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> +'# $   @ G ' .  '  B) '3 8 > +'# '*+  )9
5+ \M >$  $  B) + 1K+ R ' .= G  ( a)K Q\ ' >L
.= G  ( >L R $ 7'% 06) '+

>L q3) > +'# 72

R)? k ' +  ' ' T bJ  ' 5# . To C'  + = X+ 03^ + L
o = To T  = To T

wp

 = o e mx

:RN # X

= o

Coshm(l x)
Coshml

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f =

f =

q 
  





  


X| =9% ' :L ( '

hpkA o tgh ml tghml

=
ph o l
ml

(,)
(t)

 L Q6 ` A [L '% = > H k [XY+& 7'% 06) H h }3? C+' '
. G+ L Q6 (3L p

= X+ 03^ + L r+

f =

hpkA o
=
hA o

ww

pk
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:L XA'|

(-)

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.!$ L (-) C+' f? *B 5+ (3# .!>
L ( + =9%' = q = hA o =

(/)

1
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.=
q = hpkA o =

o
1
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1
L ( + =9% ' =6 <
hA

()
.= R2 L + =9% ' =6

R2
=
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: 1 =
hpkA R2

R
1 = f 

R2

pk
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()



+ '% =6 5+ L ( + '% =6 $ =*'

 L A'# 5# =B (3 Q '
. G+ '% L
:!# 'c  8 '
 ' R3 1 (3
()
q = hA(T T )
.!> P ' A  h + 7'% 06) ( | $ r+
.!| X  B) (> L) > R? $ A N)*   P r+

:=G !>3M I ) + r53) L r+ 0c   =9%'

q = h A (T T )

(.)

dl


& `

5' r

. G+ L 03^ l   d }3? 03? '

:5&3
D # 5
@ ) | h + 0 U^ ' R?

w~

%0+Y 6W " F X F" ,P Z"

:7H?
(= $ t =KH) !' x =& ' b6?  (  <
.= =M3s  =+d h <
r C$3

qx = qx + dx + qconv
dT d 2T
T
= kzt (
+
dx) + h(2 zdx + 2tdx)(T T )
x
dx dx 2
T
T
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x
x
x
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x 2 KA

kA

m=

hp 1 
( )
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2
2
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x

:0 r$ bG

x=0
T = To = To T = o

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. G+ + 03^ L (a9
x

T = T = 0

mx
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;3&

q = hpkA o

:I ) L (;

x = l

T
x = 0 x = 0
cosh m(l x)
=
o
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q = hpkA otgh(ml )

:R@ 03^ + L (

T
kA
x
d
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x=L
x L

x= L

= hA(T( L ) T )
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:[ 6\ " X

w

.!| X  B) $  5+ L ( ' a@ $

f =
hp
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L=
L
kA
kzt
2hz
2h
z >> t mL =
L=
L=
ktz
kt
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tgh(ml )
I ) r+
mL

mL =

2h 2
L
ktL

2h 32
tgh
L
kAp
f =
3
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L
kAp
1

ht 2
1
) 5| XA> R? ( ' 5
J r+ (3 X 8c [ G+ << 5| XG r+
2
2k
t
.   G `Jl 03^  | 5?H $  5+ R? 03^ 5+ }3? 5+' ' )* I
2

5+' $  G `Jl 03^

LC = L +

t
2

.= 5%  % X
6 RD rM [  5
J

7'3l+ X
6 '3+ ' 7'% 0 
 f ) ' 5| X)* r> R? r+ ( ' R++
. 3G X (+ $
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3

f =

2h
t 2
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L +
kAp
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2h
t
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kAp
2

Ap = L + t

)t = L t
c

X R? '3 .=  G   ( X)*  X ?L Q^6 + R? ( ' sG '
.=  c = + R?  $+ a@ $  B) + iE  = > *B 59 @ % b3

V
 ? R R R++ = B\ X R? r) ' 7'% 0 
 ` (3D | 5&3
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[%]

LC2
KAp

[%]

LC2
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[] >5939 J >L > $+ ' 3  72

[] a)K 0G + >L ( ' 72

3
2
C

h 2
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 X VW F" ,=N 

 OP ]!5 &

Q = UA(Ti To )

:!| X a@ ' ' L ` |  $+  )+

t =



'&

$%



!"# 






!"#



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!"#
 

(A A )hT +

t =

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t = 1

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A

Q1 = ti hi Ai (Ti T1 ) =

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Ti T1
1
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)
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1
ho Aoto

:!A =9% '

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1
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1
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Ui =

UA
Ai
1
Ai
1
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ti Ai
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^=5 % ]( _ " `W ,4L XH" ]!5 &

t =

( A Af )hT + f Af hT

AhT
T T
(T T ) Af h f =
Rc
Ac

. G+ L Q6 `  5' ` Ac  g  =6 Rc }3? C+' '
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=
1
R
1
+ c
Af h f Ac
A f h f
1
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1
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+
A f h f Ac

(T T )
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1
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R
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f A f h T
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t =

h A T

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1
Rc
+

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t =
hAT

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t = 1
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142
4 43
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m

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W
m 2 oC
2T 2T q&
+
+
=0
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h = 570

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q rad + q1 + q 2 = 0
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400 = 4(2 1) (T 80) + 3(2 1)(T 80)
T = 108.5

5000oF r ' >$ $ X+ r 50000

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hft 2o F

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 3+ 200oF '3 r .= l) X A '3 5+ 1  5+ sG C X* 5  r)  .<
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 X'% = Tir ' 5| XJ + 5JB\ R !>3M
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: G+ X $ Q+ 7'3\ 5+ X *& '  Q$3 ($ $ r 5kJ9 ' .a
T ( x, y, z ) = x 2 2 y 2 + z 2 xy + 2 yz

' | R@ G+ 5)G  3& f X'% 5 D  3G Z? =+d !*& X'% 3M
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  :$ 
2-D Conduction Heat Transfer
.=5)? l)M  @+  7'% 06) A* % + 3&3 >N' '+ 5+ l? R
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 R '  G 5A' >N' 5# = 'c 
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 1   7VlJ >' ' B 5+ h%
 R  G+
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 'L C9 @
a1 ( x)

2T
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(
x
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a
(
x
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(
y
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3
1
2
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x
y
x
y

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1
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dx
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dx
dy

X
Y

(-)

a1 ( x)

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dX
+ a 2 ( x)
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dx

(/)

b1 ( y )

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()

 B)  @+ 7'% 06) A* J % + >P) $ & N' $ (3 8>
: G+ '+ $ bG 5# 3 
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.  (Characteristic Value) 5lK ' 6 C9 @ 5+ Y R8 > =&
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()

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1

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dx
dx

:=G !>3M }3? 7'

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d
d
d
2
p( x) m m p( x) n + 2n m mn w = 0

dx
dx
dx
dx

(,y)
:

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b

2
n

d
d
d
d
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dx
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(,,)

:f& 5+ f& 898) +

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b

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n

: G+ '+ $ bG > )*> @) m  n Q+3 W9

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x=a

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(,t)

= 0,

(,/)

x =b


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dx + B u = 0,
x=a

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dx + B u = 0
x =b

(,)
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n m m n = n m m n B m n
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(,)

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(,.)
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( x) dx

(,)

a
b

w( x)

2
n

( x ) dx

 G+ f(y) L CL  . 8+ k ' l =KH 5+ =+ 03^ +  @+ L  :0
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2

T T
+
=0
x 2 y 2
T (0, y ) = f ( y )
T (, y ) = T

(ty)

(t,)

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T ( x, l ) = T

:=G !>3M G+ = T T # Z?

2 = 0
(0, y ) = f ( y ) T

(tt)

(, y ) = 0
( x,0) = 0
( x, l ) = 0

. G+ R8 > y =& (3#

= XY

1 d2X
1 d 2Y
=

= 2
X dx 2
Y dx 2

(t-)

;K) . + 5* 5lK ' 6 5+ y R8 > =& 5#

 ;K) '3^ + 2 =V

. G >3M Y )* @) 5# 93+E> Q+3 5+

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2
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Y (0) = 0
X ( x)Y (l ) = ( x, l ) = 0
Y (l ) = 0
X () = 0

(t-)

(t/)
(t)

Y = A cos y + B sin y
Y ( 0) = 0 A = 0

Y (l ) = 0 B sin y = 0

1 d 2Y
2 Y = 0
2
Y dx

B0
m
=
, m = 1,2,...
l

(t)

Y = B sin

m
y
l

(t)
(t.)
(t)
(-y)
(-,)

X = Ce x + De x
X ( ) = 0 D = 0
X = Ce x

= BCe x sin y
= An e x sin n y = An e
n

n
x
l

n
y
l

sin

(-t)
:=G !>3M !>+ \ $  B) + 0%

= An e

n
x
l

sin

n =1

n
y
l

(--)

(0, y ) = f ( y )

f ( y ) = An sin
n =1

n
y
l

2 l
n
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0
l
l

f ( y ) sin

sin 2

2 l
n
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d e
l n=1 0
l

n
y dy
l

n
y dy
l

nx
l

ny
l

sin

(-/)

(-)

(0, y ) = f ( y ) = 0 (const. value)  0%

l

2 l
m
2 l
m
2
An = 0 sin
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y =
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0
l
l
l m
l
m
0
n = 2k An = 0
n = 2k + 1 cos n = cos (2k + 1) = 1 k = 0,1, 2, ...

