BO CO SINH HC I CNG C S HA SINH HC CA S SNG

GVHD : C Trn Th Phng Nhung

Danh sch nhm 1

1.Ph Vn Linh. 2.Ng Th Minh Tun 3.Trng Chu Bo Trn 4. H quang Tin 5. V Hong Tun 6.T Th Nguyn nh 11264051 11359081 11324491 11360081 11295911 11358761

Chng 1: Khoa hc ca s sng.

Th gii sinh vt
Sinh vt trong t nhin rt a dng. Chng c phn thnh cc nhm rt ln, c nhng c im v hnh dng, cu to hot ng sng, khc nhau. Chng hn nh cc nhm: thc vt, ng vt, nm, vi khun..

Thc vt

-Thc vt trong thin nhin rt a dng v phong ph. - Tuy a dng nhng chng c mt s c im chung: + T tng hp cht hu c. + Phn ln khng c kh nng di chuyn. + Phn ng chm vi cc kch thch t bn ngoi

ng vt.

 Th gii ng vt xung quanh chng ta v cng a dng, phong ph. Chng a dng v s loi, kch thc c th, li sng v mi trng sng. Nh s thch nghi cao vi iu kin sng, ng vt phn b khp cc mi trng Qua vi t nm tin ha, gii ng vt v cng a dng v phong ph vi khong 1,5 triu loi c pht hin. Bn cnh nhng ng vt n bo c kch thc hin vi, cn c cc ng vt rt ln nh: trai tng( v di 1,4m, nng 250 kg), voi Chu Phi(nng 4 tn, cao 3m), c voi xanh ( nng 150 tn, di 33m).

Vi khun

- Vi khun (ting Anh v ting La Tinh l bacterium, s nhiu bacteria) i khi cn c gi l vi trng, n thuc loi k sinh trng. - Vi khun l mt nhm sinh vt n bo, c kch thc nh (kch thc hin vi) v thng c cu trc t bo n gin khng c nhn, b khung t bo (cytoskeleton) v cc bo quan nh ty th v lc lp. - Vi khun l nhm hin din ng o nht trong sinh gii. Chng hin din khp ni trong t, nc v dng cng sinh vi cc sinh vt khc.
- Hu ht vi khun c kch thc nh, thng ch khong 0.5-5.0 m, c vch t bo, nh t bo thc vt v nm, nhng vi thnh phn cu to rt khc bit (peptidoglycan). - Nhiu vi khun di chuyn bng tin mao (flagellum) c cu trc khc vi tin mao ca cc nhm khc

Nm

 Gii Nm (tn khoa hc: Fungi) bao gm nhng sinh vt nhn chun t dng c thnh t bo bng kitin (chitin). Phn ln nm pht trin di dang cc si a bo c gi l si nm (hyphae) to nn h si (mycelium), mt s nm khc li pht trin di dng n bo, Qu trnh sinh sn (hu tnh hoc v tnh) ca nm thng qua bo t, c to ra trn nhng cu trc c bit hay th qu. Mt s loi li mt kh nng to nn nhng cu trc sinh sn c bit v nhn ln qua hnh thc sinh sn sinh dng.
Nhng i din tiu biu ca nm l nm mc, nm men v nm ln (nm qu th). a phn cc nm u khng th nhn thy c bng mt thng

Nhim v ca sinh hc:

- Cc sinh vt u c mi quan h vi i sng con ngi - Rt nhiu sinh vt c ch: chng cho ta thc n v nhiu loi sn phm khc - Nhng cng c nhiu loi gy hi: rui, mui, su b, nm ph hoi cy ci, ma mng - Do nhim v ca sinh hc l: nghin cu cc c im cu to v hot ng sng, cc iu kin sng ca sinh vt cng nh cc mi quan h gia cc sinh vty vi nhau v vi mi trng , tm cch s dng hp l chng, phc v i sng con ngi.

Nhng vn ca sinh hc:

Nghin cu v di truyn hc. Tm hiu v cc nh lut di truynv bin d. Hc thuyt tin ha, ngun gc ca s sng. Sinh thi hc. Sinh hc cc gii Sinh hc c th thc vt +Sinh hc c th ng vt. + Sinh vt v mi trng + H sinh thi + Con ngi dn s v mi trng. +Bo v mi trng.

Nhng nghin cu sinh hc

 Menden nghin cu nghin cu v a ra 3 nh lut:

nh lut ng tnh F1: Khi lai 2 b m khc nhau v mt cp tnh trng thun chng tng phn th F1 ng tnh. nh lut phn tnh F2: Khi lai 2 b m khc nhau v 1 cp tnh trng thun chng tng phn th F2 theo t l trung bnh 3 tri 1 ln, nh lut phn li c lp: Khi lai 2 b m khc nhau v 2 cp tnh trng thun chng tng phn di truyn c lp th F2 c t l kiu hnh bng tch cc t l tnh trng hp thnh n. i tng nghin cu: Cy u H Lan.

 Di truyn lin kt ca Morgan - Di truyn lin kt gii tnh: Di truyn lin kt gii tnh l hin tng di truyn cc tnh trng m trn cc gen xc nh chng nm trn NST gii tnh. - i tng nghin cu: Rui gim Louis Pasteur v vacxin phng bnh di, ngoi ra ng cn nghin cu bnh than v s nhim trng mu, cng b l thuyt v mm bnh v vic ng dng chng trong y hc, v s hoi th v v st hu sn

Cng c v k thut
Knh lp: l mt thu knh hi tvthng c dng khuch i hnh nh. N c ng knh t vi cm n khong vi chc cm. N l dng n gin nht ca knh hin vi.

 Knh lp hot ng nh to ra mt nh o nm ng sau knh, cng pha vi vt th cn phng i. thc hin c iu ny, knh phi t gn vt th, khong cch gia vt v knh nh hn tiu c ca knh. Knh thng phc v trong vic c ch hay quan st cc vt th nh, v dng trong mt s th nghim khoa hc n gin cc trng hc, hay cho cc chuyn gia trinh thm

Knh hin vi
Knh hin vi: l mt thit b dng quan st cc vt th c kch thc nh b m mt thng khng th quan st c bng cch to ra cc hnh nh phng i ca vt th

 Knh hin vi in t: L nhm k thut hin vi m ngun bc x nh sng c thay th bng cc chm in t hp c tng tc di hiu in th t vi chc kV n vi trm kV. Thay v s dng thu knh thy tinh, knh hin vi in t s dng cc thu knh t hi t chm in t, v c h c t trong bung chn khng cao. C nhiu loi knh hin vi in t khc nhau, ty thuc vo cch thc tng tc ca chm in t vi mu vt nh knh hin vi in t truyn qua s dng chm in t chiu xuyn qua vt

 C nhiu loi knh hin vi in t khc nhau, ty thuc vo cch thc tng tc ca chm in t vi mu vt nh knh hin vi in t truyn qua s dng chm in t chiu xuyn qua vt

Chng II: C s ha sinh hc ca s sng

I.Cc hp cht ha hc t nhin : - Phenol acid phenol v dn xut - Sterol v metyl sterol - Flavonit. - Tinh du. - Glycozit. - Ancaloit v carotenoit.

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

Gii thiu cc hp cht Phenol v dn xut. Phenol c nhiu dn xut ph thuc vo nhm th gn ln vng hng phng ca Phenol. Cc dn xut h Phenol va do cc phn ng phn hu ca thc vt, cc hp cht hu c c trong t nhin , va do hot ng sn sut ca cc nh my to ra. Theo T chc bo v mi trng ca M - ( EPA ) hin c 11 hp cht Phenol gy nhim mi trng ch yu hin nay l: 4-Cloro-3-Methylphenol, 2Clorophenol, 2,4-Diclorophenol, 2,4-Dimethylphenol, 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 2-Methyl4,6-Dinitrophenol, 2-Nitrophenol, 4-Nitrophenol, Pentaclorophenol, 2,4,6Triclorophenol v Phenol. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu dn xut h Phenol khc nh : Pyrocatechol, Resorcinol, 3-NitroPhenol, 1,3-Diclorophenol, 2,3,4,6-Tetraclorophenol . Cc dn xut h Phenol u rt c, ch mt lng rt nh trong nc ( > 1 ppb ) cng nh hng rt ln n sc kho ca con ngi cng nh cc loi sinh vt sng trong mi trng nc. Khi nng ca Phenol v cc dn xut nh hn 1 ppb tuy c c tnh thp cng nh hng nhiu n mi v, mu sc ca nc v i sng ca cc loi sinh vt trong nc.

