1

.
. , , ,
, , , . ,
.
, . ,
.
(Rome) . Concrete concretus
, .
( ) ( ) .
.

(binder)

.
1.1
C-S-H . (hydration) .
(cement paste) , ()
(mortar), (concrete) . ,
, , , , . (concrete)
.
-

( )

,
, .
( .).

(Porland cement) .
, .

, 10%
(reinforced concrete).

, (ductility) .
(, , ) (
, prestress) ,
(prestressed concrete; PSC).
, . , , , ,
, , , FRP , , , , .

1.2
.
0.00001 / o C .

, .
(pH=13) ,
.

(carbonation, )

.
(viscoelastic) (drying shrinkage), (creep) (
) , .

, .
.
. .
(durability) .
, .
, .
(aesthetic) .
, , , , .
(prestressed concrete) .
.
. 10% .
.
.
.
, , .

1.3
.
.
.

, ,

(hydraulic cement) .
(gypsum) (lime).

. , - .
1796 Jame Parker() .

1813

Vicat () 1822 James Frost() .

1824 Joseph Aspdin (Portland cement) .

. 1845 Isaac
Johnson . 1919
.
(admixtures) . , ,
.

(workability) ,

(air entraining agent) .

1930

, (fly ash), (blast furnace slag)

.
1850 Joseph Monier (steel wire) ,
. Eugene Freyssinet .

, .
.
.

,
.

2.1
, , , ,
.

.
-
(pores)

(solids)
(aggregate)
bound water

(free water)

(mineral admixtures)

(Portland cement) .

z ( , tricalcium silicate)
z ( , dicalcium silicate)
z ( , tricalcium aluminate)
z ( , tetracalcium aluminoferrite)
.


C

()

Calcium oxide, Lime

, ,

Silicate

Alumina

Ferric oxide

Water

, 3

Sulfer trioxide

Carbon dioxide

(limestone) .

.
, (slurry) .

(kiln oven) . (clinker)

 , (gypsum) 75 m (1m=0.001mm)
.
, .

(batch) .
.

.
.

(%) [Alite]

50

45

60

25

40

(%) [Belite]

25

30

15

50

40

(%) [Aluminate]

12

10

(%) [Felite]

12

12

10

(%)

350

350

450

300

350

14

330

250

500

210

250

( )
1

(MPa)
(7

; J/g)

(hydration) .

.
, , .

[Mindess, 2003] <#302>

 [Concrete Manual, 1975] <#303>

1 . 2 (Type II)
.
. 3 ( ) C 3S ,
(high early strength) .
. .
C 3S C 3A . 4(Type IV)
. 5(Type V) ,
.
1 3 , .

(fly ash) (silica fume)

1, 3 .
.

40C .
.
.

, .

(temperature gradient)
.

, .

(temperature gradient)[Reinforced Concrete, Meyer] <#309>

, ,
.

(freeze-thaw)

.
( , tricalcium silicate) .

C 3S C-S-H (gel) (calcium hydroxide),

. C-S-H (colloid) 1nm ,

.
( , dicalcium silicate) .

.
( ) . 15 ,
(plastic) . 2-4 ,
. (steady-state) .

[Concrete, Mindess&Young, 1981] <#305>

.
.

C-S-H ,

.
.

(healing) .

, (unbound water)
.
.

, , (free water)

 <#301>

C 3A( , tricalcium aluminate) ( C 3S, C 2S) .

.

C 3A( ) (gypsum, ),

(ettringite) .
2 .

(monosulfoaluminate)
(flash set), .

, .
C 3S( , tricalcium silicate), C 2S( , dicalcium silicate)
, .
(cement gel) (cement paste)
.

C-S-H , (SEM)

(capillary spaces)

25% (gel water) .

.
CH(, calcium hydroxide) C-S-H .

, . .

 , , ,
, .

, , -

(water-cement ratio, w/c) .

.

- + .

, .
25% ,
25% .

15% (gel water) .

, w/c=0.4 ( )

, 100g (=3.2g/cm3) 32cm3 40g(40cm3)

.

32cm3 + 25cm3 ( 25% ) + (gel water) 15cm3 - 6cm3( 25%,

) = 66 cm3 .

(72cm ) '(intrinsic shrinkage, contraction)' 6 cm 3 .

3

.
-(w/c) 0.25.

0.42 .
.
.

.
C3S C2S .
.

2.1 C3S C2S 5

, .

.
.

.
(curing)
.

(capillary pores) .

.
, .

(maturity)

. M .