An =

4
0
( 2 k + 1)

(-)
(-.)

( 2 k +1)
4 0
(2k + 1)y
l
( x, y ) =
e
sin
l
k = 0 ( 2 k + 1)

(-)

(-)

(/y)
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 0 5* :0
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T ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) + T0

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y dy
2l
0
An = l
2 ( 2 n + 1)
0 cos 2l y dy
1 + cos 2
'c 
cos 2 =
2
l
l
1
(2n + 1)y
2 ( 2n + 1)
cos
y
dy
=
1 + cos 2
0

dy
l
2l
20

cos

(/,)

(/t)

(/-)

l
1
(2n + 1)y
= y + sin
=

2
l
0 2
2 0 l
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)y
0 0 cos 2l y dy = (2n + 1) sin 2l
l

2 0 l (2n + 1)
2 0 l

=
sin
0 =
(1) n

(2n + 1)
2l
(2n + 1)

An =

4 0
(1) n
(2n + 1)

4 0
(1) n e
n = 0 ( 2n + 1)

( x, y ) =

(//)

(/)
( 2 n +1)x
2l

cos

(2n + 1)y
2l

(/)
FN FU &c

'  X*3 5+ k $    V| N' :Finite Difference  J UV)M

=  J  L r> 5 > ' A* % r+ X9 = 7
J rM R K
. '
Finite Volume  J !Y%
Structured 5)? ($ (a9
Unstructured ($+ (;
Finite Element  J f&
Boundary Elements r$ f&
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(,

(t

((/

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G ( + r> N' (
$3> 5)
9 . G+ X % ($ ' XA3& 5?\ '3k 5+ (6) 5s
G 93 $ ;)& >
. ' '*+ (7
J !Y%  = k $) 5)MG A*
Finite Difference S de0 U
5)G3 $ 7'3\ 5+ @+  ' X'% C D ( + X A =9% '  06) + !|% 59 @
. 3GX
2T 2T
+
=0
x 2 y 2

(/)

 J UV)M =M3 5
G  72
=& '  )+ [!>  b*+ ' }3? ] 5
 76) 59 @ '3  b*+ $  B) + 0%
:!' x
Ti +1 = Ti + x

T
x 2 2T
+
+ ...
i
x
2 x 2

Ti 1 = Ti x

T
x 2 2T
+
...
i
x
2 x 2

4
2
2T
4 T
x
+
(

)
+ ...
2
4
41
x
x
2
4
1
2x T
= 2 (Ti +1 2Ti + Ti 1 )
41 x 4
x
T 2Ti + Ti 1
= i +1
+ O (x 2 ) + ...
x 2
order 2

Ti +1 Ti 1 = 2Ti + (x) 2
2T
x 2
2T
2
x

(/.)

:=G !>3M ( @+ 5+ ] 5
 $) >)'L  $ ( # k U\ +
T Ti +1 2Ti + Ti 1

x 2
x 2
2

(/)
:!' y =& '  R > 5+

2T T j +1 2T j + T j 1

y 2
y 2

(y)

. $ X 6 (x) 2 = + ' ] 5

 I) 56 5 + rf| UV)M
. 3G X 5)G3 F+ 7F @ > r+  3G X r'W ' G 6 r 0 <

:=G3 (3 , ' G  +

2

T T
+
=0
x 2 y 2
T2 2T1 + 0 T4 2T1 + 0
+
=0
1 2
1 2
( )
( )
4
4
T2 + T4 4T1 = 0 (1)

(,)
(t)

(-)
 R > 5+  56  59 @  !'c X = 5+ f 8 59 @ .  R > 5+
5* 6    
& 7F @ R % +  c X = + 6 ]  r 
& C9 @
. c >3M = +
(  J !Y% N' $ M =9%) :r 5$3 N' <

qdx = k

Ti , j Ti , j +1

Ti 1, j

x 1
y
+ Tj + Ti , j 1 + Ti , j +1 4Ti , j = 0

(/)
x = y  =+d k Z?+

:!G+ 5)G I  :

J

q x + dx = 0
q x + q y = q x + dx + q y + dy

()

Ti 1, j + Ti , j + Ti , j +1 3T = 0

:XAY+& ' 0 5+  J $ '

q x + q y = q y + dy + q conv
k (Ti 1, j Ti , j )
x

y +

()

k (Ti , j Ti +1, j ) x
y

= h(Ti , j T ) + k

(Ti , j Ti , j +1 ) x
y

()

:=G3 $ 7'3\ 5+ X* 59 @ 8)  (3 X >  7F @ r+ X| '3^ 5+
KT=F
: G+ X X33 r> N' F+ 59 @ % r+
Gauss Elimination N'  :Direct Methods !6)* >N' <
Gauss- N' (3 0 (3 5+ 5# :Iterative Methods ' >N' <
. + ] ' Jacobi N'  Seidel

 CD
o

=KH  . G+X 5 C  15 C  5+ r YL 5G X&'M  XM r .,

= > H 5G $ 7'% UV =*+3 G+ ) 1 3 (c @+  5mm 5G
.= 1.4 w

m2 K

5G X'%

H  ' (& ) 0.5 0.25 @+ 5+ r 5JB\ r' $ 300oC r ' 3> .t
5JB\ R Us $ 7'% 06) =*+3 G+ 250 w

m2 K

XAY+& 7'% 06)

.= 400oC 5JB\ r

X@@ r (c 8 U^ 5s9% ' =  G I V

| Us $ rf? r 5JB\ .7'% 06) H  20oC bJ r  . | X =?' 800 W
.rf? 5JB\ r =? =*+3 G+ 12 W

m2 K

m2

7 G 5+

bJ  5JB\ R+ XAY+&

5+ 50mm =KH  50 W mK X'% = > + r @+  r'3 '  Q$3 ./

o
.= m *%+ x  b = 2000 c

m2

2
 a=200oC 5| G+ X T = a + bx 7'3\

 Q$3 .(c 5&  ' X'% 'G  '3 R ' 7'% 93  R@ = ;3
. G+ X ($ $ 6)*  X A bG '
5+ F3? $ (c ' & 5| r '3| '3 $ ` % $ 5+ 7'% UV 5
J =*+3 .
=KH 5+ r&c (c X&'M ' &   3+

k = 40W

mk  0.5cm =KH

X&'M ' & r  900K XM ' & r . G+ X k = 2.5 W mk 10 cm
. | 5
J f ' &c  F3? ) l? r . 3G Z? 460K

. | $Y 800K$ 
 '3  ! f| r  L3>  X'% 0
 X%^ ' .
$Y ! f| =6 5
J =*+3 =  G   ( sG ' 5| XG r+
.'3
Tg = 1300 K
Tc = 300 K
hg = 200 W

m2 K

hc = 400 W

m2 K

.=  r>$ XAY+& 7'% 06) H =hg

19 W

m c X'% = > H + m$ F3? i& $ 5939  .

  2cm XM  5+
XM ' & r  .=  G  G3L =*+$c I 5F 3cm C3+ 4cmX&'M
% $ 5+ 7'% 06) =*+3 G+ 100 oC I X&'M ' & r  600 oC
.5939 03^

k = 0.2 W

Z@' Us $
' 8 U^ $ 
. ' '

10 W

0.7 W

40 W

mk =*+$c

mK X'% = > H  0.1m =KH 5+ r&c r'3 ..

m 2 K XAY+& 7'% 06) H  270K r 5+  +

m 2 K XAY+& 7'% 06) H  330Kr 5+ R9 r3> Z@

.` % $ 5+ '3 R $ 7'% UV =*+3

Z@ ' 5939 R  . ' ' Ti r ' ro XM q@G 5+ X|$ C939 XM ' & .
I =KH R@ =*+3 G+ 5)G ' h XAY+& H  T r 5+ XJ
. 8+ k ' ' I b6?  | k?\ 5939 X'% =6 $ 5939 R r+ 5+
0,2,5,10,40mmI =KH  10mm  5+ X* r 5939 r+ ' }3? 5Y)
Z?

0.055W

m 2 K I X'% = > 

5W

m 2 K XAY+& H . | (J)

. 3G
X 93 q& 7 G 5+ X)M3s X'% 5 D ri q@G 5+ (Solid) L3 r 53) ' .,y
G+ 5)? ' hc XAY+& H  T r 5+ XJ Z@ ' 53) R  . 3G
: | =+d
q&ri
T ( r ) T
=
T
4hcT

hc ri
2 +
k

r
1
ri

 5mm  5+ r F3? X+| ' 700A 7 G 5+ Xs)s9 (& .,,

H  30oCr3> Z@ ' +| R . ' (& 6 104 K W =6
X'% =6 $ . | 5
J ' +| R ` r . ' '

25W

m 2 K XAY+&

. | k?\ F3?