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

Tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc ca cc hp cht Phenol - Tnh cht vt l ca cc hp cht Phenol. Phenol c cng thc phn t l C6H5OH. a s cc hp cht Phenol tn ti dng rn nhit phng nh Phenol, Nitrophenol, cc dn xut Clorophenol ( gm 2 nhm th Cl tr ln) , mt s hp cht Phenol khc tn ti dng lng nh Cresol, mono-Clorophenol ( gm ch mt nhm th Cl ). - Tnh Cht Ho Hc Ca Cc Hp Cht Phenol Phenol l dn xut ca Hydrocarbon thm do s th mt nguyn t -H trong nhn bng mt nhm -OH. Tu theo cc nhm th gn ln vng hng phng ca Phenol m c cc dn xut khc nhau. Hu ht cc hp cht Phenol u c tnh acid. Cc nhm th thng c gn ln vng hng phng ca Phenol l: nhm Nitro, nhm Methyl hoc nhm Cloro . Vng hng phng ca Phenol c th gn ng thi nhiu nhm th ging nhau hoc khc nhau. Mt vi loi phn ng m cc hp cht Phenol thng tham gia : - Phn ng Eter ho. - Phn ng Ester ho. - Phn ng to thnh mui trong mi trng kim. - Phn ng trn vng hng phng nh phn ng Nitro ho, Halogen ho, Alkil ho, Sulfon ha .

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

Phn b: Phenol v dn xut c trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh dt, nhum, nha, thuc, thuc tr su, cht chng oxi ho, giy, cng ngh du ho . Ngoi ra, hp cht Phenol cng c sinh ra t nhin nh s phn hy ca thc vt, cc hp cht hu c . Hu ht cc hp cht Phenol khi c thi ra t cc nh my u i vo mi trng nc. Chng khng nhng gy nhim mi trng sinh thi m cn gy hi n con ngi v cc loi sinh vt sng trong nc. Con ngi nu tip xc trong thi gian di vi cc hp cht Phenol c th b bnh ung th.

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

Chit xut bng cch chit pha rn SPE K thut chit pha rn c pht trin mnh trong thi gian gn y tch lm giu trc khi xc nh cc cht nhim hu c c hi trong mi trng. C s l thuyt ca k thut chit pha rn chnh l s kt hp gia chit lng v tch sc k. Khi nng cht phn tch trong mu tht nh, vic lm giu l rt quan trng. K thut SPE c u im so vi phng php chit lng-lng c in l t tiu tn dung mi, qui trnh chit nhanh, n gin, hiu sut chit cao, chn lc tt hn. m bo qu trnh chit pha rn cho kt qu phn tch tt, qu trnh chun b chit pha rn cn c thc hin qua 5 giai on c bn sau: Tnh cht ca cht phn tch nh phn cc, kch thc phn t cn phi c bit r la cho ct chit pha rn ph hp.

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

Cht phn tch tn ti trong mi trng: nc, dung mi hu c hay mt mi trng khc la cho ct chit ph hp. Ct chit pha rn c hot ho bng dung mi hu c phn cc v c cn bng bng nc hay m. Sau , cho dung dch mu cn phn tch qua ct. Ra tp cht c trong mu bng nc, m hay dung mi hu c phn cc. Ra gii cht phn tch bng dung mi hu c phn cc hay khng phn cc. Trong ct chit pha o, nc l dung mi ra gii yu nht. Mt s dung mi hu c thng c dng ra gii l: Methylenchloride, EthylAcetate, Acetonitril, Methanol. Hin nay c 2 cch lm giu trn ct chit pha rn l lm giu trc tip v lm giu gin tip

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

K thut chit pha rn gin tip Cc hp cht phenol phn cc trong nc thng c chit v lm giu trn pha tnh cc loi pha tnh khc nhau nh C18, Carbopack, Polydivinylbenzen, Polydivinylbezen-N-vinylpyrolidon HLB Oasis , hoc trn pha tnh Polyme Styren-divinylbezen nh EnviChrom P, LiChrolut EN . Gn y, vic nghin cu ch to cc pha tnh mi nh Polystyren-divinylbenzen c b sung nhm phn cc carboxylic nhm nng cao hiu sut chit cc cht Phenol c phn cc cao . Sau khi ra gii vi dung mi thch hp nh Acetonitril, Methanol, Dicloromethan, cc hp cht Phenol nh lng bng phng php sc k vi u d UV, khi ph, in ha

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

K thut chit pha rn trc tip K thut ny cho php lm giu trc tip v xc nh ng thi cc hp cht phenol trong qu trnh phn tch. Mu sau khi c lm giu trn pha tnh SPE, pha ng ra gii v vn chuyn cc cht ny n ct phn tch tch v nh lng cc cht cn phn tch bng u d thch hp. Phng php ny c u im hn so vi phng php chit pha rn thng thng l t tiu tn dung mi, n gin v vic phn tch c th tin hnh hon ton t ng. Tuy nhin, k thut ny c th dn n s bnh rng ca cc mi phn tch trn sc k nu pha tnh dng trong SPE c tnh cht khc vi pha tnh dng ch to ct phn tch. Gn y vic ch to pha tnh thch hp cho k thut ny l mt lnh vc nghin cu rt c quan tm. Pha tnh polyme c b sung nhm Benzoyl c dng lm giu v xc nh trc tip hm lng vt cc hp cht Phenol cng nh thuc tr su trong nc.

Phenol acid phenol v dn xut

Mt s phng php c dng xc nh cc hp cht Phenol v dn xut. Phng php quang Phng php Trc quang Phng php Ho pht quang Phng php cc ph xung vi phn Phng php sc k Phng php sc k kh vi u d khi ph (GC-MS) Phng php sc k lng vi du d khi ph (LC-MS Phng php sc k lng vi u d UV Phng php sc k lng vi u d in ha

Sterol v metyl sterol

Cu trc v ngun gc: Sterol th rn c ngun gc ng vt hoc thc vt,cu trc 27-29 nguyn t C, nhng u c khung sn c bn l cyclopentanoperhyrophenantren. V mt nhm th ankyl mch nhnh C17..Chng c tm thy trong ng vt c xng sng,khng xng sng v sau tm thy trong thc vt. Nhm sterol ng vt (zoosterol ):Cholesterol , Cholestan-3-ol,Coprostan--ol, Desosterol,Coprosterol,Cerebrosterol,Lathosterol. Nhm sterol ca ng vt bin khng xng sng: Spongesterol,Clionasterol,24methylencholesterol,Fucosterol. Nhm sterol thc vt (phytosterol): Sistosterol (c cc ng phn ,,y) ,Stigmasterol, -Spinasterol, Brassicasterol.Cc sterol thc vt c trong tt c cc b phn ca cy nhng nhng nhiu nht cc ht c du ,di dng t do hoc eter.Mt s t dng glycosid. Nhm sterol nm men: Ergosterol,Zymosterol,Acosterol,Fecosterol (th yu ) Cu trc phn t ca cc sterol v cc dn xut . Cc sterol u c nhm hydroxy C3,nhm th metyl C10 v C13 , v dy cacbon C17 Sterol c dy ni i C=C gi l stenol Sterol bo ha hydro gi l stanol Mt s sterol c nhm metyl C4 hoc C14 gi l metylsterol

Sterol v metyl sterol

Chit xut c tnh ca sterol l khng phn cc ,nn rt km tan trong nc nhng tan trong du bo v cc dung mi hu c khng phn cc nh eter, duha , vebzen, cloroform, acetonnn dng cc cht ny chit chng.(i vi cc sterol glycosid c th chit bng etanol) Sn phm chit bng dung mi hu c thng l hn hp ca sterol v cc cht bo , cc cht km phn cc khc trong nguyn liu nh : lipid (/v zoosterol), caroten, leucytin, (/v phytosterol). Phi thc hin phn ng x phng ha tch cc cht ny ra khi sterol,sau chit sterol bng dung mi hu c.Thc hin sc k ( ct,bn mng ,giy ..) phn lp hoc kt tinh phn on tinh ch sterol.

