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Chng VII - Cun dy & Bin p

1. Cu to ca cun cm. Cun cm gm mt s vng dy qun li thnh nhiu vng, dy qun c sn emay cch in, li cun dy c th l khng kh, hoc l vt liu dn t nh Ferrite hay li thp k thut .

Cun dy li khng kh

Cun dy li Ferit

K hiu cun dy trn s : L1 l cun dy li khng kh, L2 l cun dy li ferit, L3 l cun dy c li chnh, L4 l cun dy li thp k thut 2. Cc i lng c trng ca cun cm. a) H s t cm ( nh lut Faraday) H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy khi c dng in bin thin chy qua. L = ( r.4.3,14.n2.S.10-7 ) / l L : l h s t cm ca cun dy, n v l Henrry (H) n : l s vng dy ca cun dy. l : l chiu di ca cun dy tnh bng mt (m) S : l tit din ca li, tnh bng m2 r : l h s t thm ca vt liu lm li . b) Cm khng Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca cun dy i vi dng in xoay chiu . ZL = 2.3,14.f.L

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Trong : ZL l cm khng, n v l f : l tn s n v l Hz L : l h s t cm , n v l Henry

Th nghim v cm khng ca cun dy vi dng in xoay chiu * Th nghim trn minh ho : Cun dy ni tip vi bng n sau c u vo cc ngun in 12V nhng c tn s khc nhau thng qua cc cng tc K1, K2 , K3 , khi K1 ng dng in mt chiu i qua cun dy mnh nht ( V ZL = 0 ) => do bng n sng nht, khi K2 ng dng in xoay chu 50Hz i qua cun dy yy hn ( do ZL tng ) => bng n sng yu i, khi K3 ng , dng in xoay chiu 200Hz i qua cun dy yu nht ( do ZL tng cao nht) => bng n sng yu nht. => Kt lun : Cm khng ca cun dy t l vi h s t cm ca cun dy v t l vi tn s dng in xoay chiu, ngha l dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh, dng in mt chiu c tn s f = 0 Hz v vy vi dng mt chiu cun dy c cm khng ZL = 0 c) in tr thun ca cun dy. in tr thun ca cun dy l in tr m ta c th o c bng ng h vn nng, thng thng cun dy c phm cht tt th in tr thun phi tng i nh so vi cm khng, in tr thun cn gi l in tr tn hao v chnh in tr ny sinh ra nhit khi cun dy hot ng. 3. Tnh cht np , x ca cun cm * Cun dy np nng lng : Khi cho mt dng in chy qua cun dy, cun dy np mt nng lng di dng t trng c tnh theo cng thc W = L.I 2 / 2

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W : nng lng ( June ) L : H s t cm ( H ) I dng in.

Th nghim v tnh np x ca cun dy. th nghim trn : Khi K1 ng, dng in qua cun dy tng dn ( do cun dy sinh ra cm khng chng li dng in tng t ngt ) v vy bng n sng t t, khi K1 va ngt v K2 ng , nng lng np trong cun dy to thnh in p cm ng phng ngc li qua bng n lm bng n lo sng => l hin tng cun dy x in.

4. Loa ( Speaker ) Loa l mt ng dng ca cun dy v t trng.

Loa 4 - 20W ( Speaker )

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Cu to v hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker ) Cu to ca loa : Loa gm mt nam chm hnh tr c hai cc lng vo nhau , cc N gia v cc S xung quanh, gia hai cc to thnh mt khe t c t trng kh mnh, mt cun dy c gn vi mng loa v c t trong khe t, mng loa c bng gn cao su mm gip cho mng loa c th d dng dao ng ra vo. Hot ng : Khi ta cho dng in m tn ( in xoay chiu t 20 Hz => 20.000Hz ) chy qua cun dy, cun dy to ra t trng bin thin v b t trng c nh ca nam chm y ra, y vo lm cun dy dao ng => mng loa dao ng theo v pht ra m thanh. Ch : Tuyt i ta khng c a dng in mt chiu vo loa , v dng in mt chiu ch to ra t trng c nh v cun dy ca loa ch lch v mt hng ri dng li, khi dng mt chiu qua cun dy tng mnh ( do khng c in p cm ng theo chiu ngc lai ) v vy cun dy s b chy . 5 . Micro

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Micro Thc cht cu to Micro l mt chic loa thu nh, v cu to Micro ging loa nhng Micro c s vng qun trn cun dy ln hn loa rt nhiu v vy tr khng ca cun dy micro l rt ln khong 600 ( tr khng loa t 4 - 16 ) ngoi ra mng micro cng c cu to rt mng d dng dao ng khi c m thanh tc ng vo. Loa l thit b chuyn dng in thnh m thanh cn micro th ngc li , Micro i m thanh thnh dng in m tn. 6.R le ( Relay)

R le R le cng l mt ng dng ca cun dy trong sn xut thit b in t, nguyn l hot ng ca Rle l bin i dng in thnh t trng thng qua qun dy, t trng li to thnh lc c hc thng qua lc ht thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nh ng m cng tc, ng m cc hnh trnh ca mt thit b t ng vv...

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Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca R le

7. Bin p. Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm mt cun s cp ( a in p vo ) v mt hay nhiu cun th cp ( ly in p ra s dng) cng qun trn mt li t c th l l thp hoc li ferit .