5939 R XM  .= 300oC ' (& 'K+ (c ' 5| r 5939 XM ' & r .,t
.=  G  G3L I 5F  b3 5939 R .= 5.5mm(c =KH  5cm
 4cm] 5F =KH 

50 W

m 2 K (c X'% = >  9cm0 5+F =KH

.= 30oC I 5939 X&'M : r . G+ X

47 W

0.35W

m 2 K (c X'% = >

m 2 K 5939 X'% = > . | 5

J ' 5939 R 03^ % $ 5+ 7'% UV

=*+3 . G+ 5)? ' 20oC r3> 7'Y ' X ' 5939 R > . 3G Z?
.} r3>  5939 R+ 7'% 06) XAY+& H

]Y =& 4   1 03+

( k = 13 Btu

)
hft o F m$ H F3? i& $ r 53) .,-

$ M ]8> (c XA r . > X '3

 20 ft03^ 5+ r '3| $ X'% 7 
7'% 06) H  2300oF '3| M r>$ r  .= 1500oF '3|
18 Btu

M $ 53) '3

 = =*+3 G+

hrft 2 F XAY+&

2
( = 0.27 ft

' 100 F =M3s 59 r '

4 BTu

2
( = 0.02 ft

hr

, h = 0.65)

)
h '3|

$3* i& $ r&c .,/

2o

hrft F XAY+& H . > X ' 1200oF  r>$ Z@ '

  3+
' 20 hr =GW $ iL &c f| r =*+3 .= (*s &c O3 C| r+
` 5+ + '*+ (3) (b) 2 ft =KH 5+ = X+ '3 (a) r)9%

5)? ' X6 ` r' (c 5&  5| 2 2 2 @+ 5+ @s (C )2 2 Q6

.=
=*+$c i&$ 5  5+ r 53) .,
= 36

=M3s 59 r '

4 BTu

1bm
BTu
, C p = 0.25
, h = 0.125 BTu
3
hrft o F
ft
lbm o F

hft F XAY+& H + 1200oF r 5+ XJ ' ' 100oF

X '
5
J $ r)9% ' ' + 500oF 5+ 53) f| r 5sc r+ ]$F ($ . >

 )* I XJ r' 5| 73? t qB' 5+ 53) (b) + XM 53) (a) . |
.=

7'  5+ Xs)s9 r 9 C3+ ]339c i& $  3lb ($ 5+ X8M r3  .,

H  70oF bJ r3> r 0.5ft23 X&'M `  . 3G X ] 50W
2.0 BTu

2o

hft F XAY+&
+ 220 F 5+ 3 r 5sc r+ ]$F ($ =*+3 G+
.= bJ r 3 59 r

,)-  "+*)"# 

)  :'( 
Unsteady Conduction Heat Transfer
5+ .!3GX 5&3 'W  ' L = > 7'% 06) A* + X  r> +'| $ r'*+'
(c ' 5| = XA* 5 &$ XM })% r>'33 '  '3 $ 7'% 06) 0 (3
3> r )'  XM bG  3L 7P 9 5+ 5)
9 . | X P ($+ ' & r
5+ )+ 6 +  ($ $ X@ Q+ 7'3\ 5+ ' XM ' &  7P (3)+ G ($ 
'33 ( G RG' ($ $ '  53 Y r 7P is+ . | Z?  3L 7'3\
 ' & r X+ 1L  G+ X ($ $ r  L '*+ Q+ X A bG 5+ ( ' 5kJ9
= > r's{'  r'| M !)* X%^ =& R{'  R| M ;c r R@ iE
V
 . |  L $' X $ ' ' L 7'% 06) r+ (3 X r8 r9 . ' r j
' R > . G+ X 5 & (c $ ($ + R$ O3 r 7P  3> X ( G 
$ 5 9 ' ;W  Y  ( G  % C| r 5)K' I^ $ 7@ =M %
(Unsteady) ' L $ '3k H% R) ' . G+ X 'W  ' L 7'% 06) A* 5 &
' X 's+ X)9% r+ (Transient)'W  5s9% ' = P) ($ + '3 >  X@
= X + . + ($ $ 6)*  X A bG 5+ X@ ($ =GW $ iL !*& r 5|
. | r$*9  f '  3L bG 0c   =9% ' (3 X }3? =9%  R+ 5|
 r 53) [X'| @) 7l)K ' 'W  ' L = > 7'% 06) !|% 7F @
r+ XB)K rG'  G+ X XJ r> % r' 7F @ ( 3+ XM G 5+  r|
' r% Carslaw and Jager   Myers [Ozicik r+)| .=  G L (c %
7'3\ 5+ (3 X  G+ X a)K r$ bG  a)K r> 5 > r+ X3) r> %
5+ }3? r+)| X s 7VlJ Q^6' . ' 's+ XG'| (3Y b3 Hand Book
=36 ' (c XH' r> s  1  3G X L (3Y 5+ X' ;)| 7'3\
. |
X'% 5 D [= > 7'% 06) H 5| XG   L r> 5 > ' !|% 7F @
5+ V| r  r> N' | 5+ $ )*> XM{ 7'3\ 5+ Xsf? 3M  
=+ Fluent  NISA [ANSYS  r'Y r>'f? ] $ r'*+  3G X % Xc
. ' ' 7F @ R %
+ R >  ' L A* % r +'| '*+ X9 X
6 rG' + (3Y l? R'
 J UV)M r  N' l? r) '   H . 3G X Gc (c )  XJ % rG'
. G >3M Gc f % N' R + (3Y  5)? ' hJ+ '3

)fL M!
2T 2T q&
T
+ 2 +
=1
2
k

x
y

2
T 1 T q&
T
r 53) 7l)K '
+
+
=1
2

r
k
r
r

2
m
k
=
Diffusivity
c
s

(,)

Rf'| 7l)K '

(t)
(-)

1KL H > = 7'% 06) H k [($ [X'% C D q& }3? 7F @'
. G+ X

:Xsf? U > r+ X9

.($ + 5@ r 7P 3J  ( G  ($ 7  R@ :d
Lumped Capacity System X %g  2h %g U .8

 X ' T r 5+ XJ ' ( !*&

C
V
A
To

3lK ]&
j r
!Y%
X
& `
59 r

k $ . G+ ($ $ X@+   =M3s !*& '  Q$3 3G Z? C)G
 !)* '
) # bJ 0 $ XAY+& =6 + 5*6' !*& M ' ) > =6 X@ Xsf?
5@ !Y%
: G+ '+ $ bG 5| = $Y X) Z? R . G+
h V
( ) < 0.1
A
k

(/)

X
& `

=V +  (= 5lK 03^ x) 3G 5)MG (Biot) 3+ @++  (3 5+

hx
' 6
k

:  (+ $ 7'3l+ }3? G  R 5+ 3G  ( Bi

Bi =

hx
< 0.1
k

()

bJ 5+  G Y+& 7'% =XM r 7P

hA(T T ) = cV

( hA
)
T T
T
= e cV

To T

= 0
T = To

59 G

:r C$3 $
()
()
(+$ I2h )D

(* X '  > (c (' Q  U" [ ' ' @ f? U" M ' # Z?
' bJ  '  G 5)B !)* # 0% . ' ' (U^ bJ r + 7B))
 U" r R)? U > .   bJ  + 0 @ 5+ qG !)*   3G 
.= ($ $ @+ (3 5+ (c 73)J

: G+ $ 7'3l+ !#% 7F @

T1

h1 A1 (T1 T2 ) = 1C1V1 t

h A (T T ) + h A (T T ) = C V T2
2 2
2

2 2 2
1 1 2 1
t

(.)
:C9 bG +

T1 = T2 = T0

T1
t = 0

()
: 3G 
 $ G 5+ !#% 7F @ '3L 7'3\ 5+ 7F @ R)G3 +

 h1 A1

hA
+ D T1 1 1 T2 = 0

1C1V1
1C1V1

h1 A1 T h1 A1 + h2 A2 + D T = 0
2
C V 2 C V
2 2 2 2 C 2V 2

2 2 2

(,y)
:$ r>)'L R)? k ' +

K1 =

h1 A1
1C1V1

K2 =

h1 A1
2 C 2V 2

K3 =

h2 A2
2 C 2V 2

(,,)

: 3G   $ ]? 5+ 7F @

(K 1 + D )T1 K 1 T2 = 0

K 2 T2 (K 2 + K 3 + D )T2 = 0

(,t)

: cX = + ($ $ @+ 7'3\ 5+ (c 73)J  U"  }3? 7F @ 8) % +
(,-)
T1 = T + Me m t + Ne m t
1

T2 = T1 +

T + Me m1t + Ne m2t
K1

(,/)
:  G a@ $ 7'3\ 5+ =+3d }3? b+' '

m1 =
m1 =

(K 1 + K 2 + K 3 ) +

(K 1 + K 2 + K 3 ) 2 4 K 1 K 3
2

(K 1 + K 2 + K 3 )

(K 1 + K 2 + K 3 )2 4 K 1 K 3
2

T0 T
m2
m1 m 2
T T
N= 0
m1
m1 m 2

M=

(,)
(,)
(,)
(,.)

Semi-Infinite %# ," = )D- '( % .:

. , To " `W F = 0 _S3  /#( (b3

2

T T T
T
+ 2 +
+ q / k = 1
2

x
y
z2

2T 1 T
=

x 2
T (o ) = To

(,)

T ( x ) = ? 

>0

T ( x o) = Ti

r$ G
59 G

(ty)
gVLF 
 | 5+

x
T ( x ) To
= erf
Ti To
2
kA(To Ti )
T
Q = kA
x =o =
x

(t,)

.( , B ,"i ,52 %S5 = o _S3  `W :%"i ,5 2 (c

2T 1 T
=

x 2
T ( x o) = Ti

k T
x = o = qo

x
T Ti =

2Qo
kA

>o
exp( x 2
)
4

Q x
o (1erf x )
2
kA
T Ti =

2
2qo
qx
x
/ exp( x 4 ) o (1 erf
)
k
k
2

.( ,B T F " ,WS  /#( %# ," = )D- (

:XJ ;3&

59 G
T ( x o) = Ti
hA(T T ) x = o = kA

T
x

x =o

>o

T Ti
x
hx h 2
= 1 erf
exp( + 2 )
T Ti
k
k
2

:r$ G
:XJ ;3&

x
h
+
)
1 erf (
k
2

lf!  fL XfL  f jSfk + ,D-  F!" G F'( % .>
 B ,C*"%# ," ISk (a)

2T 1 T
=
(a)
x 2
T ( x o) = Ti = o

T
x

=o
x =o

>o

T
x

x=L

h
= (T T ) x = L > o
k

;)| 5+ % r+ .= WL (s Separation of VariablesN' | 5+ (a) C9 @ %

. | 5@& Myers
:;3&

hL
Sinn L Cos n x ( n L ) 2 L2
T ( x ) T = 2 (Ti T )
e
hL
k
n =1
n L ( + sin 2 n L )
k

(b)

. 3G X 5
J $ C+' $ n 5|
n L tan n L =

hL hL
= Biot 3+ 

k
k

=6 5+ = > =6 =

* X9 . ' d 7'% 06) '   Xsf? k $
. > X ( $ Bi  + 5| = XAY+&
Bi = hL

(tt)

. > X ( 5'3?  + 5| = !*& '  3 3B (f X

Fo =

(t-)

L2

)+ 7'% = > d' 3B (f   = )'f+ kX@ G+ )'f+ 5D > =

  d > XJ R' .=  | !' XA> XJ 7'3\ 5+ ' (b)C+' Heisler .=
:!' > XJ R' . 3G X   O3H 5+ Fo Bi @+ X+
= T ( x ) T
i = Ti T
o = To T

Ti=59 r
To=f| r

(t/)

5
J a)K bG r+  a)K r$ ' ' 5JB\ f| r (3 X (,<7) XJ $
. |
5+ 8c 'c = + '

=
* (t<7) XJ $ (3 X G+ ]$F r8 6 '  
o

:C+' |

= ( o )( )
i
i o
(,<7) XJ

(t<7) XJ

. | 5
J ' r
.{ |  B) (-<7) XJ $ (3 X 5kJ9 > '  G 6) 7'% 5
J r+}

Q = CkJ9   G a 7'%

Q0 = CV (Ti T )

%# ,"  (b)

2T 1 T 1 2T 2T 1 T
+
+
+
=

r 2 r r r 2 2 z 2
hro
k
Fo = 2
ro

T (r o) = Ti

Bi =

T (0 ) =
k

T
r

R@

= h[T (ro ) T ]
r = ro

XL (c)
2
1 (rT ) = 1 T
r
r r 2

T (o ) = Finite, T (r o) = Ti ,h

T
r

r = ro

= h[T (ro , ) T ]

hro
k
Fo = z
ro
Bi =

$ )+ 5'3?  r+ >J R 5# 3G 5&3 + Heisler >J $  B) ]8>
5| = ]$F 3G 8 > 5'3? r> r 5sc r+ y/t $ ) | 5'3? ' .= } \ y/t
]Y Heisler r> XJ '   R 5| 3G 5
J Summation$ r)+ 7V &
.=  

F!" +$ D-  '( % (?)

%# ,"
\ " F 4 (a)

2T 2T 1 T
+
=
x 2 y 2

(t)
Z?
(t)
. 3G X 5Y) (t)' (t) ( | R& +

T = T1 ( x, ) T2 ( y, )
1 T1
2T
T
2T 1
(
21 ) = ( 2 22 )
T1
x

y T2

(t)

R 3G X 2 L2 2 L1 =KH 5+ = X+ 7JB\ ' = > 5*  % 5+ Y 5Y)'
:=G3 (3 X W9 )*> % + Heisler r> XJ b3 =9% 
T T
T T
T T
=(
) 2 L1 ( o )2 L2
o
T^ T^
T^ T
T1 T

(t.)
2 L1 2 L2 2 L3 !" " O!Y (b)

T T
T T
T T
T T
=(
) 2 L1 (
) 2 L2 (
)2 L
Ti T
Ti T
Ti T
T T 3

(t)
]!  S
\ "  (c)

 2T 1 T 2T 1 T
+
+
=

r 2 r r z 2
T = T1 (r ) T2 ( z )

(-y)

T T
T T
T T
=(
)cyl (
)2 L
Ti T
T T
T1 T 5JB\

XAY+& H  1200Kr + $3 $ r '3| ' ) 0.11  5+ r F3? r>'3J :
J
r  | X 03^ 7  5D G+ 300K '3J 59 r  . 3G X   ' 100

W
m2 K

+ 800K 5+ (c f|

:;)| 5  H 0 & I
^
= 7832 k = 51.2
C = 541, = 1.21 10 5
Bi =

hro / 2 100 0 / 05
=
= %488
k
51 / 2

. |  B) 5)G
 N' $ (3 X iL
hA

4h

t
T T
= e vc = e cD
Ti T

800 1200
4 100
) = 0.811 =
t
300 1300
7832 541 0.1
t = 860( s ) = 14 : 20 56
ln(

r Al2O3 ( > 3

| 73) G 5)M 3
| 73 $ 40mm  5+ + r 5 :
J
- $ iL 3G X M h = 1600

W
300 K r + X9 + (  800K (c 59
m2 K

' X ' 6 5D 5+ XF3^ X$ $ iL 5 r . 3G X  L 5 ' 5+ X6 5d
(;)| r) ' 3M 0 &)

 = 3970 c = 1068 k = 22.3 = 5.259 10 5

hL
hr
Bi = c = to =
k
2k

o/2
2 = 0.72 > 0.1
1424
3
22 / 3

1600

(r C+' $)  G a 7'%

- ($  G a 7'%

Q = cv(T () T ) Qo

Qo = cv(Ti T )
T () = T + (Ti T )(1 Q

Qo

:!' (<7) ' 3  $

hro 1600 0.02
=
= 1.43
k
22.3
t
Bi 2 Fo = Bi 2 ( 2 ) = 0.95
ro
Bi =

Q
Qo

0.56 T = 300 + (800 300)(1 0.56) = 561K

:-5
.= t = 35s ($ ' 53) 5)*>  ` R8 r T ( )
  
 3! FN 
r @+  =9%

1 T 2T
=
t x 2
T (t = 0) = Ti

(-,)

T ( x = 0) = T1
T ( x = 1) = T2

Explicit  `k U
1 Ti n +1 Ti n Ti n1 2Ti n + Ti +n1
=
t

x 2
t
Ti n+1 = 2 (Ti n1 2Ti n + Ti +n1 ) + Ti n
x

(-t)
Implicit  ,+=P U

1 Ti n 1 Ti n (Ti n1+1 2Ti n+1 + Ti n1+1 )

=
x 2
x 2

(--)

 c X = + (f > '3^ 5+ > 5| X* 7F @ 8) 5+ 3G XY  H N'
.= (s ]  ($ 0 5
 $ N'  > N+ rM .]  > ' !> 5+ =
* 5 
N' X9 3G X  M R 3G 7
J ' M  X@ = ' L X H N'
+ `\ N' r' L r+ . | G' = R  3G ' M   = ' L `\
:!G+ 5)G
t
x

<

1
2

(-/)

:0

`k U

Ti = 0
T ( x = 0) = 20
T ( x = 1) = 100
T1n +1 T1n

= 2 Ton 2T1n + T2n

t
x
1
T Ti

n=0 1
= 2 (20 2 xo + o) T11
t
x
1
o
T2 T2

= 2 (T3o 2T2o + Ti o )
t
x
1
T2 0

= 2 (0 2 yo + 0) T21
t
x

(-)

.!| X n+1 ($  ] ] ( |  L 5+ qG !'c = + ' 56 / > r 5| X)
,+=P U
T11 T1o

= 2 (To1 2T11 + T21 )

t
x
1
0
T2 T2

= 2 (T11 2T21 + T31 )

t
x
1
0
T3 T3

= 2 (T21 2T31 + T41 )

t
x

(-)

.!'c X = + i 7F @ 8) $ ' ;3& ) 5x  t ;K) +

!"     
 3! FN 
1 T 2T 2T
=
+
t x 2 y 2

(-)

:`k U
Tin +j 1 Tin j

(Ti n1 j 2Tin j + Ti +n1 j )

x
t 1
r' L G
< y = x
x 2 4

(Tin j 1 2Tin j + T i j +1 )

(-.)
(-)

Tin +1 Tin
t

(T

n +1
i 1 j

4Tin +1 + Ti +n1+j1 + Tin ++11 + Ti +n1+j1 +1

(/y)

[] 2L =KH + =K '3 + *> >J 72

[] r0 q@G + = X+ 53) *> >J 72

(!24 " 2) 01)/2 

)  :./ 
Convection Heat Transfer (External Flow)
:= $ 7'3l+ XAY+& I^ $ 7'% 06)  +'# X\ 5+'
7'% 0 
 O3

q = h A(T T )
XAY+& 7'% 06) H

!*& ' & $ ' X?| $  5+ 0 r

.= U@ f ]5 A (3 5+ 5+' R

. G+ X h Q+ ( |  L  NV  X@ ]  l? R '

>5939 C3 Y  53) U^ ' [=K `  U^ '  ' > $ CF 72
   >(c  [>5939 ' J $  L Q+ (h) XY+& 7'% 06)  H
.=? >3M ' hJ+ '3 )+ g' 03^ '  R . G+ Pr  Re  @++
:- GY " D &
:!' 5)*)F ' X| '3^ 5+
ij + f i = 0

xx , x + xy, y + f x = 0

+ yy , y + f y = 0
yx , x

(,)

5s'3+
xx , =
x

xx
x

(t)

X Y% r fi . )*> XG+ 1  xy =& ' 0 r> 1  5+ xy , yy , xx

.= ]& 
I^ $ 7F @  !' Closed Form Solution V| 7F%| r+ }3? 7F @'
.  % + I rG'
: 3G X 5)G3 $ 7'3\ 5+ r @+  !| + { 7F ' !|% 7F @
u
u
u
p
2u 2u

+
+
=

+
(
+ 2)
u
v

y
t
x
y
x
x

2
2
p
v v
v
v
v
= + ( 2 + 2 )
(-)
+ u + v
y
y
y
x
y
t
u v

=0
+

x y

R . )*>  5)$3s ['? p [!A  X6? = r> 5B93 v, u 3lK ]&

7'3\ 5+ 5D 7F @ R % s X\ = 5| '  5)*+ ;3& X| =9% ' 7F @
8 7'
 5+  XM{ r 3& (r3E|) r  rG' 7'3\ 5+ 5D  XJ
X (f9'*+ 0 (&) G+ fD XM 0 = 5| XA)9% ' .= XAY+& 7V &
7F @ 8c . | k?\ (Diffusion)1KL  '? 7V & +6 ' XAY+& 7V & $ (3
X^ '3k R + . |  L (c r+ f 5)*+ r> ;3& (3 X  3G X %  =%'
% 3
 =@+ R > =  G U\ 7F @ R % =& X&3 + NV M 0 \
')M '   c = + X+Y r> N' | 5+ r +'| ) $ r'*+ [Q& XJ
.= 5)? ' ( 
. 3G X 5)G3 $ 7'3l+ XAY+& 7'% 06) *B 59 @
C p (u

T
T
2T 2T
+ v ) = k( 2 + 2 )
x
y
x
y

(/)

% i|3)  7F @  )+ = ]$F }3? 59 @ % r+ 3G X 5k%V 5| '3 >
r' L  7F @ ( 3+ XM { $3> bG R'   R@ (u , ) = (   3G
)
* r  r> ;3& is+   J XJ r> ;3&  )*> $ s XAY+& 7V &
R@ =& X+Y r> N' $  B) $3> =9% R' . 3+ >3M X
6 X9  J
r>8) q3 =M  ' X 's+ 03 @ '3+ s\ H  7'% 06) H
' (Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)  (PIV) Particle Image Velocimetry )  r $ 
5)BGc r> (& ' 3lK+ ]3)  06)  7'% 06) r>   L $ r I   I 
 r  [XJ %' R66J r> NV +  f  c ' ' X k 5+ .= 5)M !>?

r>8)   > RG3+'3' 06) r>   L $ r)+ X+Y r> N' r 's+
. + X !>? X + < X'%
,44S5 F U
H IM M! !" 4S5
The Laminar Boundary Layer Equations Using Scaling Principle
CF C9 @ 0% . 8+ k ' ' L 03^ 5+ =K CJB\  ' $ WL !# 0 (&
 u=0 $ = 7P  !>  ' 5@9 '3  @+ J $  B) + ' $
5 % C
9 $ x C\? ' .! k ' T = T  T = To $ '  7P  u = U
$ = (c ' 5# = $  (3 5+ $ CF =KH ) = $ CF =KH
' = [ T  [ U = 5JB\ $ ' ?# $  5+ 5% ' .( # P U  B\
$ qB' + 5% ' ) $ CF 5+  f C% ' 5Y) ' .= P '?  B\ y =&
: 3G 5)? k ' x,y 7P + $ (Scale) @+ (L 03^  5JB\
()
x ~ L, y ~ , u ~ U ,
t  , 7F  5+ 3+ h%
 1K+ R C@9 $ 
 3G 5\3 (3Y 5+
.   '
$ > . G+ ) U L + = >(   U + = >5B93 5# !# Z?
' !)3 C9 @ 8c (= )' Z? =K CJB\ '3 ' ) !  k U\ '? 7P
: 3G   1  $ 7'3l+ x =&
U U .U
U
+
~ 2
L
L
L
UL
~1

()
()

(.)
:5Y)

Re L ~ 1

 'f+ C
 5# = ]$F G+ 5
 !> XY+& 5 & +

2u
1KL 5 & 5c +
y 2

5# = ]$F . G+ 5

 !> f F+ >Re + 7V & 5c + R++ . G+ 1  % Re
(3 8c [ G+ ) $ CF =KH + (& + 3  =& ' 5lK 03^
=? '  )
Continuity 8)3L
u v
+
=0
x y
U v

L
U
v~
L

()
(,y)

x =& ' !)3

2

u
u
1 P
u u
+v
=
+( 2 + 2 )
x
y
x
y
dx
U U
1 dP
U
U
U. + U. =
)
+( +
2
2
L L
dx

L
u

U2 U2
1 P U 2
(
+
=
+
+ 1)
x 2 L2
L
L

<<1
U
U
U
U UL U 2
~
Re
.

=
=
L
2 L2 / Re L
L2
L2
L

G+ ++ + XAY+&  1K+ X'f+ 5

 8c
U 2 U
~ 2 ~ 1
L
Re L
L

(,,)

P
~ o  is+ 
x

(,t)
y =& ' !)3

v
v
1 P
2v 2v
+v
=
+( 2 + 2 )
y
x
y
x
y

U.

1 P U 2 U
U U U
U
+
.
=

+
( 2+
)
2
y
L
L L
L L.L L 2

U U
1 p U 2
+
=

+
+
1

y
L2
L2
L2 L

(,-)

<<1

iL

1 P U 2
~ 2
y
L

(,/)
sG

P P ~
o

U 2
U 2 2

dy

P
~
P
+

L2
L2

U 2 2 p
U 2 2
P P
~
+ O 3 ~ + O
. 2
x
x
L x

L L

(,)
9

P dP
=
( P is independent of y, Flow is inviscid )
x
dx
U 2 2
P dP
~
+ 0
. 2
x
dx
L L

(,)

:x =& ' !)3 C9 @ ' }3?  c = + ) $  B) +

U2 2
U

. 2 + 2

L L

U2
1 dP U 2 2 U
~
( ) +

dx
L
L L 2
<<1
2

U
U
1 dP 1
+
~

dx
L
L

(,)

:x =& ' !)3 59 @ R++

dU dP
+
=o
dx
dx

(,.)
: 3G 5)G3 $ 7'3l+
2

u
u
dU
u
+v
= U
+ 2
x
y
dx
y

(,)
5*6

P P
,
y x
U2
P
~ o(
)
x
L
U 2
P
~ o( 2 )
y
L
dP
U2 2

y
~ o( 2 L ) ~ o( ) << 1
P
U
L
x
L

(ty)


P
P
<<
y
x

(t,)
Y =& ' ]3) 

P
=0
y

(tt)
Energy Equation  C9 @

C p (u

T
T
2T 2T
p
p
+ v ) = k ( 2 + 2 ) + T (u
+ v ) +
x
y
x
y
x
y

(t-)

:!$ L 7V & 'f+ C

 '+ 5+ (3#
C pT (

U U
1
1
U 2 U 2
+
) ~ kT ( 2 + 2 ) + T (U o o +
U +
L L
L
L
L L2

(t/)

'  @+ 1K+ ' ) G+ 5

 !>  ' >  '% $ CF =KH !# Z?
:!' ( 3G   `H3 )+ '3 R
U U
k 1
1
U3
2
+ ~
( 2 + 2)+
(1 + 2 ) +
C PT
L L c p L
Cp L
L
<<1

<<1

(t)

 u 2

v
u v
) + 2( ) 2 + + ( + ) 2
y
y x
x

= 2(

(t)

U 2 U 2
U U 2
+
+ ( + 2 )
L
L L

U 2 U 2 U 2 2
U2
U2
~ 2 + 2 + 4 + 2 2 ~ 2

L
L

L
U2
U2
U 2
U 3
2 = 2 ~
~

L / U
L

:5Y)'
T
T
T
P
u
= k 2 + Tu
+ ( )2
+v
y
x
y
y
x
2

C p u

(b )

(t)

(a)

:!G+5)G 5# ) !# k U\ a ] $ }3? 7'

 '

Inertia

u 3 / L
C pT U / L

U2
U2
if Ec =
<< 1
C pT
C pT

(t.)

:=G3 (3 (b) ] '3 ' G+ Ec<<1 5# = ( # k U\ + $ (a) ]

pressure term

U 3
~

L
T U 3

1
T

(t)

0c  $ +

1
1
1
~ o(1), = ( ) p =
T
T
T

(-y)

(;c ) 7@ +

(/y)
T ~ 0.05 >> pressure term
7'3l ' 5# . G >3M k U\ f '? ] !# k U\ $ 5D 0% > 5+
: 3G   $ 7'3l+  C9 @
T
T
2T
= k 2
+v
y
y
x

C p u

(/,)

Thermal Boundary Layer Assumption FH M P

q = hA(TS T )

5# 538 > G+ !*& $ ' ?# $  5+ 0  T [`  Ts 5+' R '
:R++ [  ]Y = > I^ $  7'% 06) !*&  f ' G 'G f V

q = kA

T
y

0 7'% = > H

y =0

 ' > $ CF ' = Q$3

'% $ CF '  Q$3

=K `  ' + $ CF 72

:=G !>3M }3? C9 @  | +
T
y =0
y
h=
TS T
k

T
= ? !| ]3@ + h 5
J +
y

T = f ( y ) = ? 
W
:X@H3 XAY+& 7'% 06) H :h
m 2 C
: 3G X a@ $ 7'3l+ =K 5JB\ r+ 5| = b3) 7'% 06) H h 

Local Heat Transfer Coefficient

% Z 5+ =K 5JB\ r+ h =

hdA
o
x

dA

h (1) dx
=

o
x
o

(1) dx

. A  5
J ' h G+ $ 7'3\ 5+ X@H3 XAY+& 7'% 06) H  :0
hx ( x ) = ax 0.1
x

hx =

1
hx ( x)dx hx ( x) = ax 0.1
x o
x

h ( x) =

1
a
ax 0.1 dx = x 0.1dx = 1 / 1ax 0.1

xo
xo

h ( x) = 1.1hx

. 3+ >3M $ 7'3\ 5+ hx  hx 7P 5| 3G X 5k%V

Gf
f\  ,Cf*"- f
f OP  %N FH M [5 D &
:Sk

(Colburn-Reynolds Analogy) /h3L &H3+ "5 FH M M!

5k%V .! 'c = + '  ' >  '% $ CF 7F @ 
 >1K+ '
R++ .= i#3) < # 7F @ % $ (c )
* 7F @ R % 5# #
g3$V+ % 0 + . 'c = + f (Closed Form) 5)*+ % M bG ' (3
5+ =
* = Q$3 5+ Z? + 5# = '3 R ' V# >N' $  Blasius
C9 @ 7'3l+ ' $CF Xf& 76) *B 7F @ (3 y + P)
hJ+ '3 g3$V+ + % f& R ' 5)
9 . 3  % )%+  =G3 93 @ *B
.=? >3K '
R'#<(3? N' ' '+ 7'% 06) H  \ H R@ + 5# 8 N'
Z?  y =  y=0 C\? ' 7F @ $ 08) 7'3l+ 5# = Von-Karman
 7F )# 5+ 5@& + 3  3M . G+   = + 5 & D Q$3
. > ' 5@9 '3 ' #W9}3? H' >N' 7'% 06)
 !)3 06) ]f  R+ 5+ XY+& 7'% 06) hJ
 ' 5&3 9& 7 $ 
06) (3  3G '  f? k $ 5# 538 > 8 7'
 5+ . G+ 7'% 06)

f H'  $ # *B 5+ '3+ !^V)  ]'c (& ' ' 7'% 06)  !)3
. c = + 06) q3  + !> 5+ 7F @

 ' >  '% $ 5F 72

u

u
u
1 p
2u 2u
+v
=
+ ( 2 + 2 )
x
y
x
y
x

(/t)

v
v
1 p
2v 2v
u +v
=
+ ( 2 + 2 )
y
x
y
x y

.= X)' Z? =K CJB\ '3 ' [

2u V 2
V 2 2u
2U

>>

=0
y 2 2
L2 x 2
x 2

p
= 0 :Z?
x

(/-)
:Xs ' > r$ 5F 59 @

u
u
u
+v
= 2
x
y
y
2

(//)
:X'% r$ 5F 59 @

T
T
k 2T
+v
=
x
y c p y 2

(/)
:=G !>3M !| X @+ X+ ' 7F @  )+

U =

U
V

v
V =
V

T =

T T
T S T

P
P =
V 2

y = y

(/)

x
x =
l

: 3G X \%  G @+ X+ C9 @
u

T
T
2T
+ v
= Pr 2
x
y
y

)L  Pr =

(/)

(/.)

' G+ Pr=1 > . G+ 7'% 1KL 5+ !)3 1KL =

* f? k $ )L 
k $ 5)
9 . G >3M ++  ' >  '% $ CF =KH 5# =  + 7'3lc
 (//) C9 @ 5+ 5&3 + (3#

= Pr 5#  ( (3 98)  + % + H'

t
1
3

: # Z?   = Q$3 + ' $ Q+3 (3 (/)

~

U = f1 ( x , y Re)

(/)

T = f 2 ( x y Re Pr)

:!' G+ 1 a@ $

u V V
f3 ( x Re)
=
L
y

V
Cf =
=
f ( x Re)
1 V 2 1 V 2 L 3
2
2
Cf
1
=
f 3 ( x y Re)
2
Re

y=0

u
y

y =0

(y)

:$ =*'
 '% 'G a@ I
^
k (Ts T ) T
y =0
L
y
q
k (T Ts )
h=
=
f 4 ( x Re Pr)
Ts T
L(Ts T )

y =0 = k

T
y

(,)

(t)
: 3G a@ $ 7'3l+ = @++ 

Nu =

hL
= f 4 ( x* , Re, Pr)
K

(-)

G /  // 7F @ 5+ 9 + 8c G+ Pr=1  > 5#  5k%V (3#
>3M 5+ 7'% 06) H  \ H 5Y) ' . 3+ >3M 5+ f f4  f3 Q+3
:!| X a@ $ 7'3l+ ' (3)) @+ X+  . 3+
St =

Cf
Nu
h
=

Re Pr
VC P
2

(/)

=K ` ' + 7'% 06) H Q$3 72

7'% 06) H ( 'c = + + 5# =*c 8+  ' j = > (-) C+'
$  ( h, k , C p , , , L,U ) \ )'L =B> & 5+ '3  +Y N' $ XY+&
. 3   B) (3 Re  Pr, Nu @++  5
:(/) C+' = >

7'% 06)  = (  R+ 5+' 5# ' 5&3 . ' ] $ 93' 5+ (/) C+'
R + [= c = +

P
=0
x

 Pr=1 bG ' 5+' R 5)

9 .   '+ 5+'

 B) (3 Pr   $ @ a^ + (3 5+' R $  ( (3 3&
: 3G # $ 7'3l+ 5+' = '  [] 3 
Cf
2

= St Pr

2
3

()

0 .6 < Pr < 60

' () C9 @  ' ) # 16 '? (  =K CJB\ ' 5)BGc (& ' :7
. 3+ >3M } \ 
6 7'3l+ f =9% R
. 'c = 5+ ' q hx hx +' sG ' :
J

Re x =

Vx
< 5 105

:!' .t CKB\ 0 & $

1

0.332 Re 2 Pr 3 = Nu x
h L &1
Nu x = x
hx ]3@ x > +
k &1

q = h (T TS )
hx = 0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr

q = hx (T Ts ) = hx (100 20)

` % $ 5+

b4T +  H /-

b3  G L +Y >03? $ + a)K >5 > ' $ 0 (& +
$ ' . 3G X a@ $ 93' *%+ Nu 53) r+ 0 r+ .=*& 3 a)K (66J
.= G 5A' 53) ' $ (& + ' 7E> +Y 5+'
hD

Nu = k

Re = VD

(,)

[] 53) ' $ (& 72

K4 ,"*5 W"
.= 0 !? N u D =

1
hD
= C Re mD Pr 3 r ' 3M ] 
K

$ 93' a)K   $ 5+  Q6 + 7

> 5+'  6
ReD
m
c
0.4-4
0.989
0.330
4-40
0.911
0.385
40-4000
0.683
0.465
4000-40000
0.193
0.618
40000- 4 10 5
0.027
0.805
 Q6 + >53) ' $ (& +  }3? 0 & '  G 5A'   5# 3G 5&3
R j 0 & $ + (...   [@H1G Q6) a)K >5 > +  = } \
. 3   B) Q^6

a)K Q^6 + 7

>   6
-

R ' $ 7'% 06) O . # '3

 $ 7lK + )K CJB\ ' $ 3> (& :0
. ++ ' 53)

Re D 9 10 3 1.5 10 5
C = 0.228
m = 0.731

:-5
> (c = 5| G+ X 3&3 |  53) 03% N u ( |  L r+ (X+Y) X33 b+'
X&'M (& ' XAY+& 7'% 06) hJ
  s 5+ 0 5 | +  .= 7B)
:!$ LX
(c r 5| X)K }' `  r' r$3 '3^ 5+ 50oC r  1 arm '? ' 3> (8
03^ r
 + $ 93'  = 0.1m (c rL  0.2m 5JB\ 03^ . ' (& = 100oc
 3> $c (& =  = ' 6D 3> 5+ 5JB\ $  06)  .= 4 10 4 5JB\
G >3M ' 6D  06)  [ 3G 10 atm (c '?  ++

: 
:;)| r) 0 & I
^
T f = 384o k p = 1 atm k = 0.0299

m
pr = 0.7
m.k

q = hL ( w L)(Ts T )
hL
= 0.664 Re0L.5 pr 0.33 = 118
K
k
0.299
hL = 118 = 118
= 17.6 q = 17.6 x(0. 02) (100 50) = 17.6
L
0.2
Nu =

:iL =  G B*  ,y '? ] = *'

2 = 10 1 2 = 0.1 1
Re L , 2 =

UL

= 2 10 (

UL

)1 = 20 Re1 = 8 105

$ +  G >3M N3P (& iL = 5)GW 5 10 5 $ $  =  G $ $ 93' 
: 3   B) | r$ 5F X+Y 7F @

1
hL L
1/ 3
= (0.037 Re 0L.8 871) Pr 3 = 0.037(8 105 )0.8 871 (0.7 )
k
0.0299
N u = 961
= 143.6
0.2
q = 143.6 (90.1 0.2)(100 50) = 143.6

Nu =

. G >3M  $ '*+ XAY+& 7'% 06) iL

s (B)U\ V
| 1K+   (A) U\ 1K+  $ ] 5kBJ  rF+ ` (:
. ' ' bJ r3> (& Z@ ' ` R =  G

Ts=100o  = ) | XAY+& 7'% 06) ' 6 t  , 7F% $  | '

=' 6D =9% > ' XAY+& 7'% 06)  G+ U = 0.20 m s T = 20o 

: 
:m 6- cL F#
- Rh\
7'% 06) G >3M N3P  )+ ( > $ 5JB\ r' (& t =@H ' 5| XAYc$
:!| X   $ I^ 5+ (c' 6 5
J r+ X9 . c X 3&3+ , =9%' ) |
UL
20
=
= 1.09 106
v
19.2 10 6
0 =9% ' r+$ 56 5+ ( ' $ 

Re x = 5 105 xc = 0.48
Re L =

[
]
= [0.037(1.09 10 ) ](0.7 )

N u2,1 = 0.037(1.09 106 )0.8 871 (0.7)0.33 = 1366

6 0.8

N u1, 2

0.33

= 2140

h 1<h 2

N u2 > N u1 q1 < q2
(28.7 10 3 )
= 39.2
1
q1 = h1 A(Ts T ) = 39.2 (0.5 1)(100 20)
h1 = 1366

q1 = 1568W

285C r + =KL $+ '3# $ ( 'c (+ $ iL 10cm QH 5+ X)* @ 1 G

(>

' 7'% 06) (f  X ' 50C b3) r + r  # M r3> (& '
(.  + 2

m
= + ' + R? # Z?)= ' 6D '3# $ M r 5kJ9
s

3>
T=285
T=50

: 
D = (0.1) 2 + (0.1) 2 = 0.2

: ! 5
J ' $ 93' 
Re =

UD

2 0. 2
= 49688.8
18 10 6

C = 0.246, m = 0.588

Pr =

18 106
=
= 0.66 : 3M 0 & I
^
27 10 6

 k = 27.2 103
1

1
hD
= C Re mD Pr 3 0.246 ( 49688.8) 0.588 (0.66) 3 = 123.64
K
k
27.2 10 3
h = N u = 123.64
= 7.52
D
0.2
W
q = h (Ts T ) = 7.52 (285 50) = 1767.2 2
m C

N uD =

 ) , 03^ 5+ r 5JB\ r+ ' 7'% 06) r'3  X+Y b+' $  B) + : 4QD
[ G
 5d + ) , = + (c r' + N$ 5# X6?  r 3  =9%  ' = X+ Z
( # A ' 3M 5Y) 5JB\  3> +  Z? + iE). # 5*6

' + (& ' 7'% 06)  \ H 5

J + +Y b+' $ 5\VM
[] B\ 5 % C$ + =K 7JB\

[] &'M >(& + 7'% 06) H

-

' 5 


 5JB\ $ 5 

:.6 
(07)4 %#" 2) 01/2 
 
Convection Heat Transfer (Internal Flow)
.= ;3 0  5939 ' & R+ XAY+& 7'% 06) H
]'c Laminar

!' q3
N3P Turbulent

q = cte =+d X'% 'G

Tw = Ts = cte =+d ' & r

r$ bG q3

r$ bG $ X3  =9%

q = q( x) Tw = f ( x)
Entrance5939 r ' 5% ' (,

: X'+

Fully Developed (5)? 5@3) 5939 r ' $ ' 5\? ' (& (  (t

( '  Q$3  5)? 5@3  Q$3) M (& 72

:!' 5)? N)* 5% '
:=

5939 '

r2
u = 2u av 1 2
ro
y2
p
2u

+ 2 = 0 u = u av (1 2 )
x
y
L

(& r+
5JB\  R+

(,)

:Xs ' > 5)? 5@3 (& '

u T

1 T
r

r r r

(t)

u
x = 0

X8)? 5@3 bG v = 0

p = const
x

(-)

Bulk Mean Temp  ,=* Z F b!5

Tm =

uc TdA = uTdA = f ( x)
ucdA V A
av

T
r = ro

Tw T
T T
= r
f ( x) w
= const
Tw Tm
r Tw Tm r =r
Tw Tm
o
q = h(Tw Tm ) q = k

T
r

r = ro

(/)

h
= cte h = cte
k

(5)? 5@3 (&' ) .=* x $ X@+ h 5| ! X 5Y) iL .= 5939 Q6 ` A
 !5 n /-  FH Z2 l
@++ G '  Q$3 =+d '% 'G   =+d '3  =9% ' 5#  ( (3
x $ 6)* Nu 5Y) ' 3G 6 5)? 5@3 %V\  #  P x =& ' (c
. 3G '+ >'3 ' $ =+d '% 'G + (&  )+ . c = +

q = h(Tw Tm ) = cte
dTw dTm
T Tw Tm
=
=
=
dx
dx
x
x
x
u Tm 1 T
=
r

x r r r
2V r 2 Tm 1 T
1
=
r

ro2 x
r r r
r = ro T = Tw
T

T = f (ro r m )
T
x
r =0
= 0
r
Tm

To = g (ro
)
r2
x
u = 2uav (1 2 )
T
ro
Tm = (ro m )
x

()

:5| =? 5Y) (3 X F+ b+' g+

q = h(Tw Tm )
h=

()

48 k
hD 48
Nu =
=
= 4.36
11 D
k
11


 OP ]!5 F" ,5hS  ,"*5 Z"

:5)? 5@3 V
| r 5F (& .,
.= 5)?' 's+ TmrY+ Tb 1K+ R'
T Tw
= f (r )
Tb Tw
q = h(Tw Tb )

()

q = k (Tb Tw )
k (Tb T )

df
dr

r = r

= hA(T Tb ) h = k

df
dr

r = r

.=* x Q+ f h 5Y)' G+ X  x $ X@+ nD =  (3D

(q=constant)
Tw1
Tb1

q=cte

:=+d '3 X'%'G 1-a

Tw2
Tb2

hd
= 4.36
k
q
q = hplT T =
hpl
T = Tw1 Tb1
Nu = 4.36

(.)

. |  B) f $ 5+' $ (3 X 5

J r+ 5Y)'
()
=+d '3  <1b

T = Tw2 Tb2

Tw
Tb1
Nud = 3.66 

Tb2

hd
= 3.66
k

(,y)

q = hplT
T = Tw Tb ( x)

:X
6 N'
T = Tw

(Tb1 + Tb2 )
2

(,,)
:I N'

m& C p Tb 1 + hpdx (T w Tb ) = m& C p (Tb +

hp (T w Tb ) = m& C p
m& C p
hp
m& C p
hp
m& C p
h

Tb 2

Tb1

ln
=

dT b
=
T w Tb

dT b
dx )
dx

dT b
dx

dx
o

T w Tb 1
=l
T w Tb 2

1
T Tb 1
ln w
T w Tb 2

(,t)

&
q = m C p (Tb 2 Tb 1 ) = hpl T
T =

m& C p (Tb 2 Tb 1 )

hpl
Tb 2 Tb 1
T =
T Tb 1
ln w
T w Tb 2

=+d '3 r U\ r> 5939 ' 5@3 0%' r 5F (& .t


0.0668( D ) Re Pr
hD
L
a
b3) N u =
= 3.66 +
2 / 3
k av
1 + 0.04 ( D ) Re
L

0.14

(,/)
'3 r '

Tba =

Tb1 + Tb2

(,)

Tlog

: 3G (Sieder and Tate) =  '  5+ 3+ 8 U@ C+'

1
d 1
N ud = 1.86(Re D Pr) 3 ( ) 3 ( )0.14
w
l
D
Re Pr > 10
L
q = h plT
1
T = Tw (Tb1 Tb 2 )
2

(,)

=3 $ sG ' =+d X'% 'G  U\ r> 5939 ' 5@3 0%' r5F (& + ..= G   ( X@H3

5@3 (& + 5939  ' Q6 '  Q6 + 5939 + b3)  @H3 = 72
5)?

Tb1 + Tb 2
)
2

dk F 33   !5 U[ /(Colburn Analogy) (Reynolds Analogy)
= ( + m )

u
y

(,)
. 3G a@ N3P (& ' 5+  =&f9 m

qw = C p ( + H )

T
y

(,.)

 G+ 1  '% 'G M Q$3 Z? + . 3G a@ 5+  1KL H f H
:=G !>3M 5+  1KL H  5+  >=&f9 ++ Z?
y
R
y
q = q (1 )
R
m = H

(,)

= (1 )

(ty)
(t,)

(tt)
(ty)  (,) $ 8c

= , Pr = 1
qw
T
q
=

dy = dT
y
C p w
C p w
qw
c p w

u au

Tb

Tw

du = dT
(t-)

qwuav

= Tw Tb
c p w
C p w

hx =
uav
q

hx =
T Tb

!'
1
2
C f uav
2
C
hx
= f
c puav
2

(t/)

w =

(t)
(3))  a@ 5+ 5&3 +

St x =

Cf

(t)

:= G   ( X+Y I^ $

St x Pr

St = Nu

Cf
2

Re Pr
1

Nu = Re Pr 3 .

&

cf
2

(t)

2

f = 4C f

n = 0 . 3 Cooling
n = 0 . 4 heating

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr n
Re D > 104 ,0.7 < Pr < 100, L

60

: |P XM 3M

0.14

N u D = 0.023 Re Pr av
w
:

& , T = Tlog
0.8

(t.)

Tb1 + Tb 2
2
Tw = cTe T = Tw Tb
Tba =

.= G 'G M >(& ' +Y b+' $   J  @ 5+  f& R ' :7
>0
 5+ 3+ +)#   5)?L 7'% 06) >;)# ' (3 ' I b+'
.[,]  [,/] # 3Y)*& '%

5)? 5@3 iF3+'3 (&  =+d '% 'G + >5939 '%  ' + = 72

!8 
  :. # 
Radiation Heat Transfer
. WLX 7'3\ i^P)s9 3 ') 7'3\ 5+ X+ r X&3   $
0.01 m < < 200 m

X'% 3 a^

XA a^
0.2 m < < 0.7 m
Black Body  !*& :0c   !*&
:5| !A3 X  X *& 5+
. | X ;W& ' X+ r 5 > .,
.= =M3s 7& 5 > ' 3 ') .t
.= )+ (*s r ' r8 !*& > $ (c X'% r ') .( 3 03^  7'% 5&' *% + Eb  !*& @@ 7'  ' 3  G '
03^ 5+ J 5 )+ > + = uK f G ' 5# 538 > .= G 
: 3G 3+ !> 5+ R (3 I
^ # % 6 R + 06) )>3# >3
maxT = 2897.6 mK [5215.6 m R]

.=  !*& $  5+  G 6) r 8+ XJ $ `

VL C+'
E b , =

C1
c2

5 exp( ) 1

(,)

:Rf)93+ r 5+'

Eb = Eb, d = T 4

(t)

: !*& 7\3lM  }3? b+' ( G RG' r+

. ' T r  >

q

= EA1 = Eb A1

A1 '#

567

8
9

E (T )

Eb (T )

'#

567

=1

;W& H

(-)
:!' X'% 0 @ $

E A = EbA1 =
1b231 12
3
A1b3  G ;W&  !*& 5+  G ' \

 3G X ;W& { !*& b3  G 'M  { !*& $ 1+ I^ $ 5c 5|D
.  X'+ X'% r 0 @
`W G H hN  A"5H" jc'!*& (c $ '3
  1+'+ [;W& 0 @ 7'3\ 5+ ' X `  5+ X+ r 5c
. 3GX

 ' X+ r

G = G + G + G
+ + = 1

()

('3
) 06) H :
;W& H :
gs@ H :
:=G !>3M 8c ( = 0) > X  '3
 3M $ ' X+ r  !*& 5| !| Z?  iL

!*& 3M r ^M 5+ Q@ : Eb

()
. G+ )3 ' J }3? C+' '

J = G + Eb

q = A( J G ) q = A( J

J Eb

) = (J

$ k U\ Z?+

J Eb
)
1{

()

q = A( J

J Eb
)
1

q = A( Eb J )

q=

= A( Eb J )

(.)

Eb J
1
A

:!' 1+ I^ $ r  | 0 

 ]*& r+ iL

Eb = J  !*& r+

View Factor  OP

 ' j ` 5+   #  ' I ` 5# = X+ r $ r*| 7'3\ 5+  H
.!> X ( Fij +  %V\ ' (c
= ! 

:+ = ++ ' t ` 5+  #  ' , ` 5#  ' 6

()
q1 2 = J1 A1F12
:+ = ++ ' , ` 5+  #  ' t ` 5#  ' 6
(,y)
q21 = J 2 A2 F21
:+ 3+ >3M ++  G 59 
  # ' 6 = '
(,,)
Q1 2 = J1 A1F12 J 2 A2 F21
:0 @ ' 

: OP ]" Z" &

Ai Fij = A j A ji
N

ij

(,t)

=1

j =1

$ R .= $ '3  H N2  @ [XJ N 5kBJ ' 1+ 0 
 5
J r+
. 3G  i 7'3\ 5+  H 5| 3G X (+  `H X8>
F11 F12 ...........F18
F F .............F
28
21 22
M
M .................M

Fn1 Fn 2 ...............Fnn

(,-)

. 3G 5
J fY '3^ 5+ >  H ]  5| =* ]$F X9
uK '  H ]  (3 X  H r+  G 5)B X 5+'  $  B) +
. 3 
:
J

ij

= 1 F11 + F12 + F13 = 1

(,/)

j =1

. G+ X B\ N 3M 5+ =
* ; J { !*& >  H
F11 = 0
F12 + F13 = 1
F12

[( w
=

F13

+ w2 ) 2 + 4

[(w w )
= 1
1

( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4
2 w1

+4

( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4
2 w1

(,)

:
J
. |  L (c M 5+ =
*' , '3  G H

> $ =  ++ '3 3M 5+ =

* '3   H 5|  ;3& (3 X 8  +
X'
 5  G >3M 1+$+  ;W& '3 (' 3G '3 5 + ' '3 $ 1+ 5D
. + X  ' r8 r&  = '3 (' ? (c  ]  G+ '3 r' XlKG !D 
,5hS U FQ5
F11 = 0

(,)

F11 + F12 = 1 F12 = 1

:, 0 '  sG

X D-  ,"5 Fo



:$ sG ' 0 r+

q12 = A1 J 1 F12 = A1 Eb1 F12

(,)

q 21 = A2 Eb2 F21

:, `$ r 0 

q = q12 q 21
1 = A1 F12 Eb1 A2 F21 Eb 2
4
1

(,.)

4
2

1 = A1 F12 6(T T )

:!' X| '3^ 5+

N

q1 = Ai Fij 6(Ti 4 T j4 )

(,)

j =1

:
J
. 'c = + ' !*& ` $ X96) r , 0 '
N

q = Ai Fij 6(Ti 4 T j4 ) = A1 F12 6(T14 T24 ) + A1 F13 6(T14 T34 )

j =1

F12

1
[
( w1 + w2 ) + 4] 2 [( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4] 2
=

F13

[( w
=

2 w1

+ w2 ) 2 + 4

( w2 w1 ) 2 + 4
2 w1

  &:;   92 

[1] Carslaw, H.S., and Jaeger, J.C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd
ed., Oxford University Press, London, 1959
[2] Arpai, V. S., Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, M.A., 1996
[3] Myers, E.E., Analytical Methods in Conduction Heat Transfer,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971
[4] Kays, W.M., and Crawford, M.E., Convection Heat and Mass
Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980
[5] Bejan, A., Convection Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1995
[6] Eckert, E.R.G., and Drake, R.H., Jr., Analysis of Heat and Mass
Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981
[7] Siegel, Ro., and Howell, J.R., Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981
[8] zicik, Boundary Layer Value Problems of Heat Conduction,
International Textbook, Scranton, P.A., 1968
[9] Incropera, F.P., and Witt, D.P., Introduction to Heat Transfer, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996
[10] Leinhard IV, J.H., and, Leinhard V, J.H.,A Heat Transfer Text
Book, Phlogiston Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2001
[11] Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, McGrow-Hill, New York, 1997
[12] White, F.M., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999
[13] White, F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGrow-Hill, New York,
1991
[14] Kay, W.S., and London, A.L., Compact Heat Exchangers,
Krieger Publishing Company, Malabor, Florida, 1998
[15] Saunders, E.A.D., Heat Exchangers: Selection, Design, and
Construction, Longman, Harlow, 1988