Sterol v metyl sterol

1. Phng php tch chit - Sc k lp mng (TLC) c thc hin trn bn mng trng sn DC-Alufolien 60 F254 v RP18 F254 (Merck-c). Cc vt cht c pht hin bng n t ngoi hai bc sng 254 v 368 nm hoc dng thuc th l dung dch H2SO4 10% phun u ln bn mng ri sy nhit cao cho n khi hin mu. - Sc k ct (CC) c tin hnh vi cht hp ph pha thng (Silica gel 240-430 mesh, Merck) hoc pha o (ODS-60-14/63, Fujisilisa-Nht Bn). 2. Cc phng php ph - Ph cng hng t nhn (NMR) c o trn my Bruker AM500 FT-NMR Spectrometer, Vin Ha hc, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam.

Sterol v metyl sterol

Cc phn ng nh tnh sterol v steroid thng dng l : Phn ng lierberman Burchard : -Cch th : mu th l dnh chit ha tan trong cloroform cho vo vi git thuc th pha,nu xut hin mu xanh lc,hng ,cam, v mu bn l phn ng dng tnh . Phn ng Tortelli-Jaffe : Ha tan 0,5mg cht th vi 0,2ml acid acetic v 11 git cloroform ,cho vo ng nghim .Cho dc thnh ng nghim vi git dung dch Brom ha trong cloroform .Nu c sterol vi 1 ni i s xut hin vng mu lc gia 2 lp cht lng. Thuc th dng nhn din sterol ,d vi lng rt nh khi phn tch sc k cc thuc th ny sau khi phun ln mu sc k ,un nh s hin mu ca vt. Dung dch SbCl2 10-20% trong cloroform Dung dch H2SO4 20% pha trong etanol hoc dung dch H2SO4 : H2O = 1:1

Flavonoid l g ?
- Flavonoid l mt nhm hp cht ln thng gp trong thc vt. Hn mt na rau qu thng dng c cha flavonoid. Flavnoid cng l thnh phn hay gp trong dc liu ngun gc thc vt. - Cu trc ha hc ca Flavonoid:

- Ngi ta xp vo nhm flavonod nhng cht c cu to khung theo kiu C6-C3-C6 hay ni cch khc l khung c bn gm 2 vng benzen A vi B ni vi nhau qua mt mch 3 carbon

PHN LOI FLAVONOID Da vo v tr ca cc gc aryl (vng B) v cc mc oxy ha ca mch 3C m ngi ta chia Flavonoid thnh cc loi sau:
1.Euflavonoid 2.Isoflavonoid 3.Neoflavonoid 4.Biflavonoid v Triflavonoid

1.Euflavonoid.

Anthocyanidin Flavan 3-ol. Flavan 3,4 diol Flavanol

- Flavonon. - 3-hidroxyflavanon. - Chalcon. - Dihydrochalcon. - Auron.

2.Isoflavonoid
Isolavan. Isolav-3-ene. Isolavan-4-ol. Isolavon. Rotenoid - Pterocarpan. - Coumestan. - Arulcoumarin.. Ngoi ra cn nhiu nhm na

3.Neoflavonoid. - 4-Arylchoman. - 4-Arycoumarin. - Dalbergion. 4. Biflavonoid v Triflavonoid.

Cc phng php phn tch flavonoid. Gm 2 phng php: - Phn tch nh tnh - Phn tch nh lng

Phn tch nh tnh.

Cc cht thuc nhm leuco-anthocyanidin do khng c ni i lin hip gia vng B vi nhm carbonyl nn khng mu. Cc dn xut anthocyanidin th mu thay i ty theo pH ca mi trng. Flavonoid l mt nhm hp cht t nhin ln thng gp trong thc vt, phn ln c mu vng

 C th dng cc thuc th sau: + Hi amoniac : Vt flavonoid cho mu vng. C th quan st nh sng thng hoc di n t ngoi (bc sng 366nm) trc v sau khi h amoniac. + St III clorid 3% trong ethanol : Tu theo s lng v v tr ca nhm OH phenol m cho mu lc , xanh hoc nu. + Thuc th Diazo : Cc dn cht flavonoid c nhm OH v tr 7 c th kt hp vi mui diazoni to thnh cht mu azoic mu vng cam n

+ Thuc th acid sulfuric 80%: c tc dng kh nc chuyn leucoanthocyan thnh anthocyan c mu . ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi thuc th khc nh: thuc th NP/PEG, mui ca kim loi V d: Flavon hoc flavonol Phng php phn tch HPLC (sc k lng cao p). Vi pha ng l dung dch acetonitrile v acid H3PO4 1% (phng php chun trong phn tch)

Phng php nh lng

Tu vo tng loi Flavonoid m ta c phng php nh lng c th khc nhau. 1.Phng php cn 2.o mu 3.Phng php o ph t ngoi

Cc phng php chit sut v tng hp Flavonoid

Chit sut: Nguyn liu c chit vi methanol, bc hi methanol trong chn khng hay trn ni cch thu ti cn. Ho tan cn trong nc ri chit li bng ethyl acetat. Bc hi dch chit ethyl acetat trn cch thu ti cn. Ho tan cn trong methanol chm sc k hoc c th dng dch chit methanol ban u lm dung dch chm sc k

 VD: Vi cc cht anthocyanin thng km bn vng nht l cc acyl anthocyanin c acyl ha vi cc acid aliphatic do ngi ta thng chit bng methanol c mt ca cc acid yu nh acid acetic, acid citric, - Khng c mt phng php chung no chit sut cc flavonoid v chng rt khc nhau v tan trong nc v trong cc dung mi hu c.

Cch phn lp Flavonoid

phn lp tng cht flavonoid, ngi ta dng phng php sc kh ct . Cht hp ph thng dng cho sc k cc flavonoid l silicagel G, bt polyamid, thng hot ho 1200C trong 1 hoc 2 gi. Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc cht khc nh bt cenllulose, silicagel, magnesol,

 Cht hp th. Cht hp th thng dng cho sc k cc flavonoid l siligel G, v bt polyamit thng hot ha nhit 120C trong 1-2 gi. Ngoi ra ta cn c th s dng nhng cht khc nh cenllulose, magnesol, siligel....

Dung mi i vi lp mng silicagel G

+ Tch cc Aglycol : Toluen ethyl formiat acid formic (5:4:1) + Tch flavon: Benzen aceton (4:1), (9:1) ; Benzen ethyl acetat (3:1) Ethyl acetat Methanol (4:1) + Tch cc flavonol: Ethyl acetat methanol (8:2) Benzen pyridin acid formic (36:9:5) + Tch cc flavonoid glycosid : Ethyl acetat acid formic nc (8:1:1) ;

 Butanol ethyl acetatdimethyl formamid nc (10:6:3:2) Ethyl acetat methanol nc (10:2:1), (100:16:14) Toluen ethyl acetat aceton acid formic (15:2:2:1) Cloroform methanol (9:1)

Ethyl acetat acid formic - acid acetic khan nc(100:11:11:27)

i vi lp mng bt polyamid
Methanol nc (8:1); (4:1) Ethanol nc (3:2), (4:1) Ethyl acetat methylethylceton acid formic nc (5:3:1:1)

Tc dng sinh hc v ng dng

Tc dng sinh hc: Flavonoid co rt nhiu tc dng c li cho con ngi nh cc vn : Khi a cc cht chng oxy ha nh flanovoid vo c th bo v t bo th c th ngn nga cc nguy c x va ng mch, tai bin mch, lo ha

 Tc dng chng c ca flavonoid lm gim thng tn gan, bo v c chc nng gan Flavonoid th hin tc dng chng co tht nhng t chc c nhn (ti mt, ng dn mt, ph qun v mt s t chc khc). Trn b my tit niu, nhiu flavonoid thuc nhm flavon, flavanon, flavonol th hin tc dng thng tiu r rt. Flavonoid lm bn thnh mch, gim sc thm thu cc hng cu qua thnh mch, ng dng trong cha tr cc ri lon chc nng tnh mch, gin hay suy yu tnh mch, tr, ri lon tun hon vng mc

ng dng
- Cht flavonoid t l cy chay gip bo qun m thn, c ch phn ng thi ghp thn; yu t bo v thn ghp, hn ch tn thng t bo thn do thiu mu. - Flavonoid c chit t l cy bch qu c tc dng ci thin c tun hon, c bit l tun hon no, lm tng tr nh, c tc dng tnh cc trong cha bnh Alzheimer, ci thin chng lit dng

 Cc flavonoid cn c tc dng chng c, lm gim thng tn gan, bo v chc nng gan nh cynarin, acid cafeic, chlorogenic... c trong cy actis - Mt nghin cu mi ca M c ng trn tp ch Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry khng nh rng cc cht flavonoid trong chanh c tnh nng ngn nga cc bnh thoi ha ca no Ngoi ra cn nhiu ng dng khc ca flavonoid trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhng chim a s l trong cng ngh thc phm v sinh hc.......

GLYCOZIT l g ?
nh ngha : Glycozit l nhng hp cht phc tp , c cu to bi hai phn : phn ng v phn khng ng ( genin hay aglycon ) Tnh cht glycozit: - L tnh. + L cht kt tinh c, mt s dng v nh hnh hoc lng snh. + a s khng mu, mt s c mu: + Anthraglycosid , da cam + Lavonoid glycosid mu vng.

 tan: Ph thuc vo mch ng di hay ngn v cc nhm i nc trong phn aglycon. Ho tnh: Phn ln cc glycosid trc khi thu phn khng c tnh kh v OH bn acetol ca ng tham gia vo dy ni glycosid, tr mt s glycosid m phn aglycon c nhm chc c tnh kh. Cu trc glycozit - Phn ng: - Phn aglycon:

Ancaloit l g?
Ancaloit l hp cht hu c c cha nit, a s c nhn d vng, c phn ng kim, thng gp trong tho mc. i khi cng c trong ng vt. Ancaloit thng c dc tnh mnh v cho nhng phn ng ho hc vi mt s thuc th chung ca ancaloit. Tnh cht ca ancaloit: - L tnh - Ho tnh Phn tch nh tnh ancaloit : - Phng php thm xut.

- Phng php nhum mu

CAROTENOIT
Tnh cht carotenoit: - l nhm cht mu c s dng rng ri trn nhiu lnh vc. - Carotenoit l mt nhm cht mu isoterpen khng no, khng tan trong nc, tan trong cht bo, c mu t vng n . - chia lm hai nhm ln: caroten hydrocacbon (nh l caroten, torulen) v xantophyl d b oxy ha. Cu trc carotenoit. - carotenoit l mt mch thng, gm 40 cacbon c cu thnh t 8 n v 5-cacbon isoprenoit lin kt nhau, i xng qua trung tm,mt s khc cha vng 6 cnh

 thng ni i lin hp, xen k ni n, ni i to chui polyen. Do , lm cho nhm cht ny d b oxy ha, ng phn ha, hp th nh sng, v th hin mu ca hp cht( mu cng m khi h thng ni cng di). Mt s cu trc chnh ca cc carotenoit. - Lycopen. - Caroten: - Crypthoxanthin Carotenoit cng c kh nng hp thu nh sng chn lc. Quang ph hp thu cc i ca nhm sc t ny nm trong khong 420 500 nm. Chc nng chnh ca nhm sc t ny l hp thu nh sng ri truyn sang cho chlorophyll

Chng II: C s ha sinh hc ca s sng

II. Cc hp cht ha sinh hc: - Nc v dung dch - Cc hp cht cacbon, cc i phn t sinh hc :Protein- Glucid- Lipid v acid bo- VitaminAcid amin- Acid Nucleic.

Nc v dung dch.
Thnh phn, cu to ca nc. - Nc l mt hp cht ho hc rt c bit, trong mi nguyn t hiro gp mt in t vo i in t dng chung vi nguyn t oxy to thnh lin kt cng ha tr. - Trong mi phn t nc c hai nguyn t hiro v mt nguyn t oxy. - Hai nguyn t hiro lin kt vi oxy to gc lin kt 105o .

- Nc l mt phn t phn cc, nn cc phn t nc c tnh cht hp dn ln nhau nh lc ht tnh in. - Nc thng tn ti c 3 dng: rn, lng, kh. Mt s tnh cht ca nc. - Tnh cht vt l. + Nc l cht lng khng c mu, trong sut, cho nh sng v sng di i qua (hp th nh sng sng ngn mnh hn) gip cho qu trnh quang hp c th thc hin su trong nc + p sut kh quyn l 1 atm, nc ng c OoC, si 100oC, rt cao so vi im si ca cc hp cht tng t cng nhm.

+ ho tan ca cc kh trong nc ph thuc vo nhit v p sut. + Nc l mt loi dung mi rt tt S ha tan cc cht trong nc. + Nc l mt dung mi c bit c khi lng phn t nh nht li phn cc mnh, v vy c kh nng xm nhp ha tan rt nhiu cc cht v c, hu c thnh dung dch.

S ha tan cht rn trong nc

Nc c th to lin kt hiro vi cc cht ha tan Cc cht ha tan c th dng ion cng c th khng dng ion. - S ha tan bao ch yu gm 2 qu trnh: l hc v ho hc (hirat ho). - Qu trnh l hc thng thu nhit: a > 0. - Qu trnh hirt ho thng to nhit: b < 0.

 Nhit ca qu trnh ho tan (l lng nhit to ra hay thu vo khi ha tan mt mol cht tan vo nc = a + b (1-1) - Nu > 0 : th qu trnh ha tan l thu nhit. - Nu < 0 : th qu trnh ha tan l to nhit. Dung dch qu bo ha l dung dch cha lng cht tan ln hn ha tan ca n ti mt nhit xc nh.

 ha tan cht kh trong nc

S c mt ca cht kh ho tan c vai tr rt ln i vi cc c tnh ho, sinh hc ca nc, c bit l oxy v kh cacbonic. S tn ti ca cc cht kh trong nc lm bin i pH v tnh th oxy ho kh (Eh) ca nc, gy nh hng xu n cht lng ca nc. S ha tan ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht kh, nhit ca nc, khong ha ca nc v p sut ca cht kh

 ho tan ca mt cht kh trong cht lng mt nhit khng i t l thun vi p sut ring phn ca kh tc dng ln cht lng. Gi Si (mg/l) l ha tan ca kh i: Si = k.Pi - k : hng s Henry, ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht kh v nhit . - ha tan cc cht kh trong nc tng khi nhit nc gim.

. ha tan cht lng trong nc

Cht c cng bn cht phn cc ha tan tt vo nhau, m s phn cc ca mt cht c xc nh bi cu trc ca n. Do , gia cu trc v tan c mt mi quan h xc nh. Thng thng cc cht lng phn cc thng d ha tan trong nc. Cc cht hu c thng kh ha tan trong nc.

ACID AMIN

ACID AMIN
nh ngha acid amin Acid qun l mt acid hu c, m trong mt nguyn t hydro ca gc carbonalfa (Ca) c thay th bi nhm quan (NH2)

Nu trong mt acid amin c hai nhm qun th nhm quan th 2 nm v tr carbon cui cng k t nhm carboxyl (COOH). V d:

ACID AMIN
Hot tnh quang hc ca acid amin Ch tr glycin trong phn t cht ny khng c nguyn t carbon bt i, cn tt c cc acid amin cn li u c t nht mt nguyn t carbon bt i (tc l bn ha tr ca n c bo ha bi bn nhm nguyn t khc nhau k hiu C*), do chng u c kh nng lm quay mt phng phn cc ca nh sng, ngha l chng u l nhng cht hot quang. Tt c cc acid amin c trong thnh phn protein u c cu hnh L nguyn t carbon a, cc acid amin c cu hnh D rt gp trong thin nhin. Ch L cho ta bit cu lluul ca phn t ch khng cho ta bit hng gc quay ca mt phng phn cc . - Cc ng phn hu tuyn (lm quay mt phng phn cc sang phi) c k hiu bng du (+) - Cc ng phn t tuyn (lm quay mt phng phn cc sang tri) c k hiu bng du (-)

ACID AMIN
Cc phn ng ho hc c trng ca acid amin * Phn ng vi acid v baz to thnh mui ng dng: Do tnh cht lng tnh nn acid qun l nhng cht m tt, n nh pa. * Phn ng vi acid Nit (hay l phn ng Van-slyke) Tr thon v oxyprolin (hai cht ny l iminoacid) cc acid amin u phn ng vi lem no gii phng kh Nit: ng dng: Cn c vo lng nh thot ra ngi ta c th tnh c hm lng ca acid quan trong dung dch. * Phn ng Sorensen (phn ng vi Aldehydformtc -formalin) ng dng: Bng cch chun vi dung dch kim tiu chun ngi ta c th xc nh c hm lng acid amin c trong dung dch. * Phn ng vi kim loi nng Acid amin to thnh cc mui phc ni phn t vi cc chun ca kim loi nng, c bit l vi con Cu2+.

ACID AMIN
Phn ng mu vi ninhydrin (trixetohydrinden) Khi un nng cc acid D- quan vi ninhydrin, nu mi trng pH 5 th chng s b oxy ho v phn gii thnh aldchyd tng ng, CO2 v NH3 Nu pH 5 th s sinh hp cht mu lc. Ngi ta c th tnh c hm lng acid amin tham gia trong phn ng bng cch nh lng kh CO2, NH3 hoc aldehyd va to thnh trong phn ng. Phn ng ca acid amin vi ninhydrin c s dng nhiu nh tnh v nh lng acid amin, c bit l phng php sc k trn giy v sc k trn ct nha trao i ln nh my phn tch acid amin t ng do Spackman, Stein v Moose xng. Phn ng ny rt nhy, c th cho php ta xc nh c cc acid amin c nng rt nh (vi microgam).

PROTEIN

PROTEIN

PROTEIN

Cu trc xon ca protein

PROTEIN
Hnh nh tinh th protein

PROTEIN
Protein l thnh phn dinh dng quan trng nht, chng c mt trong thnh phn ca nhn v cht nguyn sinh ca cc t bo. Qu trnh sng l s thoi ha v tn to thng xuyn ca protein. V vy, hng ngy cn n vo mt lng y protein. 1. Vai tr dinh dng ca protein. - Protein l yu t to hnh chnh, tham gia vo thnh phn cc c bp, mu, bch huyt, hocmn, men, khng th, cc tuyn bi tit v ni tit. C th bnh thng c mt v nc tiu khng cha protein. Do vai tr ny, protein c lin quan n mi chc nng sng ca c th (tun hon, h hp, sinh dc, tiu ha, bi tit hot ng thn kinh v tinh thn...). - Protein cn thit cho chuyn ha bnh thng cc cht dinh dng khc, c bit l cc vitamin v cht khong. Khi thiu protein, nhiu vitamin khng pht huy y chc nng ca chng mc d khng thiu v s lng. - Protein cn l ngun nng lng cho c th, thng cung cp 10%-15% nng lng ca khu phn, 1g protein t chy trong c th cho 4 Kcal, nhng v mt to hnh khng c cht dinh dng no c th thay th protein. - Protein kch thch s thm n v v th n gi vai tr chnh tip nhn cc ch n khc nhau. Thiu protein gy ra cc ri lon quan trng trong c th nh ngng ln hoc chm pht trin, m ha gan, ri lon hot ng nhiu tuyn ni tit (gip trng, sinh dc), thay i thnh phn protein mu, gim kh nng min dch sinh hc ca c th v tng tnh cm th ca c th vi cc bnh nhim khun. Tnh trng suy dinh dng do thiu protein nh hng n sc khe tr em nhiu trn th gii.

PROTEIN
Gi tr dinh dng ca protein. Cc protein cu thnh t cc axit amin v c th s dng cc axit amin n vo tng hp protein ca t bo v t chc. Thnh phn axit amin ca c th ngi khng thay i v c th ch tip thu mt lng cc axit amin hng nh vo mc ch xy dng v ti to t chc. Trong t nhin khng c loi protein thc n no c thnh phn hon ton ging vi thnh phn axit amin ca c th. Do p ng nhu cu c th cn phi hp cc loi protein thc n c thnh phn axit amin cn i nht. C 8 acit amin c th khng tng hp c hoc ch tng hp mt lng rt t l Lizin, tryptophan, phenynalaninin, l xin, izolxin, va lin, treo nin, metionin chng l cc axit amin cn thit. Gi tr dinh dng mt loi protein cao khi thnh phn axit amin cn thit trong cn i v ngc li. Cc loi protein ngun gc ng vt (tht, c, trng, sa) c gi tr dinh dng cao, cn cc loi protein thc vt c gi tr dinh dng thp hn. Bit phi hp cc ngun protein thc n hp l s to nn gi tr dinh dng cao ca khu phn. V d go, ng, m ngho lizin cn u tng, lc, vng hm lng lyzin cao, khi phi hp go hoc m hoc ng vi u tng, vng , lc s to nn protein khu phn c gi tr dinh dng cao hn cc protein n l .

PROTEIN
Ngun protein trong thc phm. - Thc phm ngun gc ng vt (tht, c, trng, sa) l ngun protein qu, nhiu v s lng, v cn i hn v thnh phn v m axit amin cn thit cao. - Thc phm ngun gc thc vt (u tng, go, m, ng, cc loi u khc...) l ngun protein quan trng. Hm lng axit amin cn thit cao trong u tng cn cc loi khc th hm lng axit amin cn thit khng cao, t l cc axit amin km cn i hn so vi nhu cu c th. Nhng vic c sn trong thin nhin mt khi lng ln vi gi r nn protein thc vt c vai tr quan trng i vi khu phn ca con ngi.

PROTEIN
Chuyn ha protein trong c th Tng hp protein trong c th Sn phm tiu ha ca protein l cc axit amin, c hp th vo mu n gan. gan, mt phn axit amin c gi li v c tng hp thnh protein ca huyt tng nh albumin, globulin v fribrinogen. Phn ln cc axit amin c chuyn ti t bo tng hp cc protein c trng nh hemoglobin, cc hoocmon ca tuyn ni tit, protein ca cc m c, ca cc khng th v cc enzim Trong 20 axit amin c 10 axit amin thit yu l lxin, izolxin, valin, metionin, treonin, phenylalanin, histidin, acginin, lizin v tryptophan c th khng t tng hp c phi ly t thc n. Khi c th thiu mt hoc mt s axit amin thit yu th qu trnh tng hp protein b ri lon. C th c th tng hp cc axit amin cn li t cc sn phm chuyn ha gluxit, lipit, protein.

PROTEIN
S phn gii protein trong c th Protein c phn gii gan, t bo v m thnh cc axit amin. Tt c cc axit amin t bo v m s c chuyn ti gan tip tc phn gii thnh NH3 i vo chu trnh ornithin to thnh ure, axit uric v creatin. Phn cn li l axit xetonic c th bin i thnh glucoza v glycogen, hoc oxy ha to thnh CO2, H2O v gii phng nng lng. Axit xetonic cng c th kt hp vi NH2 to thnh cc axit amin mi.

PROTEIN
iu ha chuyn ha protein - iu ha theo c ch thn kinh: - khu iu ha nm vng di i th. Khi trung khu ny b tn thng, qu trnh phn gii protein tng ln. - iu ha theo c ch th dch: c thc hin thng qua mt s hoocmon + Hoocmon insulin ca tuyn ty lm tng qu trnh s dng glucoza t bo, gim phn gii protein, tng tng hp protein. + Hoocmon tng trng GH ca tuyn yn lm tng qu trnh tng hp protein t bo, tng tch ly protein m. + Testosterol v estrogen lm tng tch ly protein m. + Glucocorticoit c tc dng huy ng cc axit amin vo qu trnh chuyn ha to ra gluxit v gii phng nng lng, gim tng tch ly protein m. + Thyroxin tng cng phn gii protein gii phng nng lng trong trng hp thiu gluxit v lipit. Khi gluxit v lipit d tha th thyroxin lm tng tng hp protein.

LIPIT
Thnh phn ha hc ca lipit. Thnh phn chnh l triglyxerit l nhng hp cht hu c phc tp gm ru bc 3 glyxerol v cc axit bo no, cha no. Cc axit bo l thnh phn quyt nh tnh cht ca lipit. Cc axit bo no hay gp l butirie, capric, Caprilic, Loric, Myristic, Panmitie, Stearic. M ng vt thng c nhiu axit bo no, cc loi m lng v du n c nhiu axit bo cha no. Trng thi ca m nht l tan chy c quyt nh bi thnh phn axit bo ca chng. tan chy cao khi thnh phn axit bo no chim u th v tan chy thp khi axit bo cha no chim u th. iu c ngha l cht bo lng c ng ha cao hn cht bo c iu kin nhit bnh thng. M b, m cu tan chy nhit 45-50oC c hp thu 86%88%. B, m ln, du thc vt c hp thu 97%- 88%. Thnh phn v nhit tan chy ca cht bo sc vt, tnh trng sinh l gia sc, phng thc chn nui gia sc, iu khin kh hu ni trng cc loi cy c du. M di da d chy hn m quanh ph tng, cc loi du thc vt nhit i cha nhiu axit bo phn t thp d tan chy. Nhiu tc gi coi cc axit bo cha no linoleic, linolenic v arachidonic cng vi cc sn phm ng phn ca chng l cc axit bo cha no cn thit v chng khng tng hp c trong c th. Photphatit v sterol cng l nhng thnh phn lipit quan trng.

LIPIT
Vai tr dinh dng ca lipit. Trc tin l ngun nng lng, 1g cht bo cho 9 Kcal. Thc n giu lipit l ngun nng lng m c cn thit cho ngi lao ng nng, cn thit cho thi k phc hi dinh dng i vi ngi m. Cht bo d tr nm di da v m lin kt. Cht bo di da v quanh ph tng l t chc bo v. l t chc m v bo v c th trnh khi cc tc ng bt li ca mi trng bn ngoi nh nng, lnh. Ngi gy, lp m di da mng thng km chu ng vi s thay i ca thi tit. Photphatit l thnh phn cu trc t bo thn kinh, no, tim, gan, tuyn sinh dc... tham gia vo qu trnh dinh dng ca t bo nht l tnh thm ca mng t bo. i vi ngi trng thnh photphatit l yu t quan trng iu ha chuyn ha cholesterol.

LIPIT
Cholesterol cng l thnh phn cu trc t bo v tham gia mt s chc nng chuyn ha quan trng nh: -Cholesterol l tin cht ca axit mt tham gia vo qu trnh nh tng ha - Cholesterol tham gia tng hp cc ni t v thng thn (coctizon, testosterol, andosterol, ni t sinh dc, vitamin D3). - Cholesterol c vai tr lin kt cc c t tan mu (saponin) v cc c t tan mu ca vi khun, k sinh trng. Ngi ta cng thy vai tr khng thun li ca cholesterol trong mt s bnh nh va x ng mch, mt s khi u c tnh. V th cn cn nhc thn trng cc trng hp dng thc n giu cholesterol (lng trng) i vi cc bnh nhn c lin quan ti cc bnh k trn. Cc axit bo cha no cn thit (linoleic, a - linolenic, arachidonic) c vai tr quan trng trong dinh dng iu tr cc eczema kh cha, trong s pht trin bnh thng ca c th v tng cng sc khng. Ngoi ra, cht bo cn rt cn thit cho qu trnh ch bin nu nng thc n lm cho thc n tr nn a dng, ngon ming.

LIPIT
Hp thu v ng ha cht bo. - Cc cht bo c nhit tan chy thp hn 37oc, h s hp thu khong 97-98%. - Cc cht bo c nhit tan chy 38 - 39oc , h s hp thu khong 90%. - Cc cht bo c nhit tan chy 50-600 c, h s hp thu khong 70-80%. Nh vy, khu phn c cht bo vi qu nhiu axit bo no s dn n hn ch hp thu ng ha cht bo ca c th. Ngi ta cng nhn thy rng nu hm lng cc axit bo cha no nhiu ni i qu cao (15% tng s axit bo) chng s khng c ng ha hp thu. T l thch hp hp th khi axt bo cha no trong khu phn l 4% tng s axit bo. ng ha ca mt cht bo nh sau: b 93-98%, m ln 96-98%, m b 80-86%, du vng 98%, du u nnh 97,5%.

LIPIT
Chuyn ha lipit trong c th Tng hp lipit trong c th - Sn phm tiu ha lipit l glyxerin v axit bo, khi n biu m mng nhy ca rut c tng hp thnh lipit trung tnh c hp th vo mu v bch huyt, sau c s dng hoc chuyn ti cc kho d tr di da, xoang bng, quanh ni tng v trong cc m lin kt ca c. - C th c th tng hp lipit t gluxit v protein qua cc khu trao i trung gian, ty thuc vo t l cc cht cha trong thc n c nit v khng c nit.

LIPIT
S phn gii lipit trong c th S phn gii lipit, trc ht c din ra gan, to thnh glyxerin v axt bo ri li c mu a n cc c quan s dng. Ti y mt phn gylxerin c xiha thnh CO2, H2O v nng lng, cn phn khc c chuyn thnh glycozen d tr. Cc axit bo th c phn gii theo con ng beta oxy ha thnh axit lactic, ri thnh axetyl-CoA , vo chu trnh Krebs v gii phng nng lng.

LIPIT
iu ha chuyn ha lipit S chuyn ha lipit chu nh hng ca thn kinh, ni tit, chc nng ca gan v lin quan n chuyn ha gluxit. Trung khu iu ha chuyn ha lipit nm vng di i Hoocmon ca tuyn yn, tuyn gip, tuyn ty, tuyn trn thn, tuyn sinh dcc tc dng chuyn ha lipit. Khi insulin nhiu trong mu, qu trnh chuyn ha gluxit thnh lipit d tr tng cng v ngc li khi insulin trong mu gim th lipit d tr s c huy ng to ra nng lng. Gan l ni phn gii v tng hp cc axit bo, photpholipit, colesterol. Mt s bnh c th gy ri lon chuyn ha lipit trong gan nh giang mai, st rt, nghin ru dn n x gan, nhim c cc cht photphoQu trnh chuyn ha lipit cng c th ri lon do trong thc n c nhiu m, nhiu cholesterol, biotin, thiamin, hoc do thiu gluxit hay khng cc axit bo cn thit.

GLUXIT
Cc loi gluxit. - Mono saccarit: Glucoza, fructoza, galactoza l cc phn t n gin nht ca gluxit, d hp thu ng ha nht. Khc nhau v hm lng v chng loi, cc thc phm ng vt v thc vt u c cha cc phn t gluxit n gin ny, to nn v ngt ca thc phm. - Disaccarit: Saccaroza, lactoza l cc phn t ng kp tiu biu. Cc disaccarit khi thy phn cho 2 phn t ng n. Disaccarit v monosaccarit u c v ngt. Nu saccaroza c ngt l 100 th fructoza c ngt l 173, lactoza l 16 v galactoza l 32, glucoza l 79. - Polysaecarit: Tinh bt (amidon, amilopectin), glycogen, xenluloza l cc dng phn t gluxt ln. Hm lng v chng loi ca cc phn t gluxit ny rt khc nhau trong cc loi thc phm. Chng c nh hng ln n trng thi v ng ha hp thu ca thc phm.

GLUXIT
Vai tr dinh dng ca gluxit. i vi ngi vi tr chnh ca gluxit l sinh nng lng. Hn mt na nng lng ca khu phn do gluxit cung cp, 1g gluxit khi t chy trong c TH CHO 4 KCAL. gan, glucoza c tng hp thnh glycogen. Gluxit n vo trc ht chuyn thnh nng lng, s d mt phn chuyn thnh glycogen v mt phn thnh m d tr. mc nht nh, gluxit tham gia to hnh nh mt thnh phn ca t bo v m. Trong c th lun lun xy ra qu trnh phn gii gluxit to nng lng nhng hm lng gluxit mu lun lun mc 80120 MG%. n ung y gluxit s lm gim phn hy protein n mc ti thiu. Ngc li khi lao ng nng nu cung cp gluxit khng y s lm tng phn hy Protein. n ung qu nhiu, gluxit tha s chuyn thnh lipit v n mc nht nh s gy ra hin tng bo ph.

GLUXIT
Gluxit tinh ch v gluxit bo v. Di danh t gluxit tinh ch, ngi ta m ch nhng thc phm giu gluxit thng qua nhiu mc ch bin lm sch, mt ti a cc cht km theo gluxit trong thc phm. Mc tinh ch cng cao, lng mt cc thnh phn cu to cng ln, cht x b loi tr cng nhiu, hm lng gluxit cng tng v thc phm tr nn d tiu hn. Gluxt tinh ch chnh trong vn gy bo ph, ri lon chuyn ha m v Cholesteron ngi cao tui, ngi gi t lao ng chn tay. - Cc loi ngt, trong lng ng qu 70% nng lng hoc tuy c hm lng ng thp (40- 50%) nhng m cao (30% v hn). - Bt ng cc t l xay xt cao, hm lng xeluloza MC 0,3% HOC THP HN cung thuc loi gluxit tinh ch v chng d to m tch cha trong c th. Ngi nhiu tui, ngi gi, ngi t vn ng th lc nn hn ch lng gluxt tnh ch di 1/3 tng s gluxit khu phn.

GLUXIT
Chuyn ha gluxit trong c th Tng hp glucoza v d tr glycogen. Glucoza l sn phm ca qu trnh tiu ha, c hp thu vo trong mu i n gan. gan di tc dng ca insulin, mt phn glucoza c chuyn thnh glycogen d tr. Lng glucoza cn li phn ln s c chuyn n cc m tng hp thnh glycogen d tr, nht l c vn. Mt lng nh glucoza c li trong huyt tng. Glucoza n t bo gan, di tc dng ca cc enzim hexokinaza v glucokinaza, b bin i thnh glucoza -6 photphat, ri tip tc c bin i thnh glycogen nh enzim glycogensynteraza. Khi hm lng glucoza trong mu gim xung thp th glycogen d tr trong gan s c phn gii thnh glucoza. Khi c th cn mt lng ln glucoza cho cc phn ng ca c vn th di tc ng ca photphorylaza, glycogen trong gan s c chuyn ha thnh glucoza - photphat glucoza + photphat.

GLUXIT
Khi c th cn glucoza m lng glycogen trong gan thp hoc khi c th cn glucoza khn cp th gan sn xut glucoza t protein v lipit qua cc qu trnh chuyn ha to sn phm trung gian l axit pyruvic ri thnh glucoza. Lng glycogen d tr trong gan c th ln ti 200 300 g. Nu thc n n nhiu polisaccarit hoc disaccarit th glucoza vn vo trong mu mt cch t t do s tiu ho din ra chm v gan vn th gi bin i glucoza tha thnh glycogen d tr. Nhng nu cho mt lng gluxit d tiu ho qu ln vo cng mt lc (chng hn trn 150 g n 200 g ng mt ngy) hoc tim nhiu glucoza vo trong mu th lng glucoz trong mu s qu mc, gan khng kp bin i ht glucoza thnh glycogen, khi lng glucoza trong mu ln ti 0,15 n 0,18% th phn glucoza tha s b thn thi ra ngoi (chng i ng do n ung nht thi v v hi). Tri li nu chng i ng do gan mt kh nng chuyn glucoz thnh glycogen hoc do thn khng c kh nng hp thu tr li glucoz trong nc tiu l mt triu chng bnh l

GLUXIT
Phn gii glucoza Qu trnh phn gii gluxit trong c th c thc hin theo 2 giai an -Giai on ym kh (cn gi l chng ng phn) : phn gii glucoza thnh axit pyruvic, i khi thnh axit lactic, gii phng 1/10 nng lng gi tr - Giai on hiu kh : chuyn axit pyruvic thnh CO2 v H2O trong chu trnh Krebs. Mt phn t glucoza sau mt vng chu trnh Krebs gii phng c 36 ATP, mi ATP khong 10 KCal/mol. Nu thiu O2 th giai on ny khng th thc hin c v
cht to ra s l axit lactic

GLUXIT
iu ha chuyn ha gluxit Qu trnh chuyn ha gluxit cng chnh l qu trnh iu ha lng gluxit trong mu, hay cn gi l ng huyt,. Qu trnh c iu ha bi c ch thn kinh v c ch th dch Trung khu iu ha ng huyt nm hnh ty. Khi trung khu ny b kch thch, xung ng thn kinh truyn n gan, lm tng chuyn ha glycogen thnh glucoza, lm tng ng huyt. ng thi xung ng t hnh ty cng truyn n min ty ca tuyn trn thn, gy tit adrenalin, adrenalin theo mu n gan, lm tng qu trnh chuyn ha glycogen thnh glucoza. Hoocmon glucocorticoit lm gim mc s dng glucoza trong m, lm tng qu trnh tng hp glucoza mi nn lm tng ng trong mu. Hoocmon glucagon ca tuyn ty c tc dng tng ng huyt. Hoocmon ACTH, STH v thyroxin cng tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ha gluxit. Hoocmon insulun lm tng tnh thm ca mng t bo i vi glucoza, lm hot ha enzym hexokinaza, lm tng qu trnh oxy ha gluxit trong t bo, lm gim ng huyt.

VITAMIN

Cu trc phn t Vitamin

VITAMIN
Nhiu vitamin l cu t ca cc men cn thit cho qu trnh chuyn ha vt cht trong c th. Phn ln cc vitamin phi a t thc n vo c th. Ngi ta chia cc vitamin thnh 2 nhm: Nhm vitamin tan trong cht bo: L vitamin A,D,E,K thng i km vi cht bo ca thc n. Mt khu phn c hm lng lipit thp thng t cc vitamin ny hoc c th km s dng cc vitamin ny. - Nhm vitamin tan trong nc: Bao gm vitamin nhm B, vitamin C, vitamin P, Vitamin U. C th d dng c tha mn nhu cu cc vitamin ny khi dng thc n ti

VITAMIN
Vitamin A. Dng Retinol ch c thc phm ng vt di dng este ca cc axit bo bc cao trong gan, thn, phi v m d tr . thc phm thc vt Vitamin A tn ti di dng provitamin A. Trong b -caroten c hot tnh vitamin A cao nht. Trong c th Vitamin A duy tri tnh trng bnh thng ca biu m. Khi thiu vitamin A, da v nim mc kh, sng ha, vi khun d xm nhp gy vim nhim. l cc biu hin kh mt, kh gic mc. Vitamin A c vai tr quan trng i vi chc phn th gic. Sc t nhy cm vi nh sng nm vng mc l rodopxin gm protein v dn xut ca vitamin A.

VITAMIN
Vitamin D. l mt nhm cht trong v phng din dinh dng c 2 cht quan trng l ecgocanxiferon (vitamin D2) v colecanxiferon (vitamin D3). Vai tr chnh ca vitamin D l tng hp thu Canxi v Phospho rut non . N cng c tc dng trc tip ti qu trnh ct ha. Nh vy, vitamin D l yu t chng ci xng v kch thch s tng trng ca c th.

VITAMIN
Vitamin B1 ( tiamin ). Tia min di dng tiamin pirophotphat l coenzim ca men carboxylaza, men ny cn cho phn ng kh carboxyn ca axit xetonic (axit pyruvic, axit xetoglutaric ): Khi thiu vitamin B1 axit pyruvic s tch ly trong c th gy c cho h thng thn kinh. Vitamin B1 tham gia iu ha qu trnh dn truyn cc xung tc thn kinh do n c ch kh axetyl-cholin.. Vitamin B c trong cc ht ng cc, rau, u, tht nc, lng trng, gan, thn.

VITAMIN
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). Riboflavin l thnh phn ca nhiu h thng men tham gia chuyn ha trung gian Vitamin B2 cn cho chuyn ha protein, khi thiu mt phn cc axit min ca thc n khng c s dng v ra theo nc tiu. Ngc li khi thiu protein, qu trnh to men flavoprotein b ri lon. Ngoi ra vitamin B2 c nh hng ti kh nng cm th nh sng ca mt nht l i vi s nhn mu

VITAMIN
VITAMIN PP ( Nia xin, axit nieotinic). Tt c cc t bo sng u cn ma xin v dn xut ca n. Chng l thnh phn ct yu ca 2 coenzim quan trng chuyn ha gluxit v h hp t bo l Nicotinamit Adenin Dinucleotit (Nad-coenzim I) v Nicotinamit Adenin Dinucleotit photphate (NADP-COENZIMII). Trong c th, tryptophan c th chuyn thnh axit nicotinic. Qu trnh ny gy ra rut v gan v b cn tr khi thiu piridoxin. C 60mg tryptophan cho 1 mg axit nicotinic. Thiu nia xin v tryptophan l nguyn nhn ca bnh Pellagra. Cc biu hin chnh ca bnh l vim da nht l vng da tip xc nh nng mt tri, vim nim mc, a chy, c cc ri lon v tinh thn. Tht gia cm, b, ln nht l ph tng cha nhiu vitamin PP. Lp ngoi ca cc ht go, ng, m, u lc vng rt giu vitamin PP.

VITAMIN
VITAMIN C ( AXIT ASCORBIE) . Vitamin C tham gia nhiu qu trnh chuyn ha quan trng. Trong qu trnh oxy ha kh, vitamin C c vai tr nh mt cht vn chuyn H+. Vitamin C cn kch thch to colagen ca m kin kt, sn, xng, rng, mch mu. V th khi thiu Vitamin C, cc triu chng thng biu hin cc t chc lin kt v xng (xut huyt di da, chy mu chn rng, au mi xng khp). Vitamin C cn kch thch hot ng ca cc tuyn thng thn, tuyn yn, hong th, c quan to mu v do vai tr ca Vitamin C lin quan ti chc phn ca cc c quan ny nh kch thch s pht trin tr em , phc hi sc khe , vt thng mau lnh, tng sc bn mao mch, tng kh nng lao ng, s do dai v tng sc khng nhim. Trong t nhin vitamin C c nhiu trong rau qu nhng hm lng ca chng gim thng xuyn do cc yu t ni ti ca thc phm v cc yu t vt l khc nh nh sng, nhit cao, cc men oxy ha v cc ion kim loi ( Fe, Cu). Vitamin C rt d tan trong nc, do trong qu trnh ch bin cn lu trnh s hao ht khng cn thit v tn dng cc phn nc ca thc n.

ACID NUCLEIC
- l poly este ca axit photphoric v pentoz (mono saccarit c 5 C) - trong mi pentoz c mt nhm th l hp cht d vng cha nit (baz nit)

OH HO -- P O H O NH2 N N
Anin

HO CH2 H H HO N NH

HO HO CH2 H H HO H H HO

HO

H H
H

-D-Ribofuranoz (riboz)

-D-oxiribofuranoz
(eoxiriboz)

ACID NUCLEIC
OH O OH O OH O N OH O OH O OH O N HO -- P O P O P O CH2 H H H H HO CH2 N N H H

NH2
N N

N N

HO -- P O P O P O H

NH2

H H

HO

HO

ANOZIN

HO

HO

HO O

-nu pentoz l riboz k hiu axit nucleic l ARN -nu pentoz l eoxi riboz k hiu axit nucleic l ADN
O P O CH2 HH HO P O H H

A
H H H

O CH2
HH HO P O O CH2 HH O H H H

CU TO HO HC CA ADN

ACID NUCLEIC

ACID NUCLEIC
Cu trc acid nucleic: - Acid nucleic l i phn t sinh hc, cu to t nhiu n phn l nucleotid. - Cu to gm 3 phn: baz nit, ng C5 v acid photphoric. Nu thnh phn khng c acid photphoric th gi l nucleozit. - Nhiu n phn nucleotid lin kt vi nhau nh lin kt photpho-diester (gia acid photphoric ca nucleotid ny vi ng C5 ca nucleotid tip theo), to nn chui di gi l polynucleotid. - S lng, thnh phn v trnh t sp xp ca cc nucleotid trong chui to nn cu trc bc 1 v th hin tnh c th ca acid nucleotid .

ACID NUCLEIC
Phn loi:c 2 loi acid Nucleic Acid deoxyribonucleotid (ADN): - C 4 loi baz nito : Adenin (A), Guanin (A), Citozin (C), Timin (T). Baz nit lin kt vi ng deoxyriboz v acid photphoric to nn 4 loi nucleotid. - S lng, thnh phn v trnh t sp xp ca nucleotid th hin cu trc bc 1 ca DNA l cch thc m ha thng tin di truyn. - Hai mch DNA lin kt vi nhau to thnh si xon kp theo nguyn tc b sung : A=T v G=C. Hai mch xon theo trc gia v ngc chiu nhau, 1 mch theo hng 3-5, mch kia theo hng 5-3.

ACID NUCLEIC
Acid ribonucleotid (ARN): - C 4 lai baz nit : A, G, C, U v ng riboz. 4 loi nucleotid lin kt vi nhau to mch n polyribonucleotid. - C 3 loi ARN: + mARN thng tin : l mch n c phin m t ADN trong nhn, vn chuyn ra t bo cht, s dng lm khun tng hp protein.

ACID NUCLEIC
+ rARN ribosome : l loi ARN c hm lng nhiu nht, chim 80% lng ARN ca t bo, c phin m t ADN trong nhn, lin kt vi protein to nn ribosome, v l ni tng hp protein. + tARN vn ti : vn chuyn cc acid amin lp rp vo mch polypeptid khi tng hp protein. tARN l nhng ph.t b, ch cha khong 75-85 nucleotid. C trn 20 loi tARN khc nhau c trng cho 20 loi acid amin khc nhau.