IPv6

0.Cn bn v TCP:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l mt b protocols (giao thc) c thit k t hai mc tiu chnh: 1. Cho php truyn thng qua cc ung dy ca mng rng (Wide Area Network - WAN). 2. Cho php truyn thng gia cc mi trng a dng. Do hiu c ci gc ca cc protocols ny gip ta hiu uc s quan trng ca chng a ch TCP Mi computer trn LAN/Internet phi c mt a ch TCP c o (unique). Mt a ch TCP gm c 32 bits, chia lm 4 nhm gi l Octet (c 8 bits, tc l 1 Byte d kin) v uc vit di dng: 11000000 . 01101010 . 00000011 . 11001000 Mc du trn y l cc con s m computers thy, nhng khng phi l cc con s m con ngi suy ngh. Do ngi ta thng vit n di dng gi l dotted decimal (s thp phn vi du chm) nh sau: 192.100.3.200. V a ch TCP nh th rt kh nh nn ngi ta quy c dng cc tn d nh hn nh www.yahoo.com, www.vps.org, .v.v.. ri nh nhng ch c bit trn mng, gi l Domain Name Server (DNS) i cc user friendly names ny ra cc a ch TCP lm vic. vic trao i cc messages gia cc hosts trn mng c hiu nng, ngi ta thng gom cc Hosts li thnh tng nhm, gi l Network. Mi Network c cho mt NetworkID. Do mi a ch TCP c chia ra lm hai phn: Network ID (hay Network Address): Dng chuyn cc messages n ng Network (cn gi l Subnet hay Segment. Host ID (hay Host Address): Th d nh ba a ch TCP 192.168.104.1, 192.168.104.4, 192.168.104.7 c cng Network ID 192.168.104. Mt Subnet ca cc computers ging nh mt con ng ca nhng cn nh, mi cn nh c mt con s phn bit nhng a ch ca tt c cc cn nh u c chung tn ng, ngoi , thnh ph .v.v. . Con s bits , m t tri qua phi, ca a ch TCP dng cho Network ID c gi l Subnet Mask. Ta c th dng 8, 16, 24, 25 bits .v.v.. ty , nhng phi ni cho system bit ta dng bao nhiu bits n c th tnh ra phn no trong 32 bits l ca NetworkID, phn no l ca HostID. Subnet Mask cho bit bao nhiu bits u ca a ch TCP c dng lm NetworkID, cn cc bits cn li l HostID. biu din mt Subnet Mask dng 24 bits cho mt NetworkID, ta c th vit 135.100.3.200/24. a s cc NetworkID ta thng gp dng 24 bit Subnet Mask. Nhng tht ra, ngi ta phn chia giai cp cc a ch TCP ra lm cc Classes A, B v C. IP (Internet Protocol):Thuc ni, n chn.

lp data link Lo v a ch v chuyn hng i ng hng, n

IPv4 hay Internet Protocol version 4 l phin bn th t ca giao thc IP v y cng l phin bn u tin c qung b rng ri.Ipv4 c pht trin bi Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) vo thng 9/1981 thay cho RFC 760. IPv5 hay Internet Protocol version 5 l phin bn th t ca giao thc IP c xem nh 1 giao thc experimental hay cn gi l ST (Internet Stream Protocol).St c nh ngha du tin

nm trong Internet Engineering Note,v xem nh l i tng kt ni b sung cho IPv4,tuy nhin n cha bao gi c gii thiu trc cng chng.

1 - Nguyn nhn pht trin IPv6: Nm 1973, Vinton Cert v Robert Kahn vit nn nhng on m phn mm gip thng tin c th trao i trong mt mng ln nh mng Internet ngy nay. c t tn l TCP/IP, giao thc cho php my tnh c th gi d liu ti cc my tnh khc nh th chng l mt phn ca mt mng ln.Cho n nay,th gii ang tin gn ti mc gii hn 4,3 t a ch Internet m phin bn hin ti (IP4) ca giao thc Internet Protocol c th p ng. Mt gii php mi ang c th nghim l phin bn IP6. 2 -IP6 Internet Protocol version 6: L tp nhng c t v nng cp IP phin bn 4. IP phin bn 6 (IPv6) ang c y Ban Chuyn Trch Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Standars Committee pht trin . IP6 - c kh nng p ng 380 nghn t nghn t nghn t (380. 1036) a ch Internet. Hin cu trc Internet ton cu ang c nng cp dn ln phin bn IP6. 128-bit length Thay i ln nht

t IPv4 sang Ipv6 l kch thc ca a ch. a ch Ipv6 l 128 bit v Ipv4 l 32 .Trong khi vng khng gian a ch cua Ipv4 c th c 4,294,967,296 a ch th Ipv6 sc cha ti 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 mt con s qu chnh lch.
IPv6 Addressing Architechture Nh trn, nu IP4 c dng (127.0.0.1) gia cc du chm l mt s thp phn c gi tr t 0 n 255, th IP6 s dng 8 hex v c phn cch bng du : v d, 0:0:0:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd thng thng ta c th b bt cc s 0 v thay bng du : cng mt a ch nh trn c th c vit li nh sau , ::aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd Nh vy, ta c th thay th mt nhm cc s 0000 bng giu : cho ti khi ch cn 1 cp

du ::
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000::1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0::1428:57ab 2001:0db8::1428:57ab 2001:db8::1428:57ab

