DANH PHAP HP CHT HU C

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DANH PHAP HP CHT HU C

I. Phn loai chung v danh phap hp cht hu c 1. Danh phap h thng 2. Danh phap thng 3. Danh phap na h thng hay danh phap na thng thng

DANH PHAP HP CHT HU C

II. Phn loai danh phap IUPAC

Gm nhiu loai nh: tn thay th, tn trao i, tn loai chc (hay la tn gc chc), tn dung hp, tn kt hp, tn cng, tn tr, tn nhn, tn cua di vong theo Hantzsch va Widman, tn thng va tn na h thng c lu dung trong h thng tn cua IUPAC
1. Tn thay th 2. Tn loai chc hay tn gc chc

DANH PHAP HP CHT HU C

III. Quy inh v s dung cac chi s vi tri va cac loai du trong danh phap IUPAC 1. Cac chi s v vi tri

2. Du phy 3. Gach ni
4. Khoang trng 5. Du moc cong

6. Du moc vung

DANH PHAP HP CHT HU C

IV. Tin t, hirua nn va nhom c trng 1. Tin t 2. Hirua nn 3. Nhom c trng

DANH PHAP HP CHT HU C

V. Quy tc goi tn theo danh phap thay th 1. Tn hirocacbon 2. Tn dn xut cua hirocacbon

DANH PHAP H THNG

o la loai danh phap trong o moi b phn cu thanh u co y nghia h thng. Thi du tn goi hexan (C6H14) gm hai b phn la hexa- (mt tin t xut phat t ting Hi Lap co nghia la sau) va an (mt hu t noi ln hirocacbon no). Do o ta co tn hex(a)+an =hexan

DANH PHAP THNG

Danh phap thng hay danh phap thng thng la loai danh phap c hinh thanh da theo ngun gc tim ra hoc theo tinh cht b ngoai (mau sc, mui vi) hoc mt yu t khac khng co tinh h thng. Thi du: ure co ngun gc t urine (ting Phap co nghia la nc tiu) vi ure ln u tin c tach ra t nc tiu.

DANH PHAP NA H THNG

Loai danh phap nay co tinh cach trung gian gia hai loai trn, vi no chi co mt vai yu t h thng. Thi du: stiren (C6H5CH=CH2) co ngun gc t stirax (tn mt loai nha cy cho ta stiren) va chi co hu t en (noi ln s co mt cua ni i C=C) la yu t h thng.

TN THAY TH
Tn thay th hay la tn th c tao nn nh thao tac thay th, tc la thay mt hay nhiu nguyn t H b phn chinh goi la hirua nn (mach chinh, vong chinh) bng mt hay nhiu nguyn t hoc nhom nguyn t khac ri ly tn cua nn ghep vi tn cua nguyn t hoc nhom nguyn t mi th vao (c nu tn di dang tin t hoc hu t tuy trng hp, theo nhng quy tc nht inh)

TN THAY TH
VD1 Hirua nn: Nhom th Tn thay th CH3CH2-OH etan

-OH co tn dang hu t -ol

Etanol

TN THAY TH
VD2 Hirua nn: Nhom th Tn thay th Cl-CH2-CHCl-CH3 propan

-Cl co tn dang tin t -clo

1,2-iclopropan

TN GC CHC
c tao nn bng thao tac cng cua tn gc (hay tn nhom) vi tn cua chc hu c.
CH3CH2-Br CH3CH2-O-CH3 CH3CH2-OH Etyl bromua

Etyl metyl ete

Etyl ancol hay ancol etylic

CAC CHI S V VI TRI

Cac chi s v vi tri cac nhom th va nhom chc la nhng ch s A rp (VD:1,2,3), cac ch cai Hi Lap (VD:, ), ch cai Latinh (VD:O, N, P) goi chung la locant. Hin nay IUPAC quy inh ro la tt ca cac locant phai t ngay trc b phn co lin quan cua tn goi hp cht hu c

CAC CHI S V VI TRI

VD: CH3CH2CH=CH2 But-1-en Propan-2-ol 2-Etylbuta-1,3-ien N,N-imetylanilin

CH3-CHOH-CH3
CH2=C(C2H5)CH=CH2 C6H5N(CH3)2

DU PHY
Du phy (,) dung phn cach cac locant c vit bn canh nhau trong mt tn goi hp cht hu c.

