Giao Trinh Phan Tich Thiet Ke He Thong PDF

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong
LI NOI AU
Chao mng cac ban en vi mon hoc Phan tch thiet ke thong, mot mon hoc rat thu v,
can thiet trong viec xay dng mot ng dung thc te. No cung se trang b cho cac ban
nhng kien thc can thiet dung e viet phan ly thuyet cua e an tot nghiep. Tai lieu se
cung cap nhng ky nang can thiet trong phan tch thiet ke mot he thong thong tin quan ly.
Tai lieu nay mot phan c dch va bien soan lai t quyen sach Practical Data Modelling
For Database Design cua hai tac gia Renzo DOrazio & Gunter Happel
Tai lieu trnh bay tng tan chi tiet cac ky nang can thiet trong phan tch thiet ke mot he
thong thong tin, t viec trnh bay cac nguyen tac can thiet e phan biet mot khai niem la
tap thc the hay thuoc tnh en viec trnh bay hnh anh d lieu bang mo hnh thc the ket
hp. No cung ao sau vao cac kha canh tap thc the cha con, moi ket hp mot ngoi, moi
ket hp ba ngoi, nhieu moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the. Tai lieu co nhieu v du cu the
de hieu t n gian en phc tap.
Du a co gang het sc, tai lieu cung khong the tranh khoi nhng thieu sot, rat mong s
ong gop cua cac ban.
Chung toi chan thanh cam n s ong vien va ong gop y kien cua cac ban ong nghiep
trong qua trnh bien soan tai lieu.
To Bo mon He thong thong tin
M C L C
Chng 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
QUI TRNH PHAN TCH THIET KE HE THONG .............................................................................................................. 8
I PHAN TCH VA THIET KE HE THONG THONG TIN LA G?.......................................................................................... 8
II
HE THONG (system) ................................................................................................................................................... 10
III
QUI TRNH PHAN TCH THIET KE HE THONG ...................................................................................................... 12
Chng 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
C S D LIEU VA MO HNH HOA D LIEU.................................................................................................................. 16
I HE THONG TIN THEO LOI CU (information system).................................................................................................... 16
1 He tap tin theo loi cu ................................................................................................................................................ 17
2 Mot v du ve trung lap d lieu (data redundancy) .................................................................................................... 17
II
TIEP CAN C S D LIEU ........................................................................................................................................ 18

1 C s d lieu la g? .................................................................................................................................................. 18
2 He quan tr CSDL (DBMS: database management system)..................................................................................... 18
3 Cac loai HQTCSDL ................................................................................................................................................. 18
III
CSDL, HQTCSDL VA NGI DUNG (User).............................................................................................................. 19

1 CSDL quan he va he tap tin theo loi cu.................................................................................................................... 19
IV
D LIEU TAP TRUNG HAY PHAN TAN .................................................................................................................... 20
MO HNH D LIEU .................................................................................................................................................... 20

1 Phan tch d lieu va phan tch he thong thong tin..................................................................................................... 20
2 Van e ton kho va nha cung cap .............................................................................................................................. 20
3 Viec s dung va vai tro cua mo hnh d lieu ............................................................................................................ 21
VI
THIET KE MO HNH D LIEU VA CSDL .................................................................................................................. 21

1 Cac bc phan tch thiet ke CSDL ........................................................................................................................... 21
2 Tom tat cac giai oan khac nhau trong PTTK CSDL ............................................................................................... 22
VII
VIII
TOM TAT CHNG.................................................................................................................................................... 22

BAI TAP .................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Chng 3 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
GII THIEU VE MO HNH HOA D LIEU ........................................................................................................................ 23
I GII THIEU MO HNH HOA D LIEU .......................................................................................................................... 23
II
XAY DNG MO HNH ER........................................................................................................................................... 23

1 V du - Moi ket hp mot-nhieu................................................................................................................................. 24
2 V du moi ket hp mot-mot ................................................................................................................................... 25
3 V du moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu ............................................................................................................................. 26
III
MO HNH ER THEO KY HIEU CUA CHEN ............................................................................................................... 27
IV
PHIEU THC THE THUOC TNH ............................................................................................................................. 28
CACH TIEP CAN MO HNH HOA D LIEU .............................................................................................................. 29
1 Cac bc cau truc hoa d lieu .................................................................................................................................. 29

1 Tom tat .................................................................................................................................................................... 30
2 Thc hanh cac bc mo hnh hoa d lieu ................................................................................................................. 31
VI
T IEN D LIEU (data dictionary).......................................................................................................................... 33
VII
1
2
3
4
5
6
BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 34

Bai 2.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Bai 2.2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Bai 2.3 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Bai 2.4 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Bai 2.5 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Trac nghiem ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Chng 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
MO HNH QUAN HE .............................................................................................................................................................. 37
I MO HNH QUAN HE LA G............................................................................................................................................. 37
1 Quan he (relation).................................................................................................................................................... 37
2 Thc the, quan he, va bang (table)........................................................................................................................... 37
3 Bo (tuple)................................................................................................................................................................. 38
4 Thuoc tnh (attribute) ............................................................................................................................................... 38
5 Ky hieu .................................................................................................................................................................... 39
II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
KHOA .......................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Khoa (key, candidate key)......................................................................................................................................... 39
Khoa hp (composite key) ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Khoa chnh (primary key)......................................................................................................................................... 39
Khoa ngoai (foreign key).......................................................................................................................................... 40
Khoa d tuyen va khoa khac .................................................................................................................................... 40
Khoa nhan tao (khoa ai dien) artificial key (surrogate key).................................................................................... 41
Khoa phu (Secondary keys) ...................................................................................................................................... 41
1
2
3
4
5
NHNG TNH CHAT KHAC CUA MO HNH QUAN HE ........................................................................................... 41

ai so quan he, phep tnh quan he ........................................................................................................................... 41
Rang buoc toan ven ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Ket noi quan he........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Mien gia tr (data domain integrity) ......................................................................................................................... 42
Rang buoc do ngi dung (user constraint) .............................................................................................................. 43
III
IV
QUI TAC BIEN OI MO HNH ER THANH MO HNH QUAN HE ............................................................................ 43

1 Qui tac bien oi mo hnh ER .................................................................................................................................... 43
2 Qui tac the hien moi ket hp thong qua khoa ngoai ................................................................................................. 43
3 Tom tat cac qui tac bien oi ..................................................................................................................................... 45
BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46

1 Bai tap 1................................................................................................................................................................... 46
2 Trac nghiem ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Chng 5 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
PHAN TCH D LIEU VA YEU CAU CHC NANG ......................................................................................................... 48
I GII THIEU ..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
1 Hoat ong kiem tra yeu cau chc nang .................................................................................................................... 48
2 Phan tch he thong thong tin..................................................................................................................................... 48
3 Phan tch d lieu ...................................................................................................................................................... 48

II
NGUON D LIEU ....................................................................................................................................................... 49

1 Cac phng phap thu thap thong tin ......................................................................................................................... 49
2 Phan tch mau bieu................................................................................................................................................... 49
III
KIEM TRA YEU CAU CHC NANG ........................................................................................................................... 51

1 Nguyen tac chung .................................................................................................................................................... 51
2 V du: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51
IV
BAI TAP 4.1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 53
TRAC NGHIEM ........................................................................................................................................................... 54
Chng 6 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
TNH BAT BUOC, KHONG BAT BUOC TRONG MOI KET HP ................................................................................... 55
I NG NGHEA MOI KET HP......................................................................................................................................... 55
1 Tnh khong bat buoc cua moi ket hp ...................................................................................................................... 55
II
PHIEU MOI KET HP ................................................................................................................................................ 56
III
ANH HNG CUA TNH KHONG BAT BUOC TREN KHOA NGOAI....................................................................... 57
1 Quan he mot-nhieu .................................................................................................................................................. 58
2 Quan he mot-mot ..................................................................................................................................................... 59
3 Quan he nhieu-nhieu................................................................................................................................................ 59
IV
TNH BAT BUOC, KHONG BAT BUOC TRONG CAC Bc mo hnh hoa d lieu .................................................... 60
BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60