Nu nh c nhiu hn 1 cp du hai chm :: trong 1 a ch th s l m cho a ch tr nn v ngha . Tng t , ta cng c th vit 1 a ch IP6 di dng thp lc phn v c phn cch bng du chm. a ch ::ffff:1.2.3.4 tng ng vi ::ffff:102:304
Literal IPv6 Addresses in URLs a ch c th trong URL th c

ng trong ngoc vung [] .V d:

http://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344]/

iu ny s lm cho vic phn tch mt a ch URL m khng b nhm a ch Ipv6 vi Port Number.

Special Addresses C 1 s cc a ch mang ngha c bit trong IPv6:

::/128 the address with all zeroes is an unspecified address, and is only to be used in software. ::1/128 the loopback address is a localhost address. If an application in a host sends packets to this address, the IPv6 stack will loop these packets back to the same host (corresponding to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4).

::/96 the zero prefix was used for IPv4-compatible addresses (see Transition mechanisms below) ::ffff:0:0/96 this prefix is used for IPv4 mapped addresses (see Transition mechanisms below) 2001:db8::/32 this prefix is used in documentation (RFC3849), anywhere where an example IPv6 address is given, addresses from this prefix should be used. fc00::/7 Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses are only routable within a set of cooperating sites. They were defined in RFC 4193 as a replacement for site-local addresses (see below). The addresses include a 40-bit pseudorandom number that minimizes the risk of conflicts if sites merge or packets somehow leak out.

fe80::/10 The link-local prefix specifies that the address only is valid in the local physical link. This is analogous to the Autoconfiguration IP address 169.254.x.x in IPv4.

fec0::/10 The site-local prefix specifies that the address is only valid inside the local organisation. Its use has been deprecated in September 2004 by RFC 3879 and future systems must not implement any support for this special type of address anymore.

ff00::/8 The multicast prefix is used for multicast addresses.

Features of IPv6 IPv6 khng cung cp s phn on h tr cho s qu ti ca cc packet ln trong router. Cc host cui c yu cu thc hin PMTU (Path Maximum transmission unit) trnh s phn on. Ngoi ra, IPv6 tng cng cc tu chn h tr. Nhng tu chn c nh ngha trong cc header ring bit thay v l mt phn trong IP Headers. c bit nh trong chui header, nh dng ny chn ty chn IP header vo gia IP header v transport heder . IPv6 header c th c m t nh sau: Version mt phn 4bit m t phin bn IP (trong trng hp ny, IPv6) Traffic class Ging nh Type-of-Service trong IPv4 Flow label Trng 20 bt ny ang c pht trin cho cc x l tn hiu c bit trong router.

Payload length Trng 16bit ny dng thng bo trng ti ti a ca d liu Next header cng ging nh Protocol field trong IPv4 header nhng n cng bao gm Options header Hop limit Cng ging nh TTL field trong IPv4 headers Source and destination address Lnh vc ny i din cho ngun v a ch ch trong nh dng IPv6 Data Bao gm trng ti ti a ca thng tin

Security Aspects of IPv6 S m rng ca IPv6 l s mong ch ca cc dch v khng dy cng nh cellular phone v PDA , li ch no t a ch m rng ca IPv6? D bng cch no, mt s chuyn gia vn mun xy dng n mt cch b mt. V d, vng a ch IPv6 trong mt vi trng hp s dng 1 s ring r (ID) c pht ra t phn cng (nh in thoi....) m cho php cc packet ln tr li thit b ca bn. Mt vn c t ra: IPv6 c th s dng xc nh nh sn xut, hng, model v gi tr ca thit b phn cng c s dng. khc phc, IETF cng b RFC 3041, M rng ring thm cho t ng cu hnh a ch khng trng thi - "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6." RFC

