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Tuyen Tap Bai Toan Hoa Hay
Tuyen Tap Bai Toan Hoa Hay
http://shpt.info
TUYN TP CC BI TP HA HC HAY
2012
http://shpt.info 2012
MC LC
LI NG ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
DANH SCH THNH VIN THAM GIA BIN SON ................................................................................. 2
PHN 1. CC BI TON V C .......................................................................................................................... 3
Bi 1 10 ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Bi 11 20 ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Bi 21 30 ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Bi 31 40 ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
Bi 41 47 ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
PHN 2. CC BI TON HU C..................................................................................................................... 25
Bi 1 10 ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Bi 11 20 ............................................................................................................................................................... 29
Bi 21 30 ............................................................................................................................................................... 33
Bi 31 40 ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
Bi 41 50 ............................................................................................................................................................... 41
Bi 51 54 ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
LI NG
C nhiu ngi nhn xt Ha hc l b mn ca tr nh, hc ha phi nh rt nhiu th iu c th
ng, nhng cha phi l tt c. Ha hc giu trong lp o nng n ca nhng cng thc, nhng phn ng
phc tp l mt v p tinh t ca s t duy logic. V p y c bit c hin din qua nhng bi ton
ha, nhng bi ton cho bn rt nhiu con ng, nhng s ch c mt con ng p nht, ngn nht i
n c chn l. Nhim v ca ngi hc ha l phi vn dng cc thao tc nh gi, phn on tm ra
c con ng y, con ng khng ch a n kt qu m con a n mt nim vui, nim hng khi
nh mt cht keo gn tri tim bn vi Ha hc.
Tng c nhng giy pht v a trong sung sng tng c nhng khonh khc chi vi, b tc gia nhng
s liu, nhng phng trnh phn ng Chng ti tin hnh lm tuyn tp ny vi mc ch u tin l
nim mong mun ng cm, l kht khao chia s tnh yu Ha hc ca chng ti vi cc bn thng qua
nhng bi tp ha mi l, nhng li gii hay.
Mi bi tp khng ch n gin l tnh ton, ng sau l nhng tng.
Mi li gii khng ch l p dng phng php m thc s l mt qu trnh phn tch v sng to.
Ha hc ang c tin hnh thi theo phng php trc nghim, th nhng li gii u tin m chng ti
a ra vn lun lun l mt li gii y , i t nhng d kin ca bi ton n kt qu m hon ton
khng ph thuc vo cc p n cho trc. Bi chng ti hiu v mong cc bn s hiu, ch c nh vy,
chng ta mi c th i ht c v p ca ha hc, rn luyn c t duy suy lun logic cho bn thn, hc
tp mt cch thc cht v sng to.
Tuyn tp ch yu l s tng hp v chn lc cc bi ton ha hc trn din n Boxmath.vn nm 2011.
Chnh v vy, ban bin tp xin c chn thnh cm n s ng h ca ban qun tr din n, s tch cc vit
bi v gii bi ca cc thnh vin trong sut mt nm qua. S n ch ca cc bn vi tuyn tp l mt ng
lc rt ln gip ban bin tp c th hon thin cng vic nhiu ln tng chng nh phi b d dang.
Mc d c s c gng, xem xt k lng, nhng chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt,
mong cc bn thng cm v gi li nhn xt bnh lun ca cc bn v cho chng ti tuyn tp c hon
thin hn.
Thay mt ban bin tp ti xin chn thnh cm n.
H Ni, ngy 18/1/2012
i din nhm bin son
Ch bin
F7T7
2 http://diendan.shpt.info
PHN 1. CC BI TON V C
Bi 1 10
Bi 1. _________________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp A gm mui sunfit, hidrosunfit v sunfat ca cng mt kim loi kim M. Cho 17,775 gam hn hp
A vo dung dch Ba(OH ) 2 d, to thnh 24,5275 gam hn hp kt ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch v cho kt ta
tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, thy cn 2,33 g cht rn. Kim loi kim M l
A. Li
B. K
C. Rb
D. Na
Li gii.
Phng trnh phn ng
Ba 2 SO42 BaSO4
OH HSO3 H 2O SO32
Ba 2 SO32 BaSO3
2,33
0, 01(mol )
233
B. Li
C. K
D. Rb
Bi 2. ______________________________________________________________________________
Cho mt hp cht ca st tc dng vi H 2 SO4 c nng, to ra SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht). Nu t l
B. FeS
C. FeO
Li gii.
t nSO2 a mol Ta c:
Nu X l oxit ca st th ta c qu trnh kh l
S 6 2e S 4
2a mol
a mol
2 Fe x 2(3 x)e 2 Fe 3
2 a mol
2 a mol
x2
Ngoi ra khng cn nguyn t no nhng hay nhn e
Vy cng thc X l FeO
3 http://diendan.shpt.info
D. Fe3O4
S 6 2e S 4
2b mol
Fe
ax ( mol )
2x
y
ay ( mol )
b mol
Fe 1e
ax ( mol )
ax ( mol )
2x
S 4 4
e
ay ( mol )
y
4 ay 2 ax ( mol )
3ax
mol
2
3ax
4(ay b) 1
2
Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta li c 2b ax (4ay 2ax) 2
Suy ra b
10b
3b
, y
x : y 10 : 3 (khng tn ti hp cht no
a
a
tha mn iu ny). Vy trng hp th hai khng tha mn.
Kt lun: Ch c FeO tha mn bi. Chn p n C.
Bnh lun: Vi trng hp X l oxit ca st, d nhn thy Fe2O3 phn ng khng to ra SO2 , ch xt FeO
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) suy ra x
v Fe3O4 . Ta thy 1 mol ca hai cht ny khi phn ng u nhng 1 mol electron. Vy nu t
B. FeS
C. FeS2
D. FeO
p s: B. FeS
Bi 3. _____________________________________________________________________________
Cho t t a gam st vo V ml dung dch HNO3 1M khuy u cho n khi tan ht thy thot ra 0,448 lt kh
NO (ktc) ng thi thu c dung dch A . Dung dch A c kh nng lm my mu hon ton 10 ml dung
dch KMnO4 0,3M trong mi trng axit. Gi tr ca a v V l:
A. a =1,4 gam; V = 80 ml
C. a = 0,56 gam; V = 56 ml
B. a = 1,12 gam; V = 80 ml
D. a = 0,84 gam; V = 60 ml
Li gii.
Ta c cc phng trnh th hin qu trnh oxi ha kh:
N 5 3e N 2 NO 1
0,06
0,02
Fe Fe 3e 2
x
3x
Fe Fe 2 2e 3
y
2y
Mn 5e M 2 (4)
0,003
0,015
Fe 2 Fe3 1e (5)
y
Vy nFe 0, 025 m 1, 4 g
Suy ra V 80 ml
Bi 4. _____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm c Al , Fex Oy . Tin hnh nhit nhm hon ton m( g ) hn hp X trong iu kin khng c
khng kh thu c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh hai phn.
Phn 1. Cho tc dng vi NaOH d thu c 1,008 lt H 2 (ktc) v cn li 5,04 gam cht rn khng tan.
Phn 2 c khi lng 29,79 gam, cho tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 8,064 lt NO (ktc,
l sn phm kh duy nht).
Gi tr ca m v cng thc ca oxit st l
A. 39,72 gam & FeO
C. 38,91 gam & FeO
Cch 1
2 yAl 3FexOy yAl2O3 3 xFe (1)
Phn ng nhit nhm hon ton m phn 1 to kh H 2 nn hn hp Y gm Al d , Fe, Al2O3
Phn 1
nAl a mol ; nFe b mol ; nAl2O3 c mol
Phng trnh phn ng
2 Al 2 NaOH 2 H 2O 2 NaAlO2 3H 2
0,03
0,045
Phn 2
nAl ka mol ; nFe kb mol ; nAl2O3 kc mol
Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3k a b 3k .0,123.nNO 0,36.3 k 3
5 http://shpt.info
Ag ti a to ra cng ch 0,2 mol tc l khi lng cht rn sau phn ng nh hn 21,6 gam. Vy trong
cht rn cn Fe d.
Fe 2 Ag Fe2 2 Ag
Fe 4 HNO3 Fe( NO3 )3 NO 2 H 2O
Suy ra s mol Fe phn ng l 0.5 x
3y
8
3y
.56) 22, 7 16,8
8
T tm c x y 0,1 hay t 3600 ( s) 1(h).
S mol Ag to ra l x, vy c 108 x (0.5 x
Bi 6. _______________________________________________________________________________
Cho 8,64 gam Al vo dung dch X (X c to thnh bng 74,7 gam hn hp Y gm CuCl2 v FeCl3 vo
nc). Kt thc phn ng thu c 17,76 gam cht rn gm hai kim loi. T l mol ca FeCl3 : CuCl2 trong
hn hp Y l:
A. 2:1
-
C. 3:1
D. 5:3
Li gii.
Nu d Al th chc chn hn hp kim loi phi cha c 3 kim loi Al, Cu v Fe. Do Al phi ht
sau phn ng v hai kim loi cn li l Cu v Fe .
Do Fe nn chc chn c 3 phn ng sau xy ra theo th t:
Al 3 FeCl3 AlCl3 3 FeCl2
x
3
B. 3:2
3
z
2
3
z , do Al phn ng ht.
2
x 2
y z 0,32
3 3
Khi lng hai mui ban u l 74,7 gam, suy ra x.162,5 y.135 74, 7
Ta c nAl 0, 32(mol )
3
Khi lng hai kim loi thu c l 17,76, suy ra 64 x 56. z 17, 76
2
6 http://shpt.info
C. 0,16
Li gii.
D. 0,2
Trong cc dung dch c 0,24 mol Ba 2 ; 0,48 mol OH , a mol Al 3 ; 0,6a mol Cl ; 1,2a mol SO42 .
Xt bng sau da theo cc gi tr ca a
a
0,12
0,16
0,2
3a 0, 48 4a;
1, 2a 0, 24
1, 2a.233 279, 6a
(4a 0, 48).78
312a 37, 44
0, 48 3a
1, 2a 0, 24
1, 2a.233 279, 6a
0, 48 3a
1, 2a 0, 24
0,24.233=55,92
0,16.78=12,48
0,16.78=12,48
Nhn xt
4a 0, 48; 1, 2a 0, 24
mBaSO4
1, 2a.233 279, 6a
mAl (OH )3
Tng khi
lng kt ta
279, 6a
591, 6a 37, 44
279, 6a 12, 48
Gi tr ca a
279, 6a 51,3
a 0,183 0,12
(loi)
loi
2 x
Trong hn hp lc sau, ch c Fe v FeS phn ng HCl. Li c khi lng cht rn gim 60%, nn S chim
40% khi lng. Do
(2 x )32
0,5
40% x 0,5 H
.100% 50%
120
1
Bi 9. ______________________________________________________________________________
5
Cho a mol kim loi M (ha tr n khng i) tan va ht trong dung dch cha a mol H 2 SO4 c 19,32
4
gam mui v kh B. Lng kh B c hp th hon ton bi 250ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M to thnh 2,12
gam mui. Xc nh kim loi.
