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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1. THAN BN V S HNH THNH THAN BN [11] Than bn l sn phm phn hy ca thc vt, mu en hoc nu. y l mt hn hp ca thc vt m ly loi: mn, vt liu v c v nc, trong di tch thc vt chim hn 60%. Than bn l loi vt liu c th cha ti 50 60% carbon khi kh, nn than bn l loi nhin liu t chy v sau khi chy li 5 50% cht tro. Khi chy, than bn pht ra nhiu khi v c mi hi, nhit lng khong 2000 5000 kcal/kg. Than bn c hnh thnh do s phn hy ca cc ging, loi thc vt xy ra trong nc di nh hng ca kh hu m t. Vt liu b phn hy tch t ngay ti ni ca thc vt sinh sng. Cc ging loi thc vt pht trin trong nc, sau khi cht b than ha hoc mn ha trong iu kin khng c khng kh. S than ha hoc mn ha l kt qu ca s phn hy ca thc vt di tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt (vi khun, nm). Hin tng ny i hi mt thi gian lu di hng trm hoc hng ngn nm. 1.2. THNH PHN CA THAN BN 1.2.1. Hp cht hu c v thnh phn nguyn t 1.2.1.1. Hp cht hu c [11] Thnh phn cc cht hu c hon ton ph thuc vo thc vt to than, mc phn hy v mi trng trong than bn c hnh thnh. Nhng nghin cu v than bn xc nh c nm nhm hp cht hu c cn bn trong than bn sau y: + Cc cht hu c ha tan trong nc: ch yu l polisacarit, n ng v mt t tanin. Thnh phn ca cc hp cht ny dao ng t 5 10% ty theo mc phn hy. + Cc hp cht ha tan trong este v ru: gm axit bo, sp, resin,Thnh phn cc hp cht ny dao ng trong mt khong rng, lin quan cht ch n thc vt to than v cng tng khi tui than cng ln.

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+ Xenluloz v hemixenluloz: chim khong 5 40%. + Lignin v cc dn xut t lignin: thng c thnh phn ln nht v lignin t b ra tri hn cc cht khc, lignin cng rt bn i vi s tc ng ca vi sinh vt. Thnh phn ny thng dao ng trong khong 20 50%. + Hp cht nit: thng chim mt t l thp, dao ng t 0,3 4%. Cc thnh phn hu c trong than bn c th xp loi theo cc cht mn v cc cht khng phi l cht mn: Cc cht khng phi mn nh cc cacbuahyr, prtin, aminoaxit,Cc axit hu c bc thp c trong than bn c khong ha nhanh bi cc vi sinh vt, v vy tui th ca chng trong t rt ngn. Cc cht mn: ngc li c cu trc phc tp, c tnh axit v thng c mu ti, ch yu l cc hp cht thm a in li v mt phn l cc hp cht cha hyro vi khi lng phn t khong 300 n 100.000. Chng l nhng bc trung gian ca qu trnh khong ha cc cht hu c trong bn v nh hng n kh nng ht nc, kh nng trao i ion ca than bn cng nh kh nng lin kt cc ion kim loi. Cc thnh phn hu c trong than bn c kh nng hp ph v trao i ion trong nhng iu kin pH thch hp. 1.2.1.2. Thnh phn nguyn t [16] y l t l phn trm ca cc nguyn t trong than. Thnh phn nguyn t ca than bn thay i theo mu vt phn tch, thnh phn thc vt, mc phn hy ca thc vt v theo c su ca m than. Trong cc nguyn t to than, thnh phn carbon, oxy, hydro l ni bt v n chim hu ht thnh phn ca than. Phn cn li dnh cho nhiu khong cht khc, trong mi khong cht ch chim mt t l nh. Cc nguyn t thng gp trong cc loi than bn l: N, P, K, Na, S, Al, Fe

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1.2.2. Cht mn Cht mn l sn phm phn hy cc cht hu c. Cht mn hin din di dng keo giu carbon, thng c mu nu hoc en. trng thi kh, cht mn c mu en, cng gin c kh nng hp th nhiu nc v cht dinh dng. Cht mn ha tan tng phn trong cc dung dch kim, b kt ta trong cc axit v c bit l rt bn di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh. Ngc li, trong iu kin thong kh, cht mn c th b bin i bi mt s cc loi nm [11]. Thnh phn ha hc ca cht mn gm c: carbon, oxy, hydro v nit. Ngoi cc cht c bn trn y, cht mn cn cha lu hunh, photpho, natri, kali, canxi v mt s nguyn t vi lng khc. Trn c s ha tan, ngi ta chia cht mn thnh 03 dng: axit fulvic, axit humic v humin nh sau [34][39]:

Khng tan

Humin Axit Humic

Than bn

pH 13

Kt ta

Phn tan

pH 1,5

Tan

Axit Fulvic

Hnh 1.1: Phng php tch cc cht mn t than bn Axit fulvic: tan c trong nc, c mu nu; tan trong axit thng c mu vng hoc nu vng. Axit fulvic c hm lng cc nhm chc axit cao v cng ha tan c trong kim. Chng c khi lng phn t khng cao lm, thnh phn carbon thng nh hn 55%.

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Axit humic: khng tan trong nc, khng tan trong ru, ha tan trong

cc dung dch kim v khi pH gim (axit ha) th li kt ta. Cc axit humic c khi lng phn t t 20.000 n 100.000, c thnh phn carbon khong 58%. Humin: gm cc cht cao phn t cn li, khng tan trong mi iu kin pH, c mu en, xut hin do qu trnh gi ha ca axit fulvic v axit humic. Hin nay, ngi ta chia cc hp cht humic lm 03 nhm: axit humic, axit fulvic v humin. Bng 1. 1: Tnh tan ca cc hp cht humic Cht mn Nc Axit fulvic Axit humic Humin + Ghi ch: (+) : tan; Tan trong Kim + + (-) : khng tan Axit + -

Nu ly cht mn chit vi baz mnh ri cho sn phm tan trong axit th ta c: 1. Humin l nhng sn phm gc thc vt khng chit c. 2. Axit humic l nhng sn phm kt ta trong qu trnh axit ha. 3. Axit fulvic l nhng cht hu c cn li trong dung dch axit. Cc hp cht humic c trong cht mn nh hng rt ln n tnh cht ca nc nh tnh cht axit, baz, tnh hp ph v c tnh to phc [13]. V d cc axit fulvic c nh hng n c tnh ca nc trong khi humin khng tan v axit humic tc ng n cht lng nc thng qua trao i cation, cc cht hu cvi nc. Cho n nay ngi ta bit c cc hp cht humic l nhng cht in ly c phn t lng cao, t vi trm (axit fulvic) ti vi vn (axit humic v humin). Chng khng phi l nhng phn t ring l m lin kt vi nhau (humin, axit humic v axit fulvic). Cc hp cht humic ny hnh thnh mt b khung carbon c cha cc gc thm, mt s nhm oxi hot ng v c th c c nhng nhm ging

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prtin v cacbuahyro. Cc thnh phn ny c th d dng b hyro ha t cc ht nhn thm m li bn vi phn ng sinh hc Cng thc phn t ca mt loi axit humic c ngh:

Thng thng cc hp cht humic cha 45 55 %C, 35 45 %O, 3 6 %H, 1 5 %N v 0 1 %S. Khi phn hy cc hp cht humic c th thu c mt s sn phm phn hy in hnh nh sau:
H
OH OH OH Catecnol Pyrogallic acid

COOH

H3CO OH

OCH3

HO

OH

Syring aldehyt

3,5 -dihydroxy benzoic axit

Theo Buffle, axit fulvic c cu to nh sau:

Cc hp cht humin c th to phc vi ion kim loi t cc nhm cacboxyl v phenolic hydroxyl:

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O C C O O M O

O C O
+ M

Phenolic hydroxyl

2 nhm cacboxyl Thnh phn (%) C H O N S Axit fulvic (FA) 50.00 4.40 39.20 2.80 3.60

1 nhm cacboxyl Humin (HM) 51.35 6.36 38.59 3.20 0.50

Bng 1. 2: Thnh phn nguyn t ca axit humic, axit fulvic v humin [16] Axit humic (HA) 48.10 4.90 40.10 3.00 3.90

Bng 1. 3: c tnh ha hc ca cc hp cht humic [17][23] Cc hp cht humic

Axit fulvic Vng nht Vng nu

Axit humic Nu Nu m

Humin en

tng m v mu sc tng mc polime ha tng khi lng phn t tng hm lng cacbon gim hm lng oxi gim axit gim ha tan

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1.3.

HUMIN Humin gm cc cht cao phn t xut hin do qu trnh gi ha ca axit

1.3.1. c im ca humin [18] humic v axit fulvic. N l thnh phn bn nht ca than bn, c tch ra bng cch ha tan than bn trong dung dch NaOH c pH khong 13. Khi th axit humic v axit fulvic tan ht. V mu sc th humin c mu t nu n en ty vo mc gi ha cc axit. Humin cng l thnh phn c khi lng phn t cao nht trong than bn v c cu trc phc tp.

a) Hnh 1.2: b) nh SEM ca humin [15] 1.3.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca humin 1.3.2.1. Hp cht hu c [11]

b)

a) nh SEM b mt ca humin sau khi p thnh a [40];

- Hp cht hu c c trong humin cng da trn c s nhng hp cht hu c c trong than bn. l nhng hp cht bn trong mi trng kim. - Cc hp cht bo c mch cacbon di: thnh phn ny chim ch yu trong humin, khong 50%. Chnh n quyt nh n tan ca humin trong nc cng nh trong mi trng kim. - Cc hp cht xenluloz v hemixenluloz: chim khong 30 35%.