m t mt gii thut pht sinh ra mt cch ngu nhin nhn din nhng ngi nhn tm thi trong thi gian din ra 1 phin ca ngi s 3 - T ng quan IPv6 (forum cisnet): Khi pht trin phin bn mi, IPv6 hon ton da trn nn tng IPv4. Ngha l tt c nhng chc nng ca IPv4 u c tch hp vo IPv6. Tuy nhin, IPv6 cng c mt vi c im khc bit. 1 Tng kch thc ca tm a ch: IPv6 s dng 128 bit a ch trong khi IPv4 ch s dng 32 bit; ngha l IPv6 c ti 2128 a ch khc nhau; 3 bit u lun l 001 c dnh cho cc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (Globally Routable Unicast GRU). Ngha l cn li 2125 a ch. Mt con s khng l. iu c ngha l a ch IPv6 s cha 1028 tm a ch IPv4. 2 Tng s phn cp a ch: IPv6 chia a ch thnh mt tp hp cc tm xc nh hay boundary: 3 bit u cho php bit c a ch c thuc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (GRU) hay khng, gip cc thit b nh tuyn c th x l nhanh hn. Top Level Aggregator (TLA) ID c s dng v 2 mc ch: th nht, n c s dng ch nh mt khi a ch ln m t cc khi a ch nh hn c to ra cung cp s kt ni cho nhng a ch no mun truy cp vo Internet; th hai, n c s dng phn bit mt ng (Route) n t u. Nu cc khi a ch ln c cp pht cho cc nh cung cp dch v v sau c cp pht cho khch hng th s d dng nhn ra cc mng chuyn tip m ng i qua cng nh mng m t Route xut pht. Vi IPv6, vic tm ra ngun ca 1 Route s rt d dng. Next Level Aggregator (NLA) l mt khi a ch c gn bn cnh khi TLA, nhng a ch ny c tm tt li thnh nhng khi TLA ln hn, khi chng c trao i gia cc nh cung cp dch v trong li Internet, ch li ca loi cu trc a ch ny l: Th nht, s n nh v nh tuyn, nu chng ta c 1 NLA v mun cung cp dch v cho cc khch hng, ta s c cung cp dch v y nht, tt nht. Th hai, chng ta cng mun cho php cc khch hng nhn c y bng nh tuyn nu h mun, to vic nh tuyn theo chnh sch, cn bng ti... thc hin vic ny chng ta phi mang tt c cc thng tin v ng i trong Backbone c th chuyn cho h. 3 n gin ha vic t a ch Host: IPv6 s dng 64 bit sau cho a ch Host, trong 64 bit c c 48 bit l a ch MAC ca my, do , phi m vo mt s bit c nh ngha trc m cc thit b nh tuyn s bit c nhng bit ny trn subnet. Ngy nay, ta s dng chui 0xFF v 0xFE (:FF:FE: trong IPv6) m vo a ch MAC. Bng cch ny, mi Host s c mt Host ID duy nht trong mng. Sau ny nu s dng ht 48 bit MAC th c th s s dng lun 64 bit m khng cn m. 4 a ch Anycast: IPv6 nh ngha mt loi a ch mi: a ch Anycast. Mt a ch Anycast l mt a ch IPv6 c gn cho mt nhm cc my c chung chc nng, mc ch. Khi packet c gi cho mt a ch Anycast, vic nh tuyn s xc nh thnh vin no ca nhm s nhn c packet qua vic xc nh my gn ngun nht.Vic s dng Anycast c 2 ch li: Mt l, nu chng ta ang n mt my gn nht trong mt nhm, chng ta s tit kim c thi gian bng cch giao tip vi my gn nht. Th hai l vic giao tip vi my gn nht gip tit kim c bng thng. a ch Anycast khng c cc tm a ch c nh ngha ring nh Multicast, m n ging nh mt a ch Unicast, ch c khc l c th c nhiu my khc cng c nh s vi cng scope trong cng mt khu vc xc nh. Anycast c s dng trong cc ng dng nh DNS... 5 Vic t cu hnh a ch n gin hn:

Mt a ch Multicast c th c gn cho nhiu my, a ch Anycast l cc gi Anycast s gi cho ch gn nht (mt trong nhng my c cng a ch) trong khi Multicast packet c gi cho tt c my c chung a ch (trong mt nhm Multicast). Kt hp Host ID vi Multicast ta c th s dng vic t cu hnh nh sau: khi mt my c bt ln, n s thy rng n ang c kt ni v n s gi mt gi Multicast vo LAN; gi tin ny s c a ch l mt a ch Multicast c tm cc b (Solicited Node Multicast address). Khi mt Router thy gi tin ny, n s tr li mt a ch mng m my ngun c th t t a ch, khi my ngun nhn c gi tin tr li ny, n s c a ch mng m Router gi; sau , n s t gn cho n mt a ch IPv6 bng cch thm Host ID (c ly t a ch MAC ca interface kt ni vi subnet ) vi a ch mng, Do , tit kim c cng sc gn a ch IP. 4 Tnh nng tng cng trong IPv6 so vi IPv4 : M rng a ch v tnh nng dn ng: kch thc a ch IP ln n 128 bo m rng IPv6 s l giao thc Internet lu di. Kh nng m rng ca vic nh tuyn mt-nhiu c ci tin truyn mt cch hiu qu cc ng dng bng thng cao nh video v audio. Tc mng: nhng thay i thc hin trong nh dng a ch gip gim yu cu v bng thng v cho php tng tnh hiu qu v linh hot ca vic nh tuyn v pht tip thng tin. Kh nng bo mt thit k sn: nhng m rng h tr kh nng kim tra tnh hp l, tch hp v bo mt d liu l mt phn ca IPv6. Kh nng gn cc mc u tin cho cc gi thng tin: cc gi thng tin c th c gn nhn c thao tc c bit, chng hn " u tin". Gi thng tin v hi m video c th c u tin cao hn gi v mail thng thng. 5 - ng Dng v Hng pht trin IP6 VN: Ngoi vic gii quyt s cht chi trong khng gian mang hin nay IP6 cn m ra nhiu hng pht trin mi: IP6 - c kh nng p ng 380 nghn t nghn t nghn t (380. 1036) a ch .Mc d c th chng ta s chng bao gi s dng ht s a ch m IP6 cung cp, th nhng hy th hnh dung mt ngy no cc thit b in t c lp siu nh c kch thc ch bng mt t bo sinh hc cn giao tip vi nhau, chng s s dng ti ngun a ch phong ph ca IP6. ~ Vinton Cert ~ Vi s pht trin ca IP6, cc in gia dng trong nh s c gn IP v ngi ta c th iu khin n thng qua my tnh t ngoi nh. Cng ty NTT Communications pht trin mt k thut cho php iu khin t xa cc vt dng trong nh c Local IP, ngha l trc khi IP6 pht trin ph cp cc vt dng u c nhn Global IP. Nhng cng ty ln nht cn phi bt u qu trnh chuyn i ny sm nht. Theo khuyn co ca mt cng ty nghin cu, cng ty no c trn 1000 a ch IP th phi c k hoch ngay t by gi. Qu trnh chuyn i ny cng c bit quan trng i vi nhng khch hng ph thuc vo Internet hoch nh ti nguyn x nghip, trao i d liu in t v thng mi in t. Nhng ng dng ny thng l loi i hi nhiu bng thng cho x l giao dch, mi trng tng tc hay cc ng dng "pht tin" v ting ni qua IP. Ban chuyn trch cng ngh Internet (IETF) chu trch nhim thc y v hin thc IPv6; t chc ny cng c k hoch hin thc v mi trng th nghim gi l 6bone, t ti c v hin lin kt nhng thit b IPv6 trn 32 quc gia.Thch thc m IETF phi gii quyt l hon tt vic chuyn i sang IPv6 trc khi IPv4 v; h cng c k hoch thc hin tng

bc qu trnh chuyn i ny. S c giai on m c hai giao thc cng tn ti trn Internet cng cng. Cc chuyn gia c tnh qu trnh chuyn i ny mt khong t 4-10 nm. Hin nay, nhiu nc trn th gii ang c xu hng chuyn i a ch t IPv4 ln IPv6, v IPv6 c s lng a ch nhiu hn v tnh bo mt cng nh pht trin cng ngh trn nn a ch ny tt hn. V d nh Nht c xu hng ch dng IPv6 cung cp nhiu dch v thng minh trn Internet, v vy ngi s dng phi tun theo chun cng ngh ny. a ch IPv6 c th cng tn ti vi a ch IPv4, mc d trong nhng trng hp him hoi, c th c nhng hn ch do chc nng ca my tnh hoc cch thc m mng li c thit k. My tnh c h tr IPv6 thng lm vic ng thi c IPv4 v IPv6. V d, WindowXP c th thit k giao tip IPv4 v IPv6 ng thi. Bn c th ni chuyn vi my tnh ch h tr IPv4 bng cch s dng a ch IPv4 v c th ni chuyn vi my tnh ch h tr IPv6 bng cch s dng a ch IPv6.

Vy quan im ca VNNIC i vi vic chuyn i t IPv4 ln IPv6 nh th no? Quan im ca VNNIC l khuyn khch cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng chuyn i sang s dng a ch IPv6. Hin VNNIC ang nghin cu nhiu dch v mi chy trn nn a ch IPv6 a ra ng dng rng ri trong cng ng. Doanh nghip no mun th nghim IPv6 c th ng k trc tip vi VNNIC. VNNIC cp cho VNPT th nghim a ch IPv6 t nm 2004. Tuy nhin, n thi im ny VNNIC vn cha nhn c bo co v kt qu th nghim ca VNPT.
Ti liu tng hp t Internet 13-10-2006