CH3CHOHCH2CH2OH

Butan-1,3-iol

GACH NI
Gach ni (-) c dung vao cac muc ich sau:

a. Phn cach locant vi nhng phn con lai ma lin k cua tn goi. Vi du: 2-Metylbuta-1,3ien, N-metyl-N-propylanilin
b. Phn cach cac locant gn nhau ma thuc v cac phn khac nhau cua tn goi (thng phai dung thm du moc n). VD: CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 CH-CH3 CH3 4-(1-Metyletyl)heptan

GACH NI
c. Phn cach cac ky hiu lp th nh E, Z, R,S,D,L vi tn cua hp cht. VD: (E)-but-2-en, D-glucoz, (R)-glixerandehit d. Phn cach cac tin t cu tao (nh sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-), cac tin t vi tri (nh ortho-, meta-, para-) vi phn c ban cua tn goi. Cac tin t nay c vit in nghing va khng vit hoa du u cu. VD: sec-butyl clorua

KHOANG TRNG
Khoang trng c dung phn cach cac t trong danh phap gc chc. -Tn axit va cac dn xut axit (VD: axit axetic, etyl axetat, anhiric axetat) - Cac hp cht cacbonyl (VD: etyl metyl xeton,)

- Cac dn xut halogen (VD: etyl bromua)

- Cac ancol, ete (etyl vinyl ete, ancol metylic)

DU MOC CONG
Du moc cong c quy inh dung vao cac muc ich sau: a. Tach ring cho ro mt nhom (gc) phc tap ma co anh s ring. VD:
CH3[CH2]3CH[CH2]3CH3 CH-CH2CH3 CH3 5-(1-metylpropyl)nonan

DU MOC CONG
b. Bao boc cac ky hiu lp th nh Z, E, R, S
CH3 CH3 (Z)-but-2-en H

C=C H

DU MOC CONG
c. Bao boc tn monome co nhanh cung vi locant cua no va tn cua monome gm hai thanh phn trong tn cua polime

-CH2-CHC 6H
5

Poli(1-phenyleten) n Poli(vinyl clorua)

-CH2-CHCl

DU MOC VUNG
Dung chi ro s lp lai nhiu ln cac nhom lam keo dai mach. VD CH3-[CH2]5-CH3 heptan

TIN T
Tin t hay la tip u ng co th c quy v hai loai ln la tin t v bi (noi ln s lng cac nhom cu tao ging nhau hoc tng t nhau) va tin t v cu tao (phan anh c im cu tao) Cac tin t c ban i-, tria. Tin t v bi b. Tin t v cu tao

Cac tin t bis, tris

Cac tin t bi, ter, quater

TIN T V BI C BAN
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tin t MonoiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOcta NonaecaS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Tin t UnecaoecaTriecaTetraecaPentaecaHexaecaHeptaecaOctaecaNonaecaIcosaS 21 30 40 60 100 200 300 400 500 1000 Tin t HesicosaTriacontaTetracontaHexacontaHectaictaTrictaTetractaPentactaKilia-

TIN T V BI C BAN
Cac tin t c ban dung chi bi cua cac tin t cu tao thuc loai n gian (khng co nhom th phu trong tn cua nhom th o), cac hu t. VD: 2,3,3,5-tetrametylheptan

Etan-1,2-iol

TIN T BIS-, TRIS-

Dung chi bi cua cac tin t cu tao co cha nhom th phu (goi la nhom th phc tap) va cac hu t co cha cac nhom th. VD: bis(1-metyletyl)- hoc la iisopropyl-

bis(2,2-imetylpropyl)- hoc la ineopentyl-

TIN T BI-, TER-, QUARTER Dung chu yu trong tn cua cac t hp vong noi ln s lng vong ni vi nhau. VD:
biphenyl