A. Na
B. Cu
C. Zn
D. Al
7 http://shpt.info
Li gii.
Gi n l ha tr ca kim loi, nu n 1 th da vo p n nhn thy M l Na. Na tc dng vi H 2 SO4 to
ra kh H 2 khng b hp th hon ton bi NaOH
Ta li c M M 2 ( SO4 ) n nn s mol SO42 to mui l nSO 2 (*)
4
an
2
an 5a
n 2,5 . Do n 2
2
4
Vy s mol SO42 to mui l nSO2 (1) a
Ta phi c
5
a
aa
4
4
ne
nSO2 (2)
8 . Suy ra B l H 2 S
R R n ne
x
nx
N 5 k.e N 5 k
N 5 8e N 3
Gi N e l s mol electron m HNO3 nhn to thnh 1 mol kh. D thy N e c th nhn cc gi tr l 1, 3,
8,10 ln lt tng ng vi cc kh NO2 , NO, N 2O, N 2
Bo ton electron ta c: xn 8 y 0,1N e (1)
Khi lng ca kim loi v ca mui ln lt cho ta cc phng trnh l
(2)
xR 9, 6
8 http://shpt.info
Bi 11 20
Bi 11. _____________________________________________________________________________
Cho 13,32 mol hn hp Zn v ZnO tan hon ton trong dung dch cha 0,38 mol H 2 SO4 thu c mt sn
phm duy nht v dung dch ch cha mui sunfat. S mol sn phm kh thu c l:
A. 0,19
B. 0,18
C. 0,16
D. 0,20
Li gii.
Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Zn v ZnO trong hn hp
Gi N e l s mol electron m H 2 SO4 nhn to thnh 1 mol kh. D thy N e c th nhn cc gi tr l 2,
6, 8 tng ng vi cc sn phm kh l SO2 , S , H 2 S .
Vi vic tnh khi lng hn hp v bo ton nguyn t S ta c h phng trnh
65x 81 y 13,32 (1)
2x x y 0,38 (2)
N
e
T (1) suy ra
13,32
13,32
x y
81
65
2x
0,164 0,38
0, 216
Ne
0,175
Cng t (1) ta suy ra x
2x
0, 216
Ne
2x
2.0, 205
13,32
2, 35 . Vy N e 2 . Thay vo h
0, 205 , do Ne
65
0,175
0,175
phng trnh ta tm c
x 0,18
y 0, 02.
Vy s mol sn phm kh
SO2
0,18.2
0,18(mol ) .
2
Chn p n B.
Bnh lun. Do N e ch nhn cc gi tr 2, 6, 8 nn ta c th thay N e vo h phng trnh (1)(2) gii ba
nSO2
9 http://shpt.info
Cu 13. _____________________________________________________________________________
t hn hp gm 0,4 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Cu trong bnh ng kh O2 , sau mt thi gian thu c m gam
cht rn. em cht rn ny tc dng vi HCl d, sau phn ng hon ton c 3,36 lt kh thot ra ( ktc) v
6,4 gam kim loi khng tan. Gi tr ca m c th l:
A. 44,8
B. 41,6
C. 40,8
D. 38,4
Li gii.
Do c kim loi khng tan nn sau phn ng, dung dch c cc ion l Fe 2 v Cu 2 vi s mol ln lt l x
v y.
m 35, 2
Bo ton khi lng, ta c m 0, 4.56 0, 2.64 16.nO nO
16
Qu trnh oxi ha kh l
Fe Fe 2 2e ; Cu Cu 2 2e
x
2x
2y
O 2e O 2 ; 2 H 2e H 2
m 35,2
16
m 35,2
8
0,3
0,15
m 35, 2
(*)
8
Khi lng kim loi khng tan l 56(0, 4 x) 64(0, 2 y) 6, 4 56x 64 y 28,8 (**)
Bo ton electron, ta c 2 x 2 y 0, 3
28,8
28,8
m 35, 2
28,8
28,8
x y
2.
2.
0, 3
0,3
64
56
8
64
56
Suy ra 40 m 41, 024. i chiu vi p n, ch c C tha mn.
T (**) suy ra
Bi 14.______________________________________________________________________________
Cho 12,4 gam hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v oxit ca n tc dng vi dung dch HCl d th thu c
27,75 gam mui khan. Kim loi kim th l
A. Ba
B. Mg
C. Ca
D. Sr
Li gii.
Gi x v y ln lt l l s mol ca kim loi kim M cn phi tm v oxit ca n, ta c
2M 2 HCl 2 MCl H 2
x
M 2 O 2 HCl 2MCl H 2O
y
x.M y 2 M 16 12, 4
(M 35,5)( x y ) 27, 75
12, 4
27, 75
12, 4
x y
T (1)(2) suy ra
. Gii h bt phng trnh ny ta c 0 M 28, 7
2 M 16
M 35,5 M
Vy suy ra gi tr thch hp nht ca M l 24. M l Mg.
Bi 15. ____________________________________________________________________________
Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c
1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, kc) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ho tan ti a 12,88
gam Fe (to kh NO duy nht). S mol HNO3 c trong dung dch u l?
A.0,88mol
Ta c nNO
B.1,04mol
1,344
0, 06(mol )
22, 4
10 http://shpt.info
C.0,64mol
Li gii.
D.0,94mol
O : y (mol )
3 x 2 y 0, 06.3
y 0,15
S mol HNO3 phn ng vi Fe v cc oxit bng tng s mol ca N c trong kh v mui nitrat:
nHNO3 (1) nNO 3.nFe 0, 06 0,16.3
Gi s dung dch sau phn ng c a mol HNO3 . dung dch X c th ha tan ti a lng st th sau dung
dch ch to mui Fe2
Phng trnh phn ng
3Fe 8 H 2 NO3 3Fe 2 2 NO 4 H 2O
a
Fe 2 Fe3 3Fe 2
0,16
3a 0,16
0, 23 a 0, 4( mol )
8
2
Suy ra tng s mol HNO3 c trong dung dch ban u l: nHNO3 (0, 06 0,16.3) 0, 4 0,94
S mol Fe b ha tan ti a l:
Bi 16. _____________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan hn hp X nng m gam gm Fe, FeCl2 , FeCl3 trong HNO3 c nng c 8,96 lt NO2 (sn phm
kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm NaOH d vo Y c 32,1 gam kt ta. Gi tr m l:
A. 16,8
B. 25,675
C. 34,55
D. 17,75
Li gii.
Sau khi thm NaOH, kt ta ch c Fe(OH )3 v nFe (OH )3 0,3
Ta hon i hn hp thnh Fe v Cl. t nCl x
p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c 3.0,3 x 0, 4.1 x 0,5
Vy m 0,5.35,5 0,3.56 34,55
Bi 17.______________________________________________________________________________
Cho m gam KOH vo 2 lt KHCO3 a (M) c 2 lt X. Ly 1 lt X tc dng vi BaCl2 d thu c kt ta
15,76 g kt ta. Mt khc cho 1 lt X tc dng CaCl2 d ri un nng, sau cc phn ng xy ra hon ton
thu c 10 g kt ta. Gi tr ca m v a ln lt l:
A. 5,6 g; 0,04 M
B. 8,96 g; 0,12 M
C. 4,48 g; 0,06 M
D. 5,04 g; 0,07 M
Li gii.
Ta c nBaCO3 0, 08(mol )
Gi s KOH d th nCaCO3 nBaCO3 0, 08(mol ) mCaCO3 8( g ) (loi)
Do KOH thiu, khi cho CaCl2 to mui cacbonat v hidro cacbonat
nCaCO3 0, 08(mol )
10 8
0, 02(mol )
nCa ( HCO3 )2
100
Bo ton nguyn t C th ta c:
nKHCO3 0, 08 0, 02.2 0,12(mol ) CM ( KHCO3 ) 0,12 B
Bi 18. ____________________________________________________________________________
11 http://shpt.info
Lc 13,14 gam Cu vi 250ml AgNO3 0,6M mt thi gian thu c 22,56 cht rn A v dung dch B. nhng
kim loi M nng 15, 45 gam vo dung dch B khuy u n khi phn ng hon ton thu c dung dch ch
cha 1 mui duy nht v 17,355 g cht rn Z. Xc nh M.
Li gii.
Tng khi lng kim loai v ion kim loi a vo dung dch: m1 13,14 0, 25.0, 6.108 15, 45 44, 79 g
Tng khi lng kim loi ly ra khi dung dch: m2 17,355 22,56 39,915g
Vy tng khi lng ion kim loi cn li trong dung dch sau cc phn ng m m1 m2 4,875
Ta c nNO 3 0,15 mol . Bo ton in tch trong dung dch cui s mol in tch dng cng l 0,15 mol
Gi ha tr ca M cn tm l n
4,875
.n
M
Th chn vi n 1, 2, 3 . Ch c n 2; M 65 l ph hp
0,15
Vy M l Zn .
Cu 19. ___________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan 3 gam hn hp kim loi R ha tr I, M ha tr II vo dung dch hn hp HNO3 , H 2 SO4 . Sau phn
ng thu c dung dch A v 1,344 lt hn hp B gm NO2 v kh C , khi lng hn hp B l 2,94 gam.
Nu ly 1 t dung dch A cho tc dng lng d Cu v H 2 SO4 long th khng c kh thot ra. Tnh khi
lng mui khan trong dung dch A ?
Li gii.
Do khi cho dung dch H 2 SO4 c 1 lng Cu th khng thy c phn ng nn trong dung dch khng cn
ion NO3 . V vy trong dung dch cn ton mui ca SO42
Ta c khi lng trung bnh ca hn hp kh l M
2,94
49 C l kh SO2 .
0, 06
46 x 64 y 2,94 x 0, 05
Do ta c h
x y 0,06
y 0, 01
Lng electron m kim loi cho i l 0, 05.1 0, 01.2 0, 07
0, 07
.96 6,36( g )
2
Bi 20. ____________________________________________________________________________
Dung dch X gm FeCl2 , MgCl2 , AlCl3 . Cho 200ml dung dch X tc dng vi NaOH long d thu c
Khi lng mui l m 3
20,6 g kt ta. Nu cho 200 ml dung dch X tc dng vi lng d Na2CO3 ta thu c 44 g kt ta. Nu
cho 200 ml dung dch X tc dng vi lng d NH 3 . Lc kt ta nung n khi lng khng i trong
khng kh thu c 26,2 g cht rn. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong X ?