K hiu ca bin p * T s vng / vol ca bin p . Gi n1 v n2 l s vng ca qun s cp v th cp. U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp U2 v I2 l in p v dng in i ra t cun th cp. Ta c cc h thc nh sau : U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v th cp t l thun vi s vng dy qun. U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t l nghch vi in p, ngha l nu ta ly ra in p cng cao th cho dng cng nh. * Cng xut ca bin p . Cng xut ca bin p ph thuc tit din ca li t, v ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu, bin p hot ng tn s cng cao th cho cng xut cng ln. * Phn loi bin p . * Bin p ngun v bin p m tn:

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Bin p ngun

Bin p ngun hnh xuyn

Bin p ngun thng gp trong Cassete, mply .. , bin p ny hot ng tn s in li 50Hz , li bin p s dng cc l Tnsilic hnh ch E v I ghp li, bin p ny c t s vng / vol ln. Bin p m tn s dng lm bin p o pha v bin p ra loa trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn,bin p cng s dng l Tnsilic lm li t nh bin p ngun, nhng l tnsilic trong bin p m tn mng hn trnh tn hao, bin p m tn hot ng tn s cao hn , v vy c s vng vol thp hn, khi thit k bin p m tn ngi ta thng ly gi tr tn s trung bnh khong 1KHz - n 3KHz. * Bin p xung & Cao p .

Bin p xung

Cao p

Bin p xung l bin p hot ng tn s cao khong vi chc KHz nh bin p trong cc b ngun xung , bin p cao p . li bin p xung lm bng ferit , do hot ng tn s cao nn bin p xung cho cng xut rt mnh, so vi bin p ngun thng thng c cng trng lng th bin p xung c th cho cng xut mnh gp hng chc ln.

Chng VIII - Cht bn dn & Diode .

1. Cht bn dn. Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc loi linh kin bn dn nh Diode, Transistor, IC m ta thy trong cc thit b in t ngy nay.

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Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia cht dn in v cht cch in, v phng din ho hc th bn dn l nhng cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht Germanium ( Ge) v Silicium (Si) T cc cht bn dn ban u ( tinh khit) ngi ta phi to ra hai loi bn dn l bn dn loi N v bn dn loi P, sau ghp cc ming bn dn loi N v P li ta thu c Diode hay Transistor. Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4 in t, th tinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin kt vi nhau theo lin kt cng ho tr nh hnh di.

Cht bn dn tinh khit . 2. Cht bn dn loi N * Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo cht bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia lin kt v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn dn lc ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in m) v c gi l bn dn N ( Negative : m ).

Cht bn dn N 3. Cht bn dn loi P

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Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nh Indium (In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1 nguyn t Indium s lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt in t => tr thnh l trng ( mang in dng) v c gi l cht bn dn P.

Cht bn dn P

4. Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn. Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode . * hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.

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K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn. 5. Phn cc thun cho Diode. Khi ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in p m (-) vo Katt ( vng bn dn N ) , khi di tc dng tng tc ca in p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gi hai cc t 0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge ) th din tch min cch in gim bng khng => Diode bt u dn in. Nu tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode tng nhanh nhng chnh lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng tng (vn gi mc 0,6V )

Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn in p thun c gim mc 0,6V

ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode * Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si) c phn cc thun, nu in p phn cc thun < 0,6V th cha c dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua Diode sau dng in qua Diode tng nhanh nhng st p thun vn gi gi tr 0,6V . 6. Phn cc ngc cho Diode. Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn P), di s tng tc ca in p ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ngn cn dng in i qua mi tip gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln khong 1000V th diode mi b nh thng.

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Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V 7. Phng php o kim tra Diode

o kim tra Diode t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode, nu : o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l => Diode tt Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp. Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode b t. php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 b t Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt cht l Diode b d.

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8. ng dng ca Diode bn dn . * Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng . trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode cu c dng .

Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu .

9. Diode Zener * Cu to : Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p c nh bng gi tr ghi trn diode.

Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch. S trn minh ho ng dng ca Dz, ngun U1 l ngun c

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in p thay i, Dz l diode n p, R1 l tr hn dng. Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun c nh cho d ngun U1 thay i. Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng ngc qua Dz c gi tr gii hn khong 30mA. Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2 ln Dz v lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ngc ln nht qua Dz < 30mA.

Nu U1 < Dz th khi U1 thay i p trn Dz cng thay i Nu U1 > Dz th khi U1 thay i => p trn Dz khng i. 10. Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode ) Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P - N , dng in ngc qua diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.

K hiu ca Photo Diode

Minh ho s hot ng ca Photo Diode 11. Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED )

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Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led khong t 5mA n 20mA Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo trng thi c in . vv...

Diode pht quang LED 12. Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung ) Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung bin i khi ta thay i in p ngc t vo Diode.

n dng ca Diode bin dung Varicap ( VD ) trong mch cng hng hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p ngc t vo Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca diode thay i => lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch. Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu, trong cc mch iu chnh tn s cng hng bng in p. 13. Diode xung Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi dng Diode xung chnh lu. diode xung l diode lm vic tn s cao khong vi chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng th thay th vo v tr diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c th thay th cho v tr diode thng, diode xung c gi thnh cao hn diode thng nhiu ln. V c im , hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi Diode thng, tuy nhin Diode xung thng c vng dnh du t nt hoc nh du bng hai vng

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K hiu ca Diode xung 14. Diode tch sng. L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im v mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P - N ti mt im trnh in dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn dng tch sng tn hiu. 15. Diode nn in. L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun AC 50Hz , Diode ny thng c 3 loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.

Diode nn in 5A

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959