TIN T V CU TAO
Cac tin t v cu tao c chia thanh 2 loai: nhom th n gian

a. Tin t tach ra c
nhom th phc tap

tin t xiclo-, bixiclob. Tin t khng tach ra c

tin t a: sila-, oxa-

CAC TIN T NHOM TH N GIAN

Trong tn nhom th khng co nhom th phu. VD: metyl-, etyl-, hiroxi- Trong tn goi hp cht hu c, cac tin t nay c vit theo trinh t ch cai u, chng han; amino>butyl>etyl->hiroxi->metyl->propylLu y: Nhng ch cai u cua tin t v bi (nh i, tri) khng c tinh vao trinh t cac tin t.

CAC TIN T NHOM TH PHC TAP

Trong tn nhom th co nhom th phu. VD: clometyl-, 1-metyletyl-, 2-hiroxietyl- Trong tn goi hp cht hu c, cac tin t nay c vit theo trinh t ch cai u cua tn goi hoan chinh cua nhom th o bao gm ca cac tin t c ban v bi, chng han; 1,2-iflobutyl>etyl->triclometyl

CAC TIN T KHNG TACH RA C

Cac tin t nay lun lun gn lin vi phn nn cua tn goi.

Cac tin t xiclo-, bixiclo-

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Pentan Xiclopentan

Cac tin t a nh oxa, aza

CH3[CH2]6CH3 CH3-O-[CH2]2-O-[CH2]2-CH3 2,5-ioxaoctan

Octan

HIRUA NN
Hirua nn la nhng cu truc khng co nhanh, co th la mach h hay mach vong va chi co hiro ni vi mi cu truc o. VD: metan, xiclohexan, piridin.

HIRUA NN
Hirua nn n nhn: chi cha mt nguyn t cua nguyn t chinh con lai la hiro. Tn cua hirua nn n nhn c hinh thanh t tn nguyn t tng ng va hu t an. VD CH4 SiH4 NH3

Cacban(metan)

Silan

Azan (Amoniac)

HIRUA NN
Hirua nn a nhn: i vi hirocacbon no, tr 4 cht u day ng ng, cac hirocacbon con lai u co tn c hinh thanh t tin t c ban chi s lng nguyn t cacbon va hu t an. VD: pentan, heptan i vi cac hirua khac hirocacbon, tn gm hai b phn la tin t c ban v bi va tn cua hirua n nhn. Thi du: NH2-NH2 NH2-NH-NH-NH-NH2 Pentazan

iazan (Hirazin)

NHOM C TRNG
Nhom c trng hay nhom chc la nguyn t hay nhom nguyn t quy inh tinh cht hoa hoc c trng cua mt loai hp cht hu c. VD: -OH, -NH2, -Cl, -CHO, -COOH

C ) Cac lin kt bi cacbon-cacbon (C=C, C noi ln cha bao hoa cung co th coi la nhom chc, song mt khac lai la mt b phn cua cu truc nn. Cac lin kt o co tn dang hu t nh: -en, -in, -aien, -aiin

NHOM C TRNG
Cac nhom c trng con lai c phn thanh hai loai chinh: Cac nhom c trng chi co tn dang tin t (Nhom loai A) Cac nhom c trng co th co tn dang tin t hoc hu t(Nhom loai B)

NHOM C TRNG
Cac nhom c trng chi co tn dang tin t (Nhom loai A)
Nhom -F -Cl -Br -I -NO2 -OR Tin t FloCloBromIotNitro(R) oxi-

 Cac nhom c trng co th co tn dang tin t hoc hu t (Nhom loai B)

Nhom -(C)OOH -COOH -(C)HO -CHO C=O -OH -NH2 Tin t CacboxiOxoFomylOxoHiroxiAminoHu t Axit.-oic Axit-cacboxylic ...-al -cacbanehit -on -ol -amin

Ch (C) trong moc n chi ra rng nguyn t C c tinh trong hirua nn, khng tinh trong nhom c trng.