1 Bai tap 5.1................................................................................................................................................................ 60
2 Trac nghiem ............................................................................................................................................................. 61
Chng 7 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 63
TAP THC THE CHA VA TAP THC THE CON ............................................................................................................. 63
I TAP THC THE PHU THUOC (dependent entity, id-dependent entity) .......................................................................... 63
II
THUOC TNH HAY TAP THC THE .......................................................................................................................... 64
III
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TAP THC THE CHA VA TAP THC THE CON ....................................................................................................... 65

Cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet .............................................................................................................................. 65
Ky hieu tap thc the cha/con.................................................................................................................................... 66
Yngha ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Cai tong the va cai thanh phan ................................................................................................................................. 66
Thuoc tnh cua cac tap thc the cha/con................................................................................................................... 66
Cac tnh chat cua tap thc the cha/con ..................................................................................................................... 67
Bien oi tap thc the cha/con thanh quan he ............................................................................................................ 69
Mo hnh hoa cac tap con giao nhau bang vai tro ...................................................................................................... 70
IV
TAP THC THE CHA, CON TRONG CAC BC mo hnh hoa d lieu ..................................................................... 71
BAI TAP 6.1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Chng 8 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 73
M RONG KHAI NIEM MOI KET HP ............................................................................................................................. 73
I MOI KET HP MOT-MOT .............................................................................................................................................. 73

II
NHIEU MOI KET HP GIA HAI TAP THC THE .................................................................................................. 74
III
MOI KET HP hay THUOC TNH.............................................................................................................................. 75
IV
MOI KET HP LOAI TR .......................................................................................................................................... 75
MOI KET HP BA NGOI (ternary RELATIONSHIP) ................................................................................................. 76
VI
MOI KET HP MOT NGOI (unary relationship, recursive relationship) ................................................................... 77

1 Ban so ket noi mot nhieu ......................................................................................................................................... 77
2 Ban so ket noi mot mot ............................................................................................................................................ 78
3 Ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu....................................................................................................................................... 79
VII
1
2
3
BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 81

Bai 7.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Bai 7.2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Bai 7.3 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Chng 9 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
KHA CANH TAM THI CUA MO HNH D LIEU ......................................................................................................... 83
I D LIEU LCH S........................................................................................................................................................... 83
II
DUNG TAP THC THE pHU THUOC E MO HNH VAN E CO D LIEU LCH S........................................... 83
III
S THAY OI ban so KET NOI CUA MOI KET HP ................................................................................................ 83

1 Do qui tac quan ly thay oi ...................................................................................................................................... 83
2 Do phai lu tr d lieu lch s .................................................................................................................................. 84
IV
BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 85

1 Bai 8.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Chng 10 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 87
KIEM TRA S D THA D LIEU .................................................................................................................................... 87
I D THA D LIEU TRONG CSDL ................................................................................................................................ 87
1 D tha tap thc the ................................................................................................................................................. 87
2 D tha thuoc tnh.................................................................................................................................................... 87
3 D tha moi ket hp ................................................................................................................................................. 87
II
BAI TAP 9.1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Chng 11 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 89
S CHUAN HOA ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
I GII THIEU ..................................................................................................................................................................... 89
II
PHU THUOC HAM (functional dependency) .............................................................................................................. 89

1 Phu thuoc ham ......................................................................................................................................................... 89
2 Phu thuoc ham ay u.............................................................................................................................................. 89
III
CAC DANG CHUAN .................................................................................................................................................... 90

1 V du ........................................................................................................................................................................ 90
2 Dang chuan mot (first normal form)......................................................................................................................... 91
3 Dang chuan hai (second normal form) ..................................................................................................................... 92
4 Dang chuan ba (third normal form).......................................................................................................................... 92

IV
CHUAN HOA THEO LY THUYET CSDL.................................................................................................................... 93
TIEP CAN THEO MO HNH ER.................................................................................................................................. 94
VI
BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 94

1 10.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 94
2 10.2 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 95
3 Trac nghiem ............................................................................................................................................................. 96
Chng 12 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 97
CAC SUY XET TRONG THIET KE VAT LY...................................................................................................................... 97
I GII THIEU ..................................................................................................................................................................... 97
II
BANG, VUNG .............................................................................................................................................................. 97
III
VUNG, MO TA, LOAI D LIEU VA KCH THC.................................................................................................... 98
IV
KHOA CHNH VA KHOA NGOAI ............................................................................................................................... 98
KHOA NHAN TAO ....................................................................................................................................................... 98
VI
LAP CH MUC ............................................................................................................................................................. 98
VII
1
2
3
PHA V CAC DANG CHUAN (denormalization)........................................................................................................ 99

V du 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 99
V du 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 99
V du 3 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 99
VIII
CAC KHA CANH KHAC ...................................................................................................................................... 100
Chng 13 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 101

CAC TRNG HP NGHIEN CU ................................................................................................................................... 101
I TRNG CAO ANG TAY O ..................................................................................................................................... 101
1 Yeu cau d lieu / ac ta van e. ............................................................................................................................. 101
2 Mo hnh hoa d lieu ............................................................................................................................................... 102
II
1
2
3
4
5
6
BAI TAP ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104

Bai tap 1 (hang hoa)............................................................................................................................................... 104
Bai tap 2 (Vat t) ................................................................................................................................................... 105
Bai tap 3 (Mo hnh TSC) ..................................................................................................................................... 106
Bai tap 4 (Lng)................................................................................................................................................... 107
Bai tap 6 (cho thue bang a) ................................................................................................................................. 108
Bai tap 7 (x ly n hang)...................................................................................................................................... 108
Chng 14............................................................................................................................................................................... 110

S O DFD ............................................................................................................................................................................ 110
I KHAI NIEM .................................................................................................................................................................... 110
II
S O DONG D LIEU DFD (Data Flow Diagram)............................................................................................... 111

1 Khai niem: ............................................................................................................................................................. 111
2 Cong dung:............................................................................................................................................................. 112
3 Cac thanh phan dung e bieu dien s o DFD: ...................................................................................................... 112
4 S o dong d lieu ................................................................................................................................................. 113

5 Cac qui tac can phai tuan thu khi ve s o DFD..................................................................................................... 116
6 Cac ky hieu lap lai ................................................................................................................................................. 116
III
1
2
3
4
5
CAC BC THC HIEN E VE S O DFD ......................................................................................................... 116

Bc 1: lap bang s kien ........................................................................................................................................ 117
Bc 2: Lap s o moi trng ................................................................................................................................ 118
Bc 3: Lap s o DFD cap 0 ................................................................................................................................ 118
Bc 4: Lap s o DFD con ................................................................................................................................... 119
Bc 5: Thiet ke x ly chi tiet cho cac o x ly khong the phan ra. ......................................................................... 119
1
2
3
1
THIET KE X LY CHI TIET...................................................................................................................................... 119

Cac phng phap s dung ...................................................................................................................................... 120
Anh ng cau truc (structured English) .................................................................................................................... 120
Bang quyet nh va cay quyet nh ........................................................................................................................ 120
S o thuat giai (flowchart).................................................................................................................................... 121
IV
T IEN D AN ....................................................................................................................................................... 121

