NHM 4 - Cac Phuong Phap Bao Quan Luong Thuc Trang Thai Kho

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM
THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
Tn Ti:
CC PHNG PHP BO QUN LNG

THC TRNG THI KH
GVHD : HONG TH TRC HUNH

SVTH : TRN TH KIM NGC
3005080038
TRN TH THANH THY
3005080052
TRNG TH MINH TRC 3005080062
TPHCM, 05/2011
Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm
Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM
MC LC
LI M U ..................................................................................................................3
CHNG I.GII THIU CHUNG V CY LNG THC ..................................... 4
1.1 Gii thiu v ht lng thc ............................................................................................. 4
1.1.1 Phn loi thc vt cc loi cy lng thc ly ht. ......................................... 5

1.1.2 Ngun gc ca cc cy lng thc. ................................................................. 5
1.1.3 Vai tr ca ht lng thc i vi dinh dng ngi. .................................... 6
1.2 Cu to ht lng thc ...................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 V.....................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Lp aleurone v ni nh .................................................................................. 9
1.2.3 Phi ..................................................................................................................9
1.3 Thnh phn ha hc .......................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Glucid ca ht lng thc .............................................................................10

1.3.2 Protein ca ht lng thc ............................................................................11
1.3.3 Lipid ca ht lng thc ................................................................................12
1.3.4 Khong ...........................................................................................................12
1.3.5 Cc vitamin ....................................................................................................12
1.3.6 Enzym ............................................................................................................13
CHNG II: CC QU TRNH BIN I GY H HNG LNG THC ...... 14
2.1 Cc yu t mi trng: ................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1 Nhit : ........................................................................................................14

2.1.2 m khng kh: ..........................................................................................15
2.1.3 Thnh phn khng kh ...................................................................................15
2.1.4 Tc ng c hc.............................................................................................16
2.1.5 Vi sinh vt ......................................................................................................16
2.1.6 Cn trng hi lng thc ...............................................................................17
2.2 Cc yu t sinh hc ......................................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Qu trnh h hp ............................................................................................18

2.2.2 Qu trnh ny mm ........................................................................................19
2.2.3 Qu trnh t bc nng ....................................................................................19
2.2.4 Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch: ........................................................................20
CHNG III: CC PHNG PHP BO QUN LNG THC TRNG
THI KH.....................................................................................................................21
3.1 Nguyn tc: .................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Mc ch v phm vi ng dng ...................................................................................... 21
3.3 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh lm kh ............................................................................ 22
3.4 nh hng ca qu trnh sy ti cht lng ca ht. ..................................................... 23
3.5 Cc phng php sy ...................................................................................................... 23
3.5.1 Phng php sy t nhin .............................................................................24

3.5.2 Sy nhn to ...................................................................................................25
3.5.2.1. Phng php sy hai giai on .............................................................. 27
GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh
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3.5.2.2 Phng php sy nhiu giai on ........................................................... 27

CHNG IV. THIT B MY ....................................................................................28
4.1 Phn loi thit b ............................................................................................................. 28

4.2 Dng thit b sy tnh ...................................................................................................... 28
4.3 Dng thit b sy ng .................................................................................................... 30
KT LUN ....................................................................................................................33
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................34
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LI M U
Nh chng ta bit lng thc l ngun thc phm chnh cung cp hn mt
na nhu cu nng lng cho con ngi. Ngoi ra n cn cung cp cho chng ta
protein, vitamin v mt s loi khong cht khc. Trong ba n hng ngy, lng thc
c tiu th vi t l cao nht so vi tt c cc loi thc phm khc, khong 2/ 3 khi
lng thc n. T cc ht lng thc, con ngi c th ch bin ra c rt nhiu
loi thc n ngon khc nhau. Trung bnh mt nm, ton th gii sn xut v tiu th
khong gn hai t tn ht lng thc cc loi. Ht lng thc khng ch lm thc n
cho ngi m cn l ngun thc n phc v cho chn nui v l nguyn liu cho nhiu
ngnh cng nghip. u im chnh ca cc ht lng thc l c th bo qun c
trong mt thi gian tng i di.
Vit Nam thuc vng kh hu nng m, nn c kh nng sn xut lng thc
vi sn lng cao. Vit Nam tr thnh mt trong nhng nc ng u v xut
khu go. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn cn phi chu nhiu tn tht sau thu hoch do bo
qun cha hp l. Mt khc, gi tr xut khu ca go ni ring v nng phm Vit
Nam ni chung cha cao. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ch yu l do k thut ch
bin lc hu nn ch sn xut sn phm th, c gi tr thp, khch hng th gii khng
a chung.
Do , tm hiu v cc tnh cht ca ht lng thc, cc bin php hn ch cc
tn tht sau thu hoch, cc quy trnh ch bin nng cao gi tr s dng ca ht l
mt vn cn quan tm i vi tt c nhng ngi chuyn mn c lin quan n
lng thc.
Mt trong nhng bin php hn ch tn tht sau thu hoch v c s dng
rng ri nht l bo qun lng thc trng thi kh. Chng ta hy cng nhau tm
hiu!
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CHNG I.GII THIU CHUNG V CY LNG THC

1.1 Gii thiu v ht lng thc
- Lng thc thuc nhm thc phm giu tinh bt (glucid) hay ni cch khc lng
thc l tn gi mt nhm thc phm chuyn cung cp tinh bt cho c th. Do , ta c
th xem cc thc n sau thuc nhm lng thc :
- Nhm ht cc bao gm cc loi ht nh la m, thc, ng, cao lng, k,
La m
Ht k
Ng, bp
Nhm c bao gm c khoai ty, khoai m, khoai lang,
Khoai ty
Khoai lang
Khoai m
- mt s dn tc, tinh bt cn c thu nhn t mt s ht h u, chui xanh,
u
Chui
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- Sn lng lng thc l ch tiu kinh t rt quan trng phc v cho vic tnh ton,
cn i sn xut v tiu dng lng thc x hi. Theo thng k ca T chc nng
nghip v lng thc ca Lin Hp Quc v c nc trn th gii khi tnh sn lng
lng thc ch bao gm cc loi ht cc loi ht giu tinh bt nh la m, go ng,
mch,khng bao gm cc loi c.
- Vit Nam, trc nm 2000, phm vi ch tiu sn lng lng thc khng nhng
bao gm sn lng thc (la), ng sn xut m cn c sn lng mt s cy cht bt c
c ( khoai lang, sn, khoai m,) quy i ra thc theo h s qui c ( 1kg thc = 1 kg
ng ht = 3 kg khoai lang ti, sn ti = 5 kg dong ring, khoai nc). Vic qui
nh tnh ton nh trn, trong mt thi gian di phc v cho cc ngnh, cc cp ch
o sn xut, nh gi, cn i lng thc ph hp iu kin sn xut t cung, t cp
theo c ch bao cp khi nc ta cn thiu lng thc.
- Trong thi k i mi, gi c c gia thc ( la ), cc loi cy cht bt ly c cng
thay i khc trc, h s qui i c khng cn ph hp. Do , t thng 8 nm
2000, sn lng lng thc chnh c tnh bng cch cng gin n sn lng cc
cy lng thc c ht khng qui i, vi hnh thi sn phm kh, sch. Cc cy cht
bt ly c nh khoai lang, khoai nc, vn c thng k v xp vo nhm cy cht
bt c c, nhng sn lng ca n khng qui i tnh sn lng lng thc nh
trc.
1.1.1 Phn loi thc vt cc loi cy lng thc ly ht.
Theo h thng phn loi sinh vt cc cy lng thc ly ht ni chung u thuc h
ha tho ( Gramineae ) mt l mm. H ha tho c chia thnh cc phn h (
Subfamily ), mi mt phn h c chia nh thnh nhiu tc ( tribe ), mi tc li c
chia thnh nhiu ging ( genus ). Trong ging th c chia thnh nhiu loi ( species
). Di loi, ngi ta cn phn chia thnh cc ni ( cultivars ) t tn ty theo tn
ngi pht hin hay cc mc ch thng mi.
1.1.2 Ngun gc ca cc cy lng thc.
- Ht lng thc, theo ting Anh c gi l cereal, c bt ngun t tn ca mt
n thn trong thn thoi Hy Lp thn bo tr cho ma mng (Demeter), gi theo
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ting La Tin l thn Ceres. iu ny ni ln rng cc cy lng thc xut hin

