Chuong8 Dangtoanphuong (Read-Only)

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7.6 Dng Ton phng

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Trng i hc Bch khoa tp. H Ch Minh

B mn Ton ng dng
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i s tuyn tnh
nh ngha
Dng ton phng trong Rn l mt hm thc f : R n R
x (x 1, x 2 ,..., x n )T R n : f (x ) x T A X
trong A l ma trn i xng thc v c gi l ma trn ca
dng ton phng (trong c s chnh tc)
V d. Cho
Chng 8: Dng Ton Phng
x
x 1
x2
2 3
A
3 4
Khi ta c dng ton phng trong R2
Ging vin Ts. ng Vn Vinh (1/2010)

dangvvinh@hcmut.edu.vn
xT Ax x1
2 3 x1
2
2
x2
2 x1 6 x1 x2 4 x2
3 4 x2
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Dng ton phng trong R3 thng c ghi dng
V d.
x1
x x 2 R 3 :

x
3
f (x ) f (x 1, x 2 , x 3 )
A x12
B x22
C x32
2 Dx 1x 2 2 Ex 1x 3 2 Fx 2 x 3
Ma trn ca dng ton phng lc ny l ma trn i xng
A
M D
Khi f(x) c th vit li
A
(x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) D
D E
B F
F C
f (x ) f (x 1, x 2 , x 3 )
D E x 1
B F x 2 x T M x

F C
x 3
f ( x) 3x12 2 x22 4 x32 4 x1x2 6 x1x3 2 x2 x3

Vit ma trn ca dng ton phng.
Gii
3 2 3
A 2 2 1
3 1 4
f ( x ) x Ax x1
x2
3 2 3 x1
x3 2 2 1 x2

3 1 4 x

7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cho dng ton phng f ( x) xT Ax, vi
x (x 1, x 2 , x 3 )T
V A l ma trn i xng thc nn A cho ha c bi ma

trn trc giao P v ma trn cho D: A PDP T
Khi :
f (x ) x T PDP T x (P T x )T D (P T x )
t y P T x x Py
Dng ton phng f ( y ) y T Dy c gi l dng chnh

tc ca dng ton phng f (x ) x T A x
Dng chnh tc l dng ton phng c cc s hng l cc bnh
phng.
Ma trn A l ma trn ca dng ton phng f (x ) x T A x trong
c s chnh tc.
Ta c f ( y ) y Dy
1 0
f ( y ) ( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) 0 2
0 0
nh ngha
0 y 1
0 y 2

3
y 3
f ( y ) f ( y 1, y 2 , y 3 ) 1y 12 2 y 22 3 y 32
Ma trn D cng l ma trn ca dng ton phng f (x ) x T A x

trong c s to nn t cc ct ca ma trn trc giao P.
Khi lm vic vi dng ton phng ta c th lm vic vi ma
trn A, cng c th lm vic vi ma trn D. Tt nhin ma trn D
c cu trc n gin hn.
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dng ton phng f (x ) x T A x lun lun c th a v
a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc bng bin i trc giao
dng chnh tc f ( y ) y Dy bng cch cho ha trc giao
Bc 1. Vit ma trn A ca dng ton phng (trong chnh tc)
ma trn A ca dng ton phng.
Bc 2. Cho ha A bi ma trn trc giao P v ma trn cho D
Php bin i ny c gi l php bin i trc giao a dng

ton phng v dng chnh tc.
Cn c nhiu phng php a dng ton phng v chnh tc
khc nhau: v d php bin i Lagrange (hay l php bin i
s cp)
Php bin i trc giao phc tp nhng c u im l ta vn cn
lm vic vi c s trc chun (c s t cc ct ca ma trn P)
Bc 3. Kt lun
Dng chnh tc cn tm l: f ( y ) y T Dy
Vi D l ma trn ca dng ton phng ban u trong c s
trc chun t cc ct ca ma trn trc giao P.
Php bin i cn tm: x = Py

7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Cho ha A bi ma trn trc giao P ( lm v d trc)
V d
a dng ton phng sau v dng chnh tc bng php bin
i trc giao. Nu r php bin i.
f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) 3x12 6x22 3x32 4x1x2 8x1x3 4x2 x3

1. Ma trn ca dng ton phng l ma trn i xng:
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
18 3
4
1/ 3
18
2
1
18 3
7 0 0
D 0 7 0
0 0 2
2
2
2
3. Dng chnh tc cn tm l: f ( y 1, y 2 , y 3 ) 7 y 1 7 y 2 2 y 3
3 2 4
A 2 6 2
4 2 3
Php bin i cn tm: x Py
x1
y1
x2 P y2

x
y
3
3
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a ton phng v dng chnh tc bng bin i Lagrange.
a ton phng v dng chnh tc bng bin i Lagrange.

2
Bc 1. Chn mt tha s khc khng ca h s x k
Php bin i x = Py c gi l php bin i khng suy bin

nu ma trn P l ma trn khng suy bin.
Lp thnh hai nhm: mt nhm gm tt c cc h s cha x k ,

nhm cn li khng cha s hng ny.
Ni dung ca phng php Lagrange l s dng cc php bin

i khng suy bin a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc.
Bc 2. Trong nhm u tin: lp thnh tng bnh phng.

Ta c mt tng bnh phng v mt dng ton phng khng
cha h s x k .
Php bin i ny rt d thc hin v ch dng cc php bin

i s cp, khng cn tm TR, VTR ca ma trn.
Nhc im ca php bin i ny l ta s lm vic vi dng
chnh tc trong mt c s thng l khng trc chun.
Bc 3. S dng bc 1, v 2 cho dng ton phng khng

cha h s x k .
2
Ch : Nu trong dng ton phng ban u tt c cc h s x k
u bng 0, th ta chn tha s khc 0 ca h s x i x j

i bin: (k i , j ) : y k x k ;
x i y i y j ;x j y i y j

7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d
i Lagrange. Nu r php bin i.
f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) 3x12 6x22 3x32 4x1x2 8x1x3 4x2 x3
2
4
14
28
7
f 3( x1 x2 x3 ) 2 ( x22 x2 x3 x32 )
3
3
3
3
3
Lp li t u cho dng ton phng:
14 2 28
7
x2 x2 x3 x32
3
3
3
14 2
x2
3
28
14 2
7
14
7
x2 x3 x32
Lp 2 nhm: x22
x 2 x2 x3 x32
3
3
3
3 2
3
Chn tha s
1. Chn tha s 3x 12
Lp thnh hai nhm:
f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) (3 x12 4 x1 x2 8 x1 x3 ) (6 x22 3 x32 4 x2 x3 )
4
8
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 3( x12 x1 x2 x1 x3 ) (6 x22 3 x32 4 x2 x3 )
3
3
Lp thnh tng bnh phng nhm u.
Lp thnh tng bnh phng nhm 1.

2
4
16
4
16
f 3( x1 x2 x3 )2 x2 x3 x22 x32 (6 x22 3x32 4 x2 x3 )
3
3
3
3
3
14
14
7
x2 x3 2 x32 x32
3
3
3
14
x 2 x 3 2 7x 32
3
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
4
14
2
f 3( x1 x2 x3 )2 x2 x3 7 x32
3
3
3
y1
t: y2
y
3
2
4
x1 x2 x3
3
3
x2 x3
x3
Vy dng chnh tc cn tm l:
(*) l php bin i cn tm.
V d
i Lagrange. Nu r php bin i.
f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) 4x1x2 4x1x3 4 x2 x3

(*)
1. Trong dng ton phng khng c h s cha x k2

Chn mt h s ty cha xmxn, v d: 4x1x2
3 y12
14
y22 7 y32
3
i bin:
x1 y1 y2
x2 y1 y2
x y
3
3
f 4 y12 4 y22 4( y1 y2 ) y3 4( y1 y2 ) y3