Li gii.
Cho NaOH vo dung dch th c kt ta : Fe(OH ) 2 v Mg (OH ) 2
Cho Na2CO3 vo dung dch th c kt ta FeCO3 , MgCO3 v Al (OH )3
Cho NH 3 vo dung dch th c kt ta Fe2O3 , MgO. Al2O3
Gi s mol cc mui ln lt trong X l a, b, c
Ta c h phng trnh 3 n :
12 http://shpt.info
a 0,1; b c 0, 2
Bi 21 30
Bi 21.______________________________________________________________________________
Cho 8,96 lt hn hp 2 kh H 2 v CO (ktc) i qua ng s ng 0,2 mol Al2O3 v 0,3 mol CuO nung nng
n phn ng hon ton thu c cht rn X. X phn ng va trong 0,5 lt dung dch HNO3 c nng
a M (sn phm kh l kh NO duy nht). Gi tr ca a l:
A. 3,67
B. 2,80
C. 4,00
Li gii.
Qu trnh oxi ha kh l
H 2 2 H 2e
D. 2,00
CO CO2 2e
Cu 2 2e Cu
0,3 mol
0 , 6 mo l
Nhn thy mi mol CO hoc H 2 u nhng 2 electron. Vy 0,4 mol hn hp hai kh s nhng
0,8 mol e ( 0,6 mol e) . Vy CuO ht. X bao gm 0,2 mol Al2O3 v 0,3 mol Cu .
3Cu 8 HNO3 3Cu ( NO3 ) 2 2 NO 4 H 2O
Al2O3 6 HNO3 2 Al ( NO3 )3 3H 2O
Suy ra s mol HNO3 phn ng l nHNO3 0,8 0, 2.6 2 CM 4, 00 .
Bi 22. _____________________________________________________________________________
Nung nng m gam hn hp Al v Fe2O3 (trong mi trng khng c khng kh) n khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c hn hp rn Y . Chia Y thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1 tc dng vi dung dch H 2 SO4 long (d), sinh ra 3, 08 lt kh H 2 ( ktc);
Gi tr ca m l
A. 22, 75
B. 21, 40
C. 29, 40
D. 29, 43
Li gii
T gi thuyt phn 2 suy ra Al d, v do phn ng hon ton nn Fe2O3 ht nAl ( du ) 0, 025(mol ) v
Cu 23. ____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm Na v Al . Cho m gam X vo 1 lng nc(d) th thot ra V lt kh. Nu cng cho m gam
X vo dung dch NaOH d th thu c 1, 75V lt kh. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Na trong X l :
(bit cc th tch o cng iu kin)
Li gii
13 http://shpt.info
Gi s mol Na l x , s mol Al l y
Vit phng trnh phn ng ra
x 3x
nH 2 (1)
2x
2 2
x 3y
nH 2 (2)
2 2
nH (2)
Theo bi ta c 2
1, 75 y 2 x
nH 2 (1)
23 x
29,87%
23x 27 y
Bi 24._____________________________________________________________________________
Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp gm hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai nguyn t c trong t
nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIIA, s hiu nguyn t Z X ZY ) vo dung dch AgNO3 (d), thu
Phn trm Na
c 8,61 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng ca NaX trong hn hp ban u l
A. 58,2%.
B. 41,8%.
C. 52,8%.
D. 47,2%.
Li gii
Nu NaX v NaY u to kt ta vi AgNO3
6, 03
201 M Z 178
0, 03
I M Z 178 At
M NaZ
Vy nn ch c 1 cht to kt ta.
Suy ra NaX l NaF
NaCl AgNO3 AgCl NaNO3
0,06
0,06
Ta c nAgCl 0, 06 mol
2,52
.100 41,8%
6, 03
Bi 25. ______________________________________________________________________________________
Nung mt hn hp rn gm a mol FeCO3 v b mol FeS2 trong bnh kn cha khng kh (d). Sau khi cc
phn ng Xy ra hon ton, a bnh v nhit ban u, thu c cht rn duy nht l Fe2O3 v hn hp
kh. Bit p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau, mi lin h gia a v b l (bit sau cc
phn ng, lu hunh mc oxi ho +4, th tch cc cht rn l khng ng k)
\
A. a = 0,5b.
B. a = b.
C. a = 4b.
D. a = 2b.
Li gii
Ta c cc phn ng
4FeCO3 O2 2Fe2O3 4 CO2
a
a
4
11
b
4
14 http://shpt.info
2b
a 11b
a 2b a b
4 4
Chn p n B.
Bi 26. ______________________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan hn hp gm m gam Cu v 116 gam Fe3O4 vo dung dch H 2 SO4 long d sau khi cc phn ng
kt thc ch thu c dung dch X . X lm mt mu va 300 ml dung dch KMnO4 0, 4M . Gi tr ca m
l?
Li gii.
Phn ng to thnh dung dch X
Fe3O4 4 H 2 SO4 FeSO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 4 H 2O
0,5
0,5
0,5
Cu 2 Fe3 Cu 2 2 Fe 2
x
2x
2 x 0,5
Mn 5e Mn2
Bo ton electron ta c 0,12.5 2 x 0, 5 x 0, 05 . Vy mCu 3, 2( gam)
Bi 27. ____________________________________________________________________________
Nung m gam hn hp X gm FeS v FeS2 trong mt bnh kn cha khng kh (gm 20% th tch O2 v
80% th tch N 2 ) n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c mt rn duy nht v hn hp kh Y c
thnh phn th tch 84,8% N 2 , 14% SO2 , cn li l O2 . Phn trm khi lng FeS trong hn hp X l:
A. 42,31%
B. 59,46%
C. 19,64%
Li gii.
D. 26,83%.
Chn 1 mol hn hp Y :
nN 2 0,848(mol )
nSO2 0,14(mol )
1
1
nN2 0,848 0, 212(mol ) nO2 pu 0, 212 0, 012 0, 2(mol )
4
4
Quy hn hp X v FeS v FeS2 . t Fe:a (mol); S:b (mol)
nO2 bd
4 Fe 3O2 2 Fe2O3
S O2 SO2
S : x 2 y 0,14(mol )
15 http://shpt.info
x 0, 02(mol ); y 0, 06(mol )
0, 02.88
.100% 19, 64%
0, 02.88 0, 06.120
Bi 28. ______________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm FeS2 v Cu2 S trong H 2 SO4 c nng d thu c 4,48 lt kh
% Fe
SO2 . Nu ha tan m gam hn hp X ni trn vo HNO3 c nng d th thu c dung dch Y . Ly 1/2
dung dch Y cho tc dng vi BaCl2 d thu c 5,825 gam kt ta. Gi tr m l:
A. 4g
B. 2,8g
C. 5,2g
Li gii.
D. 4,4g
Trong phn ng vi HNO , ton b lng S trong mui chuyn thnh ion SO
2
4
5,825
0, 025(mol )
233
Gi s mol ca FeS2 l x(mol ) , Cu2 S l y(mol ) .
Suy ra nS 2.
Ta c: 2 x y 0, 025.2(1)
Cc qu trnh oxi ha kh
FeS 2 2 Fe3 SO42 15e
Cu2 S 2Cu 2 SO42 10e
SO42 2e SO2
2x
Cu2 S Cu 2 SO2 8e
y
y
2
4
SO 2e SO2
0,2 ( x y )
Suy ra 11x 8 y 2 0, 2 2 x y
D dng nhn thy, phng trnh ny cng tng ng vi (2) trn.
Do vy kt qu cho ra cng tng t.
Bi 29. _____________________________________________________________________________________
Thm V (lt) dung dch Ba(OH ) 2 0,1M vo 100 ml KAl ( SO4 )2 0,1M c 2,1375 gam kt ta. Tnh V?
A. 0,05
B. 0,075
C. 0,08
Li gii.
D. 0,01
16 http://shpt.info
2a
v
3
2a
.78 2,1375 a 0, 0075 0, 015 (tha mn)
3
Suy ra V = 0,075 lt.
Nu 0, 015 a 0, 02 , ta c nBa nSO2 0, 02(mol ) v 3.nAl (OH )3 0, 03 nOH 0, 04 4.nAl 3 .
233a
2a
v nBaSO4 a . Ta c phng trnh:
3
2a
233a (0, 4 ).78 2,1375 a 9, 6.10 3 0, 015 (khng tha mn)
3
Nu a 0, 02 th kt ta Al (OH )3 b ha tan ht v nBaSO4 0, 02(mol )
nAl (OH )3 0, 4
x
2
2Cu O2 2 CuO
x
x
2
8
y
3
4x
8
y 4 x 0, 4 v ( x y)64 x(64 62.2) 18,96
3
Gii ra ta c x y 0, 06
Suy ra cc phng trnh:
Bi 31 40
Bi 31. ____________________________________________________________________________
Cho m gam hn hp X gm Al , Fe3O4 , FeO, Fe2O3 tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c dung dch
Y , trong khi lng ca FeCl2 l 31,75 gam v 8,064 lt H 2 (ktc). C cn dung dch Y thu c
151,54 gam cht rn khan. Nu cho m gam hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c
17 http://shpt.info
dung dch Z v kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). C cn dung dch Z thu c bao nhiu gam mui
khan?
A. 242,3
B. 268,4
C. 189,6
D. 254,9
Li gii.
Do HCl d nn ta ch c cc qu trnh oxi ha kh l: Al Al 3 3e v 2 H 2e H 2
D dng tnh c nAl 0, 24 mol
Li c nFe2 0, 25 mol nFe3
B. 0,7
C. 0,77
D. 0,76
Li gii.
Hn hp Y cha kh khng mu ha nu ngoi khng kh l NO (x mol)
Gi s to thnh kh cn li, 1 mol HNO3 phi nhn N e mol electron v s mol kh ny l y
Do X tan hon ton, Z ch cha hai mui nn Z khng c NH 4 NO3 .
Ta lp cc phng trnh bo ton e v s mol ca Y
x.N e y.3 0, 63 (1)
(2)
x y 0, 07
2a
3b
5 k
N ke N
Gi k l s mol electron m 1 mol HNO3 nhn to ra 1 mol nguyn t N trong kh sn phm kh. k nhn
cc gi tr 1, 3, 4, 5 tng ng vi cc sn phm kh NO2 , NO, N 2O, N 2
Bo ton e, suy ra s mol sn phm kh l nN 5k
Bo ton nguyn t Fe v N ta c h phng trnh
18 http://shpt.info
2a 3b
k
a b 16
2a 3b
61
2a 3b k
61k
3(a b) 48 1,1 k 3, 7
k 1
Vy k 3, v kh l NO . T tm c a 2, 25 v b 13, 75. Suy ra ne 2a 3b 45, 75 0, 75 y
Suy ra 2(a b) 32 2a 3b
Chn p n D.
Bi 34. _____________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan ht 6,08 gam hn hp gm Cu v Fe bng dung dich HNO3 thu c dung dch X v 1,792 lt NO
(dktc). Thm t t 2,88 gam bt Mg vo dung dch X n khi phn ng hon ton thu c 0,448 lt NO
(ktc), dung dch Y v m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 4,96 gam
B. 3,84 gam
C. 6,4 gam
D. 4,4 gam
Li gii.
Nhn xt
Do khi cho 2,88 gam bt Mg vo HNO3 cn to ra NO nn HNO3 d phn ng th 1.
Do khi cho Mg vo X th c th xem Mg phn ng vi HNO3 u tin. nMg
3
nNO 0, 03(mol )
2
Fe3 .
Xt phn ng u tin, ta c h phng trnh
64x 56 y 6, 08 x 0, 06
2x 3 y 0, 08.3
y 0, 04
Cc phng trnh phn ng
Mg 2 Fe3 Mg 2 2 Fe 2
0,02
0,04
0,04
Mg Cu 2 Mg 2 Cu
0,06
0,06
0,06
Mg Fe 2 Mg 2 Fe
0,09 0,08
0,01
0,01
B. 7,8
C. 12,48
D. 6,63
Li gii.
Dung dch M tc dng c vi KOH to kh , suy ra dung dch M c NH 4 NO3 d sau phn ng u
tin
Qu trnh kh HNO3 to sn phm kh duy nht l NH 4 NO3
19 http://shpt.info
K H 2O KOH
y
y
H2
2 2y
y
0,336
y
0, 015 y 0, 01
2
22, 4
0, 224
0, 01 x 0, 02
Dung dch M c: nNH 4 NO3 du x 0, 01 nY
22, 4
Vy m 39.(8 x y) 6, 63( g )
Hn hp kh N gm H 2 v NH 3 c s mol:
Bi 36. _____________________________________________________________________________
ha tan ht mt ming km trong dung dch axit HCl 20o C cn 27 pht. Nu thc hin th nghim
40o C th thi gian phn ng l 3 pht. Nu thc hin th nghim 55o C th thi gian phn ng l :
A.34,64s.
B.64,43s
C.44.36s
D.43.64s
Li gii.
o
Khi tng nhit t 20 40 C tc phn ng tng ln 9 ln (v tc phn ng t l vi thi gian).
o
55 40
10
t2 t1
10
40 20
10
9k 3
5, 2 ln.
3
0,577(min) 34, 6(s)
5, 2
Bi 37. _____________________________________________________________________________
Ly 32 g FexO y nung nng ri dn kh CO vo, sau mt thi gian ta thu c m gam cht rn gm nhiu
Thi gian phn ng l
cht v V (l) kh B. Dn V1 (l) kh B ( V1 < V ) vo dung dch Ca(OH ) 2 d th thu 56 gam kt ta. Tm cng
thc ca FexO y . Bit cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut.
B. Fe2O3
A.FeO
C. Fe3O4
D. Cha d kin xc nh
Li gii
Ta c nO ( Fe O ) nCO nCO 0,56( mol )
x
0,56
y
0, 56
x
(56 x 16 y ) 0, 73469 . Vy ch c Fe2O3 tho mn.
y
y
Bi 38. _____________________________________________________________________________
Dung dch X cha 14,6 g HCl v 22,56g Cu ( NO3 )2 . Thm m( g ) Fe vo dung dch X sau khi phn ng
Ta c: 32 a(56 x 16 y )
xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kim loi c khi lng 0,5m v ch to NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Gi
tr ca m l
A. 1,92 g
B. 20,48g
C. 14,88
D. Khng tn ti m tha mn
Li gii.
Dung dch X cha 0,4 mol H , 0,12 mol Cu 2 v 0,24 mol NO3 . Do sau phn ng cn hn hp kim loi
d nn khng cn d ng thi H v NO3 , ng thi ch cn mui Fe 2 , cn Cu 2 phn ng ht.
Cc phn ng xy ra :
20 http://shpt.info
0,4
0,24
Cu 2 Fe Cu Fe 2 (2)
0,12
0,12
0,12
0, 4 0, 24
3
Bi 39. _____________________________________________________________________________
Cho 11,15 gam hn hp gm hai kim loi Al v kim loi kim M vo trong nc. Sau phn ng thu ch
c dung dch B v V lt kh (ktc). Cho t t n 400 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch B. Trong qu
trnh thu c lng kt ta ln nht l 15,6 gam, sau kt ta tan mt phn. Kim loi kim l:
A. Ba
B. Na
C. K
D. Khng d kin
Li gii.
Nhn xt. Do sau phn ng thu ch c dung dch B v kh, vy nn Al phn ng ht v bazo c th ht
hoc d.
M H 2O MOH 12 H 2 ; Al MOH MAlO2 32 H 2 (d x 0, 2 mol MOH )
x
0,2
0 ,2
0,2
OH H H 2O ; H H 2O MAlO2 Al (OH )3 M
0,2
0,2
0,2
11,15 27.0, 2
, nn suy ra 14,375 M 28, 75
M
Suy ra M l Na.
Bi 40. _____________________________________________________________________________
Dung dch A gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH ) 2 0,5M. Dung dch B gm AlCl3 1M v Al2 ( SO4 )3 0,5M. Cho V1
lt dung dch A vo V2 lt dung dch B thu c 427,5V2 (gam) kt ta. T s V1 : V2 l:
A. 2,537
B. 3,5
C. 3
Li gii.
D. A hoc B.
V1 : V2
Nhn xt
nOH 3nAl 3
nOH 3nAl3
nBa2 nSO2
nBa2 nSO 2
nBa2 nSO2
Khi lng kt ta
m 168,5V1 504V2
168,5V1 427,5V2
V1 : V2 2,537 3 (nhn)
V1 : V2 3,5 (nhn)
m 349, 5V2 .
loi
21 http://shpt.info
Bi 41 47
Bi 41. _____________________________________________________________________________
Phn ng no sau y sai.
A. 2HI + Cu CuI2 + H2
B. 2HBr + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Br2 + 2HCl
C. H2O2 + KNO2 H2O + KNO3
o
V2O5 , t
2SO3
D. 2SO2 + O2
Li gii.
Phn ng B sai. 2HBr + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Br2 + 2HCl. HBr khng tnh kh mnh kh c Fe3+.
HI mi c phn ng ny. Thm ch ta cn c phn ng 6 FeCl2 3Br2 4 FeCl3 3FeBr3
Bi 42. _____________________________________________________________________________
Chn pht biu ng nht
A. Trong kh than kh, hm lng CO nhiu hn kh than t
B. Trong phng thi nghim, CO c iu ch bng cch thi CO2 qua C nung nng trn ngn la
n cn
C. CO c thu bng cch y khng kh (p ngc bnh)
D. CO c dng lm nhin liu kh
Li gii.
A sai, v theo s liu c cho trong SGK, hm lng CO trong kh than t nhiu hn trong kh than kh.
B sai, trong phng th nghim, ngi ta iu ch CO bng cch nhit phn HCOOH.
C sai. Ta c CO = 28, ch hi nh hn khng kh, nn cch tt nht thu CO l y nc (CO khng tan trong
nc).
Chn p n D.
Bi 43. _____________________________________________________________________________
(1) Ngi ta khng dng CO2 dp tt cc m chy c Al, Mg do Al, Mg c th chy trong CO2
to hp cht cacbua
(2) Trong cng nghip, kh CO2 c thu hi trong qu trnh ln men ru t glucz
(3) CO km bn nhit, d tc dng vi oxi to CO2
(4) Trong t nhin, Cacbon ch yu tn ti trong cc khong vt: canxit, magiezit, dolomit,...
C bao nhiu pht biu ng trong cc pht biu trn?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Li gii.
Pht biu sai l : (2) do Al, Mg chy trong CO2 to oxit, khng to hp cht cacbua; (4) sai v u tin, v
CO rt bn nhit; (5) sai do C cn tn ti vi t l ln dng n cht (than), trong cc hp cht hu c.
Cu 44. ____________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan m gam hn hp X gm Cu, Al vo dung dch HCl d thy c 2 gam cht rn khng tan. Nu trn
thm 4 gam Mg vo 0,5m gam X th c hn hp Y. Hm lng % theo khi lng ca Al trong Y nh
hn trong X l 33,33%. Khi cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th th tch H 2 thu c ktc nhiu hn
2 lt. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Cu trong X l:
22 http://shpt.info
A.40%
B.16.67%
C.18.64%
D.30%
Li gii.
2 gam cht rn khng tan chnh l Cu. Suy ra trong m gam X c 2 gam Cu, (m 2) gam Al
Hm lng % theo khi lng ca Al trong Y l:
m 4
0,5(m 2) m 2 33,33
0,5m 2 8m 24 0
0,5m 4
m
100
m 12
Li c VH 2 2(lit ) nn
0,5(m 2) 3
2
.
m 5, 214
27
2 22, 4
Vy m 12
Suy ra % mCu
2
.100% 16, 67%
m
Chn p n B.
Bi 45. ____________________________________________________________________________
Nung 10 gam hn hp gm MgCO3 , CaCO3 , BaCO3 thu c kh A. Dn kh A vo dung dch nc vi
trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta v dung dch B. un nng B hon ton th thu c thm 3 gam kt ta
na. Hi % khi lng MgCO3 trong hn hp ban u nm khong no?
A. 52,5% n 86,69%
B. 60,64% n 86,69%
C. 52,5% n 60,64%
D. 86,69% n 90,45%
Li gii.
Cch 1.
D dng tnh c: nCO2 0,11 (mol )
Gi s mol ca MgCO3 , CaCO3 , BaCO3 ln lt l x, y , z
Ta c h phng trnh:
x y z 0,11
y z 0,11 x
100 y 197 z 10 84 x
yz
0,11 x
84 x 100 y 197 z 10
100 y 197 z 10 84 x
y
y
yz
1
z
y
100t 197
t (t 0) P
f (t )
z
t 1
Kho st hm f trn (0; ) cho ta:
t
10 84 x
84 x
197 0, 0625 x 0,10327 52,5%
86, 75%
0,11 x
10
Chn p n A.
Cch 2.
x
z 116
x y z 0,11
(1)
(1')
y z 0,11 x
7
Ta cng c
9 x 0, 23
84 x 100 y 197 z 10 (2)
100 y 197 z 10 84 x
y 7 (2 ')
84 x
84 x
588x
f x
9
x
0,
23
1
16
x
84 x 100 y 197 z 84 x 100.
2168x
174
197.
7
7
Ta li c 100 y z 100. 0,11 x 10 84x 100 y 197z 197 y z 197. 0,11 x .
Ta c %mMg
Bi 46. _____________________________________________________________________________
Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm FeS2 v Cu2 S trong dung dch HNO3 sau cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c dung dch X ch c hai cht tan khi lng cc cht tan l 72. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20
B. 40
C. 60
D. 80
Li gii.
Hai cht tan l: Fe2 (SO4 )3 (a mol ); CuSO4 (b mol ) 400a 160b 72 (1)
Theo bo ton nguyn s Fe v Cu th: 2a nFeS2 ;
b
b
nCu2 S nS 4a
2
2
b
3a b (2)
2
T (1) v (2) a 0,1; b 0, 2
M nSO2 3a b 4a
4
b
Do : m 2a.120 .160 40 . Chn p n B.
2
Bi 47. _____________________________________________________________________________
Hin tng g xy ra khi cho H 2 S li qua dung dch FeCl3 (mu vng)?
Khng c hin tng g.
Mu vng mt dn v c kt ta en xut hin.
Mu vng mt dn v c kt ta mu vng xut hin.
Mu vng mt dn v c kt ta mu nu xut hin.
Li gii.
Phn ng xy ra l: H 2 S FeCl3 FeCl2 S HCl
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fe2 S3 b thy phn to ra Fe(OH )3 . (Nhng chc chn phn ng khng th xy ra theo hng ny, v H 2 S
l mt axit rt yu, khng th phn ng to ra HCl l mt axit mnh hn).
24 http://shpt.info
PHN 2. CC BI TON HU C
Bi 1 10
Bi 1. _____________________________________________________________________________
Oxi ha 9,2 gam ru etylic bng CuO un nng, c 13,2 gam hn hp (andehit, axit, nc v ru cha
phn ng). Hn hp ny tc dng vi Na to ra 3,36 lt H 2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ru b oxi ha l:
A. 75%
B. 25%
C. 66,67%
Li gii.
D. 33,33%
Cch 1
Ta c
nruou 0, 2 mol
nOH 0, 3 mol
0,15
mol
H 2
13, 2 9, 2
n[ O ]
0, 25mol
16
Phng trnh phn ng
C2 H 5OH [O] CH 3CHO H 2O
CH 3CHO [O] CH 3COOH
Suy ra n(OH trong CH 3COOH va H 2O ) n[ O ] 0, 25(mol )
x mol
x mol
x mol
y mol
y mol
V d z (mol) C2 H 5OH
Ta c PTP
2 H 2O 2 Na 2 NaOH H 2 mol
x y mol
x y
2
y
2
y x y z
2 2 2 0,15 x 0, 05
y 0,1
x 2 y 0, 25
x y z 0, 2
z 0, 05
25 http://shpt.info
Vy % H
0, 05 0,1
75%
0, 2
Bi 2. _____________________________________________________________________________
Thy phn hon ton 60 gam hn hp hai ipeptit thu c 63,6 gam hn hp X gm cc amino axit (ch c
1
1 nhm amin v 1 nhm cacboxyl). Nu cho
hn hp X tc dng vi HCl (d), c cn cn thn dung
10
dch, th lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 7,82
B. 16,3
C. 7,09
D. 8,15
Li gii.
2.(63, 6 60)
nX 2nH 2O
0, 4mol (do ipeptit thy phn ra 2 amino axit)
18
NH 2 R COOH HCl NH 3Cl R COOH
0,04
0,04
Bi 3. _____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm Cn H 2n 1CHO,Cn H 2 n1COOH ,Cn H 2n 1CH 2OH (u mch h, n nguyn dng). Cho 2,8
gam X phn ng va vi 8,8 gam brom trong nc. Mt khc cho ton b lng X trn phn ng vi
lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH 3 , kt thc phn ng thu c 2,16 gam Ag . Phn trm khi lng
ca Cn H 2 n1CHO trong X l:
A. 26,63%
B. 22,22%
C. 20,00%
Li gii.
D. 16,42%
Cch 1.
Gi s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp X ln lt l x, y , z
Ta c nAg 0, 02(mol ) x nCn H 2 n1CHO 0, 01(mol )
Xt phn ng vi dung dch brom, ta c mi cht trong X u phn ng vi brom lin kt i, ring
Cn H 2 n1CHO cn c phn ng gc CHO
Ta c nBr2 0,055(mol ) 2 x y z 0, 055
Vy suy ra tng s mol cc cht l n x y z 0, 055 0, 01 0, 045
Do khi lng phn t trung bnh ca cc cht l M TB
2,8
62, 2
0, 045
0, 01.56
.100% 20%
2,8
Chn p n C.
Cch 2.
T phn ng vi Ag, suy ra nandehit 0, 01
Xt phn ng vi dung dch brom, li suy ra nancol & axit 0, 035
Do M axit M ancol
Suy ra: 0, 01. 14n 28 0, 035. 14n 30 2,8 0, 01. 14n 28 0, 035. 14n 44
26 http://shpt.info
Dn n: 1, 5 n 2, 4 .
Li do n nguyn dng nn n 2 .
Phn trm khi lng Cn H 2 n1CHO trong X l %M
0, 01.56
.100% 20% . Chn p n C.
2,8
Bi 4. ____________________________________________________________________________
Cho cc cht lng khng mu: dung dch NaHCO3 , dung dch NaAlO2 , dung dch C6 H 5ONa, C6 H 5OH ,
C6 H 5 NH 2 , CH 3COOC2 H 5 , C2 H 5OH , C3 H 7OH . Ch dng thm HCl c th nhn ra s lng cht lng l?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 8
D. 6
Li gii.
Hin tng khi cho cc dung dch HCl vo cc cht lng khng mu l
Dung dch C6 H 5ONa : to ra kt ta C6 H 5OH khng tan trong HCl d.
Dung dch NaAlO2 : ban u xut hin kt ta Al (OH )3 , sau kt ta tan trong HCl d.
CH 3COOC2 H5 : dung dch phn lp, un nng th to ra dung dch ng nht, c mi gim chua bay
ln.
Cc cht C2 H 5OH v C3 H 7OH th to ra dung dch ng nht ngay lp tc.
Vy nhn bit c 6 cht u tin, cn C2 H 5OH v C3 H 7OH khng phn bit c bng HCl
Bi 5. ______________________________________________________________________________
Oxi ha 9,2 gam ru etylic bng CuO un nng, c 13,2 gam andehit, axit, ru cha phn ng v nc.
Hn hp ny tc dng vi Na d sinh ra 3,36 lt H 2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ru b oxi ha l bao
nhiu?
Li gii.
Phng trnh phn ng:
C2 H 5OH [O ] CH 3CHO H 2O
x
2y
V d 0, 2 x y mol C2 H 5OH
Cc cht phn ng vi Na l ru d, nc v axit to ra.
Suy ra 2nH 2 (0, 2 x y ) x y y 0, 2 x 0,3 x 0,1
13, 2 9, 2
0, 25 x 2 y 0, 25 , do y 0, 05 . Vy phn
16
0, 25.2 0,1
.100% 75% .
trm khi lng ru phn ng l H
0, 2
Bi 6. ______________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp A gm CH 4 v H 2 . Cho A i qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng thu c hn hp B ch gm 3
p dng LBTKL nn s mol [O] l n[ O ]
C. 7,2
D. 8,6
Li gii.
Do hn hp ch gm cc hidrocacbon c 3 C, nn c th t CTPT chung ca B l C3 H y .
27 http://shpt.info
B. 9,2
Ta c M B 12.3 y 21,5.2 y 7
3
Phng trnh phn ng: CH 4 H 2 C3 H 7
2
Gi s c 1 mol C3 H 4 ban u phn ng ht vi 1,5 mol H 2 to ra 1 mol B.
Vy ban u c 2,5 mol kh, li c khi lng c bo ton nn mA mB 1.21,5.2 43( gam)
Vy M A 8, 6
Bi 7. ______________________________________________________________________________
Hp cht X cha C, H, O c khi lng mol phn t l 74 gam. X phn ng c vi NaOH . S cht tha
mn X l:
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Li gii.
Do X c khi lng mol phn t l 74 gam nn X khng th l phenol. X li tc dng c vi NaOH nn
X l axit cacboxylic, este hoc l tp chc cha chc este. Suy ra X cha t nht hai oxi.
Nu X c 2 oxi: X c CTPT l C3 H 6O2 , v cc cht tha mn l CH 3CH 2COOH , HCOOC2 H 5 ,
CH3COOCH3
Nu X c 3 oxi: X c cng thc phn t l C2 H 2O3 , v cc cht tha mn l OHC COOH , v
C. C2 H 5 NH 2
B. CH 3CH 2 NHCH 3
D. CH3 NH 2
Li gii.
0,5(mol ) . Bo ton nguyn t O, ta suy ra nH 2O 0,875(mol )
3m
O2 mCO2 mH 2O
2
3
3k 3
Ck H 2 k 3 N O2 kCO2 k H 2O
2
ka
a
2 4
Cm H 2 m
ka 1,5a
0,5
2 . Suy ra amin Y ch c 1 C trong phn t, do Y l CH3 NH 2 .
0, 25
Bi 9. ______________________________________________________________________________
Cho anilin tc dng vi cc cht sau: dung dch Br2 , H 2 , CH 3 I , dung dch HCl , dung dch NaOH , HNO2 .
Vy k
S phn ng xy ra l:
A. 5
28 http://shpt.info
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
Li gii.
Anilin l mt amin c bit vi tnh baz yu ca n, v c mt vi phn ng c trng lin quan n gc
C6 H 5 (phn ng cng H 2 , phn ng vi dung dch Br2 )
Anilin tuy vy vn l mt amin bc 1 nn vn th hin y tnh cht ca amin bc 1 nh: tc dng vi
HCl , HNO2 , CH 3 I .
Vy anilin phn ng vi 5 cht. Chn p n A.
Bi 10._____________________________________________________________________________
Cho hn hp 3,88 gam X gm 2 axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h. X tc dng vi NaOH to ra 5,2
gam mui. t chy hon ton 3,88 gam X cn bao nhiu lt O2 ?
A. 2,24
B. 3,36
C. 1,12
D. 5,6
Li gii.
5, 2 3,88
S dng phng php tng gim khi lng suy ra: nX
0, 06 mol
23 1
3,88 194
4
3
5
7
7
Phng trnh phn ng C 4 H 11COOH O2 CO2 H 2O
2
3
3
3
3
5
Suy ra nO2 .0, 06 0,15( mol ) VO2 3,36
2
Bnh lun. C th dng phng php bo ton nguyn t oxi tm th tch kh O2 cn dng
Bi 11 20
Bi 11. _____________________________________________________________________________
t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon mch h X (X l cht kh iu kin thng, X nng hn khng kh)
thu c 14,08 gam CO2 . Sc m gam hidrocacbon ny vo nc brom d n phn ng hon ton thy c
51,2 gam brom tham gia phn ng. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2
B. 4
C. 4,053
Li gii.
Ta c nCO2 0,32(mol ); nBr2 0,32( mol )
D. 4 hoc 4,053
X Cn H 2
Li c X l cht kh v nng hn khng kh nn n 4 v 12n 2 29 . Suy ra n 3 hoc n 4 . Tuy nhin
vi n 3 th X khng tn ti CTCT mch h. Vy X l C4 H 2 ( HC C C CH ) .
D dng tm ra c khi lng l 4.
Bi 12. ____________________________________________________________________________
t chy hon ton 29,6 gam hn hp X gm CH 3COOH , C x H y COOH , (COOH )2 thu c 0,8 mol nc
v m gam CO2 . Cng 29,6 gam X tc dng vi NaHCO3 d thu c 0,5 mol CO2 . Gi tr ca m l:
A. 11
29 http://shpt.info
B.22
C.44
D.33
Li gii.
S mol COOH l nCOOH nCO2 0,5mol
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta c: mX mC mH mO
29, 6 0,8.2 0,5.2.16 mC 12 g mCO2 44 g
Bi 13. ____________________________________________________________________________
Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic v 2 axt k tip nhau trong dy ng ng ca axt axetic tc dng ht
vi Na gii phng 6,72 lt H 2 . Nu un nng hn hp X c H 2 SO4 c xc tc th cc cht trong hn hp
phn ng va vi nhau to thnh 25 gam este. t chy hon ton hn hp X ri dn sn phm qua bnh
H 2 SO4 c th khi lng ca bnh tng bao nhiu gam?
A.25,2
B. 23,3
C. 24,6
Li gii
D. 15,2
25 250
CH 3COOH : a mol
t s mol ca hai axit l
C2 H 5COOH : b mol
T gi thit ta suy ra
a b 0,374
a 0,1
a 88b 25
b 0, 2
nH 2O 0,3.2 0,1.2 0, 2.3 1, 4mol
250
c th suy ra CTPT trung bnh ca axit l C 8 H 19 COOH . Phn ng
3
3
3
1
19
0,3.6 1 .0,3 0, 3.2 1, 4(mol )
2
3
Bi 14. _____________________________________________________________________________
a mol cht bo X c th cng hp ti a vi 4 a mol Br2 . t chy hon ton a mol X thu c b mol H 2O
v V lt kh CO2 . Biu thc lin h gia V vi a,b l:
A. V 22.4(b 7 a )
C. V 22.4(b 3a)
B. V 22.4(4a b)
D. V 22.4(b 6 a)
Li gii.
Do a mol X c th cng hp ti a vi 4a mol Br2 nn X c CTPT dng C3 H 5 (OOC )3 Cn H 2 n1 2.4 hay
Cm H 2 m 14O6
Phng trnh phn ng: Cm H 2 m13O6
Ta c nCO2 nX .7 nH 2O
3m 7 6
O2 mCO2 (m 7) H 2O
2
V
7a b
22, 4
30 http://shpt.info
CO2 (ktc) v 1,8 gam H 2O . Mt khc, cho 2,76 gam hn hp X phn ng va vi 30ml dung dch
NaOH 1M, thu c 0,96 gam CH 3OH . Ly lng C x H y COOH c trong X cho tc dng hon ton vi hn
hp cha 0,04 mol CH 3OH v 0,06 mol C2 H 5OH , xc tc H 2 SO4 c, un nng. Gi s 2 ancol phn ng
vi kh nng nh nhau th khi lung este ho to thnh l:
A.0,88 gam
B.0,944 gam
C.1,62 gam
Li gii.
Gi s mol ca C x H y COOH , Cx H y COOCH 3 , CH 3OH ln lt l a, b, c
D.8,6 gam
0,12.44 1,8 2, 76
0,135
32
Li bo ton nguyn t O suy ra 2a 2b c 0,135.2 0,12.2 0,1 0, 07
T ta c h phng trnh
a 0, 01 mol
2a 2b c 0, 07
b 0, 02 mol
b c 0, 03
a b 0, 03
c 0, 01 mol
Suy ra C x H y COOH l C2 H 3COOH (0, 01 mol ) . Do , meste 0,944( g ) . Chn p n B
Bi 17. _____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm vinyl axetat, metyl axetat , etyl fomat. t chy hon ton 3,08 gam X, thu c 2,16 gam
H 2O . Phn trm s mol ca vinyl axetat trong X l:
A.25%
B.27,92%
C.72,08%
D.75%
Li gii
Hn hp gm 2 cht l ng phn C3 H 6O2 , cht cn li vilynaxetat c CTPT l C4 H 6O2
Gi s mol vinyl axetat l x (mol) v tng s mol metyl axetat v etyl fomat l y (mol)
S mol H 2O to ra l nH 2O 3x 3 y 0,12 hay x y 0, 04 (1)
Ta cng c khi lng ca hn hp l: 74 x 86 y 3, 08 (2)
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) suy ra x 0, 03; y 0, 01. Phn trm s mol ca vinyl axetat s l 25%.
Bnh lun. im mu cht ca bi ton l pht hin metyl axetat v etyl fomat l ng phn, t a bi
ton 3 n v 2 n. Mt bi tp tng t, nhng kh hn mt cht l:
Bi tp tng t. ha tan va ht 15,2 gam hn hp X gm MgO, CaO, Fe cn 600 ml dung dch
HCl 1M thu c kh H 2 v dung dch Y. Khi lng MgCl2 trong dung dch Y l:
A. 11,4 gam
31 http://shpt.info
B. 9,5 gam
C. 7,6 gam
D. 13,3 gam
B. 5,6
C. 11,2
Li gii.
D. 13,44
Gi x l s mol hn hp lc sau
Ta c p dng L Bo ton khi lng ta c: Khi lng ca hn hp khng i v bng
1
nancol 0,5 . Vy V = 11,2 lt.
2
Bi 19. ____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm O2 v O3 c t khi so vi H 2 l 22. Hn hp kh Y gm metylamin v etylamin c t khi
107
. t chy hon ton V1 lt Y cn va V2 lt X (bit sn phm chy gm CO2 , H 2O
6
v N 2 , cc cht kh khi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). T l V1 : V2 l:
so vi H 2 l
A. 3 : 5
B. 5 : 3
C. 2 : 1
Li gii.
D. 1 : 2
Gi s s mol ca hn hp kh l: n1 1 mol .
t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca Y l Cn H 2 n 3 N . Li c phn t khi trung bnh ca hn hp l:
107
107
4
nn n
.2
6
3
3
11
4
17
Ta c phng trnh phn ng: C 4 H 17 N [O ] CO2 H 2O
2
3
6
3
3
M
B. CH 3COOH , (COOH )2
D. CH 3COOH , HOOC CH 2 COOH
Li gii.
32 http://shpt.info
19
(1)
7
22, 6
(2)
0,175
12
.
7
12
nn c mt axit A c 1 nhm COOH v axit B cn li c 2 nhm COOH .
7
2
1
2
7
12
7
5
7
2 x 5 y 19
2 x 5 y 19(*) . Do y 2, nn y ch c th nhn cc gi tr 2, 3. Nu y 2 th
25
7
x . Vy y 3 v x 2 . Cc axit l CH 3COOH v HOOC CH 2 COOH . Chn p n D.
Ta c nC
Bnh lun. D nhin, li gii trn l cn thit rn luyn v kh nng suy lun trong vic gii ton Ha
hc. Nhng vi yu cu v thi gian trong cc k thi, ta c th chn cch nhanh hn sau.
16
91, 43 nn loi A v B! Da theo p n C v D, suy ra c 1 axit l
Ta c M
0,175
47,5
0, 475 mol
100
0, 475 19
2, 7 , nn phi c 1 axit c di 2,7 nguyn t C trong phn t. Chn p n D.
0,175 7
Bi 21 30
Bi 21. _____________________________________________________________________________
Cho hp cht thm X: C6 H8 N 2O3 . Cho 28,08g X tc dng 200ml KOH 2M. Sau phn ng thu c dung
dch Y. C cn Y c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l?
A. 21,5g
B. 30,5g
C. 18,1g
D. 38,8g
Li gii.
Phng trnh phn ng
C6 H 5 NH 3 NO3 KOH C6 H 5 NH 2 KNO3 H 2 0
0,18
0,4
33 http://shpt.info
53( Do x y )
M acid x y
2
3
Khi da vo cng thc trn ta c:
32 x 46. x
x
32
y
46
2 40, 4( Do x : y 2 : 3)
M
acol
3
x y
x x
2
16,96
nacid
0,32
R 8
53
T suy ra:
8, 08
R 23, 4 n
0, 2
ancol
40, 4
Da vo PTP ta suy ra c ancol phn ng ht, suy ra s mol ca este (Hiu sut 80%) l 0, 2.0,8 0,16
Suy ra khi lng este l: m 0,16( R 12 32 R) 0,16.(8 44 23, 4) 12, 064
Bi 23. ____________________________________________________________________________
t chy m gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol n. Cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh 1 ng H 3 PO4 c sau
cho qua bnh 2 ng nc vi trong d. Sau th nghim thy bnh 1 tng 1,98 gam, bnh 2 c 8 gam kt
ta. Mt khc, cho m gam hn hp X tc dng vi CuO un nng c sn phm ha c Y. Cho Y tc dng
vi lng d AgNO3 trong NH 3 thu c 2,16 gam Ag . Xc nh CTCT 2 ancol.
T cc gi thit v bnh 1 v bnh 2 suy ra: nCO2
Li gii.
0, 08 mol , nH 2 0 0,11 mol n X 0, 03
Ta c nAg 0, 02
Ta c:
nAg
nX
Ta li c s mol
nCO2
nX
1
nAg 0, 01(mol )
2
B. HCOOCH 2CH 3
D. C A v B
Li gii.