trn th gii t rt lu. Ty tng vng kh hu m cc dn tc khc nhau la chn
mt loi cy khc nhau trng trt, thun ha lm cy lng thc chnh.
- i mch c xem l ngun lng thc chnh ca ngi Hi Lp c i v c ca
ngi Hindu c. Tuy nhin la m li c ng dng lm bnh sm nht.
- Cc du vt c nht ca bp c tm thy Trung M cch nay khong 3600 trc
Cng Nguyn.
- Cc ging k t xa xa ng vai tr quan trng i vi dn vng nhit i v
nhit i ca chu v chu Phi.
- Cy cao lng c ngun gc t phn h Andropogonoideae c trng rng ri trn
th gii. La mch en (Secale cerale) v yn mch (Avena sativa ) c xem l cc
loi cy lng thc t ph bin nht trong cc loi ht lng thc. Nhng nh kh nng
chu ng c cc iu kin kh hu khc nghit ca vng kh hu pha bc bn cu
nn hai loi lng thc ny cng c trng trt t rt lu. Cc nh lai to ging
c gng li to, phi hp kh nng to ra bnh ngon ca la m v kh nng thch ng
cao ca la m en. Tritical chnh l loi cy nhn to lai gia hai loi cy trn.
1.1.3 Vai tr ca ht lng thc i vi dinh dng ngi.
- Lng thc l ngun ch yu cung cp tinh bt cho
con ngi. Nhng trn c th gii , ch c khong 5%
tinh bt l c cung cp bi cc loi c, cn li 95%
ngun tinh bt trn th gii l do cc ht lng thc
cung cp. Cc ht lng thc cha khong 60-70%
tinh bt chnh l ngun cung cp nng lng rt tt
cho c th. Ngoi ra, ht lng thc cn cung cp mt
phn protein thc vt cho c th.
- Chng ta nn s dng lng thc di dng cc ph phm th, t ch bin cng tt.
Khi xay xt th, lng cm ca ht lng thc l ngun cung cp ng k vitamin
nhm B cc khong cht nh selen, canxi, km v ng.
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- Thc n u tin dnh cho tr tp n dm l ng cc, v cng l ngun thc n

rt tt duy tr sc khe cho ngi gi. i vi ngi bnh thng mt ngy cng
phi s dng 300-500g sn phm lm t ht lng thc.
- Gi tr dinh dng ca ht lng thc ph thuc nhiu vo phng php bo qun
v ch bin. Nu bo qun khng ng cch ht c th b h hng, gim gi tr dinh
dng. Trong qu trnh ch bin, hm lng cc cht dinh dng cng s tn tht mt
phn, nhng ngc li s lm tng kh nng tiu ha sn phm.
1.2 Cu to ht lng thc.
Cc ht lng thc c hnh dng, kch thc, cu to v thnh phn ha hc khc
nhau nhng u gm c ba phn chnh l v, ni nh v phi. T l gia ba phn trn
khng c nh m thay i ty theo ging, loi ht, ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin canh
tc, thi tit, thi im thu hoch, chn ca ht,
1.2.1 V
V l b phn bo v cho ni nh v phi trnh mi tc ng ca mi trng ngoi.
Thnh phn ha hc ca v ch yu l cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin v mt t cht
khong. Chiu dy v t l khi lng ca lp v ph thuc vo loi ging ht v iu
kin canh tc, cng nh thi im thu hoch. Da vo v, c th chia ht ng cc
thnh hai nhm :
- Nhm ht trn l loi ht lp v ch cha v qu v v ht nh ht ng, la m
- Nhm ht c v tru : lp v ngoi lp v ht, v qu cn c lp v tru nh la, yn
mch,lp v tru ny gip tng cng chc nng bo v ht ca v.
1. V tru
L lp bao ngoi cng ca ht, gm cc t bo rng c thnh ha g, c thnh phn
l cellulose. Cc t bo v tru c kt vi nhau nh khong v lignin. dy v tru
ty thuc vo ging ht, vo ny mm v trong khong 0,12 _0,15 mm, chim
khong 18 _19,6% so vi ton ht.
2. V qu
c cu to gm mt vi lp t bo :
Biu b ngoi cng gm cc t bo nh.
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Lp v ngoi gm 2 3 dy t bo di hng dc theo ht.