1 Khai niem .............................................................................................................................................................. 121
2 Xay dng cac iem vao cho t ien d an .............................................................................................................. 121
----oOo----
Chng 1 .
QUI TRNH PHAN TCH THIET KE HE THONG
I PHAN TCH VA THIET KE HE THONG THONG TIN LA G?
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin l mt phng php c s dng bi dy cc cng ty
t IBM n Pepsi, Hasbro, Inc., to v duy tr h thng thng tin nhm thc hin cc chc
nng c bn nh lu tr chnh xc cc tn v a ch ca khch hng, x l cc n hng v
thanh ton cho ngi lm cng. Mc tiu chnh ca phn tch v thit k h thng l ci tin h
thng cu trc, in hnh l qua ng dng phn mm, c th gip cc nhn vin hon tt cc
cng vic chnh ca doanh nghip c d dng v hiu qu hn. L mt ngi phn tch h
thng, bn s l trung tm ca s pht trin phn mm . Phn tch v thit k h thng thng
tin c da trn:
S hiu bit ca bn v cc mc tiu, cc cu trc v cc qui trnh ca t chc.
Kin thc ca bn v lm th no trin khai cng ngh thng tin nhm mang li li ch
cho doanh nghip.
thnh cng trong c gng ny, bn nn c mt tip cn cu trc. SDLC c trnh by trong
hnh 1-1 l mt tip cn bn-giai on nhn din, phn tch, thit k, v thc hin mt h
thng thng tin. Qua gio trnh ny, chng ti dng SDLC cu trc s bn lun v qui trnh
pht trin h thng. Trc khi chng ti ni v SDLC, Chng ti m t trc nht phn tch v
thit k h thng c ngha l g.
Phn tch v thit k h thng: cc khi nim chnh
Mc tiu chnh ca phn tch v thit k h thng l ci tin h thng cu trc. Thng thng
iu ny lin quan n pht trin hay to c phn mm ng dng v hun luyn nhn vin
s dng n. Phn mm ng dng, cng cn c gi l mt h thng, c thit k h tr
mt nhim v hay mt qui trnh c t chc c th nh qun l tn kho, chi tr lng, hay phn
tch th trng. Mc tiu ca phn mm ng dng l chuyn d liu thnh thng tin. V d chng
hn phn mm c pht trin cho b phn kho ca mt ca hng bn sch c th theo di s
lng sch trong kho ca cc cun sch bn chy nht ca t bn sau cng. Phn mm cho
b phn chi tr lng c th theo di s thay i lng ca nhn vin. S a dng ca phn
mm ng dng ri khi k bn c th c mua bao gm WordPerfect, Lotus, and PowerPoint.
Du sao, phn mm ri khi k bn c th khng ph hp vi yu cu ca mt t chc no ,
v v vy t chc phi trin khai sn phm ring cho mnh.
Ngoi phn mm ng dng, h thng thng tin cn bao gm:
Phn cng (hardware) v phn mm h thng (system software) l nn tng phn
mm ng dng hot ng. Hy nh rng, phn mm h thng tr gip cc chc nng
ca my tnh, trong khi phn mm ng dng tr gip ngi s dng hon thnh cc cng
vic nh vit lch, chun b bng tnh, v ni vi Internet.
Cc ti liu su liu v hun luyn (documentation and training manuals) l cc ti liu
c to bi ngi phn tch h thng tr gip nhn vin s dng phn mm m t
n to ra s tr gip.
Cc vai tr cng vic c th (specific job roles) gn lin vi ton b h thng, v d nh
ngi chy my tnh v vic canh gi cho phn mm hot ng.
Kim sot (controls) l cc phn vic ca phn mm nhm ngn nga gian ln v b
trm cp.
Ngi s dng phn mm nhm thc hin cng vic ca mnh.
Cc thnh phn ca cc ng dng h thng thng tin da trn my tnh c tm tt trong hnh
1-2. Chng ti ch ra mi chiu ca ton b h thng, vi s ch trng c bit n s pht trin
phn mm ng dng trch nhim hng u ca bn khi l mt ngi phn tch h thng.
Mc tiu ca chng ti l gip bn hiu v lm theo qui trnh cng ngh phn mm m n s dn
dt bn n s to dng mt h thng thng tin. Nh c ch ra trong hnh 1-3, cc phng
php (methodologies), k thut (techniques), v cng c (tools) c minh chng l phn
ct li x l cng ngh phn mm.
Methodologies
Software
Engineering
Process
Techniques
Tools
Figure 1-3: The software engineering process

uses methodologies, techniques, and tools
Phng php (methodologies) l mt dy cch tip cn theo tng bc gip pht trin sn
phm cui cng: h thng thng tin. Phn ln cc phng php tch hp mt vi k thut pht
trin, nh quan st trc tip v phng vn ngi s dng h thng hin hnh.
K thut (techniques) l cc x l m bn, l mt ngi phn tch, s lm theo bo m
rng cng vic ca bn l hiu c, trn vn v d hiu. K thut cung cp s h tr trn
mt phm vi rng ln cc cng vic bao gm c vic dn dt trn vn vic phng vn
ngi dng hin hnh v tng lai ca h thng thng tin xc nh h thng ca
10
bn nn lm g, hoch nh v qun tr cc hot ng ca d n pht trin h thng, s ha

h thng thc hin chc nng nh th no v thit k cc bo co, v d nh h thng ca bn
s pht sinh cc ha n cho ngi dng h hon thnh cng vic.
Cng c (tools) l cc chng trnh my tnh, nh cng c my tnh tr gip cng ngh phn
mm (CASE: computer aided software engineering) gip d dng s dng mt k thut no
. Ba phn t ny-phng php, k thut, v cng c - cng lm vic vi nhau to ra mt
tip cn c tnh cu trc phn tch v thit k h thng.
II HE THONG (SYSTEM)
Thut ng chnh c s dng thng xuyn trong quyn sch ny l h thng. Hiu bit v h
thng v v chng hot ng ra sao c tnh quyt nh hiu phn tch v thi k h thng.
S xc nh h thng v cc thnh phn ca n
Mt h thng l mt tp tng quan cc th tc kinh doanh (hay cc thnh phn) c s dng
trong mt n v doanh nghip, cng hot ng v mt mc tiu no . V d, m h thng trong
b phn lng s theo di chnh xc khon chi tr, trong khi h thng kho theo di chnh xc cc
hot ng cung ng. Hai h thng ny hon ton tch bit. Mt h thng c chn tnh cht, by
trong cc tnh cht c trnh by trong hnh 1-4. S gii thch chi tit mi tnh cht s i theo
sau, nhng t hnh bn c th thy mt h thng tn ti trong mt th gii rng m, mt mi
trng. Mt ng bin tch h thng vi mi trng ca n. H thng nhn ngun vo t bn
ngoi, x l chng v gi kt qu ngc li mi trng ca n. Mi tn trong hnh trnh by s
tng tc ny gia h thng v th gii bn ngoi ca n.
1. Thnh phn (component)
2. Tng quan (Interrelated components, interrelationship)
3. Bin gii (Boundary)
4. Mc tiu (Purpose)
5. Mi trng (Environment)
6. Giao din (interface)
7. Ngun vo (Input)
8. Kt xut (Output)
9. Hn ch (Constraint)
Mt h thng c cu to t cc thnh phn. Mt thnh phn hoc l mt phn n (khng th
chia nh c) hoc l mt tp cc thnh phn cn c gi l h thng con (subsystem). Khi
nim n ca mt thnh phn th rt quan trng. V d vi mt -t hay mt h thng stereo vi
thit k ng n, chng ta c th sa cha hay nng cp h thng bng cch thay i tng
thnh phn m khng cn phi thay i ton b h thng.
11
Interface
Boundary
Component
Interrelation
ship
Input
Environment
Output
FIGURE 1-4: Seven characteristics of a system
Cc thnh phn th tng quan; ngha l, chc nng ca mt thnh phn bng cch no tht
cht vi chc nng ca cc thnh phn khc. V d, cng vic ca mt thnh phn, nh to ra
cc bo co hng ngy v n hng c tip nhn, khng th tin trin thnh cng, trc khi
cng vic ca thnh phn khc c hon tt nh sp xp cc n hng theo ngy tip nhn.
Mt h thng c mt bin gii (boundary), m tt c cc thnh phn c cha trong , n cn
thit lp gii hn ca h thng, tch n khi cc h thng khc. Cc thnh phn trong bin gii
c th c thay i trong khi cc h thng bn ngoi bin gii khng th b thay i. Tt c cc
thnh phn lm vic vi nhau t c mt vi mc tiu ton din cho h thng ln hn: l
do tn ti ca h thng.
Mt h thng tn ti trong mt mi trng - mi th bn ngoi bin gii h thng c nh hng
n h thng. V d, mi trng ca i hc Bang bao gm nhng sinh vin tng lai, tin d
tr, cc qu ti tr v thng tin tin tc. Thng thng h thng tng tc vi mi trng ca n.
Trng i hc tng tc vi sinh vin tng lai bng cch u i v tuyn chn t trng trung
hc a phng. Mt h thng thng tin tng tc vi mi trng ca n bng vic tip nhn d
liu (s kin th) v thng tin (d liu qua x l mt dng c ch). Hnh 1-5 trnh by mt
trng i hc c th c hiu nh mt h thng s ra sao. im m ngun vo bt gp
ng bin gii ca n c gi l giao din (interface), v cng c cc giao din gia cc h
thng con.
12
ENVIRONMENT
Funding Sources
Prospective Students
News Media
Interface
University
Boundary
UNIVERSITY
FIGURE 1-5: A University As a System
Mt h thng phi ng trc s hn ch (constraint) trong nhim v ca n v c cc gii hn
(theo ngha s lng, tc , hay kh nng) v n c th lm ci g v lm th no n c th t
c mc tiu trong mi trng. Mt vi hn ch ny c t bn trong h thng (v d: mt
s lng gii hn cc nhn vin c th c). Mt h thng nhn ngun nhp t mi trng
thc hin nhim v. V d con ngi nhn thc phm, dng kh, v nc t mi trng nh
ngun nhp. Bn b hn ch khi ht th khng kh trong lnh nu bn bn trong mt thang
my vi ai ang ht thuc. Cui cng, mt h thng kt xut ra mi trng ca n nh l mt
kt qu ca vic thc hin nhim v v nh vy n t c mc tiu. H thng b hn ch khi
mt in.
III QUI TRNH PHAN TCH THIET KE HE THONG
13
Giai on 1: Hoch nh v chn la h thng (systems planing and selection)