QUY TC GOI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

a.Xac inh hirua nn (mach chinh, mach vong) Vic xac inh hirua nn da theo nhng nguyn tc cu th. Chng han, i vi hirocacbon no mach h, hirua nn la mach dai nht ma cha nhiu nhanh nht; i vi hirocacbon khng no mach h, o la mach cha lin kt kep vi s lng ti a va khi cn thi u tin cho ni i hn la ni ba,vv

QUY TC GOI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

b. anh s cac nguyn t cacbon trn mach chinh
Cach anh s cung phai tun theo nhng quy tc cu th. Chng han, i vi hirocacbon no cn anh s t u nao gn nhanh cho locant nho nht, i vi hirocacbon khng no cn anh s t u nao gn lin kt kep hn, va khi cn thit thi u tin cho ni i.

QUY TC GOI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

c. Goi tn y u
Locant cua cac nhanh + Tn cua cac nhanh (theo trinh t ch cai) + Hirua nn + locant cua lin kt kep (nu co)+ hu t cua lin kt (trinh t en trc in). VD:

QUY TC GOI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

VD:

CH3 CH2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH-CH-CH2-CH3

5-butyl-3-metyl-4-propylnonan

QUY TC GOI TN HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

VD:

CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH2=C-CH2-C C-CH-CH3 CH3

6-metyl-2-pentylhept-1-en-4-in

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

1. Xac inh cac nhom c trng trong phn t thuc v loai A hay loai B; nu co nhiu nhom loai B cn xac inh nhom chinh 2. Xac inh hirua nn. o la mach cha nhom chc chinh vi s lng ti a, sau o n cac nhom chc va nhom th khac vi s lng cang nhiu cang tt.

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

3. anh s mach chinh t u nao gn nhom chinh va cho locant nho nht. Cac hu t chi cha bao hoa (-en, -in) c t ngay trc tn cua nhom chinh.
4. i vi cac hp cht n cht va a chc ng nht chi cha nhom c trng loai A thi goi tn cac nhom c trng dang tin t cung vi locant (c t ngay trc tin t) ri n hirua nn.

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

5. i vi cac hp cht n chc va a chc ng nht cha nhom chc c trng loai B thi nhom c trng c th hin dang hu t cung vi locant (c t ngay trc hu t).

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

6. i vi hp cht tap chc cha nhiu nhom c trng khac nhau, trong o co nhom loai B, thi goi tn tt ca cac nhom khng phai la nhom chinh dang tin t cung vi locant (t ngay trc mi tin t) ri n hirua nn cung vi cha bao hoa nu co va sau cung la nhom chinh dang hu t cung vi locant (ngay trc hu t).

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

Tom tt trinh t goi tn dn xut cua hirocacbon Locant + nhom th va nhom chc khng chinh ( dang tin t, trinh t ch cai) + mach chinh + locant + cha bao hoa ( dang hu t -en, -in..)+ locant +Nhom chc chinh ( dang hu t).

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

VD1:

CH3-CH2-OH

HO-CH2-CH2-OH

Nhom chc chinh: -OH (thuc loai B) co hu t -ol

Hirua nn: Tn hp cht: CH3-CH3 co tn etan Etanol va Etan-1,2-iol

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

VD2:

CH2 - CH- CH = C - C - CH3 OH CH3 Cl O

Nhom chc chinh: C=O (thuc loai B) hu t -on Hirua nn: CH3[CH2]4CH3 co tn hexan

Tn hp cht:3-Clo-6-hiroxi-5-metylhex-3-en-2-on

QUY TC GOI TN DN XUT HIROCACBON THEO DANH PHAP THAY TH

Lu y: Khi trong phn t co mt hai hoc hn hai nhom loai B, cn xac inh nhom chinh goi tn di dang hu t, con cac nhom khac c goi tn di dang tin t. Nhom chinh la nhom co u tin cao hn trong day sau (do IUPAC quy inh): Axit cacboxylic > anhirit axit > Este > halogenua axit > amit > Anehit > xeton > ancol va phenol > amin > ete