Lp v qu gia l cc t bo di hng ngang ht. i vi ht chn th lp
t bo gia trng rng, cn ht xanh th lp t bo ny cha cc ht dip lc t
nn ht c mu xanh.
Lp v qu trong l cc t bo hnh ng hng dc ht.
V qu thng lin kt khng bn vi v ht. Trong thnh phn v qu thng cha
cellulose, pentosan, pectin v khong.
3. V ht
Pha trong v qu l v ht. V ht lin kt cht ch vi lp aleurone. So vi v qu
th v ht cha t cellulose hn nhng nhiu protit v glucid hn. V qu gm hai lp
t bo :
- Lp bn ngoi l cc t bo hnh ch nht, nh, st cht vo nhau.
- Lp bn trong l cc t bo c kch thc khng ng u, xp, t thm nc nn d
dng cho m i qua. Cc t bo ny khng cha cc sc t.
V d : cu to ca mt ht go
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1.2.2 Lp aleurone v ni nh
1. Lp aleurone
Bn trong lp v l lp aleurone bao bc ni nh v phi chim khong 6-12% khi
lng ht. Lp aleurone l tn gi chung ca lp t bo dy bao xung quanh ht c ni
nh bt v phi. T bo lp aleurone l lp cc t bo ln, thnh dy hnh ch nht hay
vung c kch thc nh dn v pha ui, c cha nhiu protid, tinh bt, cellulose,
pentosan, cc git lipit, phn ln cc vitamin v khong cc ht. V vy, trong qu
trnh ch bin ht, khng nn xay xt qu k gi li cc vitamin v khong cht.
2. Ni nh
L phn d tr cht dinh dng ca ht. Cc t bo ni nh kh ln, thnh mng v
c hnh dng khc nhau ty loi ng cc. Thnh phn ha hc ca ni nh ch yu l
tinh bt v protid, ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh lipit, mui khong, cellulose v mt
s sn phm phn gii ca tinh bt nh dextrin, ng,
1.2.3 Phi
- Khi ht ny mm th phi s pht trin ln thnh cy con. V vy, trong phi cha
nhiu cht dinh dng cn thit cho s pht trin ban u. Phi cch ni nh bi mt
lp t bo gi l lp ng. L lp trung gian chuyn cc cht dinh dng t ni nh
sang phi khi ny mm. Lp ng c cu to bi t nhng t bo d thm thu cc
cht ha tan. Trong ng c cha cc enzyme, do c kh nng chuyn cc hp cht
hu c khng tan thnh cc cht ha tan.
- Thnh phn ch yu ca phi gm c protid, glucid ha tan, kh nhiu lipid,
khong, cellulose, cellulose v cc vitamin.
1.3 Thnh phn ha hc
- Thnh phn ha hc ca ht thay i rt nhiu ph thuc vo ging, loi, iu kin
canh tc, kh hu v c cch thu hi bo qun ht lng thc. nh gi cht lng
lng thc, thng cn c vo kh nng sinh nhit ca ht, hm lng cc acid amin
v acid bo khng no khng thay th, cc cht khong v vitamin.
- Cc vitamin v khong tp trung nhiu lp aleurone v phi, do chng s mt
nhiu cht dinh dng qu nu n ht bc v qu k.
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Mt khc, thnh phn ha hc ca cc ht ng cc phn b khng ng u trong

ton ht. Tinh bt tp trung nhiu ni nh, trong khi cc cht cn li tp trung nhiu
v ht.
1.3.1 Glucid ca ht lng thc
- Trong ht lng thc, glucid chim khong t 70 80% khi lng. Thnh phn
glucid l tinh bt, cn li l cc ng n gin, cellulose, hemicellulose v pentosan.
Tt c cc glucid ca ht tr cht x, u l nhng cht d tr, mc no , chng
c s dng khi ht ny mm.
a/ Tinh bt
Hm lng tinh bt trong ht thay i trong khong kh ln v thng trong khong
60-75% khi lng ca ht. Tinh bt l ngun cung cp nng lng ch yu cho con
ngi. Ngoi ra, tinh bt cn c cc tnh cht chc nng ring lm tng gi tr cm
quan cho thc phm nh kh nng to si, to mng, to gel, kh nng phng n,
Ht tinh bt ca ht lng thc bao gm hai thnh phn chnh l amylase v
amylopectin. T l gia amylase v amylopectin ca cc loi tinh bt khong 1:4. Tuy
nhin, t l ny s thay i ty theo tng loi ht. Ngoi ra trong ht tinh bt cn c
cha khong 0,5-1% lipit v mt t cc hp cht ca phospho v nit.
- Amylase l dng polymer mch thng do cc ng - D-glucose lin kt vi nhau
ti -1,4. amylase c dng mch thng. Cc nhm glucose trong amylase cng c
khong 0,1% lin kt ti v tr -1,6 to nn mch nhnh. Cc phn t amylase c cu
trc mch thng nn trong dung dch chng c khuynh hng lin kt li vi nhau to
ra cc tinh th. Do cc sn phm lm t tinh bt giu amylase c khuynh hng cho
sn phm gin.
- Amylopectin ging nh amylase, amylopectin cng l polymer ca ng -Dglucose ti cc v tr -1,4 v khong 4-5% l lin kt ti v tr -1,6. Mi nhm c
di khong 20 n 25 gc glucose. Phn t lng ca amylopectin gc ln vo khong
107-108 vc v cng thay i ty theo ging loi thc vt. Cch phn nhnh, mc
trng hp ca amylopectin t cc ging thc vt khc nhau s khc nhau.
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b/ Cc dng glucid khc :

- Ngoi tinh bt trong ht cn cha cc glucid khc nh ng v cc cht x. ng
cha nhiu trong phi cn cht x gp phn to nn t bo ht.
- Trong ht c cc loi ng nh glucose, fructose, maltose, saccharose. Cc loi
ng ny l sn phm ca vic thy phn tinh bt. Chng c kh nng tham gia phn
maillard nn gp phn to mi v mu cho sn phm. i vi sn phm c qu trnh
ln men th hm lng ng ny l c cht cho nm mem pht trin.
- Cht x l cc polysaccharide to thnh t cc monomer l ng pentose v ng
hexose nhng c th con ngi khng tiu ha c. Cc cht x trong ht nh
cellulose, -glucan, arabinogalactan-peptide, glucomannan, xylugucan
- Cht x c chia thnh nhm cht x tan trong nc v nhm cht x tan trong
nc.
Cht x khng tan trong nc gm: cellulose v hemicellulose ch yu tp
trung lp v, c bit l lp v tru, v ht v cc thnh phn t bo.
Cht x ha tan: cc cht x ha tan bao gm cc pentosan tan trong nc
(thnh phn chnh cu to nn thnh t bo ni nh), -glucan, glucofructan.
1.3.2 Protein ca ht lng thc
- Hm lng protein trong ht lng thc thay i rt nhiu ph thuc vo c ging
v iu kin pht trin. Qu trnh sinh tng hp protein ht xy ra ngay t giai on
u ca qu trnh sinh qu trong khi qu trnh sinh tng hp tinh bt bt u mun hn.
i vi ht lng thc, protein khng ch c gi tr dinh dng m cn gp phn ln
to cu trc cho cc sn phm lng thc.
- Protein ca cc loi ht khc nhau c thnh phn cc acid amin khc nhau, tuy
chng u c mt c im chung l hm lng lysine v methionine thng thp hn
rt nhiu so vi protein ca sa, trng hay tht, nht l trong nhm cc ht mch v
trong bp.
Hin nay c 4 nhm protein chnh da trn tnh tan ca chng vo cc dung mi:
albumin, globulins, prolamin, glutenlins.
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1.3.3 Lipid ca ht lng thc