Giai on u tin trong chu k sng (SDLC: system development life cycle), hoch nh v chn
la h thng, c hai hot ng chnh:
- Hot ng th nht, ai nhn din s cn thit phi c mt h thng mi hay mt h thng
nng cp. Nhu cu thng tin ca t chc c xem xt v cc d n ph hp vi cc nhu cu
ny c nhn din. Nhu cu h thng thng tin ca t chc c th l kt qu ca:
Cc yu cu phi i ph vi cc vn trong cc th tc kinh doanh hin hnh.
S mong mun thi hnh cc nhim v mi.
S hin thc iu m cng ngh thng tin c th c s dng nhm tn dng mt c
hi hin c.
Nhm phn tch h thng, c thnh lp trong giai on ny, u tin chuyn i cc yu cu
thnh cc k hoch cho b phn IS (information system), bao gm mt thi biu pht trin mi
cc h thng chnh. Cc yu cu v h thng mi xut pht t ngi s dng c nhu cu mt
h thng mi hay mt h thng ci tin. Trong giai on hoch nh v chn la h thng, mt t
chc xc nh c hay khng vic nn dnh (c s cn nhc) cc ngun lc cho pht trin v ci
tin h thng thng tin. Nghin cu kh thi c lo li trc giai on th hai ca chu k sng
SDLC xc nh s tc ng mang tnh kinh t v t chc ca h thng.
- Hot ng th hai trong giai on hoch nh v chn la h thng l iu nghin h thng v
xc nh phm vi yu cu ca h thng. i ng phn tch h thng to ra mt k hoch c th
cho d-n-c--ngh i ng lm theo. K hoch d n ny c th ha ca chu k sng
chun SDLC v m t thi gian v ngun lc cn thit thc hin. Xc nh hnh thc ca mt
d n da trn mt thc t l b phn IS ca t chc c kh nng pht trin mt h thng gii
quyt c vn hay tn dng c thi c v xc nh c c hay khng ci gi ca vic
pht trin h thng ln hn li ch c th c. iu trnh by cui cng cho ngi qun tr ca t
chc v k hoch x l vi cc giai on d n con thng c thc hin bi ngi ng u
d n v cc thnh vin i ng khc.
Giai on 2: Phn tch h thng (systems analysis)
Giai on th hai ca chu k sng l phn tch h thng. Trong giai on ny, ngi phn tch
thng qua nghin cu th tc kinh doanh hin hnh ca t chc v h thng thng tin c s
dng to ra cc nhim v cng vic nh thc hin s ci, vn chuyn, nhn n hng,
ln lch thit b v chi tr lng. Phn tch c vi giai on con. Giai on con th nht bao
hm n vic xc nh yu cu h thng. Trong giai on con ny, bn hay mt phn
tch vin khc lm vic vi nhng ngi s dng xc nh ngi dng mong
14
mun iu g t mt h thng c ngh. Giai on con ny bao gm s nghin cu t m cc

h thng hin hnh, bng th cng hay bng my tnh, s c thay th hay ci tin xem nh
mt phn ca d n. Bc k, bn nghin cu cc yu cu v cu trc chng ph hp vi cc
mi tng quan ca chng, loi b s d tha. Th ba, bn pht sinh ra cc thit k c chn
la ph hp vi cc yu cu. Ri bn so snh cc chn la ny vi nhau xc nh ci no
ph hp tt nht vi cc yu cu bao hm c gi c, nhn cng v cp k thut m t chc
sn lng chuyn giao cho tin trnh pht trin. Kt xut ca giai on phn tch l bn c t gii
php thay th c ngh bi i ng phn tch. Mt khi vic ngh c chp nhn bi t
chc, bn c th to ra cc k hoch c c phn cng v phn mm h thng cn thit
xy dng hay vn hnh h thng nh c ngh.
Giai on 3: Thit k h thng (systems design)
Giai on th ba ca chu k sng c gi l thit k h thng. Trong qu trnh thit k h
thng ngi phn tch chuyn bn m t ca gii php chn la c ngh thnh c t logic
ri vt l. Bn phi thit k mi din mo ca h thng t nhp vo v xut ra ca mn hnh n
my in, c s d liu, v cc x l tnh ton.
Thit k lgic khng b rng buc bi bt k phn cng v phn mm h thng c th no. V
phng din l thuyt, h thng m bn thit k c th c thc hin trn bt k phn cng v
phn mm h thng no. Thit k logic tp trung vo kha cnh doanh nghip ca h thng;
ngha l h thng s tc ng ra sao vi cc n v nhim v trong t chc doanh nghip. Hnh
1-16 trnh by c thit k logic ca mt sn phm vi thit k vt l ca n, cnh nhau nhm tin
so snh. T s so snh bn c th thy rng nhiu quyt nh c th phi thc hin chuyn
t m hnh logic sang sn phm vt l. Trng thi ny rt tng ng trong thit k h thng
thng tin.
Trong thit k vt l, bn chuyn thit k logic thnh vt l, k thut hay c t. V d bn c th
chuyn s nh x d liu gc, dng d liu v x l d liu ca h thng thnh mt cu trc
thit k h thng ri c th phn r thnh cc n v nh hn chuyn thnh cc ch th vit
c bng mt ngn ng lp trnh. Bn thit k cc phn khc nhau ca h thng to ra cc
hot ng vt l cn thit d dng thu c, x l, kt xut thng tin d liu. Trong qu trnh
thit k vt l, i ng phn tch quyt nh ngn ng lp trnh m cc ch th my tnh s c
vit, h c s d liu v cu trc tp tin no s c s dng cho d liu, v nn tng phn
cng, h iu hnh, mi trng mng no m h thng s chy. Cc quyt nh ny hon thnh
cc k hoch phn cng v phn mm m n c nhn din phn cui ca giai on phn
tch. Gi y bn c th c c bt k cng ngh mi no khng c sn trong t chc. Sn
phm cui cng ca giai on thit k l c t h thng vt l, c trnh by di dng nh
mt s hay bn bo co c tho sn sng cho vic chuyn giao cho cc lp trnh vin v
nhng ngi xy dng h thng khc xy dng chong trnh.
Giao on 4: Thc hin v vn hnh h thng (systems implemention and operation)
Giai on cui cng ca chu k sng l mt qui trnh hai bc: thc hin v vn hnh h thng.
Trong qu trnh thc hin v vn hnh h thng, bn chuyn cc c t h thng thnh h thng
lm vic c vn hnh th ri a vo s dng. Thc hin bao gm m ha, chy th v ci
t. Trong qu trnh m ha, lp trnh vin lp cc chng trnh to nn h thng. Trong qu
trnh chy th, lp trnh vin v phn tch vin kim tra tng chng trnh ri ton b h thng
tm v sa cha li. Trong qu trnh ci t, h thng mi tr thnh mt phn ca hot ng
hng ngy ca t chc doanh nghip. Phn mm ng dng c ci t, hay ti vo phn cng
hin hu hay mi; sau nhng ngi s dng c gii thiu v h thng mi v c hun
luyn. Khi u hoch nh c chy th v ci t ng thi vi vic hoch nh d n v giai
on chn la, bi v chng cng i hi s phn tch m rng pht trin chnh xc cc tip
cp ng.
Hot ng thc hin h thng cng bao gm khi to s h tr ngi dng nh hon
thnh cc t liu su liu, cc chng trnh hun luyn v gip ngi dng. Hy ch
t liu su liu v chng trnh hun luyn c hon thnh trong qu trnh thc
15
hin. T liu su liu c to ra trong sut chu k sng v hun luyn xy ra vo lc khi u
mt d n. Thc hin h thng c th tip tc cng vi s tn ti ca h thng bi v s h tr
ngi dng cng l mt phn ca thc hin. Bt chp cc c gng tt nht ca ngi phn tch,
ngi qun l, ngi lp trnh du nh th no th vic ci t khng phi lun lun l mt x l
n gin. Nhiu h thng c thit k tt vn gp tht bi do qa trnh ci t gp li. Hy nh
l ngay c mt h thng c thit k tt cng gp s c khi m vic thc hin khng c
qun l tt. Do vic qun l vic thc hin h thng thng c thc hin bi i ng d n,
chng ti nhn mnh kha cnh thc hin xuyn sut quyn sch ny.
Phn th hai ca giai on th t ca chu k sng l vn hnh. Ngay khi mt h thng ang
hot ng trong t chc, ngi s dng cng nhn ra cc vn v n lm vic nh th no v
thng suy ngh cc cch ci tin. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, ngi lp trnh to s thay i m
ngi s dng yu cu v sa i h thng phn nh cc iu kin doanh nghip. Cc thay
i ny th cn thit duy tr h thng hot ng v c ch. Lng thi gian v mc c gng
dnh cho s ci tin h thng trong qu trnh h thng hot ng ph thuc vo s tho thun
trn vic thc hin ca cc giai on trc trong chu k sng. Du sao, vn ca h thng
chc chn xy n, khi mt h thng thng tin khng thc thi nh mong mun, khi gi c duy
tr h thng hot ng tr nn cao hay khi mt yu cu ca t chc i hi c thay i mt
cch c bn. Nhng vn nh vy ch ra rng n lc bt u thit k s thay th h thng.
Do vy, xy ra hon tt chu k lp v bt u chu k sng ln na v mi mi.
---oOo---
16
Phan 1: THC HANH MO HNH HOA D LIEU E THIET KE C S D LIEU