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- Cc hp cht aromatic v polyaromatic: chim khong 15%. Thnh phn ny c trng cho mc phn hy ca humin. Theo thi gian, di s tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt k kh th cc hp cht bo b oxy ha thnh cc hp cht aromatic v sinh ra CO2. - Cc hp cht amid hay cacboxylic: thnh phn ny kh t ch chim khong 3%. Nhng khi tch humin ra khi than bn bng dung dch NaOH th hu ht cc nhm chc axit (-COOH) u b chuyn thnh cc mui natri (-COONa). Ngoi ra, cn c s lng ln cc nhm chc trn b mt [25] quyt nh phn no c ch hp ph cc cht ca humin. - Mt c im na l thnh phn ca humin chim mt t l nh trong than bn (6,84 %) cn phn ln l cc vt cht khong (55,48 %), nu tnh ring i vi cc hp cht humic th humin chim khong 15,9 %. 1.3.2.2. Thnh phn nguyn t - Humin c bn cht l cht hu c nn cc nguyn t c bn ca n vn l C, H, O, N. Ty vo mi loi than bn gc to humin m hm lng ca cc nguyn t trn thay i. Hm lng ca C v O lun cao hn H rt nhiu. Hn na do trong cc loi than th than bn l loi c nhiu oxy nht nn trong humin th hm lng oxy cng thng cao hn cacbon [23]. - Tuy nhin, ngi ta thng s dng t l gia cc nguyn t: H/C v O/C nh gi v tnh cht cng nh l mc phn hy ca humin. T l H/C c th nm trong khong t 2 (trong cc hp cht bo) n 1 (trong naphthalene hay trong polyaromatic) [28]. T l O/C c th nm trong khong t 0 n 2 (trong CO2) v cao hn trong nhng mu m. - Ngoi ra trong humin cn cha mt s khong v c ca cc nguyn t Si, Al, Fe, Ca. Cc khong ny chim mt hm lng khng ln, nn n cng khng nh hng nhiu n c ch hp ph ca humin. Kt qu chp ph XRD (hnh 1.3) [15] khng nh s c mt cc khong v c (quartz SiO2; aluminosilicat...) trong humin.

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Hnh 1.3: Ph XRD ca humin - Tm li, v kt qu phn tch nguyn t trong humin th khng cho mt cng thc phn t c th m ch cung cp thng tin chung v thnh phn cc nguyn t, bi do humin hay ni chung l cc hp cht humic l hn hp ca nhiu thnh phn cc cht [17]. Kt qu ph chp IR ca humin v axit humic (hnh 1.4) theo [28] nh sau:

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Hnh 1.4. Ph IR ca humin v acid humic Theo [28], trong humin v axit humic c rt nhiu dao ng ca cc nhm chc. V d, dao ng ca nhm OH: khong 3400 cm-1; metoxyl (CH3O-): 1089cm-1; C=O v C-O l khong 1700 cm-1 v 1050-1251 cm-1. Bn cnh , cn thy c dao ng Si-O 1050 cm-1 v 3698 v 3621 cm-1 .

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1.3.3. Mt vi ng dng ca humin S dng lm cht n trong phn bn: t than bn ngi ta chit axit humic lm phn bn (bng cch trao i cc ion K+ hay NH4+ vi H+ lm thnh phn m hay kali), cn phn b l humin th c th lm cht n thm vo phn tng hm lng mn trong phn [1]. Cng nh than bn v cc loi cht mn khc th humin cng c dng lm cht t. Tc l phn b thi thu c sau khi chit axit humic, mt phn dng lm cht n, mt phn em lm than t. So vi axit fulvic v axit humic, th phn ng ca humin vi cc ion kim loi thp hn do cc nhm chc b mt ca humin b chim ng bi cc khong v c (quartz SiO2, khong st, ferrihydrite FeOOH, gibbsite Al(OH)3) thng qua cc cu ni cation. Tuy vy, vi s lng ln cc nhm chc trn b mt, cng nh kh nng khng b ha tan, th humin l mt vt liu hp ph rt tt. V vy, mt ng dng quan trng ca humin l n c s dng trong lnh vc x l nc, v n c kh nng hp ph cc ion kim loi nng (cc ion Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cd...) cng nh cc cht c hu c c trong nc. iu ny c nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu v ang c tip tc nghin cu ng dng mt cch tt nht loi vt liu humin ny. 1.3.3.1. Kt qu mt s cng trnh nghin cu v kh nng hp ph cc ion kim loi nng ca humin, than bn, axit humic - Hp ph Cu(II): Bng 1.4: Dung lng hp ph Cu(II) (t0 phng) ca cc hp cht humic [14] Cht hp ph Than bn Humin Axit humic (kt ta bng HNO3) Axit humic (kt ta bng HCl) 100 5,0 93,33 Thi gian (pht) 120 60 100 pH ti u 5,0 5,0 5,0 Q(mg/g) 35,30 52,17 68,00

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V c ch hp ph Cu(II) ln Humin [31]: + Khi pH tng, dung lng hp ph Cu(II) tng. + C ch hp ph Cu(II) thay i ty vo cc gi tr pH. Khi pH tng, khong t pH 5 tr i bt u xut hin c ch hp ph Cu(II) dng kt ta CuO, Cu(OH)2 v Cu2Cl(OH)3 ln b mt Humin. - Hp ph Cd(II): Bng 1.5: Dung lng hp ph Cd(II) (t0 phng) ca cc hp cht humic [14] Vt liu hp ph Than bn Humin Axit humic (kt ta bng HNO3) Axit humic (kt ta bng HCl) Bng 1.6: Dung lng hp ph Cd(II) ca humin t0 phng [6] Cht hp ph Phng trnh hp ph m t theo Humin Humin tinh (x l vi HCl+HF)
- Theo [15], c ch ca qu trnh hp ph Ni2+, Cr3+ ln humin l hp ph ha hc

Thi gian (pht) 120 60 100 100

pH ti u 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5

Q(mg/g) 45,26 57,83 112,67 124,67

Thi gian (pht) pH

Q(mmol/g)

Langmuir Langmuir

90 60

7,5 7,5

0,31 0,85

theo c ch trao i ion. Humin sau khi c x l bng hn hp axit HCl v HF ha tan cc mui khong v c gi l humin tinh c dung lng hp ph cao hn nhiu so vi humin th. Tc hp ph v gii hp ion Ni2+ nhanh hn ion Cr3+. Humin c th hp ph v gii hp ion Ni2+ nhiu ln m kh nng hp ph khng gim. Qu trnh hp ph th ph hp vi phng trnh hp ph ng nhit Langmuir hn Freundlich.

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- Theo [17], dung lng hp ph Cs+, Sr2+, v Gd3+ ca humin 2510C gim theo th t: Gd3+ >> Sr2+ > Cs+. Qu trnh hp ph ph thuc vo pH, khi pH tng, dung lng hp ph tng.

Hnh 1.5: nh hng ca pH n qu trnh hp ph Cs+( ), Sr2+(o), Gd3+() bi humin. 1.3.3.2. Kt qu mt s cng trnh nghin cu v kh nng hp ph cht hu c ca axit humic - Bng 1.7: Mt s kt qu th nghim so snh kh nng hp ph i vi mt s hp cht hu c khi qu trnh hp ph t cn bng [30]. Th nghim 1 2 3 4 Axit humic Axit humic Axit humic Axit humic Cht hp ph Cht b hp ph m-nitrophenol m-nitrophenol nitrobenzen nitrobenzen Nc n-hexandecane (C16H34) Nc n-hexandecane 40-60 30-50 Dung mi % Hp ph 40-65 60-85

- Theo [27], ph UV-Vis ca 1-naphthol trc v sau khi cho ha tan vi axit humic to phc thay i. Xem hnh 1.6:

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Hnh 1.6: Ph UV-Vis ca 1-naphthol trc v sau khi cho phn ng vi axit humic 1.3.4. Mt s phng php x l humin th [11][28] 1.3.4.1. Phng php baz (Phng php kim chy) SiO2 l mt oxit axit v Al2O3 l mt oxit lng tnh, chng u tc dng tt vi kim c bit nhit cao. SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O Cho baz tc dng vi mu humin nhit cao s lm ph v cu trc ca mu chuyn SiO2, Al2O3 thnh cc mui tan t loi b chng qua qu trnh lc ra. Baz c s dng kim chy c th l KOH, NaOH, Na2CO3 Nhit kim chy t 450-500oC i vi kim mnh v 900-10000C i vi kim yu. Thi gian gia nhit t 30-60 pht. Nhn xt: phng php ny c u im l khng c hi, thi gian phn ng nhanh. Nhng li gp kh khn trong qu trnh lc ra, qu trnh nung phc tp v phi m bo sao cho humin khng b chy trong qu trnh nung v khi nung nhit cao humin c th mt i kh nng hp ph.

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1.3.4.2.

Phng php axit

* Phng php s dng hn hp HF v HCl i vi phng php ny ngi ta loi b SiO2, Al2O3 v cc hp cht khc trong humin bng hn hp HF, HCl. SiO2 tc dng c vi HF to thnh SiF4 d bay hi khi nung nng hoc to thnh cc phc tan trong nc c th loi b trong qu trnh lc ra. SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O SiF4 + 2HF H2SiF6 Al2O3 c th tc dng ng thi vi HF, HCl: Al2O3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O Al3+ +3F- AlF3 (hoc AlF63-) Nhn xt: Phng php ny n gin loi b c mt lng ln cc hp cht v c. Tuy nhin cc phn ng trn xy ra chm v HF l hp cht axit rt c. * Phng php ra bng axit HCl Than bn trong qu trnh hnh thnh, tn ti v trong qu trnh khai thc, tn cha bi thi hp ph mt lng ln kim loi nng. iu ny lm gim ng k kh nng hp ph ca humin. Phng php ra thc hin qu trnh loi b cc kim loi nng trong humin bng vic trao i H+ vi axit mnh nh HCl, vic ny nhm phc hi cc nhm chc COOH trn b mt humin - tc nhn chnh ca qu trnh hp ph. Nhn xt: Phng php ny thc hin n gin, thi gian ngn, chi ph thp. Tuy vy, trong humin vn tn ti mt lng ln SiO2, Al2O3. 1.4. QU TRNH HP PH Hp ph trong mi trng nc c hiu l s tng nng ca mt cht tan (cht b hp ph) ln b mt mt cht rn (cht hp ph). Cht b hp ph ch tn ti trn b mt cht rn, khng phn b u khp trong ton b th tch cht hp ph nn n cn c gi l qu trnh phn b hai chiu, khc vi qu trnh hp th m trong cht tan sau khi c lm giu phn b u khp th tch cht hp th. 1.4.1. Hin tng hp ph [1]

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1.4.2. Cc loi hp ph [2] Ngi ta phn ra lm hai loi hp ph: hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc. 1.4.2.1. Hp ph vt l Khi c hp ph ln b mt cht rn, nu tng tc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph khng ln, cu trc in t ca cht b hp ph t thay i, nhit hp ph ta ra nh th ngi ta gi n l hp ph vt l. Trong s hp ph vt l, cht b hp ph tng tc vi b mt cht hp ph bi nhng lc vt l nh lc tnh in, lc tn x, cm ng v lc nh hng, khng c s trao i electron gia hai cht ny. S hp ph vt l t c tnh cht chn lc v l thun nghch. Hp ph vt l l hp ph khng nh v, cc phn t cht b hp ph c kh nng di chuyn trn b mt hp ph. Nhit ta ra trong qu trnh hp ph vt l nh (t 8 -10 kJ/mol). Khi nng (p sut) cht b hp ph tng th lng cht b hp ph (thng c biu din bng s mol d trn 1m2 b mt) s tng v t gi tr ln nht khi b mt cht hp ph c ph kn ht. Trong hp ph vt l, qu trnh hp ph t din ra. Cht b hp ph c xu hng bm trn ton b b mt cht hp ph, qu trnh ny b cn tr bi qu trnh ngc qu trnh gii hp, l qu trnh khuych tn nhm t n phn b cn bng cht nh chuyn ng nhit. Nng cht b hp ph cng cao th lng cht hp ph cng nhiu. Nhit cng cao, th hp ph vt l cng thp. i vi mi nhit c mt trng thi cn bng ring. Gii hp l qu trnh ngc li vi qu trnh hp ph nn l qu trnh thu nhit. 1.4.2.2. Hp ph ha hc Nu tng tc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph ln s lm bin i cu trc in t ca cc nguyn t dn n s hnh thnh lin kt ha hc, nhit ta ra ln ngang vi nhit phn ng ha hc, qu trnh gi l hp ph ha hc. Khi b hp ph ln b mt mt cht rn, cht b hp ph chim ch ca mt cu t no y v y n ra khi v tr m n gn trn th hin tng gi l trao i

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ion. Do nhng c th ring v bn cht gia cp cht hp ph cht b hp ph, chng c th to ra cc loi phc cht. Ranh gii phn chia r rng gia hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc l rt kh. Do hp ph ha hc nh lc ha hc nn gii hp din ra kh khn v thng gii hp cht khc thay cho cht b hp ph. Thc cht gii hp ph khng phi l a phn t ra khi b mt cht hp ph, m l do s phn hy hp cht b mt to thnh trong hp ph ha hc. Hp ph ha hc, ging nh phn ng ha hc c c im ring, ngha l cc cht b hp ph xc nh mi c th tng tc vi cht hp ph. Nng lng hot ha tng khi tng mc che ph b mt bi cc phn t hp ph ha hc. iu ny c th gii thch l do c cc tm hot ng v nng lung hot ha khc nhau. Cc lp a phn t hnh thnh trong hp ph ha hc gm cc hp cht mi c gi l hp cht b mt, chng khng c coi l mt pha mi hay mt cht mi. Thc t, gia cc phn t cht b hp ph v nguyn t (phn t) cht hp ph xut hin lin kt ha hc, trong khi cc nguyn t b mt ca cht hp ph vn tng tc vi nhau. Nng lng to thnh lin kt ha hc gia cc phn t cht b hp ph v cht hp ph khng mnh t cc nguyn t b mt ca cht hp ph trong mng li tinh th. 1.4.2.3. Phn bit gia hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc [8] i vi vt cht trong cc khong nhit khc nhau c th thy c hai dng hp ph. nhit thp c hp ph vt l v nhit cao c hp ph ha hc. Hai vng nhit ny c phn bit bng vng trung gian v c c trng bng s tng lng cht hp ph khi nhit tng. Nng lng hot ha o trong vng hp ph ha hc trong nhiu trng hp bng xp x nng lng hot ha ca phn ng gc t do vi phn t. iu ny dn n kt lun: qu trnh hp ph ha hc tng t nh phn ng gia nguyn t v phn t trong pha kh. Hp ph ha hc c th lin quan n vic ko phn t trn b mt cht hp ph. i khi dn n s phn ly chng thnh cc nguyn t. Nhit hp ph ha hc xp x nhit phn ng

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nn tc gii hp t lp hp ph ha hc thng rt thp v qu trnh hp ph mt s kh, c bit nhit thp, l khng thun nghch. Hp ph ha hc ch to ra mt n lp hp ph, cn hp ph vt l c s hnh thnh nhiu lp hp ph nht l p sut cn bng gn vi p sut bo ha cht lng. Cc lin kt c hnh thnh trong hp ph ha hc trn b mt kim loi lun b phn cc vi mt mc no ty thuc vo mc m in ca kim loi do lm thay i in tr ca kim loi v trong hp ph ha hc c s tng hoc gim s electron dn in. Mt c im na v s khc nhau gia hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc l tc ca qu trnh hp ph. Tc ca hp ph vt l lun cao v hu nh khng c nng lng hot ha. Cn hp ph ha hc th ngc li v c xc nh theo phng trnh: Khp, C = k0.Z.e-E/RT Vi Khp, C hng s tc ca hp ph ha hc k0 h s c trng cho xc sut hnh hc E nng lng hot ha Z s va chm ca phn t b hp ph trn mt n v b mt trong mt n v thi gian. Z t l vi p sut. Phng trnh trn gn gng phng trnh din t tc phn ng ha hc da trn thuyt va chm. i lng k0 i khi cc k nh: vi b mt kim loi sch p sut thp, k0 gn bng 10-6, nhng Z rt ln gn bng 1023 cm-2.s-1 nhit phng v p sut kh quyn. Do s va chm hiu qu trong mt thi gian l rt cao nn vi nng lng hot ha thp th ch mt phn ca giy, lp ph b mt ha hc hon thnh. (1.1)

- Trang 21 -

Bng 1.8: Mt s tiu chun phn bit hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc Tiu chun Loi lin kt Entanpi hp ph Nng lng hot ha Tnh c th Hp ph ha hc i electron 40 800 kJ/mol Thng cao Hp ph vt l s trao i electron 8 20 kJ/mol Bng khng Lin kt ha hc, c s trao Tng tc vt l, khng c

S hp ph ch din ra khi t ph thuc vo bn cht cht b hp ph c kh nng ca b mt, ph thuc vo to lin kt ha hc vi cht nhng iu kin nhit v hp ph p sut u i nhit thp C th c nhiu lp

Khong nhit hp u i nhit cao ph S lp hp ph n lp

1.4.3. Cu trc cht hp ph [2][7] 1.4.3.1. Cu trc ha hc Khi ni v cu trc ha hc l ni v thnh phn ha hc ca cc cht hp ph. Thnh ha hc ch yu l l cc oxit hoc hn hp oxit kim loi hay thnh phn l carbon nh than hot tnh. Mt s cht hp ph t s dng (v d cht hp ph c ngun gc sinh hc (biosorbent)) c thnh phn phc tp hn do xut pht t cc c th sng . Cu trc mng cht rn c th l tinh th (zeolit, graphit, cc dng th hnh ca mt s oxit nhm hay st hoc cu trc lp ca mt s loi khong st) v dng cu trc v nh hnh. xc nh cu trc tinh th thng dng cc phng php ph, c bit l ph Rnghen. 1.4.3.2. Cu trc xp c trng ca cu trc xp bao gm: xp hay th tch rng, s phn b kch thc mao qun theo ln, din tch b mt, phn b din tch b mt theo ln mao qun, th tch ca cc loi mao qun.

- Trang 22 -

- xp ca cht hp ph: Trong mt vt liu xp, th tch ca n gm hai phn: phn cht rn v phn khng gian rng. T dn ti hai i lng khi lng: khi lng thc v khi lng biu kin. Khi lng ring thc t c nh ngha l t l gia khi lng m v th tch ca phn cht rn Vr:
t =
m Vr

(1.2)

Khi lng ring biu kin b l t l gia khi lng vi th tch tng ca n Vt:
b =
m Vt

(1.3)

Ta lun c b < t , b = t khi vt liu c. xp c nh ngha l t l gia th tch phn rng trn th tch tng:
= Vt Vr V = 1 r = 1 b Vt Vt t

(1.4)

- Mao qun v s phn b theo ln: V cu trc xp ca cht hp ph, c c mt hnh nh thun li cho nghin cu v ng dng ngi ta s dng ch yu hai m hnh: mao qun song song v mao qun ngu nhin. M hnh mao qun song song cho rng khng gian rng trong cht hp ph c to nn bi cc hnh tr rng c ln no , chng c sp xp song song vi nhau. Th tch rng l tng th tch ca cc khi tr to thnh. Theo m hnh mao qun ngu nhin th th tch rng c to bi cc khng gian nh c hnh dng v kch thc ngu nhin to thnh. Trong c hai phng php th xp tng u do xp thnh phn to nn m khng gian thnh phn phi c mt c trng v kch thc. Cu trc ca vt liu mao qun bao gm hai khi nim: ht v rng. Thng thng ngi ta thng s dng cc i lng sau y c trng cho cu trc vt liu rn:

- Trang 23 -

+ S phn b kch thc ht. + Hnh dng v kch thc cc tp hp ht. + B mt ring: din tch b mt tnh cho n v khi lng. l tng din tch b mt bn trong mao qun v bn ngoi cc ht. + Th tch l xp (mao qun) ring: khng gian rng tnh cho mt n v khi lng, n bao gm rng gia cc ht v bn trong cc ht. + Hnh dng mao qun: trong thc t rt kh xc nh chnh xc hnh dng ca mao qun, song ngi ta chia lm bn loi mao qun: hnh tr, hnh cu, hnh khe v hnh chai. + Phn b kch thc ca cc mao qun hoc phn b l xp da trn nhng gi thit v hnh dng mao qun. S phn b c xc nh theo s bin i ca th tch hoc b mt ca l xp vi kch thc mao qun. - Cu trc b mt ca cht hp ph: Do c th cu trc xp, t l gia b mt v th tch phn rn trong cht xp rt ln. Ti b mt cc lin kt ha hc ca cht rn tr nn mt lin tc. cc v tr m lin kt ha hc b t gy c nng lng ln hn so vi cc vng khc, tn ti c s hnh thnh cc lin kt ho hc mi c thnh phn ha hc khc vi mng cht rn. Mi trng ch to cht hp ph lun gn lin vi oxy kh quyn v hi nc nn cc lin kt ha hc hnh thnh trn b mt thng cha oxy, cc nhm ny c gi l nhm chc b mt v to nn cu trc b mt ca cht hp ph. Cc nhm chc b mt thng c tnh axit, baz yu ty thuc vo v tr m n nh v v nguyn t bn cnh n to lin kt. Nhm chc v mt ca chng nh hng trc ht n tnh a nc v k nc ca cht rn, tc l nh hng n kh nng hp ph ca cc cht phn cc hay t phn cc v mt chn lc, nht l cc cht hp ph c tnh nh hng khng gian nh cht hot ng b mt.

- Trang 24 -

Cc nhm chc b mt cng l yu t quan trng gy ra tnh tch in ca b mt cht rn v v vy nh hng n tng tc in tch ca h trong mi trng nc. Do cc nhm chc b mt c tnh axit, baz nn trong mi trng nc chng s phn li to nn cc tm mang in tch, cc ion tri du trong dung dch xung quanh tm mang in tch c phn b li vi mt cao hn gn, v thp hn xa to thnh lp in tch kp. Ti im pH m mt in tch ca cc ion tri du bng nhau gi l im ng in. Khi pH ln hn pH ca im ng in th b mt cht rn tch in m v ngc li. Nhm chc b mt v hiu ng tch in trong mi trng nc nh hng rt nhiu n qu trnh hp ph ca cc cht axit, baz, cc kim loi, cc cht c phn cc cao. 1.5. BN CHT CA CHT B HP PH TRONG MI TRNG NC Khc vi pha kh, cc cht b hp ph trong nc chu s tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh nh pH, cc ion, hp cht l trong nn bn cht ha hc ca n c th bin ng rt ln. Mun vn dng tt k thut hp ph hp ph cc cht trong nc cn phi hiu r bn cht v s bin i ca chng trong cc iu kin khc nhau cng nh ca cht hp ph [10]. Cc cht thuc i tng b hp ph trong nc v nc thi rt a dng: cht hu c khng phn cc, cht hu c c nhm chc t phn cc hay mc phn cc ln, cht in li hon ton, cc ion kim loi nm dng hydroxyl, dng phc Di y chng ta xem xt k tnh axit baz ca chng trong mi trng nc [4][5]. Axit c nh ngha l cc hp cht ha hc c kh nng nhng proton v baz l cht c kh nng nhn proton. nh ngha ny cho thy tnh axit hay baz ca mt hp cht ha hc l mang tnh tng i: lc tng tc tnh in t l nghch vi hng s in mi, hng s in mi ca nc c gi tr ln nht so vi cc cht lng khc, kh nng nhng proton ca axit khng ch ph thuc vo kh

- Trang 25 -

nng cho m cn ph thuc vo s c mt ca bn nhn (baz), tnh axit ch th hin khi c mt bn nhn, tc l n tn ti ng thi cp lin hp axit baz. Trong nc nu ch c duy nht mt axit th n phn ly thnh proton hay ion H3O+ (dng hydrat) v gc axit tch in m A-: HA H+ + APhn t axit phn ly tt hay khng tt c nh gi qua t l gia phn phn ly (H+, A-) vi cc phn t trung ha khng phn ly HA, tc l cng axit th hin qua hng s cn bng:
KA = [ H + ].[ A ] [ HA]

(1.5)

tin li ngi ta nh gi tr pKA = - lgKA, tr s ny cao tc l axit c kh nng phn ly km. Theo nh ngha axit baz ca Bronsted th chnh gc A ca axit (gc mui) l mt baz v c th coi l chnh n nhn proton to ra phn t axit trung ha. N c gi l baz lin hp ca axit cha n. Cng axit v baz lin hp t l nghch vi nhau, tnh axit cng mnh th tnh baz ca baz lin hp tng ng cng yu. 1.6. CN BNG HP PH 1.6.1. Dung lng hp ph [2] S hp ph c nh gi bng dung lng hp ph a hay Q (mg/g): l lng cht b hp ph trong mt n v khi lng cht hp ph. Dung lng hp ph a l mt hm ca hai thng s nhit , p sut. Gin hp ph c biu din theo cc ng ng nhit (T = const) v ng p. Thng thng ng hp ph ng nhit c s dng nhiu hn. 1.6.2. Tc hp ph Tc hp ph trn cc cht hp ph khng xp thng ln v do thng xc nh rt kh. Trong nhiu trng hp hp ph bo ha t c sau 10 20 giy, trong 90 95 % cht b hp ph lin kt vi cht hp ph ch trong 1 2

- Trang 26 -

giy u. Thc t cho rng, tc hp ph l tc m cht b hp ph n c b mt cht hp ph, ngha l tc khuch tn. Nguyn nhn ca cht hp ph biu kin chm c th l cu to ca cht hp ph. Cht hp ph thng xp v cc phn t cht b hp ph chui vo l xp cn c mt thi gian. i khi nguyn nhn hp ph chm l hp ph vt l c km theo hp ph ha hc, i hi thi gian di hn. Cui cng nguyn nhn hp ph cn l trn b mt cht hp ph c khng kh hoc hi nc hp ph.
Q (1) (2)

Pcb (Ccb)

Hnh 1.7: Dng thng gp ca cc ng cong hp ph ng nhit

a (1) (2)

Hnh 1.8: ng ng hc tiu biu theo nhit Hnh trn cho thy s ph thuc lng cht b hp ph a vo thi gian hp ph t cc nhit khc nhau: ng (1) T1, ng (2) nhit T2 vi T1 < T2. Lc u i lng hp ph thc t t l vi thi gian, v b mt cht hp ph cn cha b cht b hp ph chim gi. Sau khi t cn bng hp ph n khng ph thuc vo thi gian v phn ng vi on ng cong gn nh song song vi trc thi gian [6]. Phng trnh tc hp ph c dng:

- Trang 27 da = K .(a cb at ) dt

(1.6)

Trong :

acb: lng cht b hp ph ng vi cn bng hp ph. at: lng cht b hp ph ti thi im t. K: h s hp ph.

ngha vt l ca phng trnh ny kh r: h cng gn vi cn bng hay b mt cng bo ha, th hin qua tha s (acb at) th tc hp ph cng chm. H s K ph thuc vo kch thc b mt cht hp ph v h s khuch tn ca cht b hp ph. Tc hp ph c xc nh bng cch xc nh khi lng cht cn li trong dung dch cha c hp ph ti thi im no hoc theo chnh lch khi lng ca cht hp ph [15]. H s hp ph tng th c th c xc nh theo cng thc:
a ln1 t a cb = K .t

(1.7)

Trong :

at: acb: K:

dung lng hp ph ti thi im t, mg/g. dung lng hp ph ti thi im cn bng, mg/g. h s hp ph tng th, (pht)-1.

1.6.3. Cn bng hp ph h mt cu t [20] Ti nhit khng i, kh nng hp ph ca mt cht rn (a) tng ln khi nng ca cht b hp ph (C) ln ln. Mi quan h gia a v C trng thi cn bng c gi l cn bng hp ph. a = f(C) ; T = const c mi quan h a = f(C) th h hp ph phi c thi gian lp c th cn bng hp ph. Nu gi C0 v C l nng cht b hp ph ban u v trng thi cn bng, V l th tch dung dch, m l khi lng cht hp ph, trng thi cn bng ta c:
a= (C0 C).V m

(1.8)

n v ca a l mg/g hay mmol/g; ca C0, C l mmol/l hay mg/l.

- Trang 28 -

tm mi quan h a = f(C) c th tin hnh theo hai cch v cho cng kt qu: Chun b dung dch c nng ban l C0 khc nhau vi cng lng cht Chun b mt loi dung dch c cng nng C0 v m khc nhau. hp ph m tin hnh mt dy th nghim. Mi quan h a = f(C) c gi l phng trnh ng nhit, n c th xy dng trn c s l thuyt, kinh nghim ty thuc vo tin , gi thit bn cht ca h[33][38]. 1.6.3.1. Phng trnh ng nhit Langmuir Mt trong nhng phng trnh ng nhit u tin xy dng trn c s l thuyt l ca Langmuir (1918). Tin xy dng l thuyt gm: + B mt cht hp ph ng nht v nng lng + Trn b mt cht rn chia ra tng vng nh, cc tm hot ng mi vng ch tip nhn mt phn t cht b hp ph. Trong trng thi b hp ph cc phn t trn b mt cht rn khng tng tc vi nhau. + Qu trnh hp ph l ng, tc l qu trnh hp ph v gii hp ph c tc bng nhau khi trng thi cn bng t c. Tc hp ph t l vi cc vng cha b chim ch (tm hp ph), tc gii hp ph t l thun vi cc tm b cht hp ph chim ch. Tc hp ph ra v gii hp ph rd c th tnh: ra = (n - ni).ka.c rd = ni.kd ph v gii hp ph. Khi t cn bng ra = rd, t ka/kd = KL ta c:
ni = nm . KL .c 1+ KL .c

(1.9) (1.10)

trong : n l tng s tm, ni l s tm b chim ch; ka, kd l hng s tc hp

(1.11)

V mi tm ch cha mt phn t cht b hp ph nn: + nm c coi l dung lng hp ph ti a.

- Trang 29 -

+ ni l dung lng hp ph trong trng thi cn bng vi C cn li ca cht b hp ph. Nu t, ni = Q; nm = Qm, th (1.11) cn c biu din thnh (1.12) nh sau:
Q = Qm . KL .c 1+ KL .c

(1.12) (1.13)

hay:

100C 100 100 1 .C + . = Q Qm Qm KL

(dng: y = ax + b) 1.6.3.2. Phng trnh ng nhit Freundlich Khi quan st mi tng quan gia a v C t thc nghim, Freundlich nhn thy n c tnh hm m nn ng a ra phng trnh m t hon ton c tnh cht kinh nghim: a = KF.Cn trnh (1.15): lga = nlgC + lgKF hay: y = nx + lgKF (1.15) (1.16) (1.14) Phng trnh ng nhit Freundlich (1.14) cn c biu din thnh phng

- a l dung lng hp ph ca cht hp ph (hay Q, n v mg/g). - KF l hng s hp ph Freundlich. Nu C = 1 n v th a = KF tc KF chnh l dung lng hp ph ti C = 1mg/l, vy n l i lng c th dng c trng cho kh nng hp ph ca h. - n lun nh hn 1 l bc m ca bin C, n c trng nh tnh cho bn cht lc tng tc ca h, nu n nh th hp ph thin v dng ha hc, cn n ln th bn cht lc hp ph thin v dng vt l, lc hp ph yu. Tuy l mt phng trnh kinh nghim nhng phng trnh Freundlich c s dng c hiu qu m t cc s liu cn bng hp ph trong mi trng nc, c bit l h than hot tnh v cht hu c.

- Trang 30 -

1.7. C CH HP PH Khi ni v c ch hp ph trong mi trng nc th bn cht ha hc ca cht b hp ph, cht hp ph v yu t ngoi cnh ca mi trng nh pH, nhit , cng ion, cht ls quyt nh c ch hp ph [2]. 1.7.1. S hp ph trn ranh gii lng rn [3][7] Khc vi b mt lng, b mt vt rn khng ng nht. Trn b mt vt rn, bn cnh nhng phn c tnh hot ng mnh c nhng phn hot ng yu. Nhng phn hot ng mnh gi l nhng trung tm hot ng. l cc cnh, gc, khe, cc ch lch mng, sai hng ca tinh th. S c mt ca cc nguyn t l (tp cht) lm bin dng mng tinh th do lm tng s trung tm hot ng. R rng b mt ring ca vt rn cng ln th kh nng hp ph ca n cng mnh. S hp ph trn ranh gii phn chia vt rn dung dch kh phc tp v khng nhng ch cc phn t ca cht ha tan b hp ph m cn c cc phn t ca dung mi. y l s hp ph quan trng nht i vi ha hc v c nhiu ng dng trong thc t. Lng cht b hp ph ngoi s ph thuc vo bn cht, trng thi ca cht hp ph, nng (p sut) ca cht b hp ph, nhit cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht b hp ph: + Kh cng d ha lng hoc c nhit si trng thi lng cng cao th cng d b hp ph. + Cht no ha tan cng km th cng d b hp ph t dung dch. Da vo c im ca cht b hp ph c th phn thnh hai trng hp: s hp ph phn t v s hp ph cht in li. 1.7.2. S hp ph phn t Lng cht b hp ph x (mg/g) trn b mt cht rn trong dung dch, c tnh theo cng thc:
x= (C0 C) .V m

(1.17)

Trong :

C0 nng ban u (mg/l).

- Trang 31 -

C nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph (mg/l). V th tch trong xy ra s hp ph (l). m lng cht rn hp ph (g). S hp ph trn ranh gii lng rn c th c biu din bng cc ng hp ph ng nhit, vi nng kh long c th s dng phng trnh Langmuir hay Freunlich . 1.7.3. S hp ph cht in li i vi dung dch nc, cc cht in li l cc cht khng hot ng b mt. S c mt ca chng trong dung dch lm tng sc cng b mt ca dung dch, trn mt thong ca dung dch chng b hp ph m. Khi c mt trong dung dch mt vt hp ph rn th trn b mt phn cch vt rn dung dch thng c s hp ph dng nhng cht in li. S hp ph cht in li thng c tnh chn lc, ph thuc vo ha tr ca ion, bn knh ion v mc solvat ha ion. Dung dch cc cht in li trong nc l dung dch thng gp nht trong thc t. Cc ion cht in li c hp ph u tin theo nhng tnh cht sau: + Phn b mt cht hp ph c in tch xc nh, nn ch hp ph cc ion tch in tri du vi n. + Kh nng hp ph ph thuc vo bn cht cc ion. i vi ion c cng ha tr, ion no c bn knh ln th kh nng hp ph cao. Nguyn nhn l do cc ion c bn knh ln s c b phn cc ln v c lp v solvat ha mng hn nn d tin gn b mt vt rn hn, c hp ph mnh hn . Trong hp ph trao i ion, cht hp ph hp thu mt lng xc nh ion no , ng thi y vo dung dch lng ng lng ion khc c cng du ra khi b mt. Tham gia vo trao i khng nhng ch c cc ion bm trn b mt cht hp ph m cn c c cc ion nm su trong cht hp ph, tt nhin qu trnh ch xy ra v tr dung dch c th tip xc c. phn bit cc trng hp hp ph xy ra trn b mt ngi ta thng gi s trao i ion l hp ph. S trao i ion c mt s c im sau:

- Trang 32 -

+ C tnh chn lc cao, c ngha l s trao i ch xy ra vi nhng loi ion xc nh ty thuc vo bn cht ca cht hp ph v ion b hp ph. + S trao i ion din ra chm, thm ch chm hn c qu trnh hp ph phn t nht l cc qu trnh trao i vi cc ion nm su trong cht hp ph. + C th lm thay i pH ca mi trng khi c ion H+ hay ion OH- tham gia vo qu trnh trao i. 1.7.4. Hp ph trao i ion [7][12] Hp ph trao i ion l trng hp c bit ca hp ph cht in li. S hp ph ion c tnh trao i, l s trao i gia ion ca lp in kp vi ion ca mi trng theo quy lut ng lng nghim ngt v c tnh thun nghch. Cht trao i ion thng thng l vt liu rn khng tan trong nc, gn trn n l cc ion linh ng c kh nng trao i theo quy lut ng lng v thun nghch vi cc ion cng du trong dung dch cht in li khi tip xc. Cationit l loi c kh nng trao i cation, anionit l loi trao i anion. Mt s vt liu c kh nng trao i c cation v anion gi l cht trao i ion lng tnh . Qu trnh trao i ion c th c biu din: R-I+ + M+X- R-M+ + I+MR+Y- + M+X- R+X- + M+YVi R-I+ l cationit v n c ion dng I+ c th trao i c vi ion M+ trong dung dch, R+Y- l anionit v n c kh nng trao i vi cc ion m X- trong dung dch. R+, R- l mng cht rn khng tan ca cht trao i ion, vi cc loi nha trao i ion n gm mng polyme ba chiu ca lin kt hydrocacbon v cc nhm chc tch in m SO32-, COO- (i vi cationit) v nhm chc tch in dng NR3+ (i vi anionit). Vi cc cationit, I+ thng l H+ hay Na+ nn c gi l cationit dng H+ hay dng Na+. Anionit cng thng tn ti hai dng l Cl- v OHCc nhm chc cha trong mng cht trao i ion v thc cht l cc nhm axit (cationit) hoc baz (anionit) v chng c kh nng nhng hay nhn proton. Trao i ion l mt qu trnh thun nghch, tng ng v in tch: trao i c mt ion ha tr II cn phi c hai ion ha tr I .

- Trang 33 -

S trao i ion c th din ra ngay trn b mt vt rn bt k c nhng trong dung dch cht in li, v thc t cc cht rn mc khc nhau u phn cc. Nh ngay cht hp ph khng phn cc, khi tng tc vi oxy khng kh hay nc s hnh thnh hp cht vi oxy trn b mt. Rt nhiu loi than c tnh nng trao i ion. Cc nhm chc trn b mt than nh COOH, OH l cc axit yu c kh nng trao i H+ trong iu kin thch hp. Tuy vy cc loi vt liu ny d b kim ph hy v c xu hng peptit ha. V vy trc khi s dng chng cn c n nh thng qua cc bin php x l. Vt liu trao i ion hp thu cc cht tan trong dung dch. V nguyn tc n l qu trnh thun nghch, tc l c th gii hp thu cc cht vi dung mi thch hp. Tuy nhin c mt s trng hp khng hoc khng hon ton thun nghch. Tnh nng hp thu ca vt liu trao i ion hon ton khc bit khi cht tan l cht in li mnh v yu hay cht trung ha. Hp thu cc cht in li yu v trung ha tng t nh qu trnh hp ph thng thng. Kh nng phn li ca cc cht in li yu v kh nng hp thu chng ca vt liu trao i ion ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng v th c th s dng yu t pH gii hp thu. Hp thu cc cht in li mnh l qu trnh trao i ion theo c ch hon ton khc do c tng tc tnh in gia cc nhm chc v ion trao i. 1.8. NG HC HP PH [15] 1.8.1. Qu trnh chuyn khi Chuyn khi l s dch chuyn ca mt thnh phn vt cht trong hn hp t mt v tr ny n mt v tr khc. C hai loi c ch chuyn khi chnh l khuch tn phn t v khuch tn dng xoy. Khuch tn phn t l s chuyn ng ngu nhin t thn ca cc phn t trong mi trng kh, lng hoc rn dng vi m do nguyn nhn chuyn ng nhit. Khuch tn dng xoy l s chuyn ng v m ca khi vt cht linh ng. Chuyn khi thng l s dch chuyn nghch chiu ca cc cu t khc nhau. Nu tn ti mt dng chuyn ng theo c ch cng bc (dng chy do chnh lch p sut, chng hn dng i lu) th dng chuyn khi chung (tng) ca

- Trang 34 -

mt cu t no hoc tng (cng hng vi dng cng bc) hay gim (ngc hng vi dng cng bc). Khuch tn phn t chm hn nhiu so vi khuch tn dng xoy. Khuch tn phn t tn ti trong mi trng cht rn hoc lng trng thi tnh lng, trong dng phng hoc dng xoy, cn khuch tn dng xoy xy ra trong dng chuyn ng xoy. Nu ng thi tn ti c hai loi khuch tn th chng xy ra c lp vi nhau v c tnh cng hp. Nu mt qu trnh chuyn khi xy ra trong mt h c nhiu pha, v d gia pha lng v pha rn, m ranh gii gia cc pha t xy ra dng xoy, th tng th qu trnh b khng ch bi khuch tn phn t. 1.8.2. Khuch tn phn t Khuch tn phn t l c ch chuyn khi c vai tr quan trng trong ng hc hp ph v trao i ion v vy n l thng s khng th thiu khi thit k cc h x l nc bng k thut hp ph v trao i ion. Di y chng ta xem xt mt s quy lut v khuch tn trong mi trng nc. 1.8.2.1. nh lut khuch tn Khuch tn l hin tng sang bng nng ca mt cht trong mt pha, cc phn t chuyn ng t ni c nng cao n ni c nng thp, cho nn c th ni ng lc ca qu trnh khuch tn phn t l s chnh lch nng theo v tr khng gian. C ch ca khuch tn phn t l do chuyn ng nhit, cc phn t cht khuch tn chuyn ng v mi hng vi xc sut bng nhau i vi tng phn t. m t ngi ta c th dng phng php ton xc sut hay xy dng m hnh ton t logic hay thc nghim. nh lut Fick l nh lut c s dng rng ri nht c thit lp nm 1885. Fick a ra hai nh lut khuch tn: nh lut th nht m t khuch tn trng thi n nh, nh lut th hai m t trng hp khuch tn khng n nh. Quan st mt qu trnh khuch tn qua mt tit din l A, s chnh lch nng ca cht khuch tn l dc trn mt khong cch l dx. Trong mt thi gian dt, lng cht khuch tn qua A l dn, nhn thy: lng cht khuch tn trong mt thi gian dn/dt t l thun vi din tch v s chnh lch nng c th vit:

- Trang 35 -

dn dc = D. A. dt dx
Trong : D gi l h s khuch tn [cm2/s].

(1.18)

Phng trnh (1.18) ch ph hp vi cc gi thit sau: + Qu trnh khuch tn l n nh, tc l trn on ng khuch tn, gi tr nng c ti mi im xi no lun l hng s trong sut thi gian khuch tn. + C gi tr trong mt pha, vi mt h c nhiu pha khc nhau th ng vi mi pha c mt biu thc ring, khng p dng cho vng gip ranh gia cc pha. + Mi trng c tnh ng hng. + H s khuch tn D khng ph thuc vo nng . Gi tr dn/dt cn gi l dng khuch tn, v phi mang du (-) v qu trnh xy ra theo chiu gim nng . H s khuch tn c n v l chiu di bnh phng trn thi gian, v d cm2/s, mang ngha l s mol cht khuch tn i qua tit din l mt 1 cm2 trong thi gian mt giy vi s chnh lch nng l 1 mol/cm3. Trng hp qu trnh khuch tn khng n nh, nng cht khuch tn chng nhng thay i theo v tr m cn theo c theo thi gian th phng trnh khuch tn c dng:

2c c = D . 2 x t x

(1.19)

Phng trnh (1.19) l nh lut Fick 2. Phng trnh vi phn ring bc hai m t s thay i nng theo thi gian v v tr mt cch ng thi nh hng ln qu trnh khuch tn, tc l c = f(t, x), c th tnh nng ca mt cht cc v tr khc nhau ti mt thi im hoc mt v tr ti cc thi im khc nhau do qu trnh khuch tn. 1.8.2.2. Khuch tn trong nc Khc vi khuch tn trong pha kh, khuch tn trong cht lng chu tng tc rt ln ca cht khuch tn vi dung mi v s khc bit v kch thc phn t gia dung mi v cht khuch tn: kch thc ca chng rt gn nhau (nc, cc ion kim

- Trang 36 -

loi, kh tan, cht hu c phn t lng thp); kch thc khc bit ln nh polyme, protein. V l do phng php tnh h s khuch tn ch c th p dng cho mt vng no khng mang tnh tng qut. So vi cht kh, l thuyt phn t cht lng cha pht trin n mc c th p dng kho st qu trnh khuch tn. Hai yu t gy cn tr chnh l s ph thuc qu ln ca h s khuch tn vo nng v khi lng ring t bin i so vi mt mol khi thay i th tch cht lng. Khi nghin cu s ph thuc ca h s khuch tn vo nhit cho thy cc cht khuch tn tng tc mnh vi dung mi bi cc lc tng tc gia cc phn t, ch yu l lc tng tc vt l. c th chuyn ng chng cn c mt nng lng hot ha nh trong trng hp khuch tn trong mao qun nh, nn n thuc loi khuch tn kch hot. Do khuch tn trong h hai cu t (cht khuch tn v dung mi) c gn cng gi tr nng lng hot ha ca qu trnh ko trt cht lng nn c th suy on rng s dch chuyn cht khuch tn chng mc no b khng ch bi qu trnh trt khi v tr cn bng ca cc phn t trong dung mi. Trong qu trnh pht trin l thuyt l hng ca cht lng, ngi ta gi nh rng tc khuch tn c quyt nh bi s to ra cc l hng st cnh cc cht tan, khi cc phn t cht khuch tn d dng nhy vo chim cc v tr l hng . Vy th nng lng hot ha s tng ng vi nng lng to ra l hng. Thc nghim cng ch ra rng nng lng hot ha c gi tr xp x 1/3 nng lng bay hi ca dung mi, l mt i lng cho php s b nh gi kh nng khuch tn ca mt cht tan trong cc dung mi khc nhau. S tng tc gia cc cht tan vi nc cng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi qu trnh khuch tn trong , tng tc trong h ln hn nhiu so vi trong pha kh bi khong cch gia chng kh gn nm trong phm vi pht huy tc dng ca cc loi lc tn ti trong h. Kh nng tng tc trc ht ph thuc vo tnh tng ng v bn cht phn t: cc cht tan c phn cc cao, c cu lin kt hydro (ru, amin), c kh nng khuch tn chm hn so vi cc cht t phn cc.

- Trang 37 -

Tng tc gia cc phn t cht khuch tn vi nhau khng ng k trong vng nng thp, trong vng nng cao tng tc s ln ln v h s khuch tn gim. Lp v hydrat ca cht tan cng nh hng n tc khuch tn nht l i vi cc ion kim loi. Lp v hydrat ln (vi nhng ion ha tr cao, kch thc nh), phn t cng knh kh nng khuch tn chm. iu ny tng ng vi cc phn t cng loi nhng c phn t lng khc nhau. Nhng phn t nh chuyn ng nhanh hn cc phn t ln do tnh nng n ca chng. 1.8.3. Chuyn khi trong h hp ph t trng thi cn bng, h hp ph cn c thi gian, thi gian cc cht tan khuch tn ti b mt cht rn, khuch tn trong h mao qun ca cht hp ph v giai on hp ph tht s. Tc hp ph c c trng bi s suy gim nng cht tan trong dung dch hay s tng nng cht b hp ph trong cht rn theo thi gian. N gim dn theo thi gian v bng khng khi h t cn bng. Tc hp ph trong nc thng b khng ch bi cc qu trnh chuyn khi qua mng (cn gi l chuyn khi ngoi) v chuyn khi trong ht cht hp ph (chuyn khi trong), n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht hp ph, cht b hp ph v iu kin thy ng hc trong h. M hnh ton hc m t ng hc hp ph da trn nguyn tc chuyn khi v s bo ton cht ca mt h c th no . Khi thit lp cc m hnh ng hc ngi ta thng gi thit mt s iu kin: ng nhit tc l nhit hp ph ta ra khng thay i nhit ca h, thun nghch hon ton, c ch chuyn khi c th m t qua nh lut khuch tn, giai on hp ph tht s nhanh hn giai on chuyn khi nn b qua khng xt n, tc l trn b mt cht rn cn bng hp ph cc b xy ra tc th, cht hp ph dng cu c cng kch thc v ng hng, khng c s chnh lch nng cht tan trong dung dch xung quanh ht hp ph. 1.8.3.1. Chuyn khi qua mng Trong nc hay bt k mt cht lng no, xung quanh mt ht cht rn tn ti mt lp v mng ( dy khong 10-3 10-2 cm) nc, mng ny gn kh bn t b bin ng di tc ng c hc nh khuy. Khi khuy, do lc cng bc nng

- Trang 38 -

cht tan phn b trong dung dch kh u nhng ch ti pha ngoi ca lp mng. Lp mng ny c xem l mt pha ring bit, khc hn pha dung dch v pha rn. Trong mt h tnh, th tch mt dung dch V c nng cht b hp ph l c0, cha mt lng cht hp ph m, hnh cu c ng knh d (bn knh r) c khuy u khng tn ti chnh lch nng . Qu trnh hp ph xy ra vi gi thit qu trnh chuyn khi mng l chm nht. S suy gim nng ca cht b hp ph dung dch bng s tng dung lng hp ph a:
V. dc da = m. dt dt

(1.20)

Vi, a : dung lng hp ph trung bnh trong pha rn v khi cha t trng thi cn bng dung lng hp ph ca chng khng u. n v tnh nng trong dung dch v trong cht rn khc nhau: [c] = mol/l. [a] = mol/g. Gi thit qu trnh khuch tn mng l chm nht, p dng nh lut Fick 1:
As . dn dc = J = D. dt d

(1.21)

Vi As .

dn = J gi l dng khuch tn, l lng mol vn chuyn c dt

trong thi gian dt qua tit din As, D l h s khuch tn ca cht b hp ph trong nc. Gi thit mc gim nng cht tan dc theo chiu dy lp mng l tuyn tnh th i lng
dc (c c * ) c th vit thnh vi c, c* l nng hai u d

mt ca , tc l trong dung dch v trn b mt cht rn. Biu thc (1.21) c vit thnh:
J= D

.(c c * ) = (c c * )

(1.22)

Trong gi l h s chuyn khi ngoi, t l thun vi h s khuch tn v t l nghch vi chiu dy ca lp mng.

- Trang 39 -

Trong h hp ph tnh, tc hp ph khi ngoi c xc nh nh sau:

da As . .(c c * ) = dt m

dc da hay l tnh theo qu trnh chuyn dt dt

(1.23)

Tc hp ph ph thuc vo cc thng s , D, , din tch mt ngoi ca cht hp ph As, th tch dung dch V, khi lng cht hp ph m, s chnh lch nng c c*. Cng h hp ph nu s dng cht hp ph dng ht nh s t tc hp ph nhanh hn v As nghch bin vi r. 1.8.3.2. Chuyn khi trong ht cht hp ph Giai on tip theo chuyn khi mng l qu trnh khuch tn vo su trong ht n cc vng hp ph l b mt trong ca cht hp ph. Khuch tn trong ht c th xy ra trong mi trng nc ang lp y cc mao qun hoc dc theo thnh mao qun ca nhng phn t trng thi hp ph. Khuch tn theo hai c ch trn gi l khuch tn th tch (hoc khuch tn mao qun) v khuch tn b mt. 1.9. NG HA HC BC CA PHN NG ng ha hc c mc tiu kho st vn tc phn ng, tc xem phn ng xy ra nhanh hay chm. C nhng phn ng xy ra nhanh nh phn ng trung ha mt axit bng mt baz, nhng khng t phn ng xy ra chm nh phn ng ester ha axit axetic vi etanol. Do vn kho st vn tc phn ng rt cn thit trong phm vi ha ng dng. Hn na, trong trng hp phn ng xy ra chm th phi tm cc iu kin thch hp tng vn tc phn ng [9][20]. V mt khoa hc c bn, ng ha hc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tm hiu c ch ca phn ng. Trn c s , c th iu khin phn ng theo chiu mong mun. Mt phn ng ha hc c th xy ra nhiu giai on. Giai on chm nht l giai on quyt nh tc ca phn ng. V phng din ng ha hc, chnh giai on y l giai on quan trng nht trong s ngh c ch cho mt phn ng ha hc. 1.9.1. Phn ng bc nht [9]

- Trang 40 -

Xt phn ng: A C + D t=0 t C0 0 0 C

kt + lg C0 2,303

(C0-C) C

Phn ng bc nht, cho: lg(C0 C) = Vi C0: nng ban u (mol/l).

(1.24)

C: nng cn li sau thi gian t (mol/l). k: hng s vn tc. 1.9.2. Phn ng bc hai [9] - Trng hp hai tc cht c nng ban u bng nhau: Xt phn ng: A t=0 t C0 (C0-C) + B C0 C + D 0 0 C (1.25)

(C0-C) C
1 1 = kt + C0 C C0

Phn ng bc hai, cho:

- Trng hp hai tc cht c nng ban u khng bng nhau: Xt phn ng: A t=0 t CA (CA-C) + B CB C + D 0 0 C (1.26)

(CB-C) C

Phn ng bc hai, cho: lg Vi

CB C (CB CA ) C = kt + lg B CA C 2,303 CA

CA, CB: nng ban u (mol/l). C: k: nng cn li sau thi gian t (mol/l). hng s vn tc.

1.10. GII HP PH [15][32] Gii hp ph l qu trnh ngc vi qu trnh hp ph, tch cht b hp ph trn b mt cht rn ra ngoi dung dch. Gii hp ph da trn nguyn tc s dng cc yu t bt li vi hp ph. i vi hp ph vt l, lm gim kh nng hp ph c th tc ng thng qua cc yu t sau:

- Trang 41 -

+ Gim nng cht b hp dung dch thay i th cn bng hp ph. + Tng nhit cng c tc dng lm lch h s cn bng v hp ph l qu trnh ta nhit, v thc cht l lm yu tng tc gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph. + Thay i bn cht tng tc ca h thng qua thay i pH ca mi trng. + S dng tc nhn hp ph mnh hn y cc cht b hp ph trn b mt cht rn. + S dng tc nhn l vi sinh vt. Gii hp ph l phng php ti sinh cht hp c th tip tc s dng li nn n mang tnh c trng v hiu qu kinh t. Nu cht hp ph r m ti sinh tn km th ch nn s dng cht hp ph mt ln ri b, v vy khi tin hnh ti sinh cn tnh ton k v phng din kinh t. 1.10.1. Gii hp bng phng php nhit Phng php nhit c s dng cho cc trng hp cc cht b hp ph d bay hi hoc sn phm phn hy nhit ca chng c kh nng bay hi ch yu l cc cht hu c v cc cht hp ph phn ln l than hot tnh. Hi nc c th dng lm tc nhn gii hp ph, n hay dng cho trng hp thu hi dung mi hu c. Sau khi than bo ha dung mi hu c, hi nc c nhit khong 1300C, c y vo ct hp ph, hi nc cun cht hu c ra khi ct v c ngng t li. Than hot tnh dng trong x l nc cha cc cht d bay hi nh hp cht c clo cng c th gii hp bng hi nc. Tuy vy, hiu qu kinh t thp do than s dng cha nhiu nc, 1 n 1,5 kg nc/kg than. Trc khi s dng hi nc gii hp cn phi sy kh hoc phi s dng 3 4 kg hi nc/kg than. Lng cht lng ngng t cng ln v tch cc cht hu c t cng tn km. Nhng kh khn nu trn c th khc phc c bng bin php gii hp nhit khng c mt ca hi nc. Hiu qu gii hp ph thuc vo nhit , im bt u v kt thc qu trnh gii hp ph l mt khong nhit kh rng. Vi cc cht b hp ph d bay hi,

- Trang 42 -

gii hp ph xy ra trong khong 100 3400C vi tc cc i ti 200 2500C. Nhit gii hp ph ti u ph thuc vo tc nng nhit v ch c th xc nh c qua th nghim cho tng trng hp c th. Nu thc hin gii hp ph trong vng nhit cao s xy ra qu trnh nhit phn, khi rt t hp cht nguyn vn m khng li cc sn phm phn hy nhit. Sau mi ln gii hp dung lng hp ph s gim v v vy s ln gii hp ch c gii hn, cht hp ph cng b v vn, hao ht khi lng. 1.10.2. Gii hp bng phng php ha l Gii hp ph bng cc phng php ha hc, ha l c li l c th thc hin ti ch, ngay trong ct hp ph nn tit kim c thi gian, cng tho d, vn chuyn, khng v vn cht hp ph nn khng phi b sung thm cho ln np li sau , trnh c cc tp cht ng li trn b mt cht hp ph v c th thu hi cht b hp ph trng thi nguyn vn. Phng php ha l c th thc hin theo cc phng php: chit vi dung mi, s dng phn ng oxy ha kh, p t cc iu kin lm dch chuyn cn bng khng c li cho qu trnh hp ph v cc iu kin phn ng c th [26]. 1.11. TNG QUAN V 1-NAPHTHOL [19][27] Cng thc phn t: C10H7OH (144,17 vC) Cng thc cu to [21][35]:
OH

0,829nm

0,952nm Danh php: + 1-Naphthalenol, -Naphthol. + 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, - Hydroxynaphthalene. 1.11.1. Tnh cht vt l - C mi phenol, kht, kh chu, rt c.

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- 1-naphthol tn ti dng bt tinh th t xm trng n nu. - Nhit nng chy 95 960C. - Nhit si 278 2800C. - Nhit t bc chy 4500C. - Khi lng ring ti 98,70C l 1,0954 g/cm3. - D thng hoa, d bay hi. - Ha en khi ngoi nh sng, tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong ru, benzen, chlorofom, ete, cc dung dch hydroxit. - tan: 0,1gam/lt (200C); pKa = 9,34. 1.11.2. Tnh cht ha hc S phn cc lin kt CO v OH trong phn t 1-naphthol khc vi trong phn t alcol. naphthol s phn cc lin kt OH mnh hn alcol v phenol v cp in t khng lin kt ca oxy lin hp vi h thng in t lm cho lin kt CO bn vng v nhm OH kh tch ra. Ngc li hidro trong lin kt ca nhm OH d tch ra, do 1-naphthol th hin tnh axit mnh hn alcol. Tuy nhin, tnh axit ca 1-naphthol vn yu hn axit carboxylic v c axit carbonic. Mc khc do c s lin hp ny m mt in t nhn tng ln v tr nn hot ha. 1-naphthol c 3 trung tm in tch hnh thnh 3 trung tm d tham gia phn ng th i in t. Phn ng do hydro ca nhm OH, hydro ca nhn, phn ng ca nhm OH. Cc mui naphtholate tc dng vi alkylhalogenua, clorua acid, alkyl sulfat to eter. 1-naphthol tham gia tt c cc phn ng i nhn, phn ng th nhm OH, phn ng oxy ha, phn ng th hydro nhn thm, phn ng ghp i vi cc hp cht diazo. 1.11.3. ng dng, tc ng gy nhim mi trng [24] 1-naphthol c s dng trong cng ngh dt nhum, pigment, tc nhn chng nng, chng oxy ha v v trng, tng hp nc hoa, trong in n, tng hp amin esters, ethers v dn xut carboxylic, cng nh ng vai tr hp cht trung gian cha nhm sulfo- v nitro- thay th (mono-, i- and tri). Hp cht 1-naphthol

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c th gy t vong nu ht, nut phi hoc hp ph qua da, gy kch ng da, nh hng mnh n thn v phi. L cht c, gy kch thch nim mc, tn thng da, gy kinh git, nn ma, bt tnh v c hn 2-naphthol. 1-naphthol l hp cht trung gian quan trng nht i t naphthalene sn xut cht mu azo, thuc tr giun sn, lm thuc tr su. 1-naphthol c xc nh l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn hu carbaryl trong iu kin t nhin. Carbaryl (n-napthyl, 1-methyl carbamate) l thuc tr su h Carbamate hin ang c s dng kh rng ri. Do cng l ngun pht sinh 1-naphthol trong t nhin, lm nhim mi trng. 1.12. PHNG PHP PHN TCH QUANG PH UV-VIS [19][35] 1.12.1. Khi qut Ph kch thch electron l mt trong cc phng php ph hp thu phn t c nhiu ng dng quan trng. Thng qua vic kho st cc m ph t min t ngoi gn n min hng ngoi gn, phng php quang ph electron l mt trong nhng phng php c ng dng rng ri nht trong nghin cu cu trc cc hp cht v c, hu c, phc cht v trong thc t sn xut. Khi phn t hp thu bc x t ngoi hoc kh kin th nhng electron ha tr ca n b kch thch, ph thu c l ph t ngoi-kh kin (Ultraviolet and visible spectra, vit tt l UV-VIS) hoc c gi l ph electron. 1.12.2. S hp thu bc x t ngoi kh kin ca hp cht hu c Ni chung, cc phn t c cha cng mt nhm mang mu thng c ph electron ging nhau. Nu phn t cha cc nhm mang mu bit lp (khng lin hp vi nhau) th ph electron ca hp cht s l ph tng hp nhng nt c trng ca cc nhm mang mu . Trong phn t, nhm mang mu c th chu nh hng tng tc ca dung mi, ca cc nhm th (c bit l cc nhm tr mu) hoc nh hng ca cc ni i lin hp. Nu cc nhm mang mu lin hp vi nhau th ph electron khng n thun l tng cc ph ca cc nhm ring bit na bi v hai hay nhiu nhm mang mu n khi lin hp vi nhau s to thnh nhm mang mu mi vi nhng hp thu c

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trng mi. V d nhm C=C v C=O ceton , khng no to thnh nhm mang mu mi l C=C-C=O, hay 3 ni i trong nhn benzene to thnh nhm mang mu kiu nhn thm Cn i vi benxen v dn xut th do c cu to c bit, cc aren to ra nhm mang mu kiu nhn thm khc bit so vi cc polien lin hp khng thm. Quang ph thc nghim ca benzene cho ba vn hp thu. C ba vn hp thu ny iu lin quan ti s chuyn mc ca electron gm mt vn mnh 184 nm ( 60.000), mt vn yu hn gi l vn K 204 nm ( 7.900 ), mt vn rt yu gi l vn B 256 nm ( 200). D c cng thp, vn B gm nhiu nh hp thu lin nhau c coi l vn c trng cho ph t ngoi ca benzene v nm trong vng t ngoi. Vn B gy nn bi chuyn mc b cm nhng xy ra c l do s bin dng ca nhn benzene di tc dng ca chuyn ng dao ng. C 3 vn u dch chuyn v pha sng di khi c mt cc nhm th tr mu nhng vi mc khc nhau ty kh nng gy nh hng ln hiu ng siu lin hp ca cc lin kt C-H. Nhm ankyl gy nn nh hng khng ng k, tr metyl gy chuyn dch khong 7 nm. Cc nhm th c cp electron cha s dng hoc c cha lin kt khi gn vi nhn benzene lm m rng s lin hp v gy nn s dch chuyn mnh v pha sng di. Khi nhn benzene cha t hai nhm th tr ln th ph electron khng nhng ph thuc vo bn cht m cn ph thuc vo v tr nhm th. c bit, khi c hai nhm th v tr para gm 1 nhm ht v mt nhm y electron th gi tr C v tng ln rt mnh. 1.12.3. My quang ph UV-VIS pht bc x t ngoi ngi ta dng n teri (D2) cn pht bc x kh kin, ngi ta dng n W/I2. Cc bc x do ngun cung cp c b to n sc (thng dng lng knh thch anh) tch ring thnh tng di sng hp (n sc), c b phn chia chm hng chm tia n sc ln lt qua cuvet cha dung mi v cuvet cha mu. Detector s so snh cng bc x i qua mu (IT) v i qua dung mi (IO),

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chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in v tnh ton nh lng da vo nh lut Lambert-Beer. A = lg(Io/I) = lC (1.27) Trong , A l hp th; C l nng cht tan (mol/l); l l b dy cuvet cha mu (cm); l h s hp th mol c trng cho cng hp thu ca cht nghin cu bc sng kho st. B t ghi thng c ni vi my vi tnh vi cc phn mm chuyn dng c kh nng tnh ton, lu gi ph, i chiu v so snh khi cn thit. Cc my UV-VIS thng cung cp cho ta ng cong A=f() hoc A=f( ) hay = f(). Ph = f() ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht hp thu m khng ph thuc vo nng ca cht nh cc ph A=f() hoc A= f( ). Cc my quang ph UV-VIS thng thng c kh nng ghi ph trong vng t ngoi gn v vng kh kin (200-800nm) v mt s my cn c th o n vng hng ngoi gn (1000 nm). Ch c cc my quang ph c bit mi o c cc vng t ngoi xa, cn gi l vng t ngoi chn khng ( < 200nm). 1.12.4. ng dng Phng php quang ph electron l mt trong nhng phng php c ng dng rng ri nht trong nghin cu cu trc cc hp cht v c, hu c, phc cht v trong thc t sn xut. chnh xc khi nh lng bng phng php quang ph UV-VIS ph thuc vo tuyn tnh v dc ca ng A= f(C) khong nng cn phn tch ( dc cng ln th chnh xc cng cao). Thng dng nhm: - Kim tra tinh khit. - Nhn bit v nghin cu cu trc. - Nghin cu s h bin. - Phn tch hn hp.