(Saul )

T0 T t .

2.2
75% .
.

(silt, ), ,

, .

- .

(oven-dry) - , -
.
.

(saturated surface dry, SSD)

, .

[Concrete, Mindess] <#304>

.

(soundness)

( , ),
.
.

( )

, .

, .
() () .
, (size gradation) .
.

(sieve analysis, )

. 2.6. 2
(semilogarithm) . 75, 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.2, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15mm
10 . 5mm .
-
(mm)

(%)

10

100

95-100

2.5

80-100

1.2

50-85

0.6

25-60

0.3

10-30

0.15

2-10

R i

, R i + 1 = 0.225R i
.

.
.

 <#273>
.

,
.

,
.

(workability)

, .

.
(fineness modulus; F.M.) .
.

. 2.3 ~ 3.1 .
(grading) (gap grading) ,
.
.
.

(spherical shape),

(crushed aggregate) , ,

.
3
2.3~2.4 t/m .

2.5t/m3 .
.

, (lead) . , .

2.3
, .

(chemical admixtures) , (mineral admixtures) .

(chemical admixture) ,
. . (mineral admixture)
(durability) (workability) ,
. , .
(air-entraining agent)

, (free water)
, .

, .

(deicer, ) .

3~7%( ).
(chemical admixtures)
(water-reducing admixtures), (retarding admixtures), (accelerating admixtures)
.
5~30% .
water-reducing admixtures, superplasticizer) .

, , .
.

(high-range

(viscosity) .

- (workability) .

, .
(setting time) .
.

(cold joint) .

( 3.2 stage2) .
.

, (high-early

cement) (quick-setting admixtures)

.
(mineral admixtures)
(blast furnace slag)
.

, 20-65% .
.

(granulated blast furnace slag cement) .

(fly ash) ,
.

(pozzolanic).

, (CH, calcium hydroxide) C-S-H .

,
.

() .

, .
.

(silica fume, condensed silica fume) .

.

, .

( 10%

.) (slurry)
.
.

S iO 2

0.1m .

.
.

, Ca(OH2) ,

, .
, .
- .

. .

2.4

.
.
.

.

.

(trial batch) , .
.

.
a) .
b) (workability) .
c) .
(fly ash) (silica fume)
.
a) -(w/c ratio). -( ) .
b) -.
c) . , , (fineness modulus) .

. -
- - .

(slump test)

. . 300mm,
100mm, 200mm.
25 .
.

1/3 25 , 1/3

1/3 25

(slump).

- (

(rich mix) .), .

-
.

(superplasticizer) .
.

<#306>
.

, .
, (segregation)
.

(, ).

. .
.
.
.

(vibrator)

 , .
(curing) .
.

, (temperature gradient) .
.

,
.
,
. 4C . ,
.
(AE; air entraining agent) .
, .

. .

.
, (durability).

.
.
.

(15cm x 30cm .)

28 , , f ck( c

compression, u ultimate ?) .
.

.
[ 2.3.3 (1)]---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
()
() 150 m3
() 500 m3 .
2.3.3.(1) 5
5 5 , .
40 m3
.
3 28

f ck .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .
.
, .
. ( )
.

 ( ) .
.

. S .

[ACI, 1988] <#307>

(2007) .
--BEGIN----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(2) .
2.3.2(1) .
35 MPa (2.3.1) (2.3.2) ,
35 MPa (2.3.1) (2.3.3) .

MPa ,

(2.3.1)

(2.3.2)

MPa ,

(2.3.1)

(2.3.3)

2.3.2(1) ,
14 2.3.2 .
2.3.2 14

, (MPa)

, (MPa)

21
21 35
35

7
8.5
10

(3) ,
.
30 2.3.2(1)
2.3.2(2)
29 2.3.2(1) 2.3.2(2)

4.5.3
--END-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 9%
, ( - 3.5MPa) ( 0.9 )
1% . .

, (2003) .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1) 5% .
2) 85% 0.13% .
.
1) f cr f ck + 1.64s
2) f cr 0.85f ck + 3.0s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 , 30
. 30
.
- 29 [, 2007]

1)

2)

15

1.16

20

1.08

1.03

30

1.00

1) .
2)
.

.
, , .

28

,
.

, ,

, , , .
[]

2.5
.

.
(lightweight concrete)
, , .
.

, .
.

, .

.
(; sintered) (fly ash), (shale), ,
.

( .) .

.
. .
.
1) . .
2) .

(pumice), , , , (perlite),

( ; vermiculite), , , .

3) . (aerated concrete) .
4) cellular concrete(): .

(high strength concrete; HSC)

, .
.

. .
.
.

.
(porosity).

- , (zero) (no-slump concrete) .

.
, , , , .
, .
.
.

, .

, - ,
.

, .

- 0.35 , -

. - . .
.
.

.
.

, -

.
(brittle).
.
.

- .

.
.

(fiber reinforced concrete)

.
, .

, .

 .
.

, , , .

(glass fiber)

.
(steel fiber) .
.

, .
( 1% ), .

(matrix) ,
.

, (ductility)

(toughness) .

, , , .
(polymer modified concrete)
.

(polymer impreganated concrete; PIC) (monomer)

.
.

(latex;

.) , (latex modified concrete; LMC)

(polymer cement concrete; PCC) .
.

.
.
, .

PCM

.
(refractory concrete)
(oven; ) .

. (calcium aluminate) ,
.

2.6
.
.
, D . ( .)


D6
D10
D13
D16
D19
D22
D25
D29
D32
D35
D38
D41
D51

(mm)
6.35
9.53
12.7
15.9
19.1
22.2
25.4
28.6
31.8
34.9
38.1
41.3
50.8

(cm2)
0.3167
0.7133
1.267
1.986
2.865
3.871
5.067
6.424
7.942
9.566
11.40
13.40
20.27

(cm)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
16.0

(kgf/m)
0.249
0.560
0.995
1.56
2.25
3.04
3.98
5.04
6.23
7.51
8.95
10.5
15.9

10~35mm, D10~D35 , .
2400~ 5000 kgf/cm 2 , KS D3504 .

SR24
SR30
SD30
SD35
SD40
SD50

2400
3000
3000
3500
4000
5000

3900
4500
4500
5000
5700
6300

( kgf/cm 2 .)
R Round, D Deformed .
2,000,000 kgf/cm 2 .
550 MPa .
- .

- <#295>
4,000 kgf/cm 2 (yield plateau) .
0.0035 .
.

 - <#326>

. f y = 4, 000 kgf/cm 2
.

y = 4, 000/2, 000, 000 = 0.002

0.002 . , .

(relaxation)
.
.
. 80~90%
.
, , . stress-relieved
strand, wire .
. .
.

 t(hours) . log 10.

. .

1
0.99
0.98

fpfpi ( t )
0.97
0.96
0.95 0.95
1
1

10

1 .10

100
t

1 .10

5
1 .10
100000

3.1
.
(major cracks) .

(microcracks)

, .

, .

.

<#300>
30% , -
, .

30-75%

, - (softening) .

75-90%

,
.

90%

, 0.002-0.003 .
.

.
, (splitting) .
.

.
.

(fracture mechanics) ,

type I (, opening mode) ,

type II .

 (mode) <#294>

(confining effect) .

( .).
.

(a) .

(b) .

<#286>
Type I, II (ductility) -
.

''(load-controlled) .

,
.

(displacement controlled) ,

- ,

(elastic modulus) - .
.

(tangent modulus of

elasticity) , (initial tangent modulus of elasticity)

.

(secant modulus of elasticity) .

. (chord modulus)
. (),
30~50% .

50%

, .

<#279>
(2007) .
(1)

1,4502,500

.


(MPa)

 ( 2,300 kg/m3) .


(MPa)

(MPa)
(2007) (creep) ,
.

( ) ,
. 4,000~5, 000 kgf/cm 2 .
(Poisson's ratio) .

0.15-0.20

, 0.17 .
.
, , , .
.

, ?

.
.

15x30cm ( )

28 ( ), (
) .

, .

.
:

, ,

,
.

[van Mier, 1984] <#293>

, .

28

( ) .
.

28 .

(maturity)

 . - .

M=[ , M=t(T-T0)]; T0 ( ), S , A -, .
1 28 .
.

28 7 1.3-1.7

, C 3S/C 2S, ,

( )

.
-. (+)/
, .

-(gel-space ratio)

X=

0.68
0.32 + w/c

- 0.42,

1.0, X 0.92 , 8%

. (A), - (w+A)/c , .
S = S iX n
- X 1.0 , n 2.6-3.0.

, -,

- .
.

, .

,
. .
15cm, 30cm . , . (2007)
KS F 2403 .
150 300 mm , 100 200 mm
0.97 , . ,

.
() . 25%
. .
2
.
. (end constraint) (cone)
.
2 , 10%
.

 .
.

45cm 85%

(, .).

(strain localization) (size effect) .

(loading rate) ( 2.14) .

, , , 10-20%

. 2 .
75% . (static
fatigue strength) (discontinuity stress) .
. (creep) (sustained load)
.
, .
.
.
, .

( ) , .

3.2
.
. .
.

(brittle)

- , (ductility)
.
,
.

f t .

1/10 ,

. .
1) ,

.
2) (serviceability) .
3) .
4) .
5) (bond strength) .
6) .
.

.
f t (bone-shaped) .

. 1 <#274>
.

. .

. 2 <#275>
.

.
(split cylinder test), Brazilian test .
.

. <#289>
.

h =

2P
LD

P , D (15cm), L (30cm).

f r

, ( ) .
.

. .

.

. Double Punch Test <#277>

double punch test .

, .

f t .

3.3
f 1 f 2
:
.

f 1 - f 2 : - , f 1/f 20.5 ,

25% .

2.19 -

- .

.
(proportional loading) .
.

- .
,

2.19b

f 1/f 2

(non-proportional loading) (

.) .
(triaxial state of compression) .
2.20a .
.
.

(hydrostatic pressure)

- ,

, (microporous)

.( 2.20b).

6f ck

25% .

.

(confined),
.

2.21 - .

, 2-, 3-

f h 1 f .

, 4.1 . 2.22
: 28 .
, .
0.003-0.005, 2.22 30cm
15cm . , 1.0 .
, , (self-healing) .
.
, .

(triaxial stress) <#296>

3.4
.

<#276>
(, modulus of rupture) , P
.



L , h .
a .

f r f t 50% ,

.
.

,
.

3.5 :

 .
, .
, .
.
.

.
.
.

1) , 2)

3) .

, .

, . (sandstone), (slate) ,
2 .

.
.

ACI

t (days), 7 .

40% , 15cm .

8 .10

6 .10

sht ( t )4 .10

2 .10

8 10

45

90
t
t(days)

135

180
180

, , ,
.
(sustained loading) .
.
(creep) .

, .

, .

(relaxation) .
.

<#280>

<#285>
(a) (b) (c)+ (d)

,
.

(age) .

.
.

<#291>

 - .

- (specific creep:

) .

- <#290>

<#283>

( , )
.
.

1 <#278>
Branson .

(ultimate creep coefficient)

, . t (days).

.
(Cct/Ccu ...)

 Cct

1.277

1.5

1
Cct( t )
0.5

30

60
t
t(days)

90

120
120

(specific creep) .

2.2.2 (2007) .
CEB-FIP .
=BEGIN==========================================================================
(5) .

, , , , , ,
, , (2.2.1) .

(2.2.1)

, (2.2.18) , (2.2.19) .
(2.2.1) 20, 20
.

(2.2.2)

(2.2.3)

(2.2.4)

(2.2.5)

(2.2.6)

(2.2.7)

(2.2.8)

. (2.2.15) .
, (2.2.2) .
()
20 ,
.

(2.2.9)

(2.2.10)




, (), (),
.
()
(2.2.3) (2.2.11)
.

(2.2.11)

, (2.2.16) (2.2.17) .
()
5 80 (2.2.4) (2.2.13),
(2.2.8) (2.2.14) (2.2.12) .

(2.2.13)

(2.2.14)

(2.2.12)

 28 (2.2.15) , (2.2.16)
.

(2.2.15)

(2.2.16)

(2.2.17)

, , .
.

(2.2.18)

, (2.2.17) .

(2.2.19)

KS F 2453 .
(6) , (2.2.20)
.

(2.2.20)
, (2.2.21) (2.2.24) .

(2.2.21)

(2.2.22)

(2.2.24)

(2.2.23)




20 (2.2.25) (2.2.26) .

(2.2.25)

(2.2.26)

=END=================================================================================

3.6
/.

. .
, 1
.
(1) , 0.0014
. .
400 : 0.0020

0.0035 400 :

(2) 5 , 400 mm .
.

<#282>

3.7

 .
(fatigue failure) .
.

S-N(S-N curve) .

(N) (S) .
S .

(N)

S N S log N

<#311>

S-N <#298>
(endurance limit) .

. S-N , 0 .
.
.

S-N

0.7f ck 0.75f ck .
- .

 [ACI J., 1964] <#297>

.
(envelope) - .

2.17b

, .
2.18a.
.

10% , (damage)

; .

(consolidation) .
80% , .

.
(-
.) 2.18a 2.18b .
.

, (Miner's Rule)

3.8
.
.
.

(, , ) .

.

.

.
-(w/c).
.