(PRACTICAL DATA MODELLING FOR DATABASE DESIGN)
Chng 2 .
C S D LIEU VA MO HNH HOA D LIEU
(DATABASES AND DATA MODELLING)
Tom tat: Chng nay trnh bay ly do cua viec thiet ke CSDL cho He thong thong tin quan ly cua mot to
chc, so sanh s tiep can da tren tap tin truyen thong e giai quyet cac van e cua he thong thong tin
vi s tiep can da tren C s d lieu hien ai, va e ra cac bc cong viec cua viec phan tch, mo hnh
hoa va thiet ke co tnh he thong e thc hien cac giai phap csdl cho cac van e cua doanh nghiep
en cuoi chng nay, ban co the:
- so sanh gia s tiep can da tren tap tin truyen thong vi s tiep can hien ai da tren csdl e
giai quyet cac van e tch hp.
- nhan dien c nhng ton tai c ban cua tiep can da tren tap tin truyen thong.
- nam c nhng khai niem can ban cua csdl quan he
- thay c nhng li ch trong viec dung csdl quan he
- nam c cac bc cong viec cua viec phan tch, mo hnh hoa, thiet ke va thc hien cac giai phap
csdl quan he cho cac van e doanh nghiep
I
HE THONG TIN THEO LOI CU (INFORMATION SYSTEM)
Trong nhieu nam, cong nghe tnh toan va thong tin phat trien t nhng he thong ln, at tien, oc quyen
en cac he thong m manh va va phai khong at tien. S phat trien nay mang lai li ch to ln cho
ngi dung cuoi bi s phat trien cua cac goi ng dung so nh x ly van ban, bang tnh ien t, van
phong xuat ban, he quan ly csdl, may tnh tr giup cong nghe phan mem la nhng v du.
Trc khi may tnh hoa csdl c gii thieu, d lieu c lu tr theo kieu ien t thanh nhieu tap tin
rieng biet, s dung he tap tin theo loi cu. Nhng tap tin nay c x ly bang cac ngon ng the he th
ba nh COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL va ngay ca BASIC e tao ra cac giai phap cho cac van e cua
doanh nghiep. Moi ng dung, chang han nh he tnh lng, he kho hay he thong ke toan se co mot tap
cac tap tin rieng cha d lieu rieng. Nhng ng dung khac nhau:
- c viet bang cac ngon ng khac nhau.
- hoat ong vi loai va cau truc tap tin rieng
- thng c thc hien tren cac he may tnh khac nhau.
Khi nhng he thong nay phat trien, nhng khiem khuyet c ban bat au t boc lo.
- cung mot d lieu b trung lap nhieu he thong, hau qua la phai chi ph them cho phan lu tr
- s khong nhat quan gia tang khi d lieu trung lap c sa ni nay nhng ni kia th khong
- Neu ng dung c viet bang cac ngon ng khac nhau, s dung cau truc tap tin khac nhau,
phng phap x ly khac nhau, lu tr trong cac he thong khac nhau th viec chuyen oi d lieu
gia cac ng dung thuan li nhat cung rat cong kenh, nang ne, xau nhat th rat kho khan.
- Viec x ly d lieu khong de va rat kho tao ra cac truy van, bao cao khong chuan mc.
Do vay, ngi s dung t co c may trc tiep x ly d lieu hay ng dung. Nhng he thong nay c ieu
hanh bi oi ngu cac chuyen vien may tnh trong ao choang trang, c ngu tren cac van phong ca khoa
va the an ninh.
17
Ngi s dung co nhu cau thc hien mot ng dung phai gi mot bang yeu cau cho phong x ly d lieu.
Thng, nhng yeu cau nay se nam khay phong x ly d lieu hang thang, neu khong phai la nam.
Cuoi cung, neu yeu cau nay c thc hien, mot lap trnh vien ng dung phai thiet ke, lap trnh e rut
trch, cap nhat d lieu lien quan. Thong thng he thong b qua han khi giao cho ngi s dung
Nhng he thong thong tin nay, thng c xem nh mot gia san, rat nang ne trong s dung va khong
ap ng yeu cau ngi s dung.
1
He tap tin theo loi cu
Trong qua trnh tao ra cac he thong thong tin, ngi lap trnh phai chon loai tap tin thch hp (tuan t,
tng oi, tuan t theo ch muc ...), s la chon loai tap tin phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau:
- Ngon ng lap trnh c s dung.
- Yeu cau cua ng dung.
- phan cng may tnh/ he ieu hanh s dung.
Bat ke tiep can nao xay ra, van e c ban van ton tai trong tat ca loai tap tin va tat ca ngon ng the he
th ba. Ton tai s gan bo gia:
- cau truc luan ly, vat ly cua tap tin vi
- chng trnh ng dung x ly tap tin nay
S phu thuoc cua chng trnh ng dung vao cau truc tap tin ma no x ly, tao ra he thong thong tin roi
ram, va ton thi gian tao dng do vay ton kem trong bao tr. Neu cau truc mau tin cua tap tin b thay oi
(v du, mot cot hay mot qui tac c them hay c thay oi) tat ca chng trnh x ly tap tin nay phai
c s oi.
- Moi chng trnh phai c chnh sa (tr khi phan thay oi c tao trong phan th vien
chung) e phan anh cau truc tap tin mi.
- Moi chng trnh phai c bien dch va lien ket lai.
- moi chng trnh phai c th lai.
- D lieu ton tai trong he thong cu phai c chuyen oi thanh he thong mi, thong thng bang
cach viet them chng trnh e thc hien s chuyen oi nay.
- He thong san xuat phai ngng hoat ong e cai at phan mem mi.
Nhng van e tren ket hp vi nhau do mot thc te la trong mot to chc ln mot ng dung c tao va
c bao tr oc lap vi nhau, s dung phan cng va phan mem khac nhau. Do moi ng dung co rieng
cac tap tin, nen mot d lieu can cho nhieu ng dung phai c trung lap ngha la nhieu tap tin cha
cung d lieu se c tao
2
Mot v du ve trung lap d lieu (data redundancy)
D lieu trung lap hay d tha (ni ma mot s kien c lu hn mot lan) th thng thay trong he thong
cu. Mot v du mau mc ve ieu nay la he quan ly nguon nhan lc. He quan ly nguon nhan lc bao gom
ba he chnh:
1. He lng, he nay duy tr ngay cong va lng cho tat ca nhan vien.
2. He nhan s. He nay duy tr ly lch ca nhan, d lieu ve to chc, cong viec ao tao va v tr thang
tien.
3. He hu. He nay quan tr cac qui tac lien quan en ngh hu, loai ngh hu. Chi tiet ve hu cua
tng nhan vien
Van e phc tap la He lng thong thng c quan ly bi phong tai chanh, trong khi He ly lch va He
Quan ly hu c quan ly bi phong to chc.
18
Ro rang, co nhieu d lieu ve nhan vien la chung cho ca ba he. Thng nhng he nay c thc hien va
bao tr rieng biet, ke ca nguon tai nguyen rieng va chung tao s trung d lieu nhan vien ma chung dung
II
TIEP CAN C S D LIEU
Khi au, s gii thieu csdl va he quan tr csdl nham vao mot so van e gan lien vi he da tren cac tap
tin theo loi cu. ieu nay tao ra viec x ly, phat trien tren hai mi lam nam qua vi mot he quan he
thng mai xuat hien cuoi nhng nam thap nien 70 va cac nam au cua thap nien 80
Trc khi xem xet CSDL va he quan tr csdl quan he giai quyet mot vai van e nay nh the nao chung
ta can lam ro vai khai niem.
1
C s d lieu la g?
Mot csdl co the nh ngha tam nh sau: mot cho cha co to chc tap hp cac tap tin, cac mau tin va cac
cot d lieu co lien quan.
Ngay nay csdl ton tai trong moi ng dung thong dung, v du:
- He kho va kiem ke.
- He at cho may bay.
- He nguon nhan lc.
- he dch vu cong cong nh cap nc, ien, kh ot.
- ieu khien qua trnh che tao va san xuat.
Danh sach th vo tan.
2
He quan tr CSDL (DBMS: database management system)
Mot he quan tr csdl (HQTCSDL) la:

- mot tap cac phan mem quan ly csdl va cung cap cac dch vu x ly csdl cho cac nhng ngi
phat trien ng dung va ngi dung cuoi.
- HQTCSDL cung cap mot giao dien gia ngi s dung va d lieu.
- HQTCSDL bien oi csdl vat ly thanh csdl logic.
Cac loai HQTCSDL
Cac HQTCSDL co the c phan lp theo mot so cach. Mot phng phap pho bien trong viec phan lp
la da vao cau truc ben trong cua HQTCSDL. Hien co nam loai he QTCSDL ang dung:
- loai phan cap nh he IMS cua IBM
- loai mang IDMS cua Cullinet Software
- Loai tap tin ao nh ADABAS cua Software AG
- Loai quan he nh nh ORACLE cua Oracle, DB2 cua IBM, ACCESS cua Microsoft Access
- Loai oi tng. Loai nay la mot tiep can kha mi trong thiet ke HQTCSDL va viec s dung he
loai nay sm tr nen pho bien.
19
Hien tai, loai HQTCSDL chnh c s dung trong cong nghe la loai HQTCSDL quan he (RDBMS).
Loai nay a chiem lnh trong cong nghe tren 10-15 nam cuoi cung khi anh bat loai HQTCSDL phan
cap va gan ay la HQTCSDL mang.
III CSDL, HQTCSDL VA NGI DUNG (USER)
Ngi dung khai thac csdl (thong qua HQTCSDL) co the phan lp thanh ba loai:
- Ngi quan tr CSDL (administrator)
- Ngi phat trien ng dung va lap trnh (programer)
- Ngi dung cuoi (end user)
Ngi quan tr CSDL
Hang ngay, ngi QTCSDL chu trach nhiem quan ly va bao tr csdl nh:
- s chnh xac va toan ven cua d lieu va ng dung trong csdls an ninh cua csdl.
- lu phong h va phuc hoi csdl.
- gi lien lac vi ngi phat trien ng dung, ngi lap trnh va ngi dung cuoi.
- hoat ong troi chay va hieu qua cua csdl va HQTCSDL
Ngi phat trien va lap trnh ng dung la nhng ngi chuyen nghiep ve may tnh co trach nhiem
thiet ke, tao ra va bao tr he thong tin cho ngi dung cuoi.
Ngi dung cuoi khong phai la nhng ngi chuyen nghiep ve may tnh nhng ho la cac chuyen gia
trong cac lanh vc khac co trach nhiem cu the trong to chc. Ho khai thac csdl quan he thong qua he
c phat trien bi ngi phat trien ng dung hay cac cong cu truy van, bao cao e rut trch thong
tin can thiet. Nh rang ch csdl quan he cung cap kha nang thc cho ngi dung cuoi khai thac trc
tiep csdl. He QTCSDL da tren loai phan cap va mang thong thng oi hoi khai thac d lieu bi
cac ng dung ac biet, c phat trien bi nhng chuyen gia may tnh chuyen nghiep, con a phan
ch tao c nhng x ly d lieu n gian.
CSDL quan he va he tap tin theo loi cu
V sao csdl quan he tac ong manh en cong nghe he thong tin tren 20 nam qua? No cung cap nhng g
ma he truyen thong lai khong cung cap c?
csdl quan he khac phuc c mot so van e c ban ma a gan lien vi he da tren tap tin theo loi cu.
Nhng van e chnh yeu nay la:
- Co s lien ket chat che gia cau truc luan ly, vat ly cua cac tap tin d lieu va chng trnh ng
dung khai thac chung. ieu nay tao cho no tr nen phc tap, ton nhieu thi gian trong tao dng
va do vay ma ton kem trong bao tr he thong.
- Co s d tha d lieu rat ln qua viec trung lap cac tap tin trong cac ng dung khac nhau, co le
c quan ly bi cac phong khac nhau trong mot to chc. ieu nay tao ra nhng van e lien
quan en s thieu nhat quan cua d lieu, khong gian a b lang ph, thi gian bao tr va lu
phong h cac tap tin gia tang, van e quan tr nh an ninh va chuan mc khac nhau.
- Co t kha nang cho viec khai thac trc tiep, khong theo the thc cac d lieu.
Tiep can csdl giai quyet van e nay nh the nao?
i
Van e 1: cau truc logic va cau truc vat ly