34 http://shpt.info
C3 H 6O2
5,5
35 http://shpt.info
CO2
125
mol mtinhbot 750 gam
27
Bi 27.______________________________________________________________________________________
Cho 200 gam mt loi cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 tc dng va vi mt lng NaOH, thu c 207,55
gam hn hp mui khan. Khi lng NaOH tham gia phn ng l:
A. 31 gam
B. 32,36 gam
C. 30 gam
D. 31,45 gam
Li gii
1 g cht bo cn trung ha bi 7 mg KOH
Suy ra 200 g s cn 1400 mg KOH tc l cn 0,025 mol KOH
R COOH NaOH R COONa H 2O
0,025
0,025
1400
0, 025( mol )
56.1000
p dng LBT KL: 200 0,025.40 120 x 207,55 18.0, 025 92 x x 0, 025(mol )
Ta c nKOH nNaOH
36 http://shpt.info
Hp cht X mch h c CTPT l C4 H 9 NO2 . Cho 10,3 g X phn ng va vi dung dch NaOH sinh ra 1
cht kh Y v dung dch Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh, lm qu tm m chuyn mu Xanh. dung dch Z c
kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C cn dung dch Z thu c m g mui khan. Gi tr m?
Li gii
Kh Y nng hn khng kh, lm qu tm m chuyn mu Xanh suy ra: CH 3 NH 2
Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom suy ra phi c lin kt i C C . Suy ra X l
CH 2 CHCOONH 3CH 2 .
Do mmuoi nmuoi M muoi n X 94
10,3
.94 9, 4 g
103
Bi 31 40
Bi 31. ____________________________________________________________________________
Aminoaxit Y cng thc c dng NC x H y COOH m . Ly mt lng axit aminoaxetic ( X ) v 3,104 gam Y.
Bit X v Y c cng s mol. t chy hon ton lng X v Y trn, th tch O2 cn dng t chy Y
nhiu hn X l 1,344l (ktc). CTCT thu gn ca Y l:
A. CH 3 NHCH 2COOH
C. N CH 3COOH 3
D. NC4 H 8 COOH 2
Li gii.
t:
Y : C x H y Oz N1 : k (mol )
X : C2 H 5O2 N : k (mol )
y z
y
1
)O2 xCO2 H 2O N 2
4 2
2
2
5 2
5
1
C2 H 5O2 N (2 )O2 2CO2 H 2O N 2
4 2
2
2
5 2
1,344
y z
3,104
3,104
(2 ).k
( x ).k (1) vi k
4 2
22, 4
4 2
12 x y 16 z 14
MY
Cx H y Oz N1 ( x
Thay vo ta c:
3,104
9 4x y 2z
37 http://shpt.info
1
TN1. Do neste nNaOH , nn este phi l este hai chc hoc l este ca phenol.
2
Li c nmuoi nancol neste , nn este phi l este ca ancol hai chc v axit hai chc.
Suy ra CTPT ca este l R(COO) 2 R .
TN2.
1
nKOH 0,015mol
2
T tnh ra c R C4 H8 v R C2 H 4 . Suy ra este l C. imetyl adipat.
Ta c neste nmuoi
Bi 33. ____________________________________________________________________________
Mt este A ( khng cha chc khc) c to nn t 1 axit hu c B v 1 ancol C. Ly m gam A cho tc
dng vi KOH d thu c m1 gam mui. Ly m gam A cho tc dng vi Ca(OH ) 2 d thu c m2 gam
mui. Bit m2 m m1 . CT thu gn ca C l:
A. C2 H 5OH
B. CH 3OH
C. C3 H 7OH
D. C4 H8OH
Li gii.
RCOOR RCOOK
m gam
m1 gam
Ta c m1 m nn R 39
2 RCOOR RCOO 2 Ca
m gam
m2 gam
Ta c m m2 nn 2 R 40
Vy 20 R 39
Vy R l C2 H5 . Chn p n A
Bi 34. _____________________________________________________________________________
Thc hin phn ng este ho 1 mol HCOOH v 1 mol C2 H 5OH nhit ko i, (xc tc H 2 SO4 c),
khi h cn bng thu 0,6 mol este. cng iu kin trn este ho 1mol C2 H 5OH v x mol HCOOH , khi h
cn bng thu 0,75 mol este. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 1,25 mol
B. 0,75mol
C. 2mol
Li gii.
Phng trnh phn ng: HCOOH C2 H5OH HCOOC2 H 5 H 2 0
Ta c K
D. 1mol
HCOOC2 H 5 H 2 0 0, 6.0, 6 2, 25
HCOOH C2 H 5OH 0, 4.0, 4
0, 752
X 1, 75
0, 25 X 0, 75
Bi 35. ____________________________________________________________________________
un 0,4 mol hn hp 2 ancol no, n chc, mch h k tip trong dy ng ng bng dung dch H 2 SO4
140o C thu c 7,704 g hn hp 3 ete. Tham gia phn ngs ete ho c 50% s mol ancol c khi lng
phn t ln v 40% ancol c khi lng phn t nh. Xc nh cng thc hai ancol.
38 http://shpt.info
A.Metylic v etylic
C. n-propylic v n-butylic
B. etylic v n-propylic
D. propan-2-ol v butan-2-ol
Li gii.
Gi hn hp 2 ancol l ROH vi R 14n 1 (do hai ancol no, n chc, h)
Hai ancol l ROH (x mol), ROH (y mol). Vi R R
Ta c h phng trnh h phng trnh
x y 0, 4
0, 5 x 0, 4 y
) 7, 704
(2 R 16)(
2
12,848 0,32 R
0, 2 R 1, 6
CH 2 CH 2
NaOH HO [CH 2 ]4 COONa
C (O ) O CH 2
G1
CaO ,t o
39 http://shpt.info
qu m). T khi hi ca Z i vi H 2 bng 13, 75 . C cn dung dch Y thu c khi lng mui khan
l:
A.16,5 gam
B.14,3 gam
C.8,9 gam
D.15,7 gam
Li gii.
X c CTPT dng Cn H 2 n3O2 N , li tc dng vi NaOH to ra hn hp kh Z nn X c th l CH 3COONH 4
hoc HCOONH 3CH 3 , suy ra hai kh l NH 3 ( x mol) v CH3 NH 2 (y mol)
x y 0, 2
x 0, 05
Ta c x.17 y.31
13, 75.2
y 0,15
x y
Do , khi lng mui khan thu c l: m 0, 05.M CH3COONa 0,15.M HCOONa 14, 3( gam)
Chn p n B.
Bi 38. _____________________________________________________________________________________
C bao nhiu cht hu c c CTPT C2 H 2On tc dng vi AgNO3 / NH 3 thu c kt ta?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
Li gii.
D. 5
Cc cht tha mn l
n 0 : CH CH
n 2 : HCO COH
n 3 : H (C O )O (C O ) H
n 3 : HCOO CHO
n 4 : HCOO O CHO
Chn p n D
Bi 39. _____________________________________________________________________________________
Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch KOH 0,12M v
NaOH 0,12M . C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp rn khan. Cng thc phn t ca X l g?
Li gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mH 2O 3, 6 0, 06.56 0, 06.40 8, 28 1, 08( g )
Suy ra nH 2O 0, 06
Do nRCOOH nH 2O 0, 06 (trong X l RCOOH), dn n M X 60
Vy X l CH 3COOH
Bi 40. ____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp A gm X , Y ( M X M Y ) l hai este n chc c chung gc axit. un nng m (g) A vi 400 ml
dung dch KOH 1M d thu c dung dch B v (m 12,6) gam hn hp gm hai andehit no, n chc,
ng ng k tip c t khi hi so vi H 2 l 26,2. C cn dung dch B thu c (m + 6,68) gam cht rn
khan. Phn trm khi lng ca X trong A l:
A. 54,66%
B. 45,55%
C. 36,44%
D. 30,37%
Li gii.
Ta thy M trung bnh ca 2 andehit (no) l 52,4. Vy ta kt lun ngay c 2 andehit l CH 3CHO v
40 http://shpt.info
2x
2x
2x
3x
3x
3x
Bi 41 50
Bi 41. _____________________________________________________________________________
t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken cn dng va 0,7 mol O2 ,
thu c 0,4 mol CO2 . Cng thc ca ankan l:
A. C4 H10
B. C3 H8
C. C2 H 6
D. CH 4
Li gii.
Bo ton oxi ta tnh c: nH 2O 0, 6(mol )
t CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp Cn H 2 n 22 k ( 0 k 1 ). Phn ng chy
Cn H 2n 2 2k nCO2 (n 1 k ) H 2O
Ta c
n 1 k 0, 6
Bi 42. _____________________________________________________________________________
t chy hon ton 0,25 mol hn hp X gm H 2 N R (COOH ) x , Cn H 2n 1COOH thu c 0,6 mol
CO2 v 0,675 mol H 2O . Mt khc 0,2 mol hn hp X phn ng va vi dung dch cha a mol HCl .
Tnh a.
Li gii.
Gi 2 cht trn aminoaxit v axit ccboxylic ln lt l A v B.
B c mt lin kt i nn khi tham gia phn ng chy to ra nH 2O nCO2 .
Nhng t chy hn hp th nH 2O nCO2 (0, 675 0, 6) nn khi t A th phi c nH 2O nCO2 .
t CTPT ca A l Cn H 2 n3 2 x 2 y O2 x N , vi y l bt bo ho ca gc R ( y 0; x 1)
Nu x y 2 th khi t A c nH 2O nCO2 .
Do vy y 0, x 1 , khi A c CTPT: Cn H 2 n1O2 N
Khi t chy th 2nH 2O 2nCO2 n A
Vi B th nH 2O nCO2 .
Do vi 0,25 mol ban u c: 2.0, 675 2.0,6 0,15 mol cht A.
Nn 0,2 mol X s c 0,12 mol cht A
X do vy s phn ng va vi a 0,12 mol HCl.
41 http://shpt.info
Bi 43. _____________________________________________________________________________
Cho hn hp gm 2 este mch h l ng phn ca nhau. Ly 0,2 mol X cho phn ng hon ton vi 300 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M, ri tin hnh chng ct c 8,5 gam hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip nhau. C
cn phn dung dch cn li sau chng ct c cht rn A. Nung A trong oxi d n phn ng hon ton
c 22 gam CO2 v 7,2 gam H 2 O cng 1 lng Na2CO3 . Cng thc phn t ca hai este l:
A. C2 H 3COOC2 H 5 & C3 H 5COOCH 3
B. C2 H 5COOC2 H 5 & C3 H 7COOCH3
C. C2 H 3COOC3 H 7 & C3 H 5COOC2 H 5
D. C3 H 5COOC3 H 7 & C4 H 6COOC2 H 5
Li gii.
bi cho mt gi thit quan trng l hai ancol ng ng k tip nhau, ta ngh ngay ti vic li dng
iu ny tm ra cng thc hai ancol thng qua khi lng mol trung bnh. Tuyt vi hn na, ta cng
8, 5
42,5
c khi lng v s mol hai ancol ny. Vy d dng suy ra M ancol
0, 2
Suy ra hai ancol l CH 3OH v C2 H 5OH , loi p n C, D
CH 3OH (32)
Ta c s ng cho
3,5
42,5
C2 H 5OH 46
10,5
1
3
0, 7
3,5 . Vy loi cc p n B, D
0, 2
42 http://shpt.info
3
1
3n k 32
Gi amin l Cn H 2 n 3 2 k N ( k 4)
O2 nCO2 n k H 2O N 2
2
2
2
1
15, 66
3n k 32
n 5
C5 H13 N
n .
0, 495
2
2 14n 17 2k
k 0
Cc ng phn l
Amin bc 1: C5 H11 NH 2 c 8 ng phn (ging ancol)
C2 H 5 NH C3 H 7 c 1.2 2 ng phn
Amin bc 3: (CH 3 ) 2 N C3 H 7 c 1.1.2 2 ng phn ; CH 3 N (C2 H 5 ) 2 c 1.1.1 1 ng phn
Chn p n B.
Bi 45. _____________________________________________________________________________
Oxi ha 38 gam hn hp propanal, ancol A no n chc bc 1 v este B (to bi mt axit ng ng ca axit
acrylic v ancol A) c hn hp X gm axit v este. Mt khc, cho lng X phn ng vi 0,5 lt dung
dch NaOH 1,5M th sau phn ng trung ha ht NaOH d cn 0,15 mol HCl c dung dch D. C cn D
c hi cht hu c E, cn li 62,775 gam hn hp mui. Cho E tch nc 140o C ( H 2 SO4 c xc tc)
c F c t khi vi E l 1,61. A v B ln lt l:
A. C2 H 5OH v C3 H 5COOC2 H 5
C. CH 3OH v C4 H 7COOCH 3
B. CH 3OH v C3 H 5COOCH 3
D. C2 H 5OH v C4 H 7COOC2 H 5
Li gii.
MF
1, 61 1 nn F l ete, do
ME
2 R 16
1, 61 R 29 C2 H 5 . Vy E hay ancol A chnh l C2 H 5OH . Loi p n B v C
R 17
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca C2 H 5CHO, C2 H 5OH , Cm H 2m 1COOC2 H 5
(Lu , do axit to thnh este l ng ng ca axit acrylic nn m 3 )
Ta c 58x 46 y z (72 14m) 38
58
x
46
y
z
(72
14
m
)
38
(1)
(1')
14z
(2) 38x 36 y 6z 16
(2 ')
x y z 0, 6
96 x 82 y z (66 14m) 0,15.58,5 62, 775 (3)
x y z 0, 6
(3')
43 http://shpt.info
22 139
hp m 4 ta tm c nghim m, loi. Do m 3.
Bi 46. _____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm mt s hidrocacbon l ng ng k tip c tng khi lng phn t l 204, trong khi
lng phn t ca hidrocacbon nng nht c khi lng phn t nng gp 2,4 ln khi lng ca
hidrocacbon nh nht. Cng thc ca hidrocacbon nh nht l:
A. C2 H 2
B. C3 H 6
C. C2 H 6
D. C4 H 8
Li gii.
Gi phn t khi ca hidrocacbon nh nht l M, cc hidrocacbon tip theo c khi lng l:
M 14, M 14.2,...
Tng khi lng ca n ng ng lin tip l
Li c M 14(n 1) 2, 4.M (*) n
1, 4.M
1. Thay vo biu thc trn suy ra M 30, n 4 .
14
Vy chn p n C.
Bi 47. _____________________________________________________________________________
Hn hp X gm 2 este n chc l ng ng k tip c t l khi lng tng tng ng l 0,7396 : 1 v
hiu s mol ca chng l cc i. X phng ho hon ton 86,96 gam X bng dung dch KOH d thu c
mt mui duy nht (khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng Ag) c khi lng m1 gam v 2 ru n
chc. Ly ton b ru qua CuO nung nng ri dn sn phm qua dung dch Br2 d th thy c a (mol) Br2
phn ng. Gi tr ca m1 v a l:
A. 76,26g v 1,36 mol
C. 87,41g v 0,93mol
Ta c hiu s mol:
f ( M ) . Xt f '( M )
2
M
M 14
M
(M 14)2
Suy ra f '( M ) 0 M 86
Lp bng bin thin, hiu s mol ln nht khi M 86 ( C4 H 6O2 )
Gi s ta c este C4 H 6O2 : x mol v este C5 H10O2 : y mol
Khi lng mi cht ln lt l l 36,96g v 50g. Suy ra s mol l x 0, 43 mol v y 0,5 mol.
Cng thc cu to ca hai este l: CH 2 CH COOCH 3 v CH 2 CH COOC2 H 5 (do phn ng vi
KOH to mui duy nht khng c kh nng phn ng trng bc). V mui to ra l
CH 2 CH COONa : ( x y ) mol
m 87, 42 g
Khi cho qua CuO: HCHO : x mol v CH 3CHO : y mol
Phn ng vi Br2 th s mol brom phn ng l: 2 x y 1,36 mol
Bi 48. _____________________________________________________________________________
44 http://shpt.info
Cho 0,1 mol CH 3COOH vo cc cha 30 ml dung dch ROH 20% (d = 1,2 g/ml, R l mt kim loi nhm
IA). C cn dung dch sau phn ng, ri t chy hon ton cht rn khan cn li. Sau khi t chy th cn
li 9,54 gam cht rn v m gam hn hp CO2 , hi nc bay ra. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 7,54
B. 8,26
C. 9,3
Li gii
D. 10,02
2.9,54
30.1, 2.20
2nR2CO3 nROH
R 23 ( Na )
2 R 60
100( R 17)
B.9,97
C.5,6
D.6,64
Li gii.
Gi X v Y ln lt l hng s cn bng ca phn ng este ha gia axit HCOOH v CH 3COOH vi
C2 H 5OH . Phn ng ha hc l:
HCOOH C2 H 5OH HCOOC2 H 5 H 2O (1)
CH 3COOH C2 H 5OH CH 3COOC2 H 5 H 2O (2)
1.
C 2 phn ng este ca 2 axit nn s mol H 2O bng tng s mol H 2O c 2 phng trnh
nH 2O nHCOOC2 H5 nCH3COOC2 H5 0, 4 0, 6 1
(CH 3COOC2 H 5 )( H 2O )
0, 4.1 2
2.
45 http://shpt.info
1 0,8
a
a 0,8 x '
0
0,8
0,8 x '
a
a 0,8 x '
0
x'
x ' 0,8
Suy ra
0,8(0,8 x)
3
x (0,8 x)
2
(1) v Y
(2)
(1 0,8)(a 0,8 x) 2
(3 x)(a 0,8 x) 3
Ni ,t
B. Glucozo H 2
X (X c CTPT l C6 H16O6 )
HCl khan
C. Glucozo CH 3OH
Metyl glucozit
D. C6 H12O6 Cu OH 2 C6 H 11O6 2 Cu
Li gii.
Phn ng A sai. Phn ng c tin hnh trong mi trng kim, nn s to ra mui natri gluconat ch
khng to ra axit gluconic.
Bi 51 54
Bi 51. _____________________________________________________________________________
Chn nhn nh ng.
A. Amin bc 1 tc dng vi HNO2 nhit thng lun cho ancol v gii phng N2 .
B. Anilin tc dng vi HNO2 nhit cao cho mui iazoni.
C. Do nguyn t nit cn hai electron c thn c th to lin kt cho nhn vi ion H nn amin th
hin tnh cht baz.
D. ra l ng anilin, ngi ta ch cn dng nc.
Li gii.
Cu A sai do amin bc 1 tc dng vi HNO2 khng ch to ancol m cn c th to phenol (v d nh
anilin).
Cu B sai, hin nhin v phn ng ny c tin hnh nhit thp (0 5oC).
Cu C ng.
Cu D sai. Anilin tan rt km trong nc nn ra l anilin khng th ch dng nc.
Cu 52. ____________________________________________________________________________
Chn pht biu ng.
A. Cht nhit rn khc cht nhit do ch kh nng chy.
B. Hu ht cc polime khng tan trong dung mi thng thng m ch tan trong mt s dung mi thch
hp.
46 http://shpt.info
D. C3 H 6 v C4 H 8
Li gii.
t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai hidrocacbon l Cn H 2 n 22 k (do hai hidrocacbon ng ng nn
k N)
Gi s c x mol C2 H 7 N v y mol Cn H 2 n 22 k
T bi suy ra c VCO2 N 2 250( ml ) v VH 2 O 300(ml )
Ta c
nCO2 N2
nX
x
ny
250
2
2x
hidrocacbon c 2 C v 3 C. T li suy ra x y
Li c
nH 2 O
nX
7
2
x n 1 k y
x y
300
1
1
3 x n2k y 0 n2k k 1
100
2
2
Tuy nhin, y l mt bi tp trc nghim v d nhin, ngoi cch gii chnh thng trn, vn c cch gii
khc m ta vn thng lm l loi b dn p n. C th ta tm c s nguyn t H trung bnh l nH 6 ,
m dimetyl amin c 7 H nn t nht mt trong hai hidrocacbon phi c t hn 6 H trong phn t. Loi p n
4
C v D. Li do ch C2 H 7 N to ra N 2 vi nCO2 4nN 2 , nn tm li hn hp X to ra nCO2 n CO2 N2 2.
5
Loi thm p n A. Vy ta chn B.
Bi ton thuc dng bi hn hp, phng php c s dng ch yu l tr s trung bnh. Nhng, hn
hp c cho trong bi c cc cht khc loi nhau (amin v hidrocacbon), thm na tr s trung bnh c
n CO N
s dng kh c bit
. Vy nn, bi ton tr nn kh gii theo cch chnh thng (khng da vo
nX
p n trc nghim). Nhng c l mt cht mm ci, mt cht sung sng s l s tr cng xng ng cho
nhng ai chu kh i tm mt chn l ton vn. Chng ti xin c gi cch gii y , p mt v ngn
gn trn l mt chn l ton vn!
2
48 http://shpt.info