7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f 4 y12 8 y1 y3 4 y22 f (4 y12 8 y1 y3 ) 4 y22
f 4( y12 2 y1 y3 ) 4 y22 f 4( y1 y3 )2 4 y22 4 y32

i bin:
z1 y1 y3
z2 y2
z y
3
3
Dng chnh tc cn tm l: f ( z1 , z2 , z3 ) 4 z12 4 z22 4 z32
x1 z1 z2 z3
Php bin i cn tm:
x2 z1 z2 z3
x3 z3
nh ngha
Dng ton phng f (x) = xTAx c gi l:
1. xc nh dng, nu (x 0) : f (x ) 0
2. xc nh m, nu (x 0) : f (x ) 0
3. na xc nh dng, nu
(x ) : f (x ) 0 v
(x 1 ) : f (x 1 ) 0
4. na xc nh m, nu
(x ) : f (x ) 0 v
(x 1 ) : f (x 1 ) 0
5. khng xc nh du, nu (x 1, x 2 ) : f (x 1 ) 0 & f (x 1 ) 0
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
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Gi s dng ton phng a v chnh tc c:
f ( y ) 1 y 12 2 y 22 ... n y n2
Gi s dng ton phng a v chnh tc c:
f ( y ) 1 y 12 2 y 22 ... n y n2
S cc h s dng c gi l ch s dng qun tnh.
S cc h s m c gi l ch s m qun tnh.
1. Nu (k 1,.., n ) : k 0, th dng ton phng x dng.

2. Nu (k 1,..., n ) : k 0 , th dng ton phng x m.
3. Nu (k 1,..., n ) : k 0 v k 0, th na x dng.
4. Nu (k 1,..., n ) : k 0 v k 0, th na x m.
5. Nu 1 0; 2 0, th dng ton phng khng xc nh du
Tn ti rt nhiu phng php a dng ton phng v dng

chnh tc. Cc dng chnh tc ny thng khc nhau.
C im chung ca cc dng chnh tc l: s lng cc h s m
v s lng cc h s dng l khng thay i.
Lut qun tnh
Ch s dng qun tnh, ch s m qun tnh ca dng ton
phng l nhng i lng bt bin khng ph thuc vo cch
a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc.

7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nh ngha
Cho ma trn thc A vung cp n.
Tt c cc nh thc con to nn dc theo ng cho chnh
c gi l nh thc con chnh cp 1, 2,, n.
a11
a
21
A a31
a
n1
1
a13 a1n
a23 a2 n
a33 a3 n

an 3 ann
a12
a22
a32
an 2
nh l (Tiu chun Sylvester)

Cho dng ton phng f (x) = xTAx.
1. f (x ) xc nh dng khi v ch khi (i 1, n ) : i 0
2. f (x ) xc nh m khi v ch khi (i 1, n ) : ( 1)i i 0
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d
V d
Vi gi tr no ca m th dng ton phng sau y xc nh

dng.
Tm m dng ton phng khng xc nh du
f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) x12
4x22
mx32
f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) x12 5x22 mx32 4x1x2 6x1x3 2 x2 x3
2x1x2 8x1x3 4 x2 x3
a dng ton phng v chnh tc bng bin i Lagrange.
1 1 4
Ma trn ca dng ton phng l: A 1 4 2
4 2 m
Dng ton phng xc nh dng khi v ch khi cc nh thc

con chnh u dng.
1 1 4
3 1 4 2 0
1 1
2
3 0
4 2 m
1 4
1 a11 1 0
m 28
f (x 12 4x 1x 2 6 x 1x 3 ) (5x 22 mx 32 2 x 2 x 3 )
f (x 1 2x 2 3x 3 )2 x 22 14x 2x 3 (m 9)x 32
f (x 1 2x 2 3x 3 )2 (x 2 7x 3 )2 (m 58)x 32
Dng ton phng khng xc nh du khi v ch khi c t nht
mt h s m v mt h s dng
m 58

V d
7.6 Dng Ton phng
7.6 Dng Ton phng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V vy ta cn php bin i trc giao c c s trc chun:
Trong h trc ta 0xy cho ng cong c phng trnh
3 1
A
1 3
3x 2 2xy 3 y 2 4 2x 2 0
Nhn dng v v ng cong ny.
V ng cong trong h trc 0xy l

lm vic vi c s chnh tc ca R2.
1 2; 2 4
C s trc chun ca cc khng gian con ring:
Xt dng ton phng f ( x, y ) 3 x 2 2 xy 3 y 2
Phng trnh c trng: 2 6 8 0
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 2 : x1
a dng ton phng ny v dng chnh tc kh i h s 2xy.

Nu a dng ton phng v chnh tc bng bin i Lagrange th
ta ch c th nhn dng c ng cong ny, cn kh v hnh c
v lc ta s lm vic vi c s (thng l) khng trc chun.
C ngha l v hnh trong h trc ta khng vung gc!
Php bin i:
hay
x
y
u
v
2
2
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 4 : x2
u 1/ 2 1/ 2 u

P v
1/ 2 1/ 2 v
u
v
2
2
7.6 Dng Ton phng
Ni dung n tp
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng cong cho c phng trnh trong h trc ta 0uv l:

2
3x 2 xy 3 y 4 2x 2 0
II) Ma trn: 1) Cc php ton: bng nhau, cng, tr, nhn,

bin i s cp; nng ln ly tha.
v
u
2u 4v 4 2
2 0
2
2
2
1
2u 2 4u 4(v 2 v ) 2 0 2(u 1)2 4(v )2 5
y
2
v
1
1
M
,
2
2
2) Tm hng ca ma trn; 3) Tm ma trn nghch o.

III) nh thc: 1) Cch tnh nh thc cp 4,5 (dng BSC)
2) Tnh nh thc cp n bng qui; 3) Khai trin Laplace.
IV) H phng trnh: Cch gii h phng trnh AX = b.

x
1 1
N
,
2 2
I) S phc: Dng i s; dng lng gic; nng ln ly tha;

khai cn s phc; gii phng trnh trong C.
V) Khng gian vct: 1) Tm c s chiu ca khng gian con
2) Tm tng, giao ca hai khng gian con, tng trc tip.

u
3) Tm c s v chiu ca khng gian nghim ca h thun nht

Ni dung n tp
Ni dung n tp
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VI) nh x tuyn tnh. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :V W

C 3 cch cho: 1) bit f(x)
2) bit nh ca c s (tp sinh) ca V.
3) bit ma trn ca f trong cp c s E, F.
Trong khi n tp chng ta phi bit cch lm cc cu hi sau:
1) Tm nh ca mt phn t cho trc f (v 0 ).
VII) Dng ton phng:

1) a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc bng hai cch:
a) Bin i trc giao;
b) Bin i Lagrange (bin i s cp)
2) Phn loi dng ton phng: c 5 loi. Cch phn loi: a v

dng chnh tc hoc dng tiu chun Sylvester.
2) Tm f (x ).
3) S dng v ng cong bc hai, mt cong bc hai.
3) Tm c s v chiu ca nhn ker f ca nh x tuyn tnh.
Ch : Trn y l nhng phn chnh. Ngoi ra cc em phi bit

cch gii mt s bi ton dng khc.
4) Tm c s v chiu ca nh Im f ca nh x tuyn tnh.

5) Tm ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh trong cp c s cho trc.
6) Gi s V = W. Tm tr ring, vct ring ca nh x tuyn tnh.
Ni chung 8 phn trn l ton b cc kin thc yu cu trong

mn hc ton 2 ny. Tuy nhin c im ti a cc em phi
bit cch gii thm mt s dng bi tp khc.
7) Gi s V = W. Cho ha nh x tuyn tnh (nu c).
mu cui k
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh thc thi: t lun, thi gm 8 cu, tgian thi: 90 pht.

Cu 1. Tnh
10
z , bit z
1 i
1 i 3
4 2
3
Cu 2. Tnh A2008, bit A

1
Cu 3. Trong khng gian R3 cho hai khng gian con
F {(x 1, x 2 , x 3 ) | x 1 2x 2 - x 3 0 }; G (1,1,1);(1,0,1)
Tm c s v chiu ca (F G )
Cu 4. Trong khng gian P2 [x] , vi tch v hng

1
( p , q ) p (x )q (x )dx cho khgian con F {p (x ) | p (1) 0}

0
Tm c s v chiu ca F
Cu 5. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R 3 R 3 , bit
f (1,1,1) (2,1,3); f (1,0,1) (3,0,5); f (1,1,0) (40, 41, 2)

Vi gi tr no ca m th vct x (2,1, m ) l VTR ca f.
Cu 6. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : P2 [x] P2 [x]
'
bit p (x ) P2 [x ]: f ( p (x )) p (x ).
Tm tr ring v c s ca cc khng gian con ring.

p n
34 14
Cu 7. Tm ma trn vung B cp 2, sao cho B
105 43
3
Cu 8. Trong h trc ta 0xy cho ng cong c phng

trnh 5x 2 8xy 5 y 2 4 2x 6 2 y 2 0.
Nhn dng v v ng cong ny.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
7
- 2k
- 2k
2
12
12
i sin
cos
Cu 1. z k
; k 0,...,9.
2
10
10
2008
1
1
2
0
2
/
3
1/
3
2008
Cu 2. A
2008
1 2 0
5
1/ 3 1/ 3
10
Cu 3. C s: {(1,0,-1); (0,1,0)}; chiu: 2

Cu 4. C s:{p(x) = 10x2 - 8x + 1}; chiu: 1
Cu 5. m = 0.
HD. f (2,1,0) (2,1,0) suy ra h pt.
Cu 6. TR: 1 2 3 0. C s ca E : {p (x ) 1}
1
p n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34
14
Cu 7. t A
105 43
14 1 1 0 3 / 7
1/ 7
Cho ha A ta c: A
35 3 0 8 35 / 7 14 / 7
Khi ma trn B cn tm l:
14 1 1 0 3 / 7 1/ 7
B
35 3 0 2 35 / 7 14 / 7
Cu 8. Gii tng t v d v ng cong trong bi ging!

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7.6 Dng Ton phng

Trng i hc Bch khoa tp. H Ch Minh

Chng 8: Dng Ton Phng

Khi ta c dng ton phng trong R2

Ging vin Ts. ng Vn Vinh (1/2010)

7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

Dng ton phng trong R3 thng c ghi dng

Ma trn ca dng ton phng lc ny l ma trn i xng

Khi f(x) c th vit li

f ( x) 3x12 2 x22 4 x32 4 x1x2 6 x1x3 2 x2 x3

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software

7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

Cho dng ton phng f ( x) xT Ax, vi

V A l ma trn i xng thc nn A cho ha c bi ma

Dng ton phng f ( y ) y T Dy c gi l dng chnh

Ma trn D cng l ma trn ca dng ton phng f (x ) x T A x

7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

Dng ton phng f (x ) x T A x lun lun c th a v

a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc bng bin i trc giao

dng chnh tc f ( y ) y Dy bng cch cho ha trc giao

Bc 1. Vit ma trn A ca dng ton phng (trong chnh tc)

ma trn A ca dng ton phng.

Bc 2. Cho ha A bi ma trn trc giao P v ma trn cho D

Php bin i ny c gi l php bin i trc giao a dng

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7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

2. Cho ha A bi ma trn trc giao P ( lm v d trc)

f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) 3x12 6x22 3x32 4x1x2 8x1x3 4x2 x3

Php bin i cn tm: x Py

7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

a ton phng v dng chnh tc bng bin i Lagrange.

a ton phng v dng chnh tc bng bin i Lagrange.

Php bin i x = Py c gi l php bin i khng suy bin

Lp thnh hai nhm: mt nhm gm tt c cc h s cha x k ,

Ni dung ca phng php Lagrange l s dng cc php bin

Bc 2. Trong nhm u tin: lp thnh tng bnh phng.

Php bin i ny rt d thc hin v ch dng cc php bin

Bc 3. S dng bc 1, v 2 cho dng ton phng khng

u bng 0, th ta chn tha s khc 0 ca h s x i x j

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7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) 3x12 6x22 3x32 4x1x2 8x1x3 4x2 x3

f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) (3 x12 4 x1 x2 8 x1 x3 ) (6 x22 3 x32 4 x2 x3 )

Lp thnh tng bnh phng nhm u.

Lp thnh tng bnh phng nhm 1.

7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

(*) l php bin i cn tm.

f ( x1, x2 , x3 ) 4x1x2 4x1x3 4 x2 x3

1. Trong dng ton phng khng c h s cha x k2

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7.6 Dng Ton phng

7.6 Dng Ton phng

f 4 y12 8 y1 y3 4 y22 f (4 y12 8 y1 y3 ) 4 y22

f 4( y12 2 y1 y3 ) 4 y22 f 4( y1 y3 )2 4 y22 4 y32