NSD
chng trnh
ng dung
20
NSD
chng trnh
ng dung
CSDL Logic
He quan tr c s d lieu
Tiep can theo loi cu
Tiep can theo csdl
Hnh 1.3 - Tie p ca n theo csdl tao ra mot lp phan mem gia d lieu vat ly va chng trnh ng dung
Kien truc ben trong HQTCSDL quan he tach biet ro rang gia:
- cau truc luan ly cua tat ca tap tin va chng trnh ng dung khai thac tap tin nay va
- cau truc vat ly cua csdl va phan lu tr cac tap tin.
Tiep can nay tao cho NQTCSDL co the thay oi cau truc vat ly hay ni lu tr cua tap tin ma khong anh
hng en chng trnh ng dung. Cau truc vat ly cua d lieu co the thay oi v nhieu ly do:
- Mot ng dung mi can them cot e lu tr.
- Phan cng lu tr tap tin d lieu co the c nang cap.
- Ngi QTCSDL muon ieu chnh CSDL v ly do hieu suat.
Tiep can csdl dan en mot so li ch quan trong e phat trien va s dung ng dung.No tao kha nang thay
oi cau truc luan ly, chang han nh: them vai muc tin ma khong anh hng en chng trnh ng dung
khong s dung muc tin nay.ieu nay co ket qua la tiet kiem ang ke chi ph bao tr.
ii
Van e 2: d tha d lieu (data redundancy)
Khi HQTCSDLQH c gii thieu, nhieu to chc mong tch hp cac tap tin a phan tan khap trong to
chc. Trong x ly, cac co gang nham hp nhat cac thanh phan d lieu d tha. D lieu co the chia se
cho nhieu ng dung khac nhau va ngi s dung co the khai thac ong thi cac tap con d lieu lien
quan en ho.
iii Van e 3: S khai thac d lieu cua ngi s dung
Trong he QTCSDLQH ngi dung co the trc tiep khai thac d lieu thong qua viec s dung cac cau
truy van hay cac cong cu bao cao c cung cap bi he QTCSDL. Ngc lai ngi s dung khong the
trc tiep khai thac d lieu trong cac he tap tin theo loi cu.
IV D LIEU TAP TRUNG HAY PHAN TAN
Khuynh hng lu tr d lieu trong csdl tap trung ngay nay a b ao ngc. S tien bo cua mang may
tnh va cong nghe ve csdl a cho phep d lieu c lu tr tren nhieu csdl e phan tan cac ni va cho
phep kha nang khai thac csdl qua nhieu v tr vat ly khac nhau.
V
MO HNH D LIEU
1
Phan tch d lieu va phan tch he thong thong tin
Phan tch d lieu la xem xet yeu cau d lieu cua mot van e n le con
Phan tch he thong thong tin la xem xet toan bo d lieu cua mot to chc.
Van e ton kho va nha cung cap
21
Csdl quan he khong t ong loai bo s d tha d lieu. ay la trach nhiem cua ngi thiet ke csdl. V
du nh d lieu lu tr sau ve hang va nha cung cap sau:
Ma hang Mo ta
Ma nha cung cap Ten nha cung cap Chi nhanh
10
May bm
458
ABC Hardware
Bayswater
20
May loc
325
Clough
Mt Lawley
30
May nen kh
405
Air supplies
Cloverdale
40
May nghien
458
ABC Hardware
Bayswater
50
Bua
277
HWStores
Cloverdale
60
Cay van 4 goc
458
ABC Hardware
Bayswater
70
Cai ca
325
Clough
Mt Lawley
Bang 1.1 V du ve hang va nha cung cap
Ta co the lu tr d lieu cua bang 1.1 va bat ky csdl quan he nao ma khong gap s phan oi nao cua he
QTCSDL. S d tha d lieu cua bang tren gay ra cac van e sau:
- S kien ABC Hardware c lu tr 3 lan
- Ta khong the lu tr nha cung cap mi khi ho cha cung cap mat hang.
- Khi can xoa mot mat hang se keo theo kha nang xoa luon nha cung cap.
- Khi co nhu cau sa oi ten mot nha cung cap se phai sa tat ca cac dong co ten nha cung cap
nay.
3
Viec s dung va vai tro cua mo hnh d lieu
Khi giai quyet van e ro rang can thiet phai tiep can co phng phap e:
- nhan dien phan t d lieu (s vat, s viec) cua van e.
- Thiet lap moi ket hp gia cac phan t d lieu.
Viec phan tch va cau truc hoa d lieu nay c xem nh mo hnh hoa d lieu.
Trc ay, mot ng dung may tnh c thiet ke va cai at sau khi nghien cu ky cac x ly va yeu cau
chc nang cua he thong. Nhng kinh nghiem cho thay cac x ly va chc nang cua mot to chc thng
co khuynh hng hay thay oi con cau truc d lieu lai t thay oi. V ly do nay ma nhieu he thong thong
tin hien nay c ban da tren d lieu hn la da vao x ly.
VI THIET KE MO HNH D LIEU VA CSDL
D lieu yeu cau
Phan tch yeu cau ve d lieu cua ng

dung e thiet lap d lieu yeu cau
Mo hnh d lieu
Cau truc hoa d lieu e tao mo hnh d lieu.

Hnh anh hoa viec trnh bay bang mo hnh thc
the ket hp co bo sung bang t ien d lieu.
Phan tchoc lap vi HQTCSDL
Thiet ke csdl logic oc lap vi

HQTCSDL
Thiet ke CSDL quan he
Thiet ke csdl vat ly trong mot HQTCSDL
cu the
Quan he tuyen chon
Tuyen chon cac quan he d tuyen.

Bien oi mo hnh thc the ket hp
thanh mo hnh quan he
Quan he chuan
Chuan hoa quan he tuyen chon at

toi thieu dang chuan 3
Bang trong csdl

quan he
Quyet nh cau truc thc cua bang

e lu tr trong csdl quan he
Bang co cai at cac

ho tr cua QTCSDL
Thc hien cai at ay u csdl vat ly, S dung cac

tien bo cua cac ac tnh cua HQTCSDL va tinh
chnh csdl ve thi hanh
Hnh 1.4 - Cac bc trong thiet ke mo hnh d lieu va csdl quan he
Cac bc phan tch thiet ke CSDL

1.
2.
3.
2
22
Cac bc c lam i lam lai nhieu lan

Nhng ieu thieu sot bc trc se tr thanh cac to hp thieu sot bc sau.
Thi gian cac bc khong co tnh co nh: co cac van e rat kho bc phan tch, nhng lai
de bc thc hien. Co nhng van e lai ngc lai.
Cac giai oan xay dng mot he c s d lieu bao gom:
Giai oan phan tch (analysis phase, requirements phase)
- Hoan thanh mo hnh d lieu
- Hoan thanh chi tiet su lieu trong t ien d lieu
Giai oan thiet ke csdl logic (logical design phase)
- Bien oi mo hnh thc the thanh mo hnh quan he
- Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang
- Chuan hoa cac quan he
Giai oan thiet ke csdl vat ly (physical design phase)
- Trong HQTCSDL c chon, xay dng cac bang (Table) va cac chi tiet cai at
Tom tat cac giai oan khac nhau trong PTTK CSDL
1. Phan tch yeu cau d lieu: giai oan nay c tien hanh ong thi vi giai oan mo hnh hoa
d lieu. Trong giai oan nay ngi phan tch phai co hieu biet ve doanh nghiep va cac qui
tac quan ly cua ho. Chung ta se e cap ieu nay chi tiet hn trong chng 2 va chng 4
2. Mo hnh hoa d lieu la xay dng cac cau truc d lieu va moi lien quan gia chung. Cac khai
niem c ban se e cap trong chng 2 va giai thch chi tiet t chng 5 en chng 9
3. Tuyen chon cac quan he. Cac quan he c tuyen chon t mo hnh thc the. Chng 3 se e
cap en cac qui tac tuyen chon nay
4. Chuan hoa cac quan he la mot x ly tao ra cac cau truc d lieu c ban, co s d tha d lieu
toi thieu va lien quan vi nhau.
5. Thiet ke csdl vat ly la giai oan thc hien he thong trong mot HQTCSDL cu the
VII TOM TAT CHNG

-
Trong chng nay chung ta a thay nguyen nhan ra i cua ly thuyet phan tch thiet ke he
thong thong tin cua mot to chc. S nguy hiem khi d dung he tap tin theo loi cu e giai bai
toan he thong thong tin va cac li iem cua s tiep can theo kieu csdl.
Moi nguy hiem khi xay dng ng dung khong theo ly thuyet ve csdl.
Phan biet gia csdl va hqtcsdl
Cac giai oan tien hanh e xay dng giai phap csdl quan he e giai quyet cac van e cua doanh
nghiep
VIIIBAI TAP
Which of the following are components of information systems architecture?
A) Data
B) Networks
C) Processes
----oOo----
23
Chng 3 .
GII THIEU VE MO HNH HOA D LIEU
(INTRODUCTION TO DATA MODELLING)
Chng nay trnh bay cac ky thuat c ban e xay dng mo hnh d lieu s dung mo hnh thc the ket hp
Thc the - thuoc tnh phieu thc the thuoc tnh - t ien d lieu
- Nhan dien c thc the, thuoc tnh va moi quan t ac ta van e.
- Liet ke c cac qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep.
- Xay dng mo hnh ER bang cac thc the, thuoc tnh nhan dien, thuoc tnh mo ta va moi ket hp.
- Xac nh c ban so cua moi ket hp.
- Giai quyet c moi ket hp nhieu nhieu bang cach a vao tap ket hp thch hp.
- Dung mo hnh the hien e giai quyet van e tap ket hp.
- Nhan biet cac ky hieu khac nhau ve ky hieu mo hnh ER.
- Nhan biet cac thanh phan d lieu phai lu tr trong t ien d lieu va xay dng phieu thc the
thuoc tnh.
I
GII THIEU MO HNH HOA D LIEU
Giai oan phan tch he thong (system analysis) gom ba hoat ong chnh: xac nh yeu cau he thong
(determining system requirements), cau truc yeu cau he thong (structuring system requirements) va
chon la giai phap thay the tot nhat.
Bc au tien cua mo hnh hoa d lieu (phan 2.b cua hnh tren) la phan tch d lieu. Phan tch d lieu
co muc ch:
nhan dien cac qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep va
thu thap d lieu yeu cau cho mo hnh d lieu
Chng nay bat au bang cac v du hay van e cu the. Cong cu mo hnh hoa la Mo hnh thc the ket
hp (mo hnh ER) la s bieu dien bang hnh anh cua mo hnh d lieu.
II
XAY DNG MO HNH ER