Ngi ta c th phn loi cht bo v ht lng thc da theo v tr, cu to kh nng
x phng ha, kh nng ha tan ca lipid trong cc dung mi khc nhau.
a/ Nhm cc lipid kt hp vi tinh bt.
Lipid trong phc tinh bt cht bo khng th tch ra trc tip bi cc dung mi
hu c nguyn cht nh ether, nhng c th tch ra c bng dung dch nng cc
ru no trong nc nh butanol thnh phn cht bo lin kt vi tinh bt thay i
ty theo loi ht
V d: thnh phn chnh ca cht bo thu c t go l cc photpholipid, tip n l
cc lipid khng cc v cui cng l glycolipids.
b/ Nhm cht bo khng lin kt vi tinh bt gm c 6 loi:
1. Lipid n gin v lipid phc tp
2. Lipid c cc v lipid khng cc
3. Cc acid bo to nn lipid
4. Cc dn xut ca tocol
5. Cc carotenoids
6. Cc sterol
1.3.4 Khong
Hm lng khong trong ht ng cc cng thay i ty thuc vo nhiu yu t.
Thnh phn cc nguyn t khong trong la m, ng, mch en gm P v K chim 7080%, Mg chim 11-13% v Ca, S, Cl, Si tng i t. Trong khong i mch, la
go, k c hm lng Si chim 30-50%, cn K, P, Ca th t hn cc ht cc khc.
Ngoi ra, cn c Mn, Cu, chng u c vai tr quan trng trong hot ng sng
ca cc loi cy cc cng nh vai tr cn thit cho nhu cu dinh dng ca ngi v
gia sc.
1.3.5 Cc vitamin
Trong ht cc c bit c nhiu vitamin nhm B, trc ht l B1 . Trong ht, B1 ch
yu tp trung phi v lp aleuron, phn ni nh t B1 .
Ngoi ra, ht cc cn c vitamin E, vn c nhiu trong phi ht v ht ny mm.
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1.3.6 Enzym
Trong ht lng thc cha mt lng ln enzym amylase, c bit l trong cc ht
ny mm. Ngoi ra, cn c cc enzyme protease, lipase, phytase, catalase,
Cc h enzym ny c nh hng rt ln trong qu trnh bo qun v c mt vai tr
quan trng trong ch bin. Ty loi sn phm m ta to iu kin thun li hay gy bt
li cho hot ng ca cc h enzym thy phn. i vi cc h enzym oxy ha kh hu
nh cn c ch hot ng ca chng.
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CHNG II: CC QU TRNH BIN I GY H HNG LNG

THC
2.1 Cc yu t mi trng:
2.1.1 Nhit :
- Nhit l mi trng nh hng ln nht n s h hng lng thc cng nh cc
loi nng sn thc phm khc. Bi v hot ng mnh nht ca enzyme trong khi
lng thc trong khong nhit t 30 35oC. Phn ln cc enzym b mt hot tnh
nhit trn 40oC. Gii hn di ca s trao i cht l im ng lnh ca mi
trng t 0oC n -2oC. V vy, vic h thp nhit ca khi l ng thc n gi tr
thch hp nhm hn ch hot ng ca enzyme, gim cng h hp l bin php c
hiu qu ko di thi gian bo qun.
- Nhit cn nh hng ln n hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong khi lng thc
mi thu hoch. Mi loi vi sinh vt pht trin trong khong nhit gii hn nht nh,
nu chnh lch vi gii hn th hot ca chng gim i hoc chm dt hon ton.
Da vo nhit ny ngi ta chia vi sinh vt thnh 3 nhm:
Vi sinh vt a lnh: c th pht trin 0oC .
Vi sinh vt a m: pht trin mnh 20 40oC.
Vi sinh vt a nhit: pht trin mnh 50 60oC.
- nhit thp th hot ca vi sinh vt gim xung hay ngng trn nhng khng
cht m vn cn cc bo t, gp iu kin thun li chng s pht trin tr li. Li
dng tnh khng a lnh ca chng m nhiu nc p dng phng php bo qun
lnh.
- Khi nhit vt qu 50 oC th vi sinh vt cht (tr cc bo t) v nguyn sinh cht
trong t bo vi sinh vt bin tnh. Nu nhit v m cao th vi sinh vt cng chng
cht. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta dng phng php sy ht nhit cao trong
thi gian ngn tiu dit vi sinh vt trn b mt ht.
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Nhit pht trin ca mt s loi nm mc trong lng thc:

Nm mc
Nhit (oC)
Thp nht
Thch hp
Cao nht
A. restriletus
5 10
30 35
40 45
A. glaucus
05
30 35
40 45
A. candidus
10 15
45 50
50 55
A. flavus
10 15
40 45
45 50
Penicillium
05
20 25
35 45
2.1.2 m khng kh:

- m tng i (Relative Humidity RH%) l yu t mi trng quan trng th
hai i vi lng thc. m tng i ca mi trng thp, lm gim tc tng
trng ca phn ln vi sinh vt gy thi ra, nhng s mt nc ca nng sn thc
phm c tng ln.
- m cn c nh hng ln kh nng pht trin v ph hoi ca vi sinh vt.
- Nu m thp, cc cht dinh dng dng kh, khng thm thu vo t bo c
th s pht trin ca vi sinh vt b nh tr. Khi m cao, cc fetmen trong lng thc
hot ng mnh s phn hu protein, tinh bt v cc cht dinh dng khc thnh dng
n gin ho tan trong nc v thm thu vo t bo vi sinh vt, do vi sinh vt c
iu kin pht trin mnh. m gii hn ca lng thc nm mc pht trin c
theo Tritvexki khong 15 16% v lng vi khun l 16 18%.
2.1.3 Thnh phn khng kh:
- Thnh phn khng kh (hm lng O 2, CO2, N2) c nh hng trc tip n h hp
ca lng thc v vi sinh vt k sinh, v vy n cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
gy h hng khi nng sn trong qu trnh bo qun.
- Trong khng kh bnh thng, hm lng oxy l 21%, carbone dioxyt l 0.003% cn
li ch yu l nit v mt t kh khc. Khi nng cao hm lng carbone dioxyt, gim
-15-
hm lng oxy th h hp v trao i cht ni chung ca nng sn phm v vi sinh vt

iu gim. Khi nng oxy c gim n 2.5% th h hp gim 50%.
2.1.4 Tc ng c hc:
- S va p v rung ng thng gy nn s tn thng b mt, trc v, gy v, dp
nt, y l nhng yu t gp phn ln vo vic lm h hng nguyn liu lng
thc.
- S tn hi ny thng xy ra trong qu trnh thu hoch nh: tut p, bc xp vo
cc phng tin vn chuyn v trong qu trnh s ch nh: sy, lm sch v phn loi,
ra, khi lng thc c th b dp nt, sy sc, trc v, Khi b mt v ht hay
c cn nguyn vn th kh nng khng vi vi sinh vt tt hn ht trc v hay vn
nt.
2.1.5 Vi sinh vt:
- Vi sinh vt c th lm cho khi ht gim cht lng ri dn dn dn ti ph hu
hon ton. Qu trnh ph hoi ht trong thi k u thng kh pht hin, nhng khi
pht trin mnh lm cho khi ht bc nng v nn cht th cht lng ht gim r rt.
Nhng tc hi ch yu ca vi sinh vt bao gm:
Lm thay i mu sc ht: y l du hiu u tin. Mu ht thay i t mu
bnh thng tr nn vng ri xm hoc c cc chm en. Trc ht thy phi v cc

ht c m cao. Mu v ht thay i th mt tnh n hi. Khi xay b vn nt lm
gim cht lng go v cm. Khi pht trin v ht thay i mu cn phi hay sy ngay,
nu nghim trng c th ra ri sy kh.
Lm gim hay mt ny mm: Phi ht thng cha nhiu nc v cht dinh
dng ho tan, mt khc v bao phi li mng nn thng vi sinh vt pht trin phi
trc phi b ph hoi trc.
Ht c mi hi mc: Trong qu trnh pht trin vi sinh vt tit ra ng thi
phn hu cc cht hu c thnh cc cht c mi hi. Ht s hp ph mi ny. Ngi ta

c th ty mi bng cch dung cht hp ph nh than hoc ra bng dung dch H2O2,
nuc Cl2 v anhydric sunfur. Ph bin hn c l ra bng nc sch ri sy kh.
-16-
Lm tng nhit khi ht: Do h hp mnh, thy nhit nhiu, khi ht li dn
nhit km nn nhit khng thot ra c.
Vi sinh vt trong khi ht ch yu gm 4 nhm: vi khun, nm men, nm mc
v x khun. Tt c iu tp trung trn b mt ht v tp cht m khng nhim vo bn

trong ht v cn v.
2.1.6 Cn trng hi lng thc:
Cc loi cn trng hi lng thc ch yu gm 4 lp: lp cn trng, lp nhn, lp
chim, lp c v. Trong mi lp c nhiu nhnh, nhng nhnh gy tc hi ln hn c l
nhnh mt, mt, bm, chim cu, chim s, chut.
Mt
Chut
Bm
Chim s
- Tc hi do cn trng gy nn c th phn thnh cc loi ch yu sau:
n hi mt lng ln lng thc
Lm bn lng thc do trng thi phn, xc cht, lm cho lng thc c v l,
tng tp cht lm thay i thnh phn ho hc, lm gim cc cht dinh dng ca
lng thc.
-17-
Qu trnh t bc nng ca lng thc: do trong qu trnh sinh sng cn trng
h hp kh mnh thi ra mt lng nhit v m ng k.

Mt s cn trng gy kh khn trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun nh cn
hng bao b, lm h hng tng v cc chi tit bng g, cn hi v nh kn bt kn l

ry.
Gy bnh cho ngi: do mt v su thng c nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh
c bit l vi khun v nm mc sinh ra c t. c bit l chut thng gy cho ngi

nhiu bnh nguy him.
2.2 Cc yu t sinh hc:
Hot ng sng ca ht gm cc qu trnh ch yu sau: H hp, chn sau thu hoch,
ny mm, qu trnh gi v s bin dng ni nh ca thc.
2.2.1 Qu trnh h hp:
Cng nh mi c th sng khc, ht v cc loi c trong bo qun cng h hp.
trong qu trnh h hp cccht dinh dng v c b oxy ho to nng lng, mt phn
nng lng cung cp cho t bo duy tr s sng, phn ln nng lng cn li
thot ra mi trng xung quanh.
Khc vi ng vt, gii thc vt ht, c h hp trong c iu kin c oxy v c t
oxy.
- Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh h hp hiu kh l CO2 v nc. Sn phm cui
cng ca qu trnh h hp ym kh l CO 2 v ru. Lng nhit ca h p ym kh
thot ra t hn nhiu so vi h hp hiu kh.
- nh hng ca qu trnh h hp vi lng thc trong qu trnh bo qun gm:
Lm tn hao vt cht kh, tng m ca lng thc v m tng i
ca khng kh v tng nhit ca l lng thc.
Lng nhit thot ra trong qu trnh h hp ph thuc cht oxy ho v dng
h hp.
Qu trnh h hp ca h t cng mnh th lng nhit, lng nc v CO2
thot ra cng nhiu. Lng thc c tnh hp th hi nc do m ca lng thc
-18-
tng ln th qu trnh h hp cng mnh hn, ng thi cng to iu kin cho vi sinh
vt v trng b pht trin mnh.
Cng h hp ca khi lng thc mnh hay yu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t,
trc ht l m, nhit , v mc thong. Ngoi ra cn cc yu t ph nh c
tnh thc vt, iu kin chin, v iu kin thu hoch. Ht cng m th qu trnh h hp
cng mnh.
2.2.2 Qu trnh ny mm:
- Qu trnh ny mm thng xy ra i vi c ht v c lng thc trong qu trnh
bo qun.
- i vi ht, iu kin ny mm c l ht phi ht mt lng nc nht
nh v iu kin nhit v thong kh thch hp. Thiu mt trong ba iu kin trn
th ht khng th mc mm. V d: vi thc m ti thiu ch ht ny mm l 20%.
m cho ng ny mm l 38 40%, cho thc l 50 80%, cc loi u l 100 120%.
- i vi c lng thc nh: khoai ty, khoai lang, c m,mc mm l qu trnh
sinh l thng thng. Ch t ngy sau khi thu hoch c c th mc mm. Trng
hp thch hp th c mc mm nhanh, c tr nn nhn nheo, hm lng cht kh gim
rt nhanh.
2.2.3 Qu trnh t bc nng:
- Ngun gc ca qu trnh t bc nng l do tt c cc cu t sng h hp sinh ra mt
khc dn nhit ca sn phm li km nn lng nhit ny khng thot ra c hoc
thot chm lm tng nhit ca khi ht. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh t bc nng.
- Ngun nhit trong khi lng thc khi bo qun bao gm: h hp ca lng thc
chnh, h hp ca vi sinh vt (ch yu), h hp ca cc phn t khc.
- Hot ng sinh l ca khi lng thc c ng cao th thi nhit cng nhiu q u trnh
t bc nng cng nhanh, kh nng cch m v cch nhit ca kho v mc thong
cng nh hng ti qu trnh t bc nng.
- Qu trnh t bc nng cn ph thuc vo iu kin bo qun, trong ch yu nh
hng nhiu nht l chiu cao ca khi ht.
-19-
- Qu trnh t bc nng khng phi bt u trong ton khi ht m thng bt u t

mt ch no c iu kin thun li cho hot ng ca mt s cu t ri dn dn do
hin tng khuch tn nhit, m ri lan ton khi ht.
2.2.4 Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch:
- Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch l qu tr nh xy ra i vi cc loi ht lng thc va
mi thu hoch. thi k ny cng h hp ca ht rt mnh lm thay i mt s
ch s v cht lng v t l ny mm ca ht. V d: khi va mi thu hoch thc c
ny mm thp, cm t n v nhiu nha, sau vi ba tun thu hoch th ny mm bt
u tng ln.
- Tuy nhin qu trnh chuyn ho cht hu c phn t thp thnh cht hu c phn t
cao c km theo s thot nc. nu m ca khi ht thp th lng nc thot ra
ny t nh hng ti cht ln g ht, nhng nu m ca ht tng i cao li thm
lng nc ny cng thm lng hi nc v nhit lng thot ra do h hp mnh ca
ht v vi sinh vt s lm cho khi ht chng hng.
- Thi gian chn sau thu hoch cn ph thuc vo iu kin bo qun thu hoch nh:
m ca ht, m tng i ca khng kh, nhit v thnh phn khng kh
-20-
CHNG III: CC PHNG PHP BO QUN LNG THC

TRNG THI KH.
3.1 Nguyn tc:
Phi gim m ca bn thn lng thc xung di m gii hn. V tt c cc
hot ng sinh l, sinh ho ca cc cu t c trong l ht lm gim s lng v cht
lng lng thc ch c th xy ra mnh m khi m ca khi ht vt qu m
gii hn.
m gii hn l m m ti cc ht lng thc khng cn cha cc phn t
nc t do.
trng thi kh, mi hot ng, l ho sinh, vi sinh vt v cn trng iu b hn
ch.
3.2 Mc ch v phm vi ng dng:
Mc ch:
- Lm gim s h hng sn phm do qu trnh bin i v mt vt l, ho hc, sinh
hc ca sn phm v s pht sinh, pht trin ca vi sinh vt v cn trng. Nu sn
phm c lm kh n mt m thch hp th cc qu trnh trn t xy ra hoc xy
ra rt chm.
V d: Khi mi thu hoch, sn phm dng ht thng c m kh cao,
trung bnh t 20 30%, ht thu hoch vo ma ma m c th ln ti 35 40%.

Nhng sn phm m, ti ny nu c sy kh kp thi th s gi vng c cht
lng, ngc li nu chm sy sn phm c th b thm, chua, thi thm ch c th b
h hng hon ton,
- Gim khi lng v th tch ca sn phm, t lm gim chi ph cho qu trnh bao
gi, bo qun v vn chuyn.
- To iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh: nghin, trn,
Phn ln cc sn phm lng thc dng ht khi c lm kh d ch bin hn so vi
sn phm ban u.
-21-
Phm vi ng dng:
Phng php bo qun trng thi kh c p dng bo qun ht lng thc,
khoai sn lt thi kh,
3.3 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh lm kh:
Lm kh l qu trnh nc t vt liu m khuych tn, b c hi ra khng kh xung
quanh n.
Qu trnh ny c thc hin do s chnh lch p sut hi nc mi trng xung
quanh v trn b mt vt liu m.
lm cho lng m trn b mt sn phm bc hi cn c iu kin:
Pm > P K
Pm Pk = p
Pm: p sut hi nc trn b mt vt liu
Pk: p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong khng kh.
p: ng lc ca qu trnh sy
- Tr s p cng ln, th lng m chuyn ra mi trng xung quanh cng mnh v
qu trnh sy c thc hin nhanh hn.
Nh vy, qu trnh bc hi nc ra khng kh xung quanh ph thuc vo c P m v
Pk, trong Pm ph thuc vo nhit sy, m ban u ca vt liu v tnh cht lin
kt ca nc trong vt liu, cn Pk ph thuc ch yu vo lng hi nc c trong
khng kh.
- Nu Pm > Pk (p > 0) th lng m trn b mt sn phm bc hi vo trong khng
kh lm cho p sut hi trn b mt vt liu P m gim xung. T trong vt liu nc s
c khuch tn ra b mt v bc hi thit lp cn bng mi gia p sut b mt v
m. m ca vt liu gim dn theo qu trnh cho n khi Pm = Pk (p = 0) th qu
trnh sy ngng li.
- Nu Pm < Pk (p < 0) th ngc li vt liu s ht m v qu trnh ny c gi l
qu trnh hp th nc, n c din ra cho n khi m ca vt liu t ti tr s
m cn bng th dng li.
-22-
Qu trnh nc t vt liu m bay hi, km theo s thu nhit. V th, nu khng c s

t nng, cung cp nhit t bn ngoi vo th nhit ca vt liu gim xung. Khi
nhit gim s lm gim p sut hi trn b mt, dn n lm chm tc bc hi
nc. Do , mun sy nhanh, phi cung cp lng nhit t bn ngoi vo lm tng
nhit ca vt liu.
Qu trnh sy c chia lm 3 giai on:
Giai on u: lm nng vt liu, nhm a vt liu sy t nhit thp ln
nhit cao c th bay hi c. Giai on ny din ra trong thi gian ngn.
Gai on th hai: tc sy khng thay i. Ton b nhit t khng kh
truyn vo cho vt liu dng bc hi nc. Nhit ca vt liu hu nh khng i

v bng nhit ca hi nc bc ra. m ca vt liu gim xung rt nhanh.
Giai on cui: tc sy gim, ca vt liu cng gim dn, trong khi
nhit ca vt liu tng dn. Giai on ny c din ra khi vt liu c m cn

bng th tc sy bng 0, qu trnh sy dng li.
3.4 nh hng ca qu trnh sy ti cht lng ca ht.
Qu trnh sy t nhiu s nh hng ti cht lng ca ht. Mc nh hng
nhiu hay t ph thuc vo ch sy. Nu nhit sy cng thp, tc bc hi m
cng chm th bin i v mt cht lng cng gim. Qu trnh sy ht thng dn n
cc bin i lm tng cng, do, gim trng, v gim kh nng hp ph nc
ca ht hay bt.
1. Kh nng xay xt ht:
Ht sau khi sy kh tr nn cng gin hn nn tn nng lng hn trong qu trnh
xay xt. Trong qu trnh bc hi nc t ht, ph thuc vo nhit v m ban u
ca ht v ca dng tc nhn sy m tc bc hi m khc nhau c th dn n hin
tng rn nt ht, lm tng lng ht v khi xay xt. iu ny thy rt r i vi ht
thc. Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nt gy l do gradient m t ngoi vo tm ht
thc khi sy qu cao. m bn ngoi gim nhanh trong khi bn trong m cn nhiu.
Khi nhit tng hn 55oC, th tch tng s to ra lc cng cc b trong ht v nu lc
-23-
cng ny ln s lm nt, gy ht, c bit dc theo cc vch ngn gia cc ht protein

v ht tinh bt. Khng ch nhit , thi gian sy ko di cng c tc ng lm gy v
ht.
2. Tnh cht cng ngh:
Sau khi sy kh, ht go tr nn cng hn, kh nng hp ph nc gim, do go
nu d b nho hn. Qu trnh sy cng s nh hng ti nht ca h tinh bt. Tnh
cht nng bnh ca bt m c th gim khi sy ht la m nhit cao hn 80oC do
cc bin tnh protein ca la m.
3. Gi tr dinh dng:
Khi ta sy ht m m bo cho ht khng b h hng v tnh cht cng ngh th gy
rt t bin i v dinh dng. nhng khi sy vi nhit cao lm thc n gia sc th
c cc bin i v dinh dng, nht l cc vitamin nhy vi nhit c th s mt hot
tnh vitamin.
4. Tnh cht cm quan:
Sau thi gian sy ht, d ch sy rt nh, trng ca ht cng b thay i theo
khuynh hng gim trng, tng vng ca ht. do ca go c th tng cng
c th khng thay i trong qu trnh sy ht. Nhng thng thng khi nhit cao,
tc bc hi m qu nhanh s c kh nng lm t cc mch tinh bt v lm gim
nht, do.
5. Kh nng ny mm ca ht:
Ht dng lm ging hay ht i mch dng sn xut malt th khi sy kh cn lu
n nh hng ca nhit lm gim kh nng ny mm ca ht. Thng thng nhit ny
l 43oC. Nhit lm gim kh nng ny mm ht ph thuc vo m ban u ca ht,
m cng cao th nhit cn phi cng thp.
3.5 Cc phng php sy

sy kh ht lng thc, hin nay ngi ta thng p dng phng php sy t
nhin v sy nhn to.
3.5.1 Phng php sy t nhin
L phng php lm kh n gin nht bao gm hong gi t nhin v phi nng.
-24-
1. Hong gi t nhin
- Hong gi t nhin thng p dng cho trng hp sn phm mi thu hoch c
m cao vi khi lng khng ln. Do c m cao nn p sut hi nc trn b mt
sn phm ln hn so vi p sut hi nc ring phn trong khng kh lm cho nc
trong sn phm bc hi ra bn ngoi. Thi tit cng kh ro th tc bay hi nc
cng mnh v ngc li. V vy, khi m tng i ca khng kh qu ln c bit
khi sng m th hong gi s khng c hiu qu.
- Phng php ny c u im: n gin, d thc hin nhng tc bay hi chm,
thi gian ko di, kh gim c m ti mc cn thit bo qun.
Do , phng php ny ch
c s dng lm m s b cho sn phm mi thu
hoch khi cha kp phi sy trnh xy ra thi mc hay mc mm,....
2. Phi nng
- Phi nng l phng php sy t nhin, li dng nhit
bc x ca mt tri lm kh sn phm.
- Nguyn l ca phng php sy bng nh nng mt tri
l sn phm hp th nng lng bc x ca cc tia mt tri
lm tng nhit v p xut hi trn b mt, do xy ra
qu trnh bc hi nc t sn phm vo khng kh lm sn
phm kh dn.
- Phng php ny c u im: n gin, r tin nhng
nhc im l ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit, sn phm kh khng c ng u,
tn nhiu cng sc, khng c kh ha c.
Tuy vy phng php ny vn c s dng rng ri nhiu nc, c bit nc
ta.
3.5.2 Sy nhn to
- Sy nhn to c thc hin nh c tc nhn sy t nng ( khi l hoc khng kh)
chng tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip vi vt liu, t nng v ht nc ca n.
- Sy nhn to c nhc im: qu trnh sy tn nhiu nhit nng, vn u t thit b
cao. Tuy vy, phng php ny to ra to ra sn phm c cht lng cao v c th lm
-25-
kh mt khi lng sn phm ln, trong mt thi gian ngn vi bt k iu kin thi
tit no hoc c th tch ht lng m lin kt bn vng ra khi sn phm khi cn thit.
Hin nay, sy nhn to c nhiu phng php khc nhau: sy i lu, sy tip xc, sy
bng bc x hng ngoi, sy bng dng in cao tn,
- Tc nhn sy l khng kh c t nng n nhit thch hp (ty theo vt liu
sy) lm gim m tng i trc khi a vo tip xc vi vt liu sy. Khng
kh mang nhit n cho vt sy ng thi mang m t vt liu sy ra khi bung sy.
Ht m
Bung t
bung sy
Bung lm
ngui
Khng kh lnh
Ht kh
Qut
S cng ngh h thng thit b sy i lu

Khng kh c qut thi vo bung t, sau i vo bung sy, c ht m
cn c lm kh. Ht tip xc trc tip vi khng kh nng, nh m ra khng kh v
kh dn. Qu trnh sy c th kt thc trc khi vt liu sy n m bo qun. Ht
sau khi lm kh nhit vn cao,v vy cn phi lm ngui ti nhit gn vi nhit
mi trng trc khi nhp kho bo qun. Khi lm ngui ht trc tip bng khng
kh mi trng, m ca ht tip xc gim xung 1-2%.
-26-
Thc t sy cc loi ht lng thc hin nay, ngi ta thng p sng cc phng
php sau :
3.5.2.1. Phng php sy hai giai on
- Sy hai giai on c p dng gim bt ti trng cho thit b sy trong thi v
cng thng, c bit l khi thu hoch ht ging vo lc tri ma.
- Ht c sy nhit cao n m trung bnh ( 20% i vi ng, 18% i vi
thc) c th bo qun tm thi trong thi gian no m vn khng b h hng. Sau
c chuyn sang sy nhit thp bng khng kh mi trng hoc khng kh c
t nng them 3- 50C trong vi ngy hoc vi tun cho ti khi t m yu cu.
V d: thc m ti 18% c th ct gi ti a 20 ngy m khng gy thit hi
ng k c v s lng v cht lng.
3.5.2.2 Phng php sy nhiu giai on
- Do ht mi thu hoch c m cao, trong ht c nhiu nc t do nn tnh bn
nhit thp. Khi nhit sy v m ht cao s gy nn rn nt ht. nguyn nhn hnh
thnh cc vt nt l do m ca lp ngoi ht gim nhanh to ra trng thi cng th
tch ca phn trung tm, khi tng nhit lm cho sc cng vt qu bn ht nn
to ra cc vt nt. Cc vt nt xut hin theo cc vch protein ngn cch gia cc ht
tinh bt.
- gim t l ht nt yu cu phi sy nhiu ln. Sau mi ln sy ht c nhit
thch hp. Mc ch lm gim chch lch m gia lp ngoi v lp trung
tm ht do s chuyn m t trung tm ra pha ngoi. m ban u ca ht cng cao
th s ln sy - cng tng. Nhit tc nhn sy ln trc thp hn ln sau. Cc ln
sy--sy- c lun phin nhau cho ti khi t m bo qun th c th lm ngui
bng khng kh mi trng. Mi ln sy ch c th tch lng m t 2 2.5 %.
- Phng php ny lm gim rn nt ca ht, tng ny mm i vi ht ging
ln rt nhiu nhng li ko di thi gian sy.
-27-
CHNG IV. THIT B MY

4.1 Phn loi thit b
C nhiu cch phn loi my sy khc nhau da trn chuyn ng ht, trn nng
lng cung cp, trn dng nguyn liu vo C mt s cch phn loi thng dng
sau:
- Theo cch nhp liu vo: sy theo m, sy lin tc hay hn hp.
- Theo chuyn ng ca dng ht: sy tnh, sy ng, sy kh ng.
- Theo phng thc truyn nhit: dn nhit, i lu nhit, bc x nhit hay hn hp.
- Theo tng quan gia dng kh v dng ht: sy cng chiu, ngc chiu, cho
dng hay hn hp.
- Theo ngun cung cp nng lng: sy nh cht t (nh than, ci, tru, du) v
sy nh nng lng mt tri.
- Theo tc nhn sy: sy nh khng kh nng, khi l hay hi nc qu nhit.
4.2 Dng thit b sy tnh

- Cu to ca thit b sy tnh: thng sy, qut, l t.
Thng sy: cha ht.
Qut: di chuyn dng tc nhn sy qua lp ht.
L t: nng nhit tc nhn sy khi cn thit.
- Khi thit k thit b sy tnh, cc thng s chnh cn phi xc nh l nhit v
vn tc dng tc nhn sy cng nh chiu dy lp ht trong thit b. Cc thng s ny
s nh hng ti nhit ht v tc bc hi m.
- Trong cc thit b sy dng tnh, khng nht thit phi thi kh nng m ta c th
thi khng kh kh vo thit b. Khi thi kh kh, nhit thp nhng cht lng ht s
cao hn khi sy vi nhit cao. Sau khi sy, ht kh c th ly ra hoc tip tc li
trong thng sy nh l kho bo qun c kt hp thng thong. Kt cu thng sy nh l
kho bo qun c qut gi v h thng phn phi gi.
Dng sy tnh n gin nht l thng sy cht ht pha trn v c qut thi kh nng t
di ln trn c gi l my sy tnh v ngang.
-28-
S my sy tnh
- Cc bung sy c th lm bng g, gch, b tng hay kim loi ty thuc iu kin
kinh t tng vng. Sn ca bung sy c th bng li an hay tm kim loi t l.
Trong thit b sy nh vy, ht c vo v ly ra bng tay.
- Mt s loi my sy tnh:
My sy SRR ca i Hc Nng Lm TP. HCM

Nguyn tc hot ng ca my sy SRR: sau khi la c np vo khong gia hai
b ct v bt ph c ct li, ng cu dao in cho qut hot ng. Qut ht khng
kh tri thi xuyn qua lp ht lm kh ht dn t trong ra ngoi. Ban m th ngng
qut tit kim in, trnh hi m v m trong khng kh cao, nhit thp. Nu
mun rt ngn thi gian sy th m vn chy qut v phi t in tr hoc t l than
-29-
them gim m khg kh sy. Tng t ngy ma dm phi m in tr hoc l

than ht kh nhanh hn. Nu ban ngy nng, vn tip tc ng in tr hoc t l
than ht kh nhanh hn, nhng hao in v lp la trong s qu kh lm mt khi
lng v khi xay s b gy nhiu go hn.
- Thit b sy tnh dng ngang :
My sy tnh v ngang do CPCRI sang ch

4.3 Dng thit b sy ng
Sy ng c th s dng thit b sy m o trn hay dng thit b sy m lin tc.
a) Sy m tun hon
Thit b sy m o trn tun hon c cu trc n gin hn my sy lien tc, c u
im l thi gian sy ngn v hiu qu s dng nhit cao hn so vi thit b sy tnh do
chuyn ng lin tc ca ht. My c u im l nng sut sy ht cao nhng gi u
t v chi ph sy ln hn my sy tnh. My thng c dung sy ht t n m
bo qun, v vy thng c xy dng ngay ti vng nguyn liu hay thit k dng di
ng.
-
Nguyn tc hot ng trong my sy m tun hon l: ht c nhp liu t
nh, chy xung dc bn thnh thit b. Kh nng c thi di y thit b qua

tm li c l v xuyn qua lp ht. Ht t y s theo vt ti t gia my tun hon
ln nh cho n khi t c m cn thit s c ti ra ngoi qua vt ti ht ra.
-30-
Nguyn tc hot ng ca my m tun hon

-
C nhiu dng my sy ht khc nhau, c to ra nhm p ng cho cc
loi ht khc nhau: my sy GT 380, my sy ht Vertec VT 5600R
My sy GT 380
My sy ht Vertec VT 5600R ( my sy c lm mt ht)

-31-
b) Sy lin tc
V cu to v nguyn tc hot ng, my sy ht lien tc ging vi my sy m tun
hon nng sut ln. khc nhau cn bn ca hai dng thit b ny l sy lien tc c thidt
k ln hn ht ch qua my mt ln m khng cn tun hon tr li
- Thit b sy lin tc l dng thit b sy c quy m cng nghip, nng sut my cao
v chi ph vn hnh cho mt tn thc thp hn thit b sy m.
- vn hnh tt thit b sy lin tc cn kt hp vi h thng thit b vn chuyn ht
v h thng kho cha ht nn gi tr u t cao.
- Thit b sy lin tc c t ti cc kho cha ht ln, kt hp chung vi cc silo
v cha ht.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: ht c nhp liu vo thng nhp liu pha trn, chy xung
y dc theo hai ct. Khng kh nng t gia c thi qua lp ht ra ngoi. Nu ct
sy cu trc thng, ht s khng c o trn trong qu trnh sy nn lu lng kh
cn kh cao v nhit kh thp. Nu ct sy thit k dng cc tm ngn xen k th ht
trong qu trnh ri xung s c o trn, tr lc ng ht gim, lu lng kh cng
gim theo, trong khi nhit sy c th tng cao hn.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca my sy lin tc dng ct v khng c o trn.
-32-
KT LUN
Vit Nam thuc vng kh hu nng m, nn c kh nng sn xut lng thc vi sn
lng cao. Mun gi lng thc c lu di m cht lng khng b gim st th cn
phi gim m bn thn lng thc xung di m gii hn tc l bo qun lng
thc trng thi kh.
Hin nay, ngi ta thng p dng phng php sy t nhin v sy nhn to lm
kh lng thc. nc ta, s ngy nng trong nm rt nhiu. V th, phng php
phi nng c s dng rt ph bin v rng ri vi nhng h gia nh sn xut vi qui
m nh. Tuy vy, phng php sy nhn to c nhiu u im hn sy t nhin. Sy
nhn to to ra sn phm c cht lng cao v c th lm kh mt khi lng sn
phm ln trong mt thi gian ngn vi bt k iu kin thi tit no hoc c th tch
ht lng m lin kt ra khi sn phm. Nn phng php sy nhn to c p dng
rt rng ri sy nguyn liu lng thc.
-33-
TI LIU THAM KHO

1/ Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin lng thc bo qun lng thc (tp 1) Trn
Th Thu H
2/ Gio trnh cng ngh bo qun v ch bin lng thc S gio dc v o to H
Ni NXB H Ni
-34-

NHM 4 - Cac Phuong Phap Bao Quan Luong Thuc Trang Thai Kho

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NHM 4 - Cac Phuong Phap Bao Quan Luong Thuc Trang Thai Kho

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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM

CC PHNG PHP BO QUN LNG

GVHD : HONG TH TRC HUNH

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

1.1 Gii thiu v ht lng thc ............................................................................................. 4

1.1.1 Phn loi thc vt cc loi cy lng thc ly ht. ......................................... 5

1.2 Cu to ht lng thc ...................................................................................................... 7

1.3 Thnh phn ha hc .......................................................................................................... 9

1.3.1 Glucid ca ht lng thc .............................................................................10

2.1 Cc yu t mi trng: ................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1 Nhit : ........................................................................................................14

2.2 Cc yu t sinh hc ......................................................................................................... 18

2.2.1 Qu trnh h hp ............................................................................................18

3.5.1 Phng php sy t nhin .............................................................................24

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

3.5.2.2 Phng php sy nhiu giai on ........................................................... 27

4.1 Phn loi thit b ............................................................................................................. 28

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

CHNG I.GII THIU CHUNG V CY LNG THC

Nhm c bao gm c khoai ty, khoai m, khoai lang,

- mt s dn tc, tinh bt cn c thu nhn t mt s ht h u, chui xanh,

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

ting La Tin l thn Ceres. iu ny ni ln rng cc cy lng thc xut hin

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

- Thc n u tin dnh cho tr tp n dm l ng cc, v cng l ngun thc n

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

Lp v ngoi gm 2 3 dy t bo di hng dc theo ht.

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

Mt khc, thnh phn ha hc ca cc ht ng cc phn b khng ng u trong

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

b/ Cc dng glucid khc :

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

1.3.3 Lipid ca ht lng thc

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm

Trng i Hc CNTP TP.HCM

CHNG II: CC QU TRNH BIN I GY H HNG LNG

GVHD : Hong Th Trc Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm