The Friedmann Equation Alexander Friedmann of Russia is credited with developing a dynamic equation for the expanding universe

in the 1920s. This was a time when Einstein, Willem de Sitter of the Netherlands, and Georges Lemaitre of France were also working on equations to model the universe. Friedmann developed it as a relativistic equation in the framework of general relativity, but the description here will be limited to a simplified, non-relativistic version based on Newton's laws. Convenient forms of Friedmann's equation with which to examine the expansion time and temperature for a big bang model of the universe are Besides the density and gravitation constant G, the equation contains the Hubble parameter H, a scaling parameter R, and a factor k which is called the curvature parameter. The curvature parameter indicates whether the universe is open or closed. The above equations do not specify the nature of the density . They do not include any particle interactions other than gravitational attraction. Such particle interactions, like collisions, could be specified in terms of pressure, so the model above is sometimes referred to as a "pressureless" universe. More detailed versions of the Friedman equation include such effects. Einstein considered adding another term, the famous (or infamous) cosmological constant which would produce a static universe.

The Curvature Parameter The Friedmann equation which models the expanding universe has a parameter k called the curvature parameter which is indicative of the rate of expansion and whether or not that expansion rate is increasing or decreasing. It indicates the future fate of the universe. If k = 0 then the density is equal to a critical value at which the universe will expand forever at a decreasing rate. This is often referred to as the Einsteinde Sitter universe in recognition of their work in modeling it. This k = 0 condition can be used to express the critical density in terms of the present value of the Hubble parameter. For k > 0 the density is high enough that the gravitational attraction will eventually stop the expansion and it will collapse backward to a "big crunch". This kind of universe is described as being a closed universe, or a gravitationally bound universe. For k < 0 the universe expands forever, there not being sufficient density for gravitational attraction to stop the expansion.