n n g c th kt n i c t i n o d e ln cn .
T h n g i D tm n o d e l n c n (N S ) v Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n p (NA) c s d n g tro n g q u trn h p h n gi ch ki m tra tr n g l p i a , ch c n g c s d n g ch o n h n g m c ch kh c, n h q u trn h a , ki m tra kh n n g c th k t n i c t i n o d e l n c n (Neighbor Unreachability Detection NUD) Cc node IPv6 d u y tr b n g th n g ti n v c c n o d e l n cn c a m n h tro n g b n g l u tr (neighbor cache). C h n g c p n h t b n g n y khi c s th a y i tn h tr n g m n g . B n g neighbor cache l u th n g ti i v i c b h tu y n (router) v my n n tnh (host). B i t c n o d e l c n c th k t n i t i c h a y kh n g r t q u a n n tr n g i v i m t n o d e v n s i u ch h c ch th c c x c a m n h . n V d kh i b i t m t n o d e l c n kh n g k t ni t i c, node s n g n g n g i g i ti , bi t m t ro u te r a n g kh n g th k t n i t i c, my tnh c n th th c hi n qu y trnh tm ki m m t ro u te r kh c.
120
N u m t node m u n ki m tra tn h trn g c th n h n gi ti c a n o d e n l n c n , n g i th n g i p N S , N u n h n c N A p h c p , n b i t tn h tr ng c a n od e l n cn l c th k t n i c v s c p n h t th n g ti n y v o b n g l u tr c a m n h . T n h tr ng n y ch c coi l t m n th i tro n g m t kh o n g th i gi n n h t , tr c khi no d e c n th c , a nh h i n l quy trnh NUD. K h o n g th i gi n qu y n y, c n g n h m t i a nh s c c th a m s h o t n g kh c, my tnh s n h n c t th n g ti n Q u n g b c a ro ute r (R o u te r A d ve rti m e n t - RA) c a b h tu y n se n tr n n g k t n i .
III.4. T ki m m Discovery)
b h tu yn trn n g kt n i (Router n
i v i ho t n g c a ch IPv6, s tra o i g i a c c my tnh v i a n h a u , gi a my tnh v i b h tu y n tr n c n g m t n g k t n i l n r t q u a n tr n g . T ro ng m n g , b h tu y n l th i b m n h i m vi c n t ch u y n ti p l u l n g c a c c my tnh t m n g n y san g m n g kh c. M t my tnh p h i n h v o b h tu y n c th g i th ng ti t i n n n h n g n o d e n m n g o i n g k t n i c a m n h . D o v y, tr c khi m t my tnh c th th c h i n c c h o t n g gi ti p v i m n g b n n g o i ao , n c n tm m t b h tu y n v h c c nh n g th n g ti q u an tr n g n n v b h tu yn , c n g n h v m n g . T ro n g th h ch IPv6, c n a th c u h n h ch c n g nh c n h n g th n g s ch o h o t n g, my a , tnh IPv6 c n tm th y b h tu y n v n h n c n h n g th n g ti t n n b h tu yn tr n n g kt n i B h tuy n IPv6 ngoi vi c m n . n tr ch ch u y n ti p gi ti ch o my tnh c n m n h i m m t h o t n g n kh n g th thi u l q u n g b s hi n di n c a m n h v cu n g cp c c th a m s tr g i p my tnh tr n n g k t n i c u h n h ch v c c a th a m s h o t n g . T h c h i n n h n g h o t n g tra o i th n g ti g i a n m y tn h tr n n g k t n i v b tu yn (ro ute r) l m t n h i m v nh r t q u an trn g c a th t c N D . Q u trn h tm ki m , tra o i gi a my tnh v b tu yn th c hi n nh d a tr n h ai d n g th n g i p sa u : D tm router (Router Solicitation - RS) c g i b i my tnh t i cc b h tu y n (router) trn n g k t ni D o v y, g i ti c n . n g i t i ch ch m ul cast m i router ph m vi ln k (F F 02 ::2). My a ti i tnh g i thn g i p n y yu cu b tuy n q un g b ng ay c c nh thng tin n cn ch o ho t n g v d khi my tnh ch a c g n ch ch a c cc tha m s m c h c n thi x l g i ti a , n t n
121
Q u n g b c a ro u ter (R o u ter A d ve rti m e n t - RA) ch c g i b i se cc b h tu y n qu n g b s h i n di n c a b tu yn v n nh cc tham s c n th i t kh c ch o h o t n g c a c c my tnh. B h tu y n g i k th n g i p n y tr n n g k t n i v g i n nh th n g i p n y b t c khi n o n h n c th n g i p R S t c c my tnh tro n g n g k t n i .
T m ki m b h tu y n (Router Discovery) l qu trn h tra o i gi a b n h tu y n v my tnh tr n m t n g k t n i, tro n g : n Router: Q u n g b g i ti R A : N h i m v c b n m t b tu y n IP v6 th c n nh h i n tron g N D l g i k g i ti RA q u ng b s hi n di n ca nh n n tr n n g k t n i v c c th ng s kh c. K h o n g th i gi n c ch a g i a h ai th ng i p c c u h n h tr n b h tu y n . R A c n g n c g i kh i c b t c tn h h u n g c bi t n o x y ra , v d kh i th n g ti q ua n tr n g n o c a b h tu yn th a y i n h ch n n a c a n . D u y tr n h n g th ng s c b n ch o m n g : B h tu y n (ro u te r) n c n g m n h i m vi c d u y tr n h n g th n g s c b n p h c v ch o h o t n g m n g . N h n g th n g s n y s c th n g b o n h c c tr n g tron g R A . N h n v x l th n g i p R S . R o u te r s l ng n g h e th ng i p n y c a c c my tnh v n u nh n c g i ti n y, n s l p t c g i n R A phc p. N h n v x l g i ti Q u n g b c a rou te r: My tnh s l n g n g h e n n h n c c th n g i p R A , khi n h n c th ng i n y, n s : p X c l p n h n g gi tr th ng s h o t ng th e o n h n g gi tr c g i tro n g c c tr n g c a R A . B a o g m c vi c d u y tr v c p n h t m t s d l u n h d a n h s ch ti n t ch b h i a , n tu y n m c h . n N u my tnh m i kh i n g v ch a c g n ch n s a , th e o n h n g th n g ti h ng d n tro ng R A t n g cu h nh n th n g ti ch o ch nh n : ch IP , c c tha m s kh c. n a T o g i ti D tm router (RS): T ro ng n h n g tr n g h p n h t n h, my tnh s t o g i ti R S v g i i tr n n g k t n i n n c th n h n n g a y R A p h c p m kh n g i th e o h k. n
My tnh:
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N h q u trn h tra o i n h tr n , n h n g th n g ti sa u l n q u a n n n i n g k t n i c thi t l p : B h tu y n m c h ch o c c my tnh tr n n g k t n i T ro n g n n . th n g i p R A c tr n g T h i gi n s ng (Router Lifetime), gi tr a c a n x c h th i gi n b h tu y n g i R A c th c coi l n a n b h tu yn m c h . T u y n hi n , n u my tnh n h n th y b h n n n tu y n kh n g ln l c c (q u a qu y trn h ki tra kh n n g c th i m k t n i c t i n o d e l n cn ), n s kh ng s d n g b h tu y n n lm b tu y n m c n a , ch o d v n c n th i gi h p l nh nh an . My tnh c th n g ti q u y t h m n h c n s d n g c ch th c n n c u h n h IP n h m y ch D H C P v6 h a y t c u h n h ch T ro n g a . Qu n g b c a ro u ter c th n g ti ch d n ch o my tnh p h n g n th c n h n th n g ti cu h n h ch n a . M t s th a m s m c h trn n g k t n i p h c v ch o h o t n , n g c a my tnh: G i tr m c h c a G i i h n b c (Hop Limit) cho cc gi tin n IPv6. T h i gi n my tnh th c h i n l q u trn h ki tra kh n n g c a i m th k t n i c t i n o de l n cn (N UD). G i tr M T U m c h c a n g k t ni n . D a n h s ch c c ti n t m n g (p re fi c a ng k t n i M i ti n x) . t m n g s g m c c th n g ti v th i gi n s n g . N u tr n n a n g k t n i a n g s d n g p h n g th c t n g c u h nh kh n g c n m y ch D H C P v6 (g i l c ch th c t n g c u h n h kh n g tr n g th i my tnh s s d n g ti n t m n g n h n ), c t th n g ti q u n g b c a ro u ter, g n v i h da n h gi n n ao d i n t n g t o ra t o n n ch to n c u c a my a tnh.
III.5. T n g cu h h ch kh n g trn g thi c a th it b n a IPv6

T hi t b IPv4 kh i k t n i v o m n g p h i c c u h n h b n g ta y c c th n g s ch m t n m n g , b tu yn m c h , m y ch t n a , nh n m i n . gi m c u h n h th c n g , m y ch D H C P c s d n g c th c p p h t ch IP v th n g s ch o th i t b IPv4 kh i n k t n i v o a m n g . ch IPv6 ti n th m m t b c xa h n khi cho p h p m t node a IPv6 c th t n g c u h n h ch v c c th a m s h o t n g m a
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kh n g cn s h tr c a m y ch D H C P v6 . D o v y, ch IPv6 c hai a p h n g th c t n g cu h n h ch a : S d n g m y ch D H C P v6 cu n g c p ch v th n g s ch o a cc thi t b IPv6. C ch th c n y t n g t n h vi c s d ng D H C P c a ch IPv4. T u y nh i n , vi c h n g d n th i b IPv6 n h n a t a ch v th n g s t m y ch D H C P v6 d o ro u te r tr n n g k t n i q u n g b th n g ti , kh n g p h i th c hi n cu h n h x c h b n g n n ta y n h IPv4. P h n g th c t n g c u h nh n y c g i l t n g cu h n h c trn g th i statefu l au to co n fig u ratio n . H i n n a y, c c ti l u ti ch u n h o cho D H C P v6 c h o n thi n i u y . T hi t b IP v6 t n g c u h n h ch ch o m n h m kh n g c n s a h tr c a m y ch D H C P v6 . T h i t b th c h i n c u h n h IP b t u t tr ng th i ch a c th n g ti h tr cu h n h , d o v y p h n g n th c c u h n h n y c g i l t n g cu h h kh n g trn g n thi stateless au to co n fig u ratio n
G i m t i th i c u h n h th c n g l m t tro n g n h n g c i m h o n u to n m i v l m t u i m n i b t c a ch IPv6. K h n n g t n g a c u h n h kh n g tr n g th i c a thi t b IPv6 d a tr n m t s c tn h m i c a ch IPv6, b a o g m : kh n n g t t o 6 4 bit d a n h gi o a nh a d i n t ch l p 2 , t t n g t o ch Link-local, kh n ng tra o a a i c a thi t b v i b h tu yn trn m t n g k t n i n h th t c n ND (Neighbor Discovery) n h n c c th n g ti v ti t ch m n g n n a c a n g k t n i v c c th a m s h o t n g kh c.
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interface Ethernet0 ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64
RA
RS
MAC: 00-90-27-17-FC-0F h danh gi o di n: n a 0290:27FF:FE17:FC0F
H h 30: T n g c u h h ch c a th i t b IP v6 n n a
K h n g c n s h tr c a m y ch D H C P , th i t b IP v6 th c h i n c c b c sa u t n g c u h n h a ch v c c th n g s h o t n g cho mnh: B c 1: T o ch Link-local a ch Link-local b t u b i 1 0 bit ti n t F E 8 0 ::/1 0 , th e o sa u b i 5 4 a bit 0. 64 bit c n l l h d an h gi o di n (i i n a nterfa ce ID ) K h i kh i n g , 6 4 bit h da n h gi di n s c th i t b t n g t o n ao t ch l p 2 . B n c th th a m kh o l ch i ti t q u y trn h t o h a i n dan h gi o di n tro n g cc m c tr c. a V d c th tro n g hn h 30, t ch M A C 0 0 -90-27-17-FC-0F, my a tnh s t o c 6 4 bit d a nh gi o d i n 02 9 0 :2 7F F :F E 1 7 :F C 0F . T nh a t o c ch Link-local FE80::0290:27FF:FE17:FC0F a N g o i ph n g th c t o h d a nh gi o di n t ch v t l 6 4 bit h n a a , n d a n h gi o di n c n c th c g n b n g m t d y s n g u n hi . a n B c 2: T h c h in th u t to n ki tra tr n g lp a ch (D A D ) m T r c khi th c s s d n g ch Link-local v a t o c, thi b s a t th c h i n q u y trn h ki m tra tr n g l p ch ch c ch n ch Link a a local m n h d h s d n g l d u y n h t tro ng p h m vi n g k t n i n n h m tr n h xu n g t.
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T h u t to n D A D , n h cp tro ng m c tr c, d a tr n ha i d n g th n g di p D tm n o d e l n c n (NS) v Q u n g b c a n o d e l n c n (NA). B c 3: G n a ch Link-local S a u kh i g i th ng i p NS, n u th i t b kh n g n h n c th n g i p N A p h c p , c n g h a ch a c n o d e n o trn n g k t n i s d n g ch n y. K hi thi b s g n ch Link-local cho mn h v l y a t a a ch n y th c h i gi o ti p v i c c n o d e kh c tr n m n g L A N . n a B c 4: L in h v i ro u ter Trong gi tin Q u n g b ca ro ute r (R A ) d o ro u te r tr n ng k t n i q u n g b s c c c th n g ti h n g d n thi t b v c ch th c c u h n h n ch v ti t m n g c a n g k t n i v c c th a m s kh c. D o a , n , v y, thi t b s i g i ti n y tron g th n g i c b h tu y n g i n p n m t c ch h k, h o c s c g n g l n h v i c c b h tu yn trn n i n n g k t n i . l n h v i b h tu yn (ro u ter), thi t b g i g i ti D tm router i n n (RS) t i ch ch m u l ca st m i ro u te r ph m vi ln k - FF02::2. Router a ti i tr n n g k t ni s g i th n g i p q u n g b (RA) p h c p . T ro n g ch a d l u v ti n t m n g c a n g k t n i v c c th n g s i kh c. N u n g kt n i a ng s d n g ph n g th c c u h n h nh m y ch D H C P v6 , tro n g q u n g b ca rou te r s kh n g c ti t m n g n v s c th n g ti h n g d n my tnh s d n g m y ch D H C P v6 n n h n th n g ti cu h n h. n Trong hnh 30, ro u te r s q u n g b ch o my tnh ti t m n g c a n n g k t n i l 2 0 0 1 :4 1 0 :2 13 :1 ::/64 B c 5: C u h n h ch v xc lp cc g i tr th n g s h o t n g a T th n g ti n h n c tron g q u n g b R A c a ro u ter, my tnh s c u n h n h ch v x c l p c c th ng s h o t ng a T th n g ti v ti n t m n g (prefix): n My tnh t o ch IPv6 to n c u b n g c ch g n ti n t m n g a n y v i 6 4 bit h da n h gi o di n . c th t n g c u h n h n a ch ti n t m n g d o ro u ter q u n g b p h i c d i /6 4 . a , n g th i my tnh c n g thi t l gi tr th i g i n s n g cho p a a ch th e o gi tr c tro n g th n g i p q u n g b c a ro u te r.
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My tnh ng k ch M ul ca st S olci d N o d e t n g n g a ti i te ch uni st v a t o v i card m n g n h n l u l n g ca a ca ch n y. a My tnh x c l c c gi tr th ng s h o t n g : G i i h n b c p (Hop Limit), th i gi m c h my tnh th c h i q u y trn h ki m an n n tra kh n n g c th k t n i c c a c c n ode l n cn , gi tr M T U c a n g k t n i .
T ro n g tr n g h p c th , n h h nh 30, my tnh s c u h nh c a ch to n c u IPv6: ch IPv6 = T i n t m n g + a 2001:410:213:1::90:27FF:FE17:FC0F h n danh gi o a di n =
III.6. n h s li th it b IPv6
n h s l m n g IPv4 l i n h n g nh q u n tr r t n gi N nh i u . h n g t i h o t ng m n g l i v ti u t n nh n l c c u h n h l th ng i tin cho thi t b tr n m n g . ch IPv6 c th i t k c m t c ch th c n h s l m n g m t a i c ch d d n g h n . M t ch IPv6 g n ch o n o d e s c h ai tr n g th i a , l c n c s d n g p re ferred v l i b - d e p re ca te d tu th eo o th i gi n s n g c a ch . My tnh l n c g n g s d n g c c a a u a ch c tr n g th i c n c s d n g . T h i gi n s n g c a ch c a a th i l p t th ng ti q u n g b c a rou te r. D o v y, c c my tnh trn t n m n g IPv6 c th c n h s l n h th ng b o c a ro u te r t th i i g i n h t th i h n c th s d n g ch o m t ti n t m n g (n e tw o rk p re fi a x). S a u , ro u te r th n g b o ti n t m n g m i c c my tnh t o l i a ch IP . T r n th c t , c c my tnh c th d u y tr s d n g ch c a tro n g m t kh o n g th i gi n nh t h tr c khi x a b h o n to n . a n
III.7. Q u y tr h t kim g i tr PathMTU p h c v ch o vic n m p h n m n h g i ti IPv6 n

M n g , q u y m l n h a y n h , b a o g m c c n g k t n i v t l kh c n h a u . M i ng k t n i c m t g i tr g i i h n v kch th c c c i c a g i ti m my tnh c th g i tr n n g k t n i c g i l M T U n , (M a xim u m T ra n sm i o n U ni T ro ng h o t ng c a th h ch IPv4, ti t). a tro n g qu trn h ch u yn ti p g i ti , n u router IPv4 n h n c gi ti n n l n h n g i tr M T U c a n g k t n i ro u ter s th c h i n p h n m n h , g i ti (frag m e n t) th n h n h n g g i ti n h h n . S a u q u trnh tru y n n n t i g i ti c x y d n g l n h n h n g th ng ti tro ng m o u . , n i n
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ch IPv6 p d n g m t m h n h kh c p h n m n h g i ti . M i b a n h tu y n IP v6 (ro u te r IP v6 ) kh n g ti h nh p h n m n h g i ti n h n n n, t n g hi u q u , gi m th i gi n x l g i ti . V i c ph n m n h g i ti a n n c th c h i n ti my tnh n g u n , n i g i g i ti . D o v y, tro n g mo n u c b n IPv6, c c tr ng h tr ch o vi c p h n m n h v k t c u l i g i ti (t n g n g m o u IP v4 ) c b i N h n g th n g ti tr n . n g i p ch o vi c ph n m n h v ti to g i ti IPv6 c tron g m t mo n u m r n g c a g i ti IPv6 g i l M o u P h n m n h (Fragment n Header). G i tr M T U ti thi m c trn ng kt n i IPv6 l 1280 byte. Tuy u nh n hi , n c ch , g i ti s i q ua n hi u ng k t ni c gi tr n n M T U kh c nh a u, vi c ph n m n h g i ti c th c hi ti my tnh n n n g u n , kh ng th c hi b i cc rou ter tr n n g tru y n ti D o v y, n . my tnh n gu n cn bi c gi tr M T U n h n h t trn to n b n g t tru y n t ng u n t i ch i ch h kch th c gi ti ph h p . u n n C h a i kh i ni m v g i tr M T U tron g IPv6, l : LinkM T U : L gi tr M T U tr n n g k t ni tr c ti p ca my tnh PathMTU: L gi tr M T U n h n h t tr n to n b m t n g tru y n t n g u n t i ch .
My tnh n g u n s s d n g q u y trn h c t n g i T m ki m PathMTU tm ra g i tr M T U n h n h t tr n n g d n t n g u n n ch . K h i tm c, n s l u gi gi tr n y s d n g tron g gi o ti p. a Q u y trn h tm ki m PathMTU c th c h i n n h th ng i p Gi tin q u l n (Packet Too Big) p h n h i t ro u te r. tm P a th M T U , my tnh n g u n g i g i ti s d n g gi tr M T U m c n h trn n g k t n i tr c ti p c a m nh. N u tr n n g tru y n, n kch th c gi ti v t q u gi tr M T U c a m t n g k t n i n o , n ro u te r c a n g k t n i ph i h y b g i ti v g i th ng i Gi tin n p q u l n th n g b o, tro ng g i ti c ch a gi tr M T U c a n g k t n i n m ro u te r p h tr ch . K h i nh n c th n g tin ny, my tnh s s d n g g i tr M T U n y g i l i g i ti . C nh v y ch o n khi g i ti t i n n c ch v my tnh s l u g i l th n g ti v g i tr M T U n h n h t i n d n g (P a th M T U ) th c hi n g i l n sau .
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N gun
ch
T h c hi n phn m n h g i ti n MTU = 1500 MTU = 1300
` MTU = 1500 G i g i ti M T U = 1500 n IC M P l i g i ti q u l n / S d n g M T U 1400 : n G i g i ti M T U = 1400 n IC M P l i g i ti q u l n / S d n g M T U 1300 : n G i g i ti M T U = 1300 n N h n c g i ti n PathMTU = 1300 N g u n l u tr th n g ti P ath M T U n MTU = 1400
C u tr c l i g i ti n b p h n m n h
H h 31: Q u y tr h th c h i n t ki m PathMTU n n m
IV. T H T C Q U N L Q U A N H T H N H V I N M U L T I A S T C MLD IV.1. T n g q u t v th t c M L D

M u l ca st kh n g p h i l m t kh i ni m m i D c n h gi l h u ti . ch v c thi k h o n ch h , cn g ngh m u l ca st kh ng c t n ti tri n kh ai r n g ri tro n g h o t ng Internet IPv4, d o n h i u n g u yn n h n : m u l ca st kh n g c kch h o t m t c ch m c h , yu c u r t ti n n h i c u h n h th c ng . K hi h tu y n m u l ca st IPv4 c s d n g , u n ti th t c h tr m u l ca st q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n n h m m u l ca st ti ti l IGMP. T h t c n y s d n g m t t p h p th n g i p ri n g . T ro n g h o t ng c a th h ch IPv6, m u l ca st l b t b u c. M ul ca st a ti ti trong IPv6 th a y th ch o c ch c n ng b roa d cast (q u n g b ). V i c broadcast g i ti tro n g m t p h m vi n o t n g n g v i vi g i n c th n g ti t i n h m ch IPv6 m u l ca st m i no d e tro ng ph m vi . n a ti i v i IPv6, m u l ca st s kh n g i h i c u h n h g n u ch th c hi n ti tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i C h ng ta c n g th y c c node IPv6 .
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th a m g i c c n h m m u l ca st tr n n g k t n i v g i th n g i p t i a ti c c ch m u l ca st m i n o de p h m vi ln k (F F 0 2 ::1 ), ch m u l ca st a ti i a ti m i ro u te r p h m vi ln k (F F 0 2 ::2 ) khi ti n h n h c c q u y trn h c a th t c i N D . T u y n h i n khi l u l n g m u l ca st c ro u te r chu y n ti p ra ti n g o i p h m vi m t n g k t n i th khi c n th m n h n g y u t p h c v th c th i m u l ca st. l th t c h tu y n m u l ca st v th t c ti n ti h tr , q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n m u l ca st - MLD (Multicast Listener ti Discovery). K h i th c hi n m u l ca st IPv6 ra ng o i p h m vi m t n g k t n i th ti , t c th c h i n q u n l q u an h th n h vi n m u l ca st c t n gi M u l ca st ti ti Listener Discovery-M L D . T h t c n y th a y th ch o IG M P c a IPv4. Tuy n h i , th t c n y c m t i m kh c b i t c b n v i IG M P l n h o t n n g tr n n n c c th n g i p IC M P v6 , ch kh n g n g h a t p h p nh th n g i p ri n g. MLD s d n g m t n h m b a th n g i p IC M P v6 . C c th n g i n y p c tra o i gi a ro u ter v n o de , ch o ph p m t ro u te r kh m p h ra tr n m i g i o di n g n tr c ti p v i n n h ng n o d e l th n h vi n c a a m t n h m m u l ca st, s n s n g n h n g i ti c g i t i ch ti n a m u l ca st (n o d e an g "n g he " l u l ng ), c n g n h n h n g ch ti a m u l ca st a ng c c c no d e n y q u a n t m . ti T h n g ti n y c cu n g c p b t c khi n o th t c tu y n n nh m u l ca st c kch h o t tr n c c ro u ter, m b o r n g c c g i ti ti n m u l ca st c tru yn ti n m i n g kt n i n i c n h n g no d e ti m u n n h n l u l n g n y. M L D p h n c ch th c c x kh c nh a u ch o b h tu y n (router) nh n v cho my tnh n g h e l u l ng m u l cast. N u ti m t ch ti a m u l ca st, ro u ter v a n g vai tr ro u ter, b n th n cn g ng h e v m u n ti n h n l u l n g ti ch n y, th ro u te r c n th c h i n c h ai p h n c a a th t c: p h n th t c ch o ro u ter v p h n th t c ch o my tnh n g h e l u l n g m u l ca st. ti R o u te r s d n g M L D tm ra xe m ch m u l ca st n o c n o de a ng a ti ch n h n l u l n g trn m i n g k t n i tr c ti p c a n . M i rou te r d u y tr m t d a n h s ch cho m i n g k t n i ch a th n g ti v ch , n a m u l ca st c n o d e m u n n h n l u l n g trn n g kt n i . M L D ti ch tm ra d a n h s ch n h n g ch m u l ca st m t n h t c m t n o d e a ti a n g n h n l u l n g , ch kh n g ph i l d a nh s ch n h n g n o d e a n g n g h e l u l n g t n g n g v i m i ch m u l ca st. a ti
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IV.2. B a th n g i I M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c M L D p C
T h t c M L D s d n g b a th n g i p IC M P v6 sa u y: T ru y vn i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u lticast G i tr tr n g D n g IC M P v6 1 3 0 . T h n g i p T ru y v n i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u l ca st ti (Multicast Listener Query) c s d n g b i ro u te r tru y v n v n h n g n o d e a n g n gh e l u l n g m u l ca st tr n m t n g k t ti n i C ha i d n g th n g i p T ru y v n i t n g n g h e l u l n g . M u l ca st: T ru y v n th n g th ng v T ru y v n g n v i ch ti a m u l ca st c th . T ru y v n th ng th ng c s d n g tru y v n ti m i n o d e c a m i ch m u l ca st. T ru y v n g n v i ch a ti a m u l ca st c th c s d n g tru y v n nh n g n o d e a n g ng h e ti m t ch m u l ca st nh t . a ti nh Bo co i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u lticast G i tr tr n g D n g IC M P v6 1 3 1 . T h n g i p B o c o i t n g n g h e l u l n g M u l ca st ti (Multicast Listener Report) c n o d e a n g ng h e l u l n g ti m t ch m u l ca st s d n g b o co rn g m n h a n g s n sn g a ti n h n l u l ng m u l ca st. T h n g i p n y c n g c s d n g ti p tr l th ng i p T ru y v n i t n g n g he l u l ng i M u l ca st ca ro ute r. ti K t th c n g h e l u l n g m u lticast G i tr tr n g D n g IC M P v6 1 3 2 . T h n g i p K t th c n g h e l u l n g m u l cast (Multicast Listener ti Done) c n o d e a n g n g he l u l ng m u l ca st s d n g th n g ti b o r n g n kh n g c n m u n n h n l u l ng c a ch m u l ca st a ti c th n o n a . K h i m t n o d e t b kh n g c n n h n l u l n g c a m t ch a m u l ca st, n g i m t th n g i p K t th c n g he l u l n g ti multicast t i ch m u l ca st m i ro u te r ph m vi ln k (F F 0 2 ::2 ), a ti i th n g ti m a n g tro n g g i ti l ch m u l ca st m n khng cn n n a ti m un nghe l u l ng.
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V. T H C H N H Q U A N S T G IA O T I P V H O T N G C A CC NODE IPv6 V.1. C u h n h IPv6 trn b n h tu y n Cisco

T hi t b m n g c a C i sco h tr IPv6 t r t s m , tu y n h i n kh n g p h i m i p h i b n h i u h nh c a b h tu y n (ro uter) C i n n sco u h tr IPv6. B n c c th tru y c p w e b si te c a C i sco ti http://www.cisco.com ki m tra p h i n b n h i u h n h m n h a n g s d n g c h tr IPv6 hay khng. T ro n g h i u h n h c h tr IPv6, tu yn IPv6 m c h c t t nh n i kch h o t h tu y n IPv6, tr c ti n c n kch h o t ch u yn ti p . n l u l n g IPv6 trn ro u te r v g n ch IPv6 ch o c c gi o d i n c a a a router. th c hi n kch h o t h tu y n IPv6 tr n m t ro u te r C i , b n c n n sco th c h i n n h n g th ao t c sau y: K ch h o t x l IPv6 to n di n (b t b u c). C u h n h ch ch o g i o di n (b t b u c). a a K i m tra l h o t ng c a IPv6 v c u h n h ch (tu ch n ). i a
C u h h ch IPv6 cho b n h tu yn Cisco n a

M t ch IPv6 c n p h i c c u h nh tr n gi o di n b h a a n tu y n c th chu y n ti p l u l n g tr n g i o d i n . V i c cu h nh m t a ch to n c u tr n m t g i o di n b h tuy n C i a a n sco s t ng c u h n h ch IPv6 Link-local v kch h o t IPv6 ch o gi di n . G i a ao ao d i n c c u h n h t n g th a m g i n h n g n h m m u l ca st b t b u c a ti sa u y ch o n g k t n i : Nhm multicast Solicited node F F 0 2 :0 :0 :0 :0 :1 :F F 00 ::/1 04 ch o m i ch u ni st v a n yca st c g n cho gi o d i n. a ca a N h m m u l ca st m i n o d e p h m vi ln k F F 02 :0:0 :0 :0 :0:0:1 ti i N h m m u l ca st m i ro u ter p h m vi ln k F F 0 2 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0:0 :2 ti i
B n g sa u y gi i thi u m t s l n h c b n kch h o t v cu h n h a ch IPv6 trn gi o di n b h tu y n Cisco. T p h p c c l n h l m vi c a n v i IPv6 c c b n c th tm ki m tr n w e b si C i . te sco
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B n g 12: M t s l n h c u h h IP v6 tr n b h tu y n C i n n sco
K ch h o t T h t c I v6 to n d i P n T ro n g ch g l b a l co n fi o g Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing C u h n h ch I v6 ch o g i d i a P ao n Router(config)# interface D n g _ g i o _ d i n S _ ch h a _ n Router(config-if)# ipv6 address _ ch IP v6 / ch i u _ d i ti n _ t [euia _ _ 64] V o ch c u h n h g i o d i n a L n h n y s kch h o t ch u y n ti p g i ti n IPv6 unicast
L n h n y g n ch IP v6 to n c u ch o a m t g i o d i n c a b h tu y n (ro u te r) a n v kch h o t x l IP v6 tr n g i o d i n . a N u cu i l n h kh n g c t kh a eui-64, ch IP v6 tro n g l n h p h i l ch c a a th (1 2 8 b i ro u te r s g n ch o g i o d i n t), a ch IP v6 to n c u , v i ti n t m n g a (p re fi tro n g l n h . x) K h i t kh a eui-64 c s d n g , ti n t ch b t b u c p h i l /6 4 . T ro n g tr n g a h p , ch IP v6 c g n ch o g i o a a d i n s d a tr n 6 4 b i ti n t ch t a cu n g c p , 6 4 b i h d a n h g i o d i n s t n a c ro u te r t n g x y d n g t ch a ca rd m n g . C h : T ro n g tr n g h p s d n g ro u te r q u n g b th n g ti c c m y tn h tro n g n m n g L A N t n g c u h n h ch th a , ti n t m n g ch g n ch o g i o d i n a a ro u te r b t b u c p h i l /6 4 .
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Router(config-if)# ipv6 address _ ch IP v6 {/ch i u _ d i ti n _ t | a _ _ Link-local}
L n h th c h i n g n ch ch o g i o d i n a a v kch h o t x l IP v6 tr n g i o d i n . a N u d n g l n h ipv6 address _ ch IP v6 a _ kh n g c t kh a Link-local, l n h s g n ch to n c u ch o g i o d i n v kch h o t a a IP v6 . ch L i k-l ca l c a g i o d i n s a n o a c t n g c u h n h N u d n g l n h ipv6 address c t kh a Link-local s c u h n h ch L i k-local a n tr n g i o d i n . ch L i k-local ny a a n c s d n g th a y v ch L i k-local a n c t n g c u h n h kh i IP v6 c kch h o t tr n g i o d i n . a
Router(config-if)# ipv6 unnumbered D n g _ g i o _ d i n S _ ch h a _ n
X c h g i o d i n kh n g n h s v kch n a h o t x l IP v6 tr n g i o d i n . ch a a IP v6 to n c u c a g i o d i n x c h b i a n D n g _ g i o _ d i n S _ ch h s c s a _ n d n g ( ch L i k-l ca l s t n g t o ra a n o tr n g i o d i n kh n g n h s kh i x l a IP v6 c kch h o t) T n g t o ch L i k-local trn giao a n d i n v kch h o t x l IP v6 . ch L i k a n l ca l n y ch c th c s d n g o g i o ti p v i c c n o d e tr n c n g m t a n g k t n i .
Router(config-if)# ipv6 enable
Quan st cu h n h v th n g ti n N h n g c u h n h i v i IP v6 c th q u a n s t c kh i s d n g l n h : Router# show running-config V Router# show ipv6 access-list - T n g h p a cce ss lst. i cef interface - C h u y n m ch C E F ch o IP v6 . - T n h tr n g g i o d i n v c u h n h . a
neighbors - H i n th b n g l u tr th n g ti v n o d e l n c n (n e i h b o r n g cache). prefix-list - L i t k ti n t ch (p re fi IP v6 . a x) protocols - T h t c h tu y n IP v6 . n
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route routers traffic tunnel
- H i n th b n g th n g ti h tu y n . n n - H i n th c c b h tu y n IP v6 n i b . n - T h n g k l u l n g IP v6 . - T m t t v n g h m IP v6 .
V.2. T h c h n h
M c ti th c h n h u
Q u a n s t h o t ng c a th t c T C P /IP v6 : qu a n s t gi o ti p ca c c a node IPv6, c ch th c t n g cu h n h ch q u ng b th n g ti c a a , n b h tu y n IPv6. n
C h u n b
M n g th c h n h c thi l p nh trong hnh 32. B a o g m m t m y t tnh ci h i u h n h Windows 2 0 0 3 se rver, m t m y tn h c i h i u hnh Linux Enterprise 3.0 v m t b tu y n Cisco 2 6 21 X M , s nh d n g h i u h n h c2 6 00 -j1s3-mz.123-9.
Window 2003 servers
Linux Enterprise 3.0
` K h i th c h i n ch c n n g b h tu y n , g n ti n t n 2001:dc8::/64 K h i th c h i n ch c n n g b h tu y n , g n ti n t n 2001:dc7::/64
B h tu yn C i n sco 2621XM
FastEthernet 0/0
2001:dc9::/64
H h 32: M n g th c h n h ch n g 3 n
C h n g 3: C c th t c v q u y trn h h o t n g c a ch IPv6 a T m tt

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K ch h o t IPv6 trn b h tu yn C i n sco b h tu y n (ro u ter) n q u n g b th n g ti . n Quan st c ch th c c c n od e tr n m t n g k t n i gi ti p v i ao nhau. Q ua n s t c c no d e t n g cu h nh t n g ch K i m a . tra k t n i b n g ch t ng c u hn h . a K ch h o t ch c n n g ro u te r tr n m y tn h h i u h n h Linux, Windows 2003 server.
C c b c th c h i n
K ch h o t IPv6 tro n g n h n g m y tn h trn m n g L A N T h c hi n kch h o t th t c IPv6 tr n c c m y tn h tron g m n g L A N . T t ch c n n g t ng to da n h g i o d i n c a m y tn h ci h nh a i u h nh Windows. T ha m kh o b i th c h n h ch n g 2 . Ch : ch kch h o t th t c IPv6. K h ng th c hi n g n ch b n g ta y. N h v y a n h n g m y tn h tro n g m n g L A N hi n t i ch t n g c u h n h c ch Link-local. a K i m tra th n g ti ch Link-local v ch m c g i o d i n n a a ipconfig /all (My c i h i u h nh Windows) ifconfig (My ci h i u h n h Linux) K i m tra k t n i tro n g m n g L A N b ng ch Link-local: a Trn my c i h i u h n h W i d o w s n ping -6 -t a_ch_Linklocal_ca_my_Linux%index_ca_giao_din T r n m y c i h i u h n h Li x nu
ping6 -I eth0 a_ch_Link-local_ca_my_Windows K i m tra b n g l u tr th n g ti v n od e l n cn (n e i h b o r ca ch e ): n g Trn my c i h i u h n h W i d o w s n netsh> interface ipv6> show neighbors Trn my c i h i u hnh Linux
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ip -6 neigh show dev eth0 B n s th y h ai m y l u tr th n g ti v c c n o d e l n c n ( ch IP , n a ch M A C ...) a
K ch h o t IPv6 v q u n g b th n g tin c a b h tu yn Cisco. n K i m tra p h i n b n c a h i u h n h show version L u : v i p hi n b n p h h p m i c h tr th t c IPv6 T ro n g b i th c h nh n y s d n g c2 6 00 -j1s3-mz.123-9 K i m tra xe m h i u h n h c h tr IPv6 khng C n v o ch cu h nh v ki m tra xe m c t n ti t p l n h IPv6 hay khng V o ch cu h n h v t t n ch o ro u te r l router-i v6 p enable conf t hostname router-ipv6 K i m tra xe m c t n t i t p l n h IPv6 hay khng ipv6 ? N u l n h kh n g hi n th t p h p c c l n h c a IPv6 th h i u h nh kh n g h tr th t c IPv6. Kch h o t x l IPv6 trn router ipv6 unicast-routing ip cef ipv6 cef - kch h o t m t c ch to n d i n th t c IPv6 trn router Cisco - kch h o t ch c n n g cef trn b h n tu y n Cisco - kch h o t ch c n n g ce f cho IPv6
T h c h i n m t s l n h qu a n st c u h n h R a kh i ch c u h n h v th c h i n l n h qua n st thng tin show ipv6 ? show ipv6 interface fastethernet 0/0
show ipv6 route C u h n h ch IPv6 ch o g i o d i n a a
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K h i c u h n h ch ch o m t g i o di rou te r, x l IPv6 tr n ro u te r a a n s t n g c kch h o t v th e o m c h , ro u te r s q u n g b th ng n ti q u a gi o di n . n a V o ch cu h n h ch o g i o d i n F a stE th e rn e t 0 /0 a conf t interface fastethernet 0/0 t p re fi ch o ro u te r ci x sco v h n g d n ch o ro u te r rn g t x y d n g p h n bit c n l i t ch M A C a ipv6 address 2001:dc9::/64 eui-64 no shutdown Sa u khi c g n ti n t m n g , ro u ter s q u n g b th n g ti q u a gi o n a d i n F a stE the rn e t 0 /0 Ch : c c my tnh tron g L A N c th t n g c u h n h ch a , ro u te r tro ng m n g L A N ch c th g n ti n t m n g /64. T h c h i n m t s l n h qu a n st c u h n h Ra kh i ch c u h n h v th c h i l n h q ua n s t th n g ti n n show ipv6 interface fastethernet 0/0 show ipv6 route show ipv6 traffics Q u a n s t qu n g b th n g ti c a ro ute r n B n c th q u an s t ro u te r a n g qu n g b th n g ti b ng c ch b t m t n c a s b t g i ti my tnh ci h i u h n h Li u x n h n c . n n B t m t c a s d n g l n h m i tr n m y c i h i u h n h Li x v s nu d n g tcp du m p b t g i ti n tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto ipv6 B n s q u a n s t th y router-ipv6 an g q u ng b th n g ti v ti n t n m n g v n h n g th a m s kh c ch o c c m y tn h tr n n g k t n i. Q u a n s t t ng c u h n h ch t n g cu h n h tu y n a ,
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Q u a n s t l c c m y tro n g m n g L A N (Linux, Windows) tr c y ch i c ch Link-local, b y gi nh n c th n g ti q u n g b c a a n ro u te r v t n g c u h nh ch n n ch IPv6 to n c u . a a Trn my tnh ci h i u h n h W i d o w s n ipconfig G h i l i ch IPv6 c a m y tn h c i h i u h n h W i d o w s: a n netsh> interface ipv6> show routes K h i nh n c th ng ti q u ng b t ro u te r, my s t n g c u h n h n ch n g th i tu yn t n g n g ti n t (prefix) ch q u n g b b i a , a ro u te r cn g s c t n g thi t l p, s d n g ro ute r qu n g b thng tin lm gateway m c h . n Trn my tnh ci h i u h n h Li u x n ifconfig ip -6 route show dev eth0 G h i l i ch IPv6 c a m y tn h c i h i u h n h L i u x: a n
S d n g ch ng trn h p i g ki m tra k t n i b n g ch v a t n g to n a Q u a n s t l i b n g th n g ti l u tr n od e l n c n . n B n s th y th n g ti v n h n g ch m i n y tro ng b n g l u tr n a th n g ti v n o d e l n c n . n K ch h o t m y tn h ci h iu h n h L i u x, Window th c h in ch c n n n g ro u ter T ro n g m n g th n g hi m , n u kh n g c thi t b rou te r ch u yn n gh i p C i , b n c h o n to n c th s d n g m y tn h (Windows, Linux) sco l m ch c n n g ro u ter th a y th . T ro ng p h n th c h n h n y, b n c s c h n g d n kch h o t ch c n ng n y trn my tnh v quan s t th y tr n m t m n g L A N IPv6, c th c n h i u rou te r, q u n g b n h i ti n t m n g kh c nh a u v m t g i o d i c a m t thi b IPv6 c u a n t th m t l c c c u h n h n hi ch u a . K ch h o t ch c n n g ro u ter c a m y c i h i u h n h W i d o w s. n K ch h o t ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i ti v qu n g b th ng ti tr n g i o n n a d i n v t l L o ca l A re a C o n n e cti n o
netsh> interface ipv6> set interface "Local Area Connection" forwarding=enabled advertise=enabled store=active
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G n ti n t m n g (p re fi ch o g i o d i n , t o tu y n v x c h qu n g x) a n b th n g ti qu a g i o d i n : n a add route 2001:dc8::/64 Local Area Connection publish=yes K ch h o t ch c n n g ro u ter c a m y c i h i u h n h L i u x n m y tn h c i h i u h n h Linux c th th c h i n ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i ti v q u n g b th n g ti c a router IPv6, c n ci t g i ti n n n ra d vd v s a i th n g ti c u h nh c n th i t (trong fie c u h n h n l /etc/radvd.conf) C i t g i ti ra d vd -0.7.2-9.i386.rpm n B n c c th d o w n l d g i ti ti w e b si www.rpmfind.net v l u oa n te v o m t th m c tr n m y c i h i u h nh L i u x. C h u y n n th n m c l u tr g i ti v th c hi n l nh ci t: n rpm Uvh radvd-0.7.2-9.i386.rpm K ch h o t ch c n n g ch u y n ti p IPv6 v debug sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1 h o c s a b n g ta y (s d ng vi fie ) l /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding. t g i tr l 1 radvd --debug 0 S a i fie c u h n h c a ra d vd ro u te r qu n g b n g pre fi c n l x th i t. C ch th c c x c a ro u te r, th n g ti q u ng b c c u h n h tro n g n fie cu h n h c a ra d vd (/etc/radvd.conf) l vi /etc/radvd.conf C u h n h pre fi c n th i t (2001:dc7::/64) th ay th cho prefix 3FFE::/64 x m c h n K ch h o t rad vd /etc/init.d/radvd start
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Q u an st l th n g tin cu h n h c a cc m y tn h i T i n h n h q u an s t l th ng ti c u h n h c a c c m y tn h tro n g m n g i n LAN th n g hi m , b n s th y gi o d i n vt l c a c c m y n g th i a c g n n hi ch t n g t o ra t n g n g c c ti t m n g u a n q u n g b b i rou te r v t n g t o c c tu y n (route) t n g n g cc ti n t m n g c q u ng b b i c c rou te r tro n g m n g L A N .
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H i p T h t c I M P v6 C
1. B n ch o bi t ha i l i th n g i p IC M P v6 ? o T r l i: C c th n g i IC M P v6 c p h n chi l m h a i l i T h n g ip p a o : l i v T h n g ip th n g tin . C c th n g i p l c s d ng i b o l i tro n g q u trn h ch u yn ti p v p h n p h i g i ti IP v6 , th c n h i n b i n o de ch ho c ro u te r tr n n g tu y n d n . T h ng i p th n g ti IC M P v6 c s d n g cu n g c p ch c n n g ch n o n n v n h n g ch c n ng m r n g kh c, p h c v ch o c c q u y trn h h o t n g c a ch IP v6 . a 2. T i sa o n i IC M P v6 cu n g c p c c u h o t n g ch o ha i th t c Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) v Neighbor Discovery (ND)? T r l i: T h t c IP p hi b n 6 th c h i ti u ch u n h o v t h p n hi u n n ch c n n g , qu y trn h ri n g bi t ca gi o ti gi a c c no d e tr n a p m t n g k t n i C c q u y trn h , th t c n y u s d n g th ng . i p IC M P v6 . Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) - T h t c q u n l q u a n h th n h vi n m u l ca st, p h c v ch o h tu y n m u l ca st v ti n ti Neighbor Discovery (ND) th t c m n h i m th c th i g i o ti p a g i a c c n o d e tro n g m t n g k t n i u s d n g th n g i p ICMPv6. Do v y n i IC M P v6 cu n g cp c c u h o t n g cho h ai th t c n y. 3. h d a n h c c d n g g i ti IC M P v6 , n g i ta s d n g n h n g n n tr n g th ng ti n o tron g p h n m o u IC M P v6 ? n T r l i: P h n m o u IC M P v6 c h a i tr n g ph c v p h n l c c d n g oi gi tin IPMP v6 . l tr n g D n g (T yp e ) 8 b i v tr n g M t (Code) 8 bit.
142 T h t c N D
1. T h t c N D s d n g n h n g l i th n g i p IC M P v6 n o ? o T r l i: T ro n g c c q u y trn h gi o ti p th t c N D p h tr ch , s d n g n m a l i th n g i p IC M P v6 sa u y: o D tm router (Router Solicitation). Q u n g b c a ro u te r (R o u ter A d ve rti m e n t). se D tm n o d e l n cn (N ei hb o r S olci ti ). g i ta on Q u n g b c a n od e l n c n (N ei b o r A d verti m e n t). gh se Li (Redirect).
2. H y n u khi q u t ch c n ng c a th t c N e i b o r D i ve ry gh sco (ND)? T r l i: Ne i hb o r D i ve ry (N D ) l th t c m i tro n g IP v6 . T ro n g h o t g sco n g c a ch IP v6 , gi o ti p gi a c c n o d e tr n cn g m t a a n g k t n i l v cn g qu a n tr n g. T h t c N D m n h i m n h n g q u y trn h g i o ti g i a c c n o d e trn m t n g k t n i a p (g i l c c n o de l n c n ): my tnh v i my tnh, my tnh v i ro u te r. N h v y, m t node IPv6 kh m p h ra c c n o d e l n c n, n h n g th n g ti v ch n g v n h n g th n g s q u a n tr n g kh c p h c n v ch o gi o ti . N D c n m n h i m n h n g ch c n n g nh p h n a p g i ch th a m s g i ti p , t n g c u hn h ch v m t s i a , ao a q u y trn h kh c n a . 3. N u m t ro u te r IP v6 m u n q u ng b s hi n di n c a m n h v th n g b o cho c c n o d e kh c tr n cn g ng k t n i c c th a m s h o t ng , n s g i i th n g i p IC M P v6 n o ? T r l i: T ro n g s n h n g th ng i IC M P v6 s d n g tro n g th t c N D , p th n g i p Q u n g b c a ro ute r (R A ) c m t va i tr c bi t. R o u te r IP v6 s h k g i g i ti R A t i ch ch m u l ca st m i n n a ti n o d e ph m vi ln k (F F 0 2 ::1 ) n h m th n g b o s h i di n c a m nh i n v th n g b o ch o c c n o de kh c tr n n g k t n i n h n g tha m s c n thi t cho h o t n g g i o ti p . a
C h n g 3: C c th t c v q u y trn h h o t n g c a ch IPv6 a M t s q u y tr h h o t n g c b n c a I v6 n P
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1. T i sa o n i q u y trn h p h n gi ch c a ch IP v6 c u i m i a a so v i ch IP v4 ? a T r l i: Quy trn h ph n gi ch m c ch m t n o d e c th tm c i a , ch l p 2 t n g n g ch IP d i n ra r t th n g xu y n tr n a a m t n g k t n i K h i m t node IPv6 th c h i n q u y trn h n y, n . kh n g th c hi n g i g i ti tru y v n t i m i n od e tr n n g k t n i n b n g ch m u l ca st m i n o d e p h m vi l n k (F F 02 ::1 ), m ch g i a ti i t i ch M u l ca st S o lci a ti i ted N o d e t n g n g ch un i st c n a ca p h n gi . D o v y ch c n o d e c ch an g c n p h n gi p h i x i a i l g i ti . i u n y l m t u i m so v i ch IP v4 . n a 2. K h i m t th i t b IP v6 m u n ki m tra tr n g l p ch n s s d n g a , ch n o l m ch n g u n tro ng g i ti tru y v n ? a a n T r l i: T hi t b s s d n g ch c bi t :: th hi n r n g h i n ti n a ch a c g n ch a . 3. Ro u te r IP v6 n g o i ch c n ng ch u y n ti p g i ti ch o c c my tnh, n c n th c hi n ch c n ng n o kh c so v i ro u te r IP v4 ? T r l i: N g o i ch c n n g chu y n ti p g i ti cho my tnh IPv6, Router n IPv6 c n th c h i n m t ch c n n g v c n g q u a n tr n g tro n g h o t n g c a th h ch IP v6 , l q u n g b s h i n di n c a m n h a v q u n g b n h n g th n g ti , th a m s h tr h o t n g c a my n tnh IP v6 q u a vi c h k g i g i ti Q u ng b c a ro u ter (R o u ter n n Advertisement - R A ) v v g i R A p tr kh i n h n c th n g i p D tm ro u te r (R o u ter S ol ci ti n - R S ) t c c my tnh. Chnh i ta o n h s q u n g b c a ro ute r, my tnh IP v6 c th c u h nh ch a v n h n c c c th a m s ch o h o t n g gi ti p . ao
CHNG 4
C NG NG H CHU YN I G IA O T I P IPV6 IPV4
Thay th ch u y n i m t g i o th c Internet kh n g p h i i u d d n g. a T ro n g lch s h o t n g Internet to n c u , ch IPv6 kh n g th t c a kh c th a y th IPv4 tro n g th i gi n n g n. y p h i l q u trnh d n d n . a T h h ch IPv6 p h t tri n khi IPv4 h o n th i v h o t n g tr n a n m n g l i r ng kh p to n cu . Tro n g th i gi n u ph t tri , k t ni a n IPv6 c n th c hi tr n c s h t ng m n g l i IPv4. M n g IPv6 v n IPv4 s c n g so n g so n g t n t i tro n g th i gi n d i th m ch m i m i a , . T ro n g p h n n i d u n g n y, b n c s tm h i u c c c n g n g h ch u y n i IPv6 IPv4 v th c hi n m t b i th c h n h thi t l p v s d n g d v to n g h m (tunnel) m i n ph hi n a n g c cu ng c p ch trn Internet c c ch IPv6 s d n g tron g m n g L a b c n g a n h k t n i c m n g L a b c a m n h t i Internet IPv6 v n h n g m n g IPv6 kh c, s d n g kt n i Internet IPv4. C h n g 4 c c c ni d u n g ch n h sa u : T n g qu a n v c n g n gh ch u y n i IPv6 - IPv4. M t s c n g n g h t o ng h m (tunnel). T h c h n h th i t l p v s d n g Tunnel.
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I. T N G Q U A N V C N G N G H C H U Y N I IPV6 - IPV4
C h u y n i s d n g t th t c IPv4 sa ng th t c IPv6 kh n g p h i l m t i u d d n g. T ro ng tr n g h p th t c IPv6 c ti u ch u n h a h o n thi n v h o t ng t t, vi c ch u y n i c th c th c y th c h i n tro ng m t th i g i n n h t h i v i m t m n g n h , m n g a n c a m t t ch c. T u y n h i n kh c th th c h i n n g a y c i v i m t m n g l n . i v i Internet to n c u , c th n i l kh n g th . T h t c IPv6 p h t tri n khi IPv4 c s d n g r n g ri m n g l i IPv4 , Internet h o n thi n , ho t n g d a trn th t c n y. Trong qu trnh tri n kh ai th h ch IPv6 tr n m n g Internet, kh n g th c m t th i a i m n h t h m t i , ch IPv4 c h y b , th a y th hon ton n a b i th h ch m i IPv6. H ai th h m n g IPv4, IPv6 s c n g t n ti a tro n g m t th i gi n r t d i T ro n g q u trn h ph t tri , c c k t n i IPv6 a . n s t n d n g c s h t ng s n c c a IPv4. D o v y c n c n h n g c n g n g h p h c v ch o vi c ch u yn i t a ch IPv4 sa n g ch IPv6. N h n g c n g n g h ch u y n i ny, c b n a c th p h n th n h b a l n h sa u : oi Dual-stack: Cho php IPv4 v IPv6 cng h o t n g tro n g m t th i t b m n g . C n g n g h n g h m (T u n n el): C n g n gh s d n g c s h t n g m n g IPv4 tru yn ti g i ti IPv6, p h c v ch o k t n i IPv6. n C n g n g h bi n d : T h c ch t l m t d n g th c c n g n g h NAT, ch ch o p h p thi b ch h tr IPv6 c th gi ti p v i thi t b ch h t ao tr IPv4.
I.1. Dual-stack
Dual-sta ck l h n h th c th c th i T C P /IP b a o g m c t n g IP c a IPv4 v t n g IP c a IPv6. n g d n g h tr d u al ck s h o t n g c c v i ch IP v4 v -sta a ch IP v6 . V i c l a ch n ch c th d a tr n k t q u tr v c a a a tru y v n D N S . T h n g th n g , ch IP v6 tro n g k t qu tr v c a a D N S s c l a ch n so v i ch IP v4 . a V n g d n g hi n na y h o t n g d u al-stack, c th l y v d : h i u h n h W i d o w s X P , W i o w s 2 0 0 3 , h i u h n h c a thi t b h tu y n n nd n Cisco.
C h n g 4: C n g n g h chu y n i g i o ti p IPv6 - IPv4 a

T ng ng dng T n g tru y n t i (TCP/UDP)
147
IPv6
IPv4
T n g g i o d i n v t l a
H h 33: Dual-stack n
Dual-stack trong h iu h n h Windows T h c t , th t c IPv6 trong h i h n h Windows ch a p h i l d ua l u sta ck n g n g h a . D ri r c a th t c IP v6 (T cp i 6.sys) ch a h ai th c ve p th i t ch bi t c a T C P , U D P.

T ng ng dng
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
IPv6
IPv4
T n g g i o d i n v t l a
H h 34: Dual-sta ck tro n g h i u h n h W i d o w s n n
Dual-stack trong h iu h n h Cisco K h i n g i q u n tr m n g c u h n h n g th i c h a i d ng ch ch o a m t g i o d i n tr n b h tu y n C i , n s h o t ng d u al a n sco -stack.

router# interface Ethernet0 ip address 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.0 ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64 B h tu y n C i n sco Dual-stack Telnet, Ping, Traceroute, SSh, DNS client, TFTP
H h 35: Dual-sta ck tro n g h i u h n h C i n sco
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I.2. C n g n g h n g h m
ch IPv6 p h t tri n khi Internet IPv4 s d n g r n g ri v c m t a m n g l i to n c u . T ro n g th i i m r t d i b a n u , c c m n g IPv6 s ch l n h n g c o , th m ch l n h n g my tnh ri n g bi t tr n c m t m n g l i IPv4 r n g l n . L m th n o n h n g m n g IPv6, hay th m ch n h n g my tnh IPv6 ri n g b i t n y c th k t n i v i n h au , h o c k t n i v i m n g Internet IPv6 khi chng ch c n g k t n i IPv4. S d n g c s h t n g m n g IPv4 k t n i IPv6 l m c ti u c a c n g ng h n g h m . C n g n g h n g h m l m t p h n g p h p s d n g c s h t n g s n c c a m n g IPv4 th c hi n c c kt n i IPv6 b n g c ch s d n g c c th i t b m n g c kh n n g h o t n g d u a l ck ti h ai i m -sta u v cu i n h t . C c thi t b n y b c g i ti IPv6 trong gi tin c nh n m o u IPv4 v tru yn ti i tron g m n g IPv4 ti i m u v g b m o u IP v4 , n h n l g i ti IPv6 b a n u t i i m ch cu i n g i n tru y n IPv4.
M o u IPv6 D l u i IPv6 M o u IPv6 D l u i IPv6
My tnh IPv6
My tnh IPv6
M ng IPv6 B h tu y n n Dual-stack
IPv4
M ng IPv6 B h tu y n n Dual-stack
n g h m : B c g i ti I v6 trong gi tin IPv4 n P M o u IPv4 M o u IPv6 D l u i IPv6
H h 36: C n g n g h n g h m - Tunnel n
G i tr c a tr n g Th t c (Protocol) trong m o u IP v4 l n c u x c l p c g i tr 4 1 x c h y l g i ti IPv6 c b c tro n g g i n n tin IPv4. D o v y, c c g i ti c th tru y n i tr n c s h t ng n m n g IPv4, n u tr n n g k t n i c s d n g t n g l a (firewall), t n g l a n y cn p h i c thi t l p ch o p h p g i ti c g i tr n tr n g P ro to col 4 1 i qu a . i m k t th c n g h m c th c x c h ti my tnh (host) n h o c b tu yn (router) t o n n k t n i n h sa u : nh

Router-t i -Router Host-t i o ute r ho c R o u ter-t i -R -Host Host-t i -Host
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V i nh i u c n g n g h t o n g h m khc nhau, cc my tnh IPv6, h a y m n g IPv6 ri g bi hi n n a y trn Internet u c th c kt n i n t IPv6, v k t n i v o m n g Internet IPv6 th n g h i m , tm h i u , trao i th n g ti . T t n hi n c c my tnh v m n g n y ph i c k t n i n Internet IPv4 v l a ch n m t c n g n g h n g h m p h h p . M t s c n g n g h n g h m s c m t c th tro ng cc m c ti p th e o gip b n c c th h nh d u n g v l a ch n c n g n gh p h h p v i m c ch v n h u cu c a m n h . I.2.1. Phn lo i c n g n g h n g h m T y th eo c n g n g h n g h m , c c i m b t u v k t th c n g h m c th c c u h n h b n g ta y b i n g i q u n tr h o c c t , n g su y ra t ch n g u n v ch ch c a g i ti IPv6, n g a a n h m s c d n g k t n i i m - i m h a y i m a i m . D a th e o c ch th c thi t l p i m u v cu i n g h m , c n g n g h n g h m c th p h n th n h h ai l i tu nn e l b n g ta y (configured) v tunnel o : t n g (automatic). T u n n el b n g tay T u n n el b n g ta y l h n h th c t o n g h m k t n i IPv6 tr n c s h t n g m n g IPv4, tro n g i h i p h i c c u h n h b ng ta y ti cc i m k t th c n g h m . Trong n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y, c c i m k t cu i n g h m n y s kh ng c su y ra t c c ch a n m tro n g ch n g u n v ch ch ca g i ti IPv6. a a n T u n n el t n g T u n n el t n g l c n g n g h t o n g h m tro n g kh n g i h i c u h nh ch IPv4 c a i m b t u v k t th c n g h m b n g a ta y. ch IPv4 c a i m b t u v k t th c n g h m c suy ra a t ch n g u n v ch ch c a g i ti IPv6. a a n I.2.2. N g u yn tc h o t n g c a vic to n g h m N g u y n t c c a vi c t o n g h m tro n g cn g n g h n g h m n h sau: X c h thi t b k t n i ti c c i m u v cu i n g h m . H a i n th i b n y p h i c kh n ng h o t n g d u al-stack. t
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T r n h ai thi b m n g (c k t n i Internet IPv4) t i u v cu i t n g h m , th i t l m t g i o di n tu n n el (g i o d i n o , kh n g p a a p h i gi o di n v t l d n h ch o n h n g g i ti IPv6 s c b c a ) n trong gi tin IPv4 i qu a . X c ch IPv4 v ch IPv6 ti n gu n v ch c a gi o nh a a a d i n tu n n el. G n ch IPv6 ch o gi o di n tun n e l a a . T o tuy n (route) c c gi tin IPv6 i qua gi di tunn el T i , ao n . chng c bc tro ng gi ti IPv4 c gi tr tr ng P rotocol 41 v n chuyn i d a trn c s h tng m ng IPv4 v nh tuyn IPv4. nh
I.3. C n g n g h ch u yn i
C n g n g h ch u y n i th c ch t l m t d n g c n g ng h N A T , th c h i n bi n d ch v d n g th c c a m o u , cho php thi t b ch ch a h tr IPv6 c th n i ch u y n v i thi t b ch h tr IPv4. C n g n gh p h bi n c s d n g l N A T -P T . T hi t b cu n g c p d v N A T -PT ch s b i n d l m o u v ch ch o p h p m n g IPv6 n i ch u y n v i ch i a m n g IPv4.
LAN IPv6 `
C u h n h N A T -P T tr n b h tu y n C i n sco 2 LAN n i ch u y n c v i n h a u
LAN IPv4
H h 37: C n g n g h b i n d N A T -PT n ch
II. M T S C N G N G H T O N G H M II.1. C u h h b n g tay n g h m n
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y l h n h th c t o ng h m c p d n g khi m u n c m t k t n i n h, ri n g bi t, th n g gi a h ai m n g IPv6, c k t n i IPv4 n thng qua hai b h tu y n (ro u ter) bi . N u h ai rou te r b i n n y c n n kh n n g h o t n g dual-stack, ng i ta c th c u h n h b n g ta y m t n g h m (tu n n el gi a hai router bin n hm k t n i h ai m n g IPv6 ) s d n g c s h t ng m n g IPv4. n g h m b n g ta y c n g c s d n g c u h n h gi a rou te r v my tnh n h m k t n i m t my tnh IPv6 vo m t m n g IPv6 t xa . C u h n h b n g ta y n g h m g i a my tnh v router c p d n g tro ng c n g n gh T u n n el B ro ke r, c p chi ti ti m c sa u . t T r n h ai thi t b ti hai i m b t u v k t th c n g h m , n g i q u n tr s c u h n h b ng ta y gi di n tu nn e l ch IPv4, ch ao ; a a IPv6 g n ch o g i o di n tun n el ti c c thi t b c c u h n h b n g ta y a cn g v i tu yn (ro u te) c c l u l n g IPv6 i qu a gi o di n tun n el a . n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y t n g ng v i m t n g k t n i IPv6 o vn h vi n gi a h a i m i n IPv6 tr n c s h t n g m n g IPv4, ch o m t k t n i n h , ri n g bi t gi a h ai i m x c h . D n g k t n i n n n g h m n y l k t n i i m i m . T u y n h i n, n i h i c u hn h , q u n tr th c n g. N u m u n k t n i t i n hi i m , s p h i t o nh i u u c p gi o di tu n ne l v n hi n g h m . a n u T ro n g tr n g h p m t t ch c c h a i p h n m n g IPv6 t i h a i v n g a l v ch c c s h t n g IPv4 gi a h ai ph n m n g n y. K hi , k t n i h ai ph n m n g IPv6, t o m t n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y gi a hai router bin ca h a i ph n m n g c th l s l a ch n t t n h t c m t k t n i n . nh
II.2. Tunnel Broker

Tro n g th i i m b a n u tri n kh ai IPv6 hi n a y, vi c chi s th n g n a ti , c n g nh h tr , k t n i v i nh a u l r t qu a n trn g . N hi u t ch c n l n , IS P l n c kh n n g x y d n g n g tru y n IPv6, k t n i v i n h a u v v i n h n g m n g IPv6 l n , h n h th n h n n Internet IPv6 ton c u . N hi u t ch c, h a y c n h n kh c kh ng c c n h n g ng tru y n th u n IPv6 n h v y. h tr v k t n i IPv6, trn Internet hi n n a y c nh i u t ch c n g ra l m tru n g gi , ch o p h p c c t ch c, c an n h n kh c thi t l p n g h m IPv6 tr n c s h tn g m n g IPv4 t i m n g c a t ch c tru n g g i n , t k t n i t i c Internet IPv6 ho c a c c m n g IPv6 kh c m m n g l i c a t ch c tru n g g i n c n i t i a . M t tro n g n h n g cn g ng h c s d n g th c hi n i u n y l Tunnel Broker.
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Tunnel B ro ke r l h n h th c t o n g h m , tro n g m t t ch c n g ra l m tru n g g i n , cun g c p k t n i t i Internet IPv6 ch o n h n g th nh a vi n n g k s d n g d v T un n el B ro ker do t ch c cu n g cp . ch T ch c cu n g c p d v T u n n el B ro ker c v n g ch IPv6 c l p , ch a to n c u , xi c p t c c t ch c q u n l ch IP qu c t , m n g IPv6 n a c a t ch c cu n g c p T u nn el B ro ker c k t n i t i Internet IPv6 v n h n g m n g IPv6 kh c. N g i s d n g s c cu n g c p th n g ti n th i l p n g h m t my tnh h o c m n g c a m n h n m n g c a t t ch c d u y tr T u n ne l B ro ke r v d ng m n g n y n h m t tru n g g i an k t n i t i c c m n g IPv6 khc. C n g n g h t o n g h m tro n g T u n n el B ro ke r l t o n g h m b n g ta y.
My tnh IPv6 K tni th u n IP v6 Internet IPv6
Internet IPv4
M n g c a t ch c cu n g c p d v ch Tunnel Broker
ng h m
H h 38: K t n i IP v6 v i T u n n e l B ro ke r n
T ch c d u y tr T un n el B ro ker s cun g c p cho n g i s d n g : M t v n g ch IPv6 t kh n g g i ch IPv6 c a n h cu n g c p a an a d v Tun n el bro ke r, th o m n n h u c u c a n g i s d ng . ch C h u y n g i o ch o n g i s d n g m t t n m i n c p d i kh n g a g i n t n m i n c a n h cu n g c p d v T u n n e l B ro ke r. y l t n a ch m i n h p l to n c u , th n h vi n c a T u nn e l B ro ke r c th s d n g t n m i n n y th i t l p website IPv6 ch o p h p n h n g m n g IPv6 c k t n i t i m n g c a n h cu n g c p d v T u n n e l B ro ke r ch tru y c p t i Cc th n g ti v h n g d n ng i s d ng th i t l p ng h m n (tu n n el n m n g c a t ch c cun g c p T u nn e l B ro ke r. )
II.2.1. M hnh Tunnel Broker M h n h c a m t T u n n el B ro ker n h trong hnh 39.
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M n g I v6 c a P t ch c cu n g cp d v T u n n el B ro ker ch N g i s d n g Node Dual-stack ` Tunnel Broker `
M y ch ng hm
Internet IPv4
M y ch ng hm
Internet IPv6
DNS ` n g h m
M y ch ng hm
H h 39: M h h c a T u n n e l B ro ke r n n
Tron g : Tunnel Broker: l nh n g m y ch d v l n h i m v q u n l th ng ch m ti n g k, ch o p h p s d n g d v , q u n l vi c t o n g h m , n ch th a y i th n g ti n g h m c n g nh xo n g h m . T ro n g h n th n g d v T un n el B ro ke r c a nh cu n g cp , m y ch Tunnel Broker ch s l n l c v i T u n n el S erve r (th c ch t l c c b h tu y n duali n stack) v m y ch t n m i n c a n h cu n g c p T u n n el B ro ke r thi t l p n g h m p h a n h cu ng c p d v v t o b n g hi t n m i n ch o ch n g i n g k s d ng d v T u n nel B roker. ch N g i s d n g th n g q u a m n g Internet IPv4 s tru y c p m y ch T u n n el B ro ker v ng k ti kh o n s d ng d v T u n nel B ro ke r ch thng qua m u n g k d i d n g Web. M y ch n g h m (Tunnel Server): T h c ch t l c c b h n tu y n dual-stack lm nhi m v cu n g c p kt n i n g i n g k s d n g d v k t n i t i tru y c p v o m n g IPv6 c a t ch c cu ng ch c p T un n el B ro ke r. C c b h tu y n n y l i m k t th c n g h m n p h a n h cu ng c p d v T un n el B ro ker. T un n e l S erve r n h n y u c u ch t m y ch T u n n e l B ro ke r v t o , ho c xo n g h m pha nh cung c p T u nn el B ro ker.
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II.2.2. L in h g i a n g i s d n g v t ch c cu n g cp T u n n el B roker n g k s d n g ch v T u n n el B ro ker N u n g i s d n g ch m u n k t n i m t my tnh v o m n g IPv6 c a nh cu n g c p Tunnel Broker, s c c p m t ch (/1 2 8). N u a n g i s d n g m u n th i t l p v k t n i m t m n g th s c c p ch o m t v n g ch th eo n h u c u (th n g l ti t m n g /64 n u m n g a n IPv6 c a t ch c ch c m t m n g co n d u y n h t h o c ti n t m n g /48 n u m n g IPv6 c a t ch c c n nh i u h n m t m n g co n ) T h it lp n g h m p h a n h cu n g cp d v T u n n el B ro ker ch K h i n h n c th n g ti n g k v ch p n h n y u c u , m y ch n T u n n el B ro ker s l n h v i T u n n el S e rver, m y ch t n m i n c a n h i cun g c p d v T u n n el B ro ke r thi t l p n g h m p h a n h cu n g ch c p T u n n el B ro ke r v t o b n g hi tn m i n r i g i c c th ng ti c n n th i p h c v ch o n g i s d n g t o n g h m p h a n g i s d n g t (th n g q u a e m a i, h o c w e b fo rm ). l T h n g ti c g i t i n g i s d n g th n g b a o g m : n ch IPv4 p ha cle n t (n g i s d n g , ch n y d o ng i s a i a d n g cu n g c p cho Tunnel Broker khi n g k). y s l ch a IPv4 c a u ng h m p h a n g i s d n g . ch IPv4 p h a serve r ( ch IPv4 c a m t b h tu y n duala a n stack c a nh cun g c p T un nel Broker). y l ch IPv4 c a a u n g h m p h a n h cu n g cp d v Tunnel Broker. ch ch IPv6 p h a cle n t. y l ch IPv6 thu c v n g ch IPv6 a i a a c a n h cu n g c p d v T u n n el B ro ke r c p ch o n g i n g k ch s d n g ch o m n g IPv6 v cho k t n i . ch IPv6 p h a se rver. y l ch IPv6 c a b h tu y n a a n dual-stack c a nh cu n g c p T u n n el B ro ke r, l ch IPv6 c a a n g h m p h a n h cu n g c p d v . ch T n m i n n h cu n g c p T u n n el B ro ker c p ch o n g i s d n g . y l t n m i n h p l to n cu , n g k tr n m y ch t n m i n c a n h cun g c p d v T u n n el B ro ke r. ch
T h it lp n g h m p h a n g i s d n g D a tr n n h n g th n g ti n h n c, n g i s d n g s c u h n h b n g n tay trn my tnh ho c b tu y n (ro u te r) c a m n h n g h m k t nh n i t i m n g c a n h cu n g c p d v T unnel Bro ke r. y l ng ch
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h m c u h n h b n g ta y. T rn c c h i u h n h kh c nh a u , tp h p l n h c u h n h n g h m b n g ta y s kh c n h a u . T ro n g n hi tr ng h p , t ch c cu ng cp d v T u n n el B ro ker x y u ch d n g c c ch n g trnh gi p n g i s d ng kh n g p h i tr c ti p g l n h thi t l p ng h m m ch vi c ci t ch n g trnh v gi o a ti p v i ch n g trn h qu a gi o di n . a II.2.3. M t s t ch c cu n g cp d ch v T un n el B ro ker H i n n a y tr n to n cu , c r t nhi u t ch c cu n g c p d v T un n el ch B ro ke r m i n p h . B n c th tha m kh o d a n h s ch sa u y v n g k s d n g d v ng h m c a cc t ch c n y: ch http://www.ipv6tf.org http://tunnelbroker.ipv6.net.au http://tunnel.be.wanadoo.com http://www.hexago.com/ http://tb.6test.edu.cn/ http://tunnelbroker.ipv6.estpak.ee/ http://tb.ngnet.it http://www.iij.ad.jp/en/IPv6/zikken-e.html http://tbroker.manis.net.my/ http://www.sixxs.net/ http://www.uninett.no/ http://tb.ptin.euro6ix.org/ http://tunnel-broker.singnet.com.sg/ http://www.xs26.net http://tunnelbroker.as8758.net/ http://tb.ipv6.chttl.com.tw/ http://tb.ipv6.btexact.com http://tunnelbroker.net (c) (B ) (Canada) (T run g Q u c) (Estonia) (Italia) (N h t B n ) (Malaysia) (H Lan) (Na Uy) (T h N h K ) (Singapore) (Slovakia) (T h y S ) ( i L o a n ) (Anh) (M )
II.3. C n g n g h n g h m 6to4
6to4 l cng ngh s d n g ch IPv4 to n c u t o ra c c kh i ch a a IPv6 ri ng , kh c bi t v i ch IPv6 c p b i c c t ch c q u n l ti a
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n g u y n q u c t (th ng c g i l ch th u n IPv6). N h n g kh i a ch t o n n t IPv4 ny s dng cho cc m n g IPv6 6to4, n g th i a th i l p n g h m t n g k t n i c c m n g n y, coi c s h t n g t IPv4 n h m t m i tr n g k t n i v t l o . IA N A c p ri n g m t ti n t ch 2 0 02 ::/1 6 th u c v n g ch h a a n d a n h to n c u d n h ch o cn g n g h 6 to 4 . T i n t ch n y s k t h p a v i m t ch IPv4 to n c u to n n m t kh i ch IPv6, c a a g i l ch 6 to 4 . C c m n g , th i t b IPv6 s d n g d ng ch n y a a c g i t n l m n g IPv6 6 to 4 . C c m n g v thi t b 6to 4 k t n i v i n h a u b n g cn g ng h tu n n el t n g , s d n g c s h t n g m n g IPv4, t o n n m t th gi i 6 to 4 ri n g . T u y n hi n , c c m n g 6 to 4 kh n g ch k t n i v i n h au , ch n g c n c th k t n i t i Internet s d n g a ch th u n IPv6 b n g m t th i t b th c hi n vai tr cu n i T h i t b n y . c t n g i ro u ter ch u y n ti p 6to 4 (6 to 4 rel y ro u te r). a C n g n g h n g h m 6to4 (tunnel 6to4) cn ch o p h p m t my tnh c ch IPv4 to n c u d d n g tr th nh m t my tnh 6to4 v truy a c p Internet IPv6 m kh n g c n c u h n h p h c t p . H i u h n h Windows XP, Windows 2003 se rver h tr t n g c u h n h s n gi o a d i n o tunnel 6 to4 khi m y tn h c kch ho t th t c IPv6. K hi ti n h n h kch h o t th t c IPv6 tr n m t m y tn h c k t n i Internet IPv4 v i m t ch IPv4 to n c u g n ch o card m n g , h i u h n h s t a n g bin m y tn h th n h my tnh 6to4 v c u h n h h tu y n m c n h k t n i m y tn h v i m n g 6 to 4 c a M i so ft. N g i s d n g n cro kh n g c n thi t p h i th c h i th a o t c n o c m t n g h m k t n n i t i Internet IPv6. C h ng ta s tm h i u c i m n y q u a b i th c hnh m c IV .3
II.3.1. a ch IPv6 s d n g tro n g tunnel 6to4 T i n t ch 6to4 2002::/16 , k t h p v i 32 bit c a m t ch IPv4 a a s t o n n m t ti n t ch 6 to4 kch c /4 8 d u y n h t to n c u s a d n g ch o m t m n g IPv6. T i n t /4 8 ch IPv6 t n g n g m t ch IPv4 to n c u c t o a a nn theo nguyn t c n h tro n g hn h 4 0
/16 2002 ch IP v4 to n c u a vi t d n g h e xa /48 h danh n m n g co n /64 h danh gi o di n n a
H h 40: C u tr c ch IP v6 6 to 4 n a
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V d , n u b tu y n (ro u te r) c a b n a n g n i v o Internet IPv4 nh v i ch 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .1 5 . K hi b n an g s h u m t v n g ch a a IPv6 6 to 4 n h sa u : 2002:cb77:090f::/48 T i n t ch n y c t o n n b n g c ch g n 1 6 bit ti n t dnh a ri g ca tu nn el 6 to4 2 00 2 ::/16 v i cb7 7 :0 90 f ch n h l 3 2 bit ch n a IPv4 c vi t d i d n g he xa . V n g ch /4 8 n y b n c th s d n g ph n b t o n n m t m n g a IPv6 6to4. M t m ng con trong IPv6 c g n ti n t m n g /64. N h v y, v i vn g ch /48 , b n c 16 bit, v c th n h s t i 6 5 5 3 6 a m n g L A N 6 to 4 . y l co n s r t l n v b n kh c th s d n g h t v n g ch /4 8 m n h t o ra , ch t m t ch IPv4. a a II.3.2. C c th n h p h n c a tu n n el 6to 4, cu n g cp kt n i IPv6 to n cu
B h tu y n n ch u y n ti p 6to4 (IPv6/IPv4) Internet IPv6 My tnh D d n g ch a th u n IP v6 (IPv6) My tnh C 6to4 (IPv6/IPv4)
` M n g 2 Internet B h tu y n n 6to4 (IPv6/IPv4) B h tu y n n 6to4 (IPv6/IPv4)
M n g 1 ` My tnh B 6to4 (IPv6/ IPv4) ` My tnh A 6to4 (IPv6/IPv4)
H h 41: C c th n h p h n c a tu n n e l 6 to 4 n
T u n n el 6 to 4 l m t c n g n g h tu n n el t ng , ch o ph p nh n g m i n IP v6 6 to 4 t ch bi t c th k t n i q u a m n g IP v4 t i n h n g m i n IP v6 6 to 4 kh c. i m kh c b i t c b n n h t gi a tu n n el 6 to 4 v tu n ne l c u h n h b n g ta y l ch n g h m 6 to 4 kh n g p h i k t n i i m
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i m . n g h m 6 to 4 l d n g k t n i i m a i m . T ro n g , c c b h tu y n (ro u ter) kh n g c c u h nh th n h t n g c p m ch n g n co i m i tr n g k t n i IP v4 l m t m i tr n g k t n i v t l o . C h n h ch IP v4 g n tro n g ch IP v6 s c s d n g tm th y u a a b n ki c a n g h m . T t n hi , thi t b ti h a i u n g h m p h i a n h tr c IP v6 v IP v4 . K h u n g c n h n g d n g tu n n el 6 to 4 o n gi n nh t l k t n i n hi u m n g IP v6 ri n g bi t, m i m n g c t n h t m t n g k t n i t i m n g IP v4 ch u n g q u a ro u te r bi c g n ch IP v4 to n c u . n a C c th n h ph n ca tu n ne l 6 to 4 n h tro n g h nh 4 1 . T ro n g : My tnh 6to4 L b t k my tnh IPv6 n o c c u h n h v i t n h t m t ch 6 to 4. a ch ny c th c t n g c u h nh . a Router 6to4 Router 6to4 l m t b h tu y n (ro u te r) dual-sta ck h tr s d ng n g i o di n 6 to4 . B h tu y n n y s ch u yn ti l u l n g ca m t a n p m n g 6 to 4 t i n h n g ro u te r 6 to 4 th u c m n g khc. V i c c u h n h router 6to4 i h i cu h n h b n g ta y. R o u ter ch u yn tip 6to 4 R o u te r ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 (6to4 relay router) l m t router 6to4, song c c u h n h c kh n n g ch uy n ti p l u l n g c ch 6 to 4 a t i n h n g my tnh trn IPv6 Internet (s d n g ch th u n IPv6, a c p h n b b i h th ng t ch c q u n l ch to n c u ). Router a ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 c c u h n h h tr chu y n ti tu y n gi a p nh ch 6 to 4 v ch IPv6 ch n h th c d a n h to n cu . Router a a nh ch u y n ti p 6 to4 n g vai tr c u n i gi a m n g IPv6 6to4 v IPv6 Internet. N h g i ch o n h n g m n g IPv6 6 to 4 c th k t n i t i p Internet IPv6.
II.3.3. S d n g 6to 4 kt n i Internet IPv6 L y m t v d v t o v s d n g ch 6 to 4 k t n i v i m n g Internet a IPv6 to n c u n h tro n g h n h 42. M t m n g k t n i v i In te rne t IP v4 to n c u q u a ro u te r bi n R 1 c a ch 2 0 3.1 1 9 .9.1 5 . T ch n y, s t o c m t v n g ch 6 to 4 a a 2002:cb77:090f::/48. T ch c s d n g v n g ch 6 to 4 n y t o a m n g IP v6 v c u hn h R 1 th n h ro u ter 6 to 4 , n h m k t n i m n g 6 to 4 c a m n h t i c c m n g 6 to 4 kh c, v t i In te rn e t IP v6 .

My tnh dng ch th u n IP v6 a 2001:xxxx:yyyy:: R3
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S d n g b h tu y n ch u y n ti p 6to4 c a n Microsoft: 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com 2002:836b:213c:1:e0:8f08:f020:8 B h tu yn n ch u yn ti 6to4 p
Internet IPv6
R2 Internet IPv4 B h tu yn n 6to4 B h tu y n 6to4 n (dual-stack)
M n g B (m n g I v6 P 6to4 t xa)
R1 ch IP v4: 203.119.9.15 a ch IP v6: (g n ch o g i o d i n n g h m 6to4) a a 2002:cb77:090f:0010::/64
FasE 0/1 2002:cb77:090f:0020::/64
M n g A (m n g I v6 6to4 P c a b n )
My tnh 6to4
LAN 2002:cb77:090f:0020::/64
H h 42: S d n g tu n n e l 6 to 4 k t n i In te rn e t IP v6 n
M n g IPv6 c m t L A N n i b , c g n v n g ch a 2 0 0 2 :cb 7 7:0 9 0 f:0 0 2 0 ::/6 4 . c u hn h R 1 th n h router 6to4, c n p h i t o m t g i o di n o ch o n g h m 6 to 4 , g i t n l T un 6 to 4. G i o a a d i n o ch o tu n ne l 6 to4 n y c g n v n g ch (subnet) a 2002:cb77:090f:0010::/64. M n g IPv6 6 to 4 c a t ch c c k t n i Internet IPv4 qua router R1 v i ch 2 0 3 .1 1 9 .9 .1 5 g n ti gi o di n F a sE 0 /1 . N u t ch c c u h n h a a
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router R1 thnh router 6to4 v c u h n h h tu y n m c h trn router n n n y tr t i m t ro u te r ch u y n ti p 6 to4 , v d s d n g ro u te r ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 ca M i so ft, khi , m n g IPv6 6 to 4 c a t ch c (S i A ) cro te c th c nh n g k t n i IPv6 sa u y: R o u te r R 1 s q u n g b ti n t m n g 2002:cb77:090f:0020::/64 trn FasE 0/1. Cc my tnh tro ng m n g L A N n i b s t n g c u h n h ch t ti n t m n g q u n g b n y v tr th n h my tnh a 6to4. Trn cc my tnh 6to4, tu y n t n g n g 2 002 :cb 7 7 :0 90 f:0 0 20 ::/6 4 v tu y n m c h ::/0 tr t i R 1 c n g c t n g c u h n h . n Cc my tnh IPv6 6to4 b n tro n g m n g L A N g i h o n to n c th k t n i v i n ha u . My tnh 6to4 trong site A c th k t n i t i my tnh 6to4 trn cc m n g 6 to 4 kh c tro n g Internet (v d S i B ) te K h i c c u h n h th n h router 6to4, ro u te r R 1 c c u h n h h n tu y n 2 0 02 ::/1 6 i q u a g i o di n tu n n el 6to4. D o v y n h n g l u a l n g th u c ch 6 to 4 s c gi o di n y n g g i tro n g g i a a n tin IPv4 v g i q u a m n g IPv4 t i ro u te r bin R 2 c a si B l u te ki c a n g h m . T i , R 2 s g b m o u IP v4 , l y g i ti a n IPv6 v d a th e o b n g th n g ti tu y n c a n , ch u yn ti p g i n nh tin t i my tnh 6to4 ch tr n si B . te My tnh 6to4 th u c si A c th g i o ti p v i m t my tnh IPv6 te a c g n ch th u n IPv6 (v d ch c ti n t 2001:: ) c a a a IPv6 Internet. Tr n ro u te r 6 to 4 c a si A c c u h n h h tu y n m c h ::/0 tr te n n t i ro u te r chu y n ti p 6 to 4 (v d c a M i so ft). K hi my tnh 6to4 cro trong site A ch u y n t i ro u ter 6 to 4 R 1 n h n g g i ti c ch n a th u n IPv6, khn g ph i ch 6 to 4 , R 1 s ch u y n nh n g g i ti a n n y q u a n g h m t i ro u ter chu y n ti p 6to 4 R3. R3 k t n i t i IPv6 Internet v c c u h n h th c h i ch c n n g ch u y n n ti p h tu y n gi a ch 6 to4 v ch th u n IPv6. Router n a a ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 R 3 s ch u yn ti p g i ti t i m n g Internet IPv6. n Ch : N u m n g IPv6 6to4 (site A) kh n g ch c m t p h n m n g L A N n h tr n h n h v m b a o g m n h i u p h n m n g co n , khi c n c c u tr c h tu y n b n tro n g si A h tu yn g i a n h n g m n g L A N n te n 6to4 ny. tu y n b n ng o i si A chn h l tu y n g i ti IPv4. nh te nh n
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III. T H C H N H T H I T L P V S D N G N G H M
H i n n a y v i m t m y tn h , h a y m t m n g , b n u c th kt n i v o m n g Internet IPv6 to n c u. s d n g c n g n g h n g h m tr n c s h t ng m n g IPv4 s n c .
M c ti u
S d n g d v n g h m c k t n i IPv6. ch
C h u n b
M t m y tn h ci h i u h n h Window 2 0 03 v m t m y tn h ci h i u h n h Linux c k t n i Internet IPv4 v c g n ch IPv4. a Ch : N u tro n g m n g c a b n c s d n g t n g l a (fi w a l ), b n re l c n m fi w a l ch o th t c 4 1 (protocol 41) v n h n g g i ti IPv6 s re l n c b c tro n g g i ti IPv4 c g i tr tr n g T h t c (protocol) l 41. n N h v y b n m i c th k t n i c t i n h n g t ch c u kia ng h m .
B h tu y n n ch u y n ti p 6to4 c a M i so ft cro
Internet IPv4 Consulintel (n h cu n g c p Tunnel Broker)
c gn ch IP v4 a c gn ch IP v4 a
H h 43: T h c h n h s d n g c c d v tu n n e l m i n p h n ch
162 T m tt

S d n g d v tu n n el 6 to 4 s n c c a Windows k t n i m y ch tn h v o m n g Internet IPv6. n g k s d n g m t d v T u n n el B ro ker m i n p h k t n i ch m y tn h v o m n g Internet IPv6.
C c b c th c h i n
S d n g d ch v n g h m 6to 4 sn c c a Windows K h i b n kch h o t th t c IP v6 tr n m t m y tn h c k t ni m n g Internet IPv4 c g n s n ch IPv4, Windows s t n g t o m t a g i o di o ch o n g h m 6 to 4 v m t tu y n (route) m c h k t a n n n i m y tn h v i ro u te r chu y n ti p 6 to4 (6to4 relay router) c a Microsoft. Ro ute r ch u yn ti p 6 to 4 ca M i so ft c k t n i v i cro 6 B o n e , d o v y ng i s d ng c th d n g gi d i tu n ne l 6 to 4 n y ao n k t n i t i c c m y tn h 6 to 4 kh c v k t n i v i n h n g m n g th u c 6Bone s d n g c n g n g h n g h m 6to4 m kh n g i h i th m b t c c u h n h b n g ta y n o . K ch h o t T h t c IP v6 trn my tnh Window 2003. T h a m kh o b i th c h n h ch n g 2 . Ch khng g n ch IPv6 a b n g ta y. Q u a n s t g i o d i n o d n h ch o n g h m 6to4 a ipconfig /all Q u a n s t p h n th n g ti l n q u a n n g i o d i n T u n n el A d ap te r 6 to 4 n i a Tunneling Pseudo-In te rfa ce G h i l i m t s th n g ti : n ch 6to 4 m y tn h to ch o gi di n o ny: a ao ch 6 to 4 c a ga te w a y (ch n h l ch ca ro u ter ch u y n ti p 6to4 a a c a Microsoft): netsh> interface ipv6 show routes B n s q ua n s t th y m t s ro u te c t n g t o ra d n h ch o n g h m 6 to 4 h tu y n c c g i ti th u c v n g ch 2 00 2 ::/1 6 n n a q u a gi o di n 6 to4 T u nn eln g P se u d o -In terface v m t ro u te m c h a i n
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ch o m i l u l n g kh c i q u a gi o di n 6 to 4 T un n eln g P se u d o a i In te rfa ce t i ga te w a y l ro u ter ch u yn ti p 6to4 c a Microsoft. K i m tra k t n i IPv6 b n g n g h m 6to4 L c n y m y tn h c a b n c k t n i IPv6, c th k t n i t i c c my tnh 6to4 kh c tr n to n c u. n g th i c th k t n i v i m n g th u n IPv6 n h c ro u ter ch u y n ti p 6 to 4 c a M i so ft. cro K i m tra k t n i t i 6 to 4 g a te w a y c a M i soft cro ping -6 t 6to4.ipv6.microsoft.com K i m tra k t n i t i m t IPv6 si m g a te w a y c a M i so ft g i p k t te cro ni : ping -6 t www.kame.net tracert -6 www.kame.net D n g trn h d u y t IE k t n i t i m t s tra n g w e b c h tr IPv6 v ch h n th n g ti ch c a cle n t. n a i B n s th y tr n c c w e b si n y th ng b o b n an g kt n i b ng te a ch IPv6 6to 4 , kh n g p hi b i ch IPv4. a www.kame.net www.apnic.net www.ipv6tf.org Qua p h n th c h n h trn , b n k t n i m y tn h c a m n h v o m n g Internet IPv6 m kh n g c n th m c u h n h g n h n g h m 6to4 cu n g c p b i M i so ft. N u m u n x y d n g m t m n g th n g h i m , cro b n c ng c th x y d n g m n g IPv6 c a m n h , s d n g ch 6 to 4 a v c u h n h ro u ter g a te w a y k t n i IPv4 thnh router 6to4 k t n i m n g th n g h i m t i c c m n g 6 to 4 kh c v t i Internet IPv6. n g k s d n g d ch v T u n n el B ro ker T ro n g p h n th c h n h n y, ch n g ta s th c h i n n g k s d n g d v T u n n e l B ro ke r m i n p h cu n g c p b i C o n su l n te l m t t ch c ch i , t n g i tch c c tro n g th c y th h ch IPv6, v s d n g a a ch th u n IPv6 cu n g c p b i t ch c n y k t n i v o m n g Internet IPv6. n g k s d n g d v cu ng c p ti w e b si www.ipv6tf.org ch te
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n g h m g i a n g i s d ng v m n g c a Consulintel l cng n g h n g h m b n g ta y. c u t o c n g h m , t i m i u n g h m , c n p h i c th ng ti v ch IPv4 v ch IPv6 c a n a a c c u n g h m . N g i s d n g c n cu n g c p ch IPv4 pha a m n h kh i n g k s d n g T u nn el B ro ke r. ch IPv6 cng thng tin a kh c (v d t n m i n tro ng h th n g t n m i n q u c t) s n h n c t Tunnel Broker.
T ru y c p v o trang web www.ipv6tf.org, n g k m t t i kh o n s d n g d ch v T u n ne l b ro ke r. K h i c ch p n h n v kch ho t, b n tru y c p b ng ti kh o n v n g k t o n g h m . G i o di n w e b s y u c u b n cu n g c p a th n g ti v ch IPv4 u n g k t n i ph a b n , h i u h nh c a n a th i b t i u n g k t n i p h a b n (v d Windows, Linux, hay t C i ), v th n g ti kh c: b n y u c u k t n i v v n g ch ch o m t sco n a my tnh d u y n h t, h a y b n y u c u k t ni v v n g ch ch o m t a m n g IPv6, n g i n g k s d n g d v T u n n el B ro ker c n ch ch n g k n g v ng ch th e o n hu c u s d n g . a T th n g ti v h i u h n h ca thi t b u n g h m pha n n g i s d n g , t ch c d u y tr T un n el B ro ker s cu n g c p h ng d n t n g n g ch o n g i s d n g th i t l n g h m v m i h p i u h n h s c t p l h h o c c ch th c to g i o di n v n g n a h m khc. T u n n el B ro ker c a C o n sul intel cu n g c p ch /1 2 7 n u n g i s a d n g ch k t n i m t m y tn h IPv6, /6 4 n u n g i s d n g k t n i m t m n g IPv6 ch c d u y n h t m t m n g co n , /4 8 n u n g i s d n g k t n i m t m n g n h i u m n g co n .. P h a n g i s d n g : V n g ch IPv6 C o n su ln tel cp ch o t ch c: a i T n m i n q u c t C o n suln tel ch u y n gi o cho t ch c: i a T h n g ti v u k t n i n g h m p h a n g i s d n g (T un n el n client): ch IPv4: a ch IPv6: a
T i n h n h ng k d v v g h i l i n h n g th n g ti sa u : ch n
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T h n g ti v u k t n i n g h m p h a t ch c cu n g c p T u n ne l n Broker (Tunnel server) ch IPv4: a ch IPv6: a
T h i t l p n g h m the o n h n g th n g ti c cu n g c p n T y the o n g k thi t l p ng h m ch o m t my tnh (i m k t th c n g h m p h a n g i s d ng l m t my tnh), ha y m t m n g (i m k t th c n g n g h m p h a n g i s d n g l m t ro u te r) v h i u h n h ch y tr n th i t b g n v i u n g h m p h a n g i s d n g , C o n suln tel s g i th n g ti h n g dn th i t l d v n g i n p ch h m t n g n g . Trong ph n th c h n h n y, ch n g ta th c h i n t o n g h m c k t n i m t my tnh t i m n g Internet IPv6. Trn m y tn h s d n g h i u h n h Windows 2003 T o m t g i o d i n d n h ch o n g h m , t t n l C o n su ln te l a i netsh > interface ipv6 add v6v4tunnel Consulintel a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_client a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_server G n ch IPv6 m C o n su ln te l cun g c p ch o g i o d i n n y a i a add address Consulintel a_ch_IPv6_tunnel_client T o tu yn (ro u te) c c l u l n g IPv6 i qu a g i o d i n tu n n e l n y. a add route 0::/0 Consulintel publish=yes Cc gi tin IPv6 s c n g g i tro ng g i ti IPv4 c protocol 41 v n g i q ua c s h t ng m n g IPv4. G i s my tnh ch s d n g m t gi o di n tu nn el n y cho c c l u l n g IPv6, l n h trn t o m t tu yn a m c (de faul rou te) m I l u l ng IPv6 i q ua gi o di n n y. nh t a Trn m y tn h s d n g h i u h n h Linux N u u k t th c n g h m pha ny l my tnh ci h i u h n h Linux, n g h m t I C o n su ln tel c t o nh sa u : i T o m t g i o d i n d n h ch o n g h m , t t n l T un n e l ro ker a B
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ip tunnel add TunnelBroker mode sit ttl 255 remote a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_server local a_ch_IPv4_tunnel_client K ch h o t g i o d i n n y l n a ip link set dev TunnelBroker up G n ch IPv6 m C o n su ln te l cun g c p ch o g i o d i n n y a i a ip -6 addr add a_ch_IPv6_tunnel_client dev TunnelBroker T o m t tu y n m i l u l n g IPv6 i qu a g i o d i n n y. a ip -6 route add 2000::/3 via a_ch_IPv6_tunnel_server dev tunnelbroker Ch : T u y n v i ti n t m n g (p re fi 2 0 0 0 ::/3 s b a o g m m i l u x) l n g ca ch uni st to n c u (c b a bit u 0 0 1) a ca
K i m tra k t n i IPv6 b n g T un n e l ro ker B K i m tra k t n I t i m t si th u c Internet IPv6 te Trn my Windows ping -6 t www.kame.net ping -6 t www.ipv6tf.org tracert -6 www.kame.net Trn my Linux
ping6 www.kame.net ping6 www.ipv6tf.org traceroute6 www.kame.net D n g trn h du y t (IE c a Windows, M o zil c a Linux) k t n i t i m t s la tra n g w e b c h tr IPv6 v ch h th n g ti ch c a cle n t. n n a i www.kame.net www.apnic.net www.ipv6tf.org T r n c c w e b si n y s th ng b o b n a n g k t n i b n g ch IPv6. te a B n s q ua n st th y ch IPv6 b n a n g s d n g l ch th u n a a
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IPv6 (th n g b t u b i ti t 2001) m b n c cun g c p t t n ch c d u y tr T u n n el B roke r. Trong ph n th c h nh ph a trn , b n k t ni m t m y tnh v o m n g Internet IPv6. N u b n m u n th n g hi m m t m n g v k t n i m n g vo Internet IPv6, thi t b ti u ng h m p h a ng i s d ng ph i l m t ro u te r v b n n g k t t ch c cun g c p d v T u nn el B ro ke r ch m t v n g ch IPv6 s d ng tron g m n g IPv6 ca m n h . a
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H i p
1. B n ch o bi t m c ch c a c ng n g h n g h m ? T r l i: C n g n g h n g h m ti n h n h b c g i ti IP v6 tro n g g i ti n n IP v4 c th tru y n g i ti IP v6 i trn c s h t n g m n g IP v4 n v i m c ch s d n g c s h t n g m n g In te rn e t IP v4 cun g c p k t n i IP v6 . 2. T i sa o n i c n g n g h T u nn el B ro ke r l d a tr n tu n ne l c u h n h b n g ta y v c n g n g h T u n n el 6 to 4 l tu n n el c u h n h t n g ? T r l i: T ro n g c n g ng h T u n n el B ro ke r, t ch c cu ng c p d v Tunnel ch Broker, s cu ng c p th ng ti ch o n g i s d n g n g i s n d n g c u h n h b n g ta y gi o di n tu n nel ch c a i m u v a , a cu i n g h m . l hn h th c n g h m c u h n h b n g ta y. ch IP v6 s d n g tron g c n g n g h T un nel 6 to 4 c to n n t a ch to n c u IP v4 th eo q u y t c g n 32 bi ch IP v4 (vi t d i a t a d ng h e xa ) v i 16 bi ti n t 20 0 2::/1 6 t o n n /4 8 ch IP v6 . t a T ch IP v6 6 to4 h o n to n c th suy ra ch IP v4 t o n n a a v n g ch D o v y, i m b t u v k t th c n g h m c t a . ng su y ra t gi ti IP v6 . l c ch th c tun n el t ng . n 3. N u h i t i b n ch a s h u v n g ch IP v6 n o , v ch c k t n a n i t i In te rn e t IP v4 , b n c th x y d n g m n g th n g hi m c k t n i IP v6 h a y khng? T r l i: B n c th x y d n g v thi t l p k t n i th n g hi m d a tr n n h n g d v n g h m c c t ch c a n g cu n g c p m i n p h ch h i n n a y. B n c c th s d ng ch IP v6 6 to 4 t o n n t a a ch IP v4 ch o m n g IP v6 c a m n h . N u b n m u n s d n g ch a th u n IP v6 , b n c th ng k d v T u n ne l B ro ke r m i n p h ca ch m t t ch c v s d n g v n g ch IP v6 t ch c c p cho a m n g th n g h i m c a m n h .
CHNG 5
T H I T L P M N G T H N G H I M C H D N G A C H IPV6 C U N G C P M T S D C H V DNS, WEB, FTP
T ro n g n h n g p h n ni d u n g tr c, b n c t n g b c tm h i u th n g ti v ch IPv6, c u tr c, c ch th c h o t ng , c ng n gh n a ch u y n i T ron g p h n n i d u n g n y, ch n g ta s th c h n h thi t l p m t m n g th n g hi m n gi n, s d n g th u n ch IPv6 v a cu n g c p m t s d v c b n D N S , W eb , F T P v i n h n g p h n m m ch h tr IPv6 m i n ph , c cu ng c p b i c c t ch c tr n Internet. C h n g 5 b a o g m c c n i d un g ch nh sa u : G i i th i u m t s p h n m m h tr IPv6. T h c h n h th i t l p m n g th n g hi m .
I. G I I T H I U M T S P H N M M H T R IPV6 I.1. IPv6 v i d v D N S ch

D v t n m i n c n h n g d n g th c b n gh i m i h tr ch IPv6 ch a th c hi qu trn h p h n gi t n m i n th n h ch (t n m i n n i a th u n ) v p h n gi ch th n h t n m i n (tn m i n n g c). i a I.1.1. P h n g ii tn m in th u n tro n g IPv6
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n h x m t t n m i n t i ch IPv6, h th n g t n m i n s d n g a ki u b n g hi m i g i l b n gh i A A A A (t n g n g b n g hi ki u A , tro n g ch IPv4). B n g hi A A A A c d n g th c n h sau: a www.abc.test IN AAAA 3FFE:B00:C18:1::2
I.1.2. P h n g ii tn m in n g c tro n g IPv6 n h x ch IPv6 t i t n m i n , h th ng t n m i n s d n g ki u a b n g hi P T R v i d n g th c m i n h sa u : 2.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.8.1.c.0.0.0. b.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.arpa IN PTR www.abc.test ch u y n m t ch IPv6 th nh t n m i n n g c, ch IPv6 c a a vi t d ng y , sa u ch u y n th t n g c l i m i ch s h e xa , p h n c ch b i d u ch m , cu i c n g th m v o p h n u i .ip6.arpa. T ro n g v d tr n , 2 .0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1.0 .0 .0 .8 .1 .c.0.0 .0 .b .0 .e.f.f.3 .i .a rpa l p6 t n min ng c c a a ch 3 F F E :0 B 0 0:0 C 1 8 :00 0 1 :0 00 0 :0 00 0 :0 0 00 :0 0 02 . N h c l v t n m i n n g c ch o ch IPv4: ch IPv4 s d n g i a a khng gian tn m i n d i .i -a d dr.a rp a ch o t n m i n n g c. T n n m i n n g c cho ch IPv4 c ch u y n gi o d ng p h n l p a a (classsful) /8, /16 v /24. B a n u , tn m i n n g c ch o ch IPv6 c kh ai b o s d n g a n g th i c h ai kh n g gi n tn m i n .i 6 .a rp a v .i 6.i t. G n y, a p p n kh n g gi .i .i t c h y b . T n m i n g c IPv6 c kh ai an p6 n n b o v ch u y n gi o tro n g kh n g g i n .i .a rp a c a h th ng t n m i n a a p6 to n c u . ch IPv6 ho n to n l d ng th c kh n g ph n l p (classless), khng a c n t n ti kh i ni m cl ssfu l ch IPv6 c b i u di n g m 3 2 ch a . a s h e xa (m i s h e xa t n g n g 4 bit) T n m i n n g c t n g n g a ch IPv6 c ch u y n gi o th eo c c bi n l c c ch s h e xa (4 bit) . a
I.2. M t s p h n m m cu n g cp d ch v h tr IPv6
I.2.1. BIND Bind (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon) l ph n m m m i n p h cu n g c p d v t n m i n c s d n g r t rng ri c c h tr ch . IPv6, t t n h t n n s d n g ph i n b n B i d m i n h t. B i 8 v i b n v n nd (patch) d o d n K a m e p h t tri n c n g h tr IPv6.
C h n g 5: T h i t l p m n g th n g h i m ch d n g ch IP v6 a
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T ro n g b i th c h nh n y, s d n g bind-9.2.2-2 1 i k m tro n g a ci h i u h n h Linux Enterprise 3.0 Kch h o t h tr IPv6 tro n g cu h h d ch v D N S n M y ch D N S c n c fi e cu h n h n a m e d .co n f, c n g n h c c fie d l l l u ph h p h tr tru y vn v kha i b o b n g hi IPv6. i F ie c u h n h named.conf l m y ch DNS n g h e l u l ng IPv6, tro n g fie c u h nh n a m e d .co n f l c n c t y ch n sau: listen-on-v6 port 53 { any;} ; H o c n u kh n g n gh e l u l n g IPv6: listen-on-v6 { none; }; T ro n g n a m e d .co n f, c n c zo n e d n h ch o ch IPv6 loopback (zone a "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa.") N u kh a i b o t n m i n n g c t n g n g v n g ch IPv6 c a p h n b , c n c th m n h n g zo n e t n g n g . C c fie d l u (zo n e fie ) l i l C c fie d l u t n m i n c n c kh ai b o c c b n g h i h tr ch l i a IPv6 (th e o h d ng n h c p pha trn). n I.2.2. VSFTPD C u n g cp d ch v m y ch F T P V sftp d l p h n m m m i n p h , ch o p h p ci t v c u h n h m t my ch cu n g c p d v F T P rt b o m t, n v n h a n h trn h th n g ch nh UNIX. V sftp d c n g c b i t t i l p h n m m cu n g c p h tr IPv6 r t t t. V sftp d h tr IPv6 t p h i n b n 0 .2 .0 T ro n g b i th c h nh n y, ch n g ta s d n g vsftp d -1.2.0-4 i k m trong a ci h i u h n h Linux Enterprise 3.0 K ch h o t V S F T P D h tr IPv6 K ch h o t h tr IPv6 i v i d v cu n g cp b i vsftpd r t n g i n . ch T ro n g fie c u h nh vsftp d .co n f, ch n g ta ch vi c th m v o th l listen _i v6=Y E S . C h h a i th lste n v lste n _i v6 l l i tr l n p i i p o n h a u n n kh i ch n g ta th m v o listen_ipv6=YES, c n b i th lsten = Y E S i
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I.2.3. APACHE 2.0 - C u n g cp d ch v m y ch W eb Apache l ph n m m m n g u n m , ch o p h p ci t v c u hn h m y ch cu n g c p d v W eb . A p a ch e h tr rt t t ch IPv6 v c ch a s d n g r t p h bi n hi n na y lm m y ch w e b IPv6 . K ch h o t A P A C H E 2.0 h tr IPv6 C n g n h V sftp d, kch h o t A p a ch e h tr ch IPv6 r t n gi n . a Th u c tn h Li n tro n g fie c u h n h (h ttpd .co n f) s x c ch ste l nh a , port m m y ch w e b nghe l u l n g . V d: Listen 80 Listen 8000 Listen 192.170.2.1:80
ch IPv6 c n c t tro ng n g o c vung. V d : a Listen [::]:80 Listen [fe80::a00:20ff:fea7:ccea]:80
T ro n g n h n g h i u h n h h tr ch IPv6 IPv4-mapped, Apache a c th m n h i m c k t n i IPv4 v IPv6 trn cng IPv6 so cke t, kh i th u c tn h Li n c th t chung: ste Listen 80 T ro n g b i th c h nh , ch ng ta s d ng A p ach e 2 .0 c u h n h my ch w e b h tr ch IPv6. n g th i c u hn h V i al H o st trn my a rtu ch w e b ny.
I.3. M t s p h n m m cl t d v h tr IPv6 ien ch

T i th i i m h i n n a y, tu y IPv6 d n h c r t n hi u s q u a n t m tro n g l h v c n g hi n c u th n g hi m , so n g v n ch a c c s tri n n kh a i r n g ri tron g l h v c c n g n g hi p . B n c th tm ki m c c p h n n m m cl en t h tr IPv6 s d n g tron g m n g th ng hi m c a m n h i d o c c t ch c n ghi n c u cu ng c p . M t s ch cu n g c p th n g ti a n th n g k c c p h n m m h tr IPv6: http://ns.ipv6style.jp/en/index.shtml (tru y c p p h n th n g k - statistics) http://www.deepspace6.net/docs/ipv6_status_page_apps.html
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T ro n g b i th c h n h n y, ch n g ta s d n g m t s p h n m m cl e n t i sa u y: FTP client: NextFTP4 d o m t t ch c N h t B n p h t tri n Web client: Firefox 1.0.7
II. T H C H N H T H I T L P M N G II.1. M c ti th c h n h u
T hi t l p m t m n g th n g h i m n g i n , s d n g th u n ch IPv6 a v cu n g cp m t s d v c b n D N S , W e b , F T P v i n h n g ph n ch m m h tr IPv6 m i n p h , c cu ng c p b i c c t ch c trn Internet.
P h n m n g ch o kt n i : 2001:dc7::/64
FE 0/1 2001:dc7::1
FE 0/1 2001:dc7::2
FE 0/0 2001:dc8::/64
FE 0/0 2001:dc9::/64
Windows Linux1 M y ch D N S ch n h , WEB, FTP
Windows Linux2 M y ch D N S th c p
P h n m n g : 2001:dc8::/64
P h n m n g : 2001:dc9::/64
H h 44: M h h m n g th n g h i m IP v6 n n
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I . C h u n b I 2.
M n g th c h n h M n g th c h n h s c x y d n g n h tro n g h n h 4 4 . T ro n g l a ch n m y tn h Linux1 l m m y ch cu n g c p d v ch DNS, Web, FTP. My Linux2 c c i t d v D N S , l m m y ch ch t n m i n th c p ch o m y Linux1. T i cc p h n m m s s d n g Trn my tnh Windows IPv6 FTP client: T ru y cp v o ch: http://www.toxsoft.com/nextftp/index.html a T i v p h n m m N e xtF T P 4 (file NXFTPxxx.EXE) tr n my tnh Windows 2003. Web client: tru y c p w e b site IPv6, trn h i u h n h Windows c th s d n g IE h o c M o zil F i fo x. la re T ru y cp v o ch: http://www.mozilla.org/ a T i v p h n m m Firefox 1.0.7 cho Windows. Trn my tnh Linux Trn my tnh Linux t o m t a cco u n t i v6 te st c th m c h o m e p /h o m e /i v6 te st. C h n g ta s l u tr n h n g g i ti d v v o th p n ch m c h o m e c a a cco u n t n y. FTP server: S d n g vsftp d -1.2.0-4 i k m tro n g a c i h i u h n h Linux Enterprise 3.0 DNS server: S d n g bi d -9.2.2-21 i k m tro n g a c i h i n u h n h Linux Enterprise 3.0 Web server: T ru y cp v o ch http://httpd.apache.org/ a : T i v p h n m m h ttp d -2 .0 .5 4 .ta r.g z tro n g th m c /h o m e /i v6 te st p trn my tnh Linux.
T r n c h ai my tnh
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X a b ch IPv4 v nh n g th ng ti c u h n h m n g IPv4 kh i a n n h n g m y tn h s d n g tro n g m n g th n g h i m IPv6.
II.3. C c b c th c h in
K ch h o t th t c I v6 trn cc m y tn h . C i t n h n g p h n m m s P s d n g K ch h o t th t c IP v6 T h c h i n kch ho t th t c IP v6 trn cc my tnh ci h i u h n h Linux v Windows. T t ch c n n g t n g to d a n h g i o di n ca nh a my tnh ci h i u h n h Windows. T h a m kh o b i th c h n h ch n g 2. C h : C h kch h o t th t c IP v6 , kh n g th c h i n g n ch b n g a ta y. N h v y n h n g m y tn h tro n g m n g L A N h i n t i ch t n g c u h n h c ch Link-local. a C i t c c p h n m m s s d n g C i t N e xtF T P , Mozilla Firefox ln my tnh ci h i u h n h Windows server 2003 K i m tra c c gi tin (package) vsftpd-1.2.0-4, bind-9.2.2-2 1 c c i t tr n m y tn h Linux. T ro n g tr n g h p n h n g p a cka ge n y ch a c c i t, ti n h n h ci t cc gi tin ny. C i t d v h ttp d : ch Trn my tnh Linux, ch u y n n th m c /h o m e /i v6 te st v ci t p httpd-2.0.54.tar.gz gunzip httpd-2.0.54.tar.gz tar xvf httpd-2.0.54.tar cd httpd-2.0.54 ./configure make make install Theo m c h , A p a ch e c ci t ti /usr/local/apache2 n : C c scri t i u khi n s tm th y t i /usr/local/apache2/bin p File c u h n h c ti /usr/local/apache2/conf T h m c g c ch o n i d u n g w e b : /usr/local/apache2/htdocs
176
C u h h th it b m n g Cisco, n h tu yn v q u n g b th n g tin n K ch h o t th t c IPv6 trn hai b h tu y n n K t n i v i th i t b Ci sco th n g qu a c n g co n so l e # show version - K i m tra p hi n b n c a h i u h n h . L u : v i p hi n b n ph h p m i c h tr T h t c IP v6 . T i y s d n g c2600-j1s3-mz.123-9 V o ch cu h n h v t tn cho b h tuy n n hostname router-dc8 - B h tu y n p h tr ch m n g L A N n 2001:dc8::/64 hostname router-dc9 - B h tu y n p h tr ch m n g L A N n 2001:dc9::/64 K i h o t ch IPv6 trn b h tu y n (tro ng ch c u h nh ) ch a n ipv6 unicast-routing ip cef ipv6 cef C u h n h ch qu n g b th n g ti trn g i o d i n b h tu y n a , n a n Trn router-dc8 C u h n h ch IPv6 ch o g i o d i n Fastethernet 0/0 a a V o ch c u h n h ch o gi o d i n F a ste th ern e t 0 /0 (gi o di n q u n g a a b ti n t m n g v ch u y n ti p l u l n g ch o p h n m n g 2001:dc8::/64) v g l h : n ipv6 address 2001:dc8::/64 eui-64 L n h n y s cu h n h ti t m n g ch 2 00 1 :d c8 ::/64 ch o gi o d i n , n a a h n g d n b tu y n t x y d n g p h n bit c n l t ch M A C nh i a c a g i di n . n g th i kch h o t x l IPv6 tr n g i o di n n y. ao a Router-dc8 s q u n g b th n g ti ti n t m n g 2001:dc8::/64 trn giao n d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /0 no shutdown C u h n h ch ch o g i o d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /1 a a V o ch c u h n h ch o gi o di n F a steth e rn e t 0 /1 (g i o di n k t n i a a v i ro u ter-d c9) v g l n h : ipv6 address 2001:dc7::1/64
L n h n y s g n ch 2 0 01:dc7::1 cho gia o d i n a no shutdown Trn router-dc9
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C u h n h ch IPv6 ch o g i o d i n Fastethernet 0/0 a a V o ch c u h n h ch o gi o d i n F a ste th ern e t 0 /0 (gi o di n q u n g a a b ti n t m n g v ch u y n ti p l u l n g ch o p h n m n g 2 0 0 1 :d c9 ::/6 4 ) v g l h : n ipv6 address 2001:dc9::/64 eui-64 L n h n y s cu h nh ti n t ch 2 001 :d c9 ::/6 4 ch o g i o di , a a n h n g d n b tu y n t x y d n g p h n bit c n l t ch M A C nh i a c a g i di n . n g th i kch h o t x l IPv6 tr n g i o di n n y. ao a Router-dc9 s q u n g b thng tin ti n t m n g 2001:dc9::/64 trn giao d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /0 no shutdown C u h n h ch ch o g i o d i n F a ste th e rn e t 0 /1 a a V o ch c u h n h ch o gi o di n F a steth e rn e t 0 /1 (g i o di n k t n i a a v i ro u ter-d c8) v g l n h : ipv6 address 2001:dc7::2/64 L n h n y s g n ch 2 00 1 :d c7 ::2 ch o g i o d i n a a no shutdown T h i t l p h tu y n ch o m n g IPv6 n h a i p h n m n g c th k t n i c t i n ha u , ch n g ta c n thi t l p h tu y n g i a h ai b h tu yn , s d n g h tu y n tn h . n n n T h i t l p h tu y n t h n n Trn b h tu y n router-dc8, tro ng ch c u h n h n Trn b h tu y n router-dc9, tro ng ch c u h n h n ipv6 route 2001:dc9/64 2001:dc7::2
ipv6 route 2001:dc8/64 2001:dc7::1 L u c u h n h vo b nh c a b h tu y n n T r n c h ai b h tu y n n write memory
178
K i m tra c u h n h g i o d i n a
T r n c h ai b h tu y n n
show ipv6 interface fastethernet 0/0 G h i l i m t s th n g ti n ch IPv6 c a gi o di n fastethernet 0/0: a a Router-dc8: Router-dc9: N h n g n h m ch m u l ca st b tu y n tham gia: a ti nh show ipv6 interface fastethernet 0/1 G h i l i m t s th n g ti n ch IPv6 c a gi o di n fa ste th ern e t 0 /1 a a Router-dc8: Router-dc9: N h n g n h m ch m u l ca st b tu y n tham gia: a ti nh K i m tra k t n i c a h a i b h tu y n : n Trn router-dc8 Trn b h tu y n router-dc9 n ping ipv6 a_ch_ipv6_ca_giao_din_FE0/0_router-dc9
ping ipv6 a_ch_ipv6_ca_giao_din_FE0/0_router-dc8 N u l h pi g th c hi n c ch n g t h ai p h n m n g c k t n n n i t i n h au K i m tra c c my tnh trn h a i p h n m n g t n g c u h nh ch a T q u n g b c a b h tu yn , cc my tnh tr n h ai ph n m n g t n n g c u h n h ch v k t n i c v i nh au . a Trn cc my Windows, Linux c a h a i p h n m n g , th c h i n c c l n h ki m tra c u h nh v ki m tra c c my tnh t n g c u h nh ch a . ipconfig (T rn m y tn h c i h i u h n h Windows) ifconfig (T rn m y tn h c i h i u h n h Linux) G h i l ch IPv6 c a c c m y: i a
K i m tra k t n i g i a c c m y b n g ch t n g c u h n h a
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T h c hi n ki m tra k t ni gi a c c m y tro ng h ai p h n m n g m b o h ai p h n m n g k t n i c v i n h a u. C u h h cc m y ch cu n g cp d v IPv6 n ch C u h n h d v D N S IPv6 tr n m n g th n gh i m ch D v D N S tr n m n g th n g h i m s c c u h n h n h sa u : ch My Linux1 l m y ch t n m i n chnh (primary), p h tr ch zo n e i v6 te st.co m v c c zo n e t n m i n n g c ch o c c v n g ch p a s d n g tro n g m n g th n g hi m . Linux1 c tn m i n dn s1 dc8.ipv6test.com. My Linux2 l m y ch t n m i n th c p (seco n d a ry), c tn m i n dns2-dc9.ipv6test.com.
Trn my tnh dns1-dc8. C u h n h m y Linux1 th n h m y ch t n m i n primary C u h n h fie n a m ed .co n f l S d n g vi s a i fie c u h n h n a m e d .co n f. m b o c n h n g th n g l ti n h sa u : n T ro n g p h n o p ti n s o directory /var/named; allow-transfer {a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux2;}; listen-on-v6 port 53 { any;} ; Trong named.conf c cc zone sau: zone "." in { type hint; file "named.root"; }; (2) zo ne ch o ch l o pa ck c a IPv6 a o
(1) zone g c
180
zone "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 .0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa." { type master; file "localhostv6"; }; (3) zone IPv6test.com m DNS1 lm my ch ch n h zone "ipv6test.com." in { type master; file "db.ipv6test.com"; }; (4) zo ne t n m i n n g c ch o v n g ch 20 01 :d c8 ::/6 4 a zone { "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa."
type master; file "reverse-2001-0dc8"; }; (5) zo ne t n m i n n g c ch o v n g ch 20 01 :d c9 ::/6 4 a zone { "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.9.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa."
type master; file "reverse-2001-0dc9"; }; C u h n h c c fie d l u l i T ro n g th m c /va r/n a m e d c n c c c fie d l u sa u : l i (1) Fie d lu c c m y ch ro o t l i named.root (2) Fie d lu ch o ch loopback IPv6 l i a T o fie l cal o stv6 v s d n g vi so n th o fie c n i d u ng n h sa u : l o h l
$TTL 86400 ; @ IN SOA dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. postmaster.ipv6test.com. ( 2005170901; s thng tng ng seri, cn thay i theo
181
ngy
1800; thi gian cp nht 3600; thi gian th cp nht li 86400; thi gian ht hn 6400; thi gian lu tr ); IN NS dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. $ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa. 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 IN PTR localhost. (3) Fie d l u cho zo n e ipv6test.com. T ron g c kh a i ha i b n g hi l i ch ch o ha i tra ng w e b s d n g l n th n ghi m . a T o fie d l u d b .i v6te st.co m v s d n g trn h so n th o vi so n l i p th o fie c n i d u ng n h sa u : l $TTL 86400 ; @ IN SOA dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. postmaster.ipv6test.com. ( 2005170901 ; s seri, cn thay i theo ngy thng tng ng 1800; thi gian cp nht 3600; thi gian th cp nht li 86400; thi gian ht hn 6400; thi gian lu tr ); IN IN dns1-dc8 NS NS dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. dns2-dc9.ipv6test.com.
$ORIGIN IPv6test.com. IN AAAA a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux1
182
dns2-dc9 web1 web2
IN AAAA a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux2 IN AAAA a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux1 IN AAAA a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux1
C h n g ta s s d n g m y Linux1 n g th i lm m y ch m y ch w e b , l u tr hai trang web (web1 v web2). (4) Fie d lu t n m i n n g c ch o v n g ch 20 0 1 :d c8::/6 4 l i a T o fie d l u re ve rse -2001-0 d c8 v s d n g vi so n th o fie c n i l i l d u n g n h sa u : $TTL 86400 ; @ IN SOA dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. postmaster.ipv6test.com. ( 2005170901 ; s seri, cn thay i theo ngy thng tng ng 1800; thi gian cp nht 3600; thi gian th cp nht li 86400; thi gian ht hn 6400; thi gian lu tr ); IN NS dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. IN NS dns2-dc9.ipv6test.com. $ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. Thm b n g hi P T R th e o ng d n g cho my dns1-dc8.ipv6.com nh th e o ch IPv6 c a m y v tr v tn m i n c a m y. a (5) Fie d lu t n m i n n g c ch o v n g ch 20 0 1 :d c9::/6 4 l i a T o fie d l u re ve rse -2001-0 d c9 v s d n g vi so n th o fie c n i l i l d u n g n h sa u : $TTL 86400 ; @ IN SOA dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. postmaster.ipv6test.com. ( 2005170901; s thng tng ng seri, cn thay i theo ngy
1800; thi gian cp nht
3600; thi gian th cp nht li 86400; thi gian ht hn 6400; thi gian lu tr ); IN NS dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. IN NS dns2-dc9.ipv6test.com.
183
$ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.9.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. Thm b n g hi P T R th e o ng d n g cho m y dns2-dc9.ipv6.com nh th e o ch IPv6 c a m y v tr v tn m i n c a m y a S a i fie re so l r /e tc/re so l l ve v.co n f D n g vi s a i fie /e tc/re sol l v.co n f c ni d u ng n h sa u : nameserver a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux1 K h i n g d v n a m e d ch K i m tra h o t ng c a na m e d T ru y vn c c t n m i n sa u : dns1-dc8.ipv6test.com. web1.ipv6test.com. web2.ipv6test.com.
Trn my tnh dns2-dc9: C u h n h m y Linux2 th n h m y ch t n m i n th c p : C u h n h fie n a m ed .co n f l S d n g vi s a i fie c u h n h n a m e d .co n f. m b o c n h n g th n g l ti n h sa u : n T ro n g p h n o p ti n s o directory /var/named; listen-on-v6 port 53 { any;} ; Trong named.conf c cc zone sau:
184
(1) zone g c zone "." in { type hint;
file "named.root"; }; (2) zo ne ch o ch l o pa ck c a IPv6 a o zone "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 .0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa." { type master; file "localhostv6"; }; (3) zone IPv6test.com m DNS2 lm my th c p zone "ipv6test.com." in { type slave; masters { dia_chi_ipv6_ca_my_dns_chnh; }; file "db.ipv6test.com"; }; (4) zo ne t n m i n n g c ch o v n g ch 20 01 :d c8 ::/6 4 a zone "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa." { type slave; masters { dia_chi_ipv6_ca_my_dns_chnh; }; file "reverse-2001-0dc8"; }; (5) zo ne t n m i n n g c ch o v n g ch 20 01 :d c9 ::/6 4 a zone "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.9.c.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa." { type slave; masters { a_ch_ipv6_ca_my_dns_chnh; }; file "reverse-2001-0dc9"; };
C u h n h c c fie d l u l i
185
Do my dns2 l my ch th c p n n tro n g th m c /va r/n a m e d ch c n t o c c fie d l u n a m e d .ro o t v l l o stv6 . C c fie d l u l i oca h l i c n l s c m y ch d n s th c p t ng c p n h t (zone transfer) i v i m y ch d n s ch nh . S a i fie re so l r /e tc/re so l l ve v.co n f Dng vi s a i fie /e tc/re sol l v.co n f c ni d u ng n h sa u : nameserver a_ch_ipv6_my_Linux2 K h i n g d v n a m e d ch K i m tra d l u c zone tra n sfe r g i a ha i my i dig@::1 IPv6test.com SOA
C u h n h d v F T P ch
C u h n h vsftpd c ci t trn m y tnh Linux1 h tr k t n i IPv6. S a i fie c u h n h vsftp d .co n f l K h i s d n g gi (package) tro n g a ci h i u h n h Linux, fie c u l h n h c a vsftp d c t ti th m c /e tc/vsftp d S d n g vi so n th o fie c u h n h , s d n g c c th n h sa u : l X a b th u c tn h lste n = Y E S v th m v o : i listen_ipv6=YES listen_port=21 S d n g g i o d i n h a kh i n g d v vsftp d . a ch
C u h n h d v W eb v i V i al H o st ch rtu
T a s th c hi n c u h n h A p a ch e m y ch w e b l u tr hai trang w e b , tru y c p b ng k t n i IPv6. C u h n h m y ch w eb n g he l u l ng ch IPv6 a S d n g vi so n th o fie c u h n h ca A p a che l (/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf)
186
T m n p h n Li n v s d n g th Li n n h sa u : ste ste Listen 80 H i u h n h Linux h tr ch IPv4-m a p d o v y c th s d n g a th u c tn h c tn h ch t ch u ng n h trn M y ch w e b m n h n k t n i IPv6 v IPv4 c n g so cke t. C u hn h c th w e b t i ch n o s a th c h i n tro ng m c V i al o st. rtu h
C u h n h V i a l o st rtu h T m n p h n N a m e V i al o st v s d ng th n h sa u : rtu H NameVirtualHost *:80 T m n m c V i al o st v c u h nh h ai th n h sa u : rtu H <VirtualHost [::]:80> ServerAdmin webmaster@ipv6test.com DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web1 ServerName web1.ipv6test.com </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost [::]:80> ServerAdmin webmaster@ipv6test.com DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web2 ServerName web2.ipv6test.com </VirtualHost> K h i n g d v W e b ch S d n g scri t i u khi n (ti /u sr/l cal p a ch e 2 /bi ) ki m tra c p h p p o /a n Virtualhost: cd /usr/local/apache2/bin ./bin/httpd S N u n h n c p tr syn ta x O K t c b n kha i b o ch n h x c Virtualhost K h i n g a p a ch e : ./apachectl start
187
K h i m y ch w e b s n s n g cu n g c p d v , h tr k t n i ch a ch IPv6.
Ki m tra cc d v h tr ch IPv6 ch a
D v FTP ch S d n g IPv6 ftp client (NextFTP) ci t tr n c c m y tn h Window 2 0 0 3 th d ng d v F T P IPv6. ch C h y p h n m m N e xtF T P . T o m t k t n i m i (ch n FTP -> Connect -> New Host), tru y c p d i a ccou n t c t o tr n m y Linux1 i te st: pv6 Host Address: a_ch_IPv6_ca_my_Linux1 UserID: IPv6test Password: IPv6test IP Version: IPv6
H h 45: G i o d i n c a ch n g tr h N e xtF T P n a n
M m t c a s t i m y Linux1 b t gi tin tra o i:
188
tcpdump -t -n -i eth0 -s 512 -vv ip6 or proto IPv6 T i l n (Upload) h o c ti xu n g (download) fie gi a h ai m y tn h , b n l s q u a n st c c c g i ti c trao i gi a h a i m y. n
D v DNS, WEB ch T h i t l p w e b si te Trn my tnh Linux1, t o ha i th m c web1, we b 2 tro n g th m c ti l u w e b g c ca A p a ch e /usr/local/apache2/htdocs i B n h y th i t l p h ai w e b si web1 v web2, ( t trang index l te i d e x.h tm l B n c th s d n g N e xtF T P y n i d un g w e b si l n n ). te my Linux1 , v t tro n g h ai th m c /u sr/l l a ch e 2 /h td o cs/w e b 1 , oca /ap /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web2. H o c n g i n th i t l p n i d u n g tra n g web n h sa u : cd /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/web1 touch index.html echo Day index.html cd ../web2 touch index.html echo Day index.html la - To trang web2 trang web2 thu nghiem IPv6 > la - To trang web1 trang web1 thu nghiem IPv6 >
Trn cc my tnh Linux1, Linux2 s d n g trn h d u y t M o zil tru y cp la c c tra n g w e b ang c l u tr ti m y Linux1 http://web1.ipv6test.com http://web2.ipv6test.com K h i tru y c p c ni d u ng c c tra n g w e b , d v D N S v W e b ch IPv6 h o t n g t t.
T I L I U T H A M K H O

RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification RFC 3513 IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture RFC 3587 IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format RFC 2375 IPv6 Multicast Address Assignments RFC 3306 Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast Addresses RFC 3879 Deprecating Site Local Addresses RFC 3177 IAB/IESG Recommendations on IPv6 Address Allocations to Sites RFC 3307 Allocation Guidelines for IPv6 Multicast Addresses RFC 2462 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration RFC 3041 Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6 RFC 3315 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) RFC 1981 PathMTU Discovery for IP version 6 RFC 1981 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6) RFC 2710 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6 RFC 2463 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification RFC 3697 IPv6 Flow Label Specification RFC 3596 DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6 RFC 3363 Representing Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Addresses in the Domain Name System (DNS) How IPv6 works T i l u c a M i so ft. i cro Introduction to IP Version 6 T i l u c a M i so ft i cro IPv6 Transition Technologies T i lu c a M i so ft. i cro The ABCs of IP version 6 T i l u ca C i i sco
190

IPv6 for Cisco IOS T i l u ca C i i sco Cisco routing TCPIP Tc gi Je ff D o yl . N h xu t b n C i e sco Press IPv6 Network Administration T c gi D a vi Malone, Niall Murphy. d N h xu t b n O ' eil R ly
N i d u ng c b i so n tro n g s ch G i i th i u v th h ch n a Internet m i IPv6 cn c th a m kh o v t n g h p t n h n g t i l u i t i n h n g ch W eb si sa u y: a te http://www.microsoft.com http://www.cisco.com http://www.ipv6tf.org http://ns.ipv6style.jp http://www.tcpipguide.com http://www.apnic.net http://www.ripe.net
C h tr ch n h i m xu t b n u L U C V N
B i n t p : N G U Y N T H N G C C h bn: N G U Y N A N H D N G Trnh by ba: P H M A N H P H N G
N H X U T B N B U I N
T r s : 18 N gu yn D u , T P . H N i
i n th o i 0 4 .9 4 3 0 2 0 2 - 04.9431283 - 04.9432438; : E-mail: bientap@hn.vnn.vn i n th o i 0 8 .9 1 0 0 9 2 5 ; : E-mail: chinhanh-nxbbd@hcm.vnn.vn C h i n h n h T P . N n g : 42 T rn Q u c T o n , H i C h u , T P . N n g i n th o i 0 5 1 1 .8 9 7 4 6 7 ; : E-mail: pnbich@mpt.gov.vn Fax: 0511.897467 Fax: 04.9431285 Website: www.nxbbuudien.com.vn
C h i n h n h : 27 N gu yn B n h K h im , Q u n 1, T P . H C h M in h
Fax: 08.9100924
In 1.200 b n , kh 1 9 x2 7 cm , t i C n g ty i H n g P h n S n g k k h o ch xu t b n : 9 6 -2006/CXB/34 - 0 8 /B u S q u y t h xu t b n 103/Q -N X B B n g y 05/7/2006 n In xo n g v n p l u ch i u th n g 7 n m 2 0 0 6 .

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M s : KT 02 SM 06

I.2 . P h n l i th n g i p IC M P V 6 ........................................................................... 104 o

II. T H T C N D ............................................................................................... 108

III. M T S Q U Y T R N H H O T N G C B N C A A C H IP v6 ............. 117

IV . T H T C Q U N L Q U A N H T H N H V I N M U L T IC A S T - MLD ............ 128

V . T H C H N H Q U A N S T G IA O T I P V H O T N G C A C C NODE IPv6 ...................................................................................................... 131

C H N G 4:C N G N G H C H U Y N I G IA O T I P IP V 6 IPV4.................................................................... 145

II. M T S C N G N G H T O N G H M ................................................ 150

III. T H C H N H T H I T L P V S D N G N G H M ............................ 161

C H N G 5 : T H I T L P M N G T H N G H I M C H D N G A C H IP V 6 C U N G C P M T S D C H V D N S , W E B , FTP ................... 169

II. T H C H N H T H I T L P M N G ................................................................. 173

V i a l P ri te N e tw o rk. c n h c t i n h m t m n g tro n g c c c p h n rtu va m n g c ch n h a u b i v tr l c k t n i th n g q u a In te rn e t c n g c n g a so n g d l u tru y n q u a In te rn e t c m h o , d o v y to n b m n g c i xe m n h m t m n g ri n g o .

CHNG 1 A C H INTERNET P H I N B N 4 (IP V 4 ) V T H H A C H INTERNET M I (IPV6)

I.1. C c h s th p p h n , n h p h n , h exa d eci al m

Host ID (32 n bit)

ch IPv4 u ti n c a m t m n g , t c ch v i p h n Host ID ton a a g i tr 0 c s d ng x c h m n g . n V d:

II. H N C H C A T H H A C H IPV4 V M C T I U P H T T R I N IPV6

II.1. S cn kit ch IPv4 a

IPv6 Dy ng Khng dy Cp quang PLC ...

IPv4 dng ring

IPv4 dng ring

II.3. M c ti tro n g th i k IPv6 u t

III. H I N T R N G T R I N K H A I IPv6 T O N C U III.1. T iu ch u n h a IPv6

III.2. T n h h h th n gh i , p h t trin IPv6 n m

n g h m k t n i IPv6 t i m n g c a t ch c n y. H i n a y, c n r t n hi u t ch c th c h i ch c n n g c u n i nh v y. C n g n gh n n g h m (tunnel) c m t tro n g ch ng 4 c a s ch .

I. CCH B I U D I N V C U T R C A C H IPV6 I.2. T n g q u an v a ch IPv6, kh c b i so v i IPv4 t

m t th i t b IPv6 h o t n g b n h th n g , n p h i c g n n g th i n hi u l i ch kh c n h a u. o a T ro n g cu tr c ch IPv6 c n c m t c ch th c n o a nh n d ng c c l i ch IPv6. o a

d i n o d n h ch o c n g ng h n g h m (tu n n el) c m t trong ch ng 4 c a sch.

32 cm 4 bit = 32 ch s hexa = 8 cm 4 ch s hexa 2000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:CBA2:39B7

V n g ch 2 0 0 1 :D C 8 :0:0::/64 t n g n g v i d i ch b t u a a t 2 0 0 1 :0 D C 8 :0 :0:0 :0 :0 :0 n 2001:0DC8:0:0:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF

h danh gi o di n n a (Interface ID)

I.4. h d an h g iao d in tro n g ch IPv6 n a

ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

ccccccug cccccccc cccccccc

11111111 11111110 0xFF 0xFE 64 bit

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

Ethernet MAC (48 bit) 00

0000 00U0 h d an h g i d i n ao n (64 bit)

II. C U T R C N H A C H V C C D N G A C H IPv6 II.1 T n g q u an v p h n l i a ch IP v6 o

G i tr G ro u p ID 1 (X c h n nhm multicast m in o d e ) 1 (X c h n nhm multicast m in o d e )

ch m u l ca st 1 (X c h a ti n m i n o d e p h m vi p h m vi node node) ch m u l ca st a ti 2 (X c h n m i n o d e p h m vi p h m vi ln k) i link

Xc h m i n node IPv6 trong p h m vi m t n g k t n i

ch m u l ca st 1 (X c h a ti n m i ro u te r p h m p h m vi tro n g vi node m t th i t b ) 2 (X c h n ch m u l ca st a ti p h m vi m t m i ro u te r p h m n g k t vi link ni ) ch m u l ca st 5 (X c h a ti n m i ro u te r p h m p h m vi m t vi site m ng)

H h 17: C u th n h ch m u l ca st solicited node t ch u n i st n a ti a ca

II.5. L a ch n a ch m c n h tro n g IPv6

N gu n l ch IPv4-compatible --> ch l ch IPv4-compatible. a a N g u n l ch IPv4-map a --> ch l ch IPv4-map. a

T ro n g h i u h nh Windows, ch n g ta c th xe m g i tr c a b n g P o lcy T abl b ng l n h : i e netsh> interface ipv6> show prefixpolicy

(3) S d n g th t tr v c a D N S : Khi node IPv6 A k t n i t i m t n o d e B n o , n c th l a ch n ch ch ch o g i o ti p tron g s a a n h n g ch c a B d a tr n th t tr v t tru y v n D N S . a

Bit ::1 FE80::/10 FEC0::/10 2000::/3

D n g ch a ch l o p b a ck a o ch Link-local a ch si l ca l a te o ch h d a n h to n c u . Trong a n : 2002::/16 ch 6 to 4 a

D n g ch o c n g n g h tu n n e l t n g . D n g tro n g b i n d ch ch IPv6-IPv4. a K h i c n th i t p h i bi u di n m t node th u n IPv4 thnh node IPv6.

III.2. N h n g d n g ch my tnh IPv6 n g h e l u l n g v x a l

ch c c nh m m u l ca st kh c m c c g i o di n th a m g i (khi a ti a a my tnh c c u h n h n h n l u l n g tro n g c n g n gh truy n t i m u l ca st q u a c c m n g (t n g t n h c n g n g h m u l ca st c a ti ti IPv4).

III.3. N h n g d n g a ch router IPv6 n g h e l u l n g v x l

N g i s d n g kh n g cn thi t ph i c u hn h ro u te r g n n h n g a ch m u l ca st tro n g p h m vi m t n g k t n i Khi b h tu y n ti . n (router) c kch ho t h tr IPv6, h i h n h (v d C i u sco O S ) s t n g g n n h n g ch n y ch o router IPv6. a

T h c h i so s n h h ai d n g th c m o u IPv4 v IPv6, s th y m t n s tr n g c gi n g u y n, m t s tr n g tro n g m o u IPv6 th c h i n ch c n n g t ng t trong IPv4, c tr n g c th m v o v m t s tr n g c b i .

th y n h n g th a y i v n n g c p tro n g ph n m o u IPv6, chng ta s n h c l v c c tr n g tro n g p h n m o u c a IPv4 v ch c i n n g c a ch n g , sa u s so s nh v i p h n m o u c a IPv6.

IV.2. M o u c a IPv6 - N h n g th a y i, ci ti so v i IPv4 n

Hop by Hop l m o u m r n g c t u ti n n ga y sa u mo u c b n . M o u n y c s d n g x c h n h n g th a m s n n h t h ti m i b c (hop) tr n n g tru yn d n g i ti t n g u n t i n n ch . D o v y s c x l ti m i b h tu y n (ro u ter) tr n n g n tru y n d n g i ti n. ch (Destination)

M o u m r ng P hn m n h m a ng th ng ti h tr cho qu trnh ph n n m n h v ti to gi ti IPv6 (xe m th m ch ng 3). M o u m rn g n

IPv6 T ng b c ch h tu y n n P hn m nh X c th c M ha ch L p tr n X l b i m i b h tu y n tr n n g n X l b i b h tu y n l t k tro n g m o u h tu y n n i n L i t k b h tu y n s i q u a n X l t i ch X l t i ch , sa u kh i t i t o g i ti n M ha thng tin C h c x l t i ch

V.2. C h t l n g d v QoS tro n g th h a ch IPv6 ch