1
24
V du - Moi ket hp mot-nhieu
Nhng ngi phu trach ao tao cua Trng cao ang cong ong nui Ayers mong muon tao lap mot csdl
ve cac mon ao tao cua trng (chng ch leo nui, cong nghe bay) va hoc vien ghi danh vao nhng mon
hoc nay. Trng cung co qui nh la cung mot luc, hoc vien ch co the ghi danh vao mot mon hoc. Ho
ch quan tam ve d lieu cua t ghi danh hien tai. Mot khi hoc vien ket thuc mon hoc th nha trng se
khong con quan tam en ho va nhng hoc vien nay phai c xoa khoi csdl. Thong tin can lu tr ve
mot hoc vien bao gom: ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai, ngay nhap hoc cua
hoc vien.
Thong tin ve mon hoc gom ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng.
ac ta van e
Phan ac ta van e cha ng cac qui tac quan ly va d lieu yeu cau cua van e. Chung ta phai nhan
dien c chung va mo hnh chung trong mo hnh ER.
ii
Thanh phan d lieu
D lieu yeu cau cua van e la:

- Chi tiet ve hoc vien co ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai va ngay nhap
hoc.
- Chi tiet ve mon hoc co ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc va thi lng.
iii Qui tac quan ly
Qui tac quan ly cua van e la:
1. Moi hoc vien ch co the ghi danh vao mot mon hoc.
2. Nhieu hoc vien co the ghi danh vao mot mon hoc.
3. Nha trng ch quan tam en nhng hoc vien cua mon hoc hien tai.
iv
-
Nhng kha canh khac
Ngi phu trach ao tao la ngi dung cuoi ma chung ta xay dng mo hnh d lieu va la csdl
cho ho, la ngi ma ta co the thu thap thong tin can thiet cho van e.
Hoc vien hoc xong mon hoc va khong ghi danh hoc tiep mon hoc khac phai c xoa khoi csdl.
ay la yeu cau chc nang cua he thong ma ta phai thc hien. Yeu cau chc nang khong anh
hng en mo hnh d lieu.
Nha trng ch quan tam en mon hoc hien tai. ieu nay cho thay kha canh tam thi cua d
lieu va chung c a vao nham muc ch lam n gian bai toan.
v
Mo hnh ER (Entity Relationship Model; Entity Relationship Diagram)
Mo hnh ER oi khi con c goi la mo hnh y niem d lieu (Conceptual Data Model) hay n gian la
mo hnh d lieu (data model)
Cac tnh chat trong mo hnh ER
25
Tap thc the (entity type, regular entity type,entity class, generic entity): Hnh ch nhat c goi la tap
thc the. Ten cua tap thc the c ghi ben trong hnh ch nhat va dung danh t e at ten cho tap thc
the.
Thc the (instance, entity instance):Mot tap thc the co nhieu phan t co cung loai. Moi mot phan t
nh vay c goi la mot thc the.
Moi ket hp (relationship): ng noi gia hai tap thc the c goi la moi ket hp. Moi ket hp trong
van e tren la moi ket hp mot-nhieu (1:M). Noi dung cua moi ket hp c dien ta theo hai chieu:
ghi danh vao, c ghi danh bi
Thuoc tnh (attribute): Cac d lieu ghi ben canh tap thc the c goi la thuoc tnh. Chung cung cap
thong tin chi tiet ve tap thc the. Co hai loai thuoc tnh:
Thuoc tnh nhan dien (identifier) la thuoc tnh e phan biet thc the (instance) nay vi thc the kia
trong tap thc the.
Thuoc tnh mo ta (descriptive attribute) la thuoc tnh cung cap thong tin chi tiet hn ve thc the trong
tap thc the.
vi
Bieu dien qui tac doanh nghiep tren mo hnh
Mo hnh ER tren a dien ta c hai qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep la:
Moi HOC VIEN ghi danh vao mot MON HOC
Moi MON HOC c ghi danh bi mot hay nhieu HOC VIEN
vii Ban so ket noi cua moi ket hp (cardinality)
Moi ket hp cua van e tren la moi ket hp hai ngoi (binary relationship) co bn s (cardinality, degree
of relationship) kt noi mot nhieu. Bn s ket noi mot-nhieu rat pho bien trong mo hnh ER. Hai loai
bn s ket noi con lai t pho bien hn nhng khong kem phan quan trong la moi ket hp mot-mot va moi
ket hp nhieu-nhieu.
2
V du moi ket hp mot-mot
Phong canh sat mong muon quan ly ly lch ca nhan nhng ngi lai xe va bang lai cua ho. Mot ngi
ch lay c mot bang lai va mot bang lai ch thuoc ve mot ngi. Thong tin ve lai xe ma phong canh
sat quan tam la:
+ ma ngi lai xe
+ ten
+ a ch
+ ngay sinh
Thong tin ve bang lai can lu tr la:
+ ma bang lai
+ loai bang lai
+ ngay het han
moi NGI LAI XE ch lay c mot BANG LAI

moi BANG LAI ch thuoc ve mot NGI LAI XE
V du moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu
26
Ngi phu trach ao tao Trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh mong muon thiet lap mot csdl ve cac
mon hoc ma ho cung cap (nh chng ch leo nui, c nhan cong nghe bay) va cac hoc vien ghi danh vao
cac mon hoc nay. Nha trng qui nh la mot hoc vien c ghi danh hoc toi a ba mon hoc trong cung
mot luc. Ho ch quan tam en d lieu cua mon hoc hien tai. Mot khi hoc vien ket thuc mon hoc, ho se
khong con thuoc dien quan ly cua nha trng va phai c xoa khoi csdl tr khi hoc vien nay ghi danh
hoc tiep mon mi. Thong tin ve mot hoc vien gom: ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so
ien thoai, ngay nhap hoc cua hoc vien.
Thong tin ve mon hoc gom: ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng
i
Mo hnh thc the the hien
e lam ro hn cac qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep, ngi ta dung mot mo hnh e bieu dien mot vai
d lieu v du goi la mo hnh thc the the hien:
Jenny la mot thc the (entity instance) cua tap thc the hoc vien.
ii
Mo hnh ER
ma ho c vien
te n hoc vie n
a ch
nga y sinh
so ie n thoa i
HO C VIEN
27
ghi danh vao

c ghi danh b i
MON HOC
ma mo n ho c
te n mon hoc
th i l ng
Hnh 2.5 - Mo hnh ER cua van e Trng cao ang cong ong nu i xanh
+ Moi HOC VIEN ghi danh vao mot hay nhieu MON HOC
+ Moi MON HOC c ghi danh bi mot hay nhieu HOC VIEN
Mo hnh ER tren co moi ket hp nhieu nhieu.
iii Loai bo ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu (neu co the)
Mo hnh tren gap phai khuyet iem sau:

- Ngay nhap hoc la thuoc tnh gan lien vi tap thc the HOC VIEN se khong hp ly v khong
dien ta c trng hp hoc vien hoc cung luc nhieu mon hoc.
- Con neu ngay nhap hoc la thuoc tnh cua MON HOC th khong dien ta c tnh trang cung
mon hoc nhng hoc vien co cac ngay nhap hoc khac nhau.
e giai quyet van e nay ta phai a vao:

- mot tap thc the lam trung gian gia HOC VIEN va MON HOC goi la tap ket hp PHIEU GHI
DANH (associative Entity, intersection entity). PHIEU GHI DANH la tap thc the yeu (weak
Entity)
- Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap ket hp la s ket hp gia thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the
HOC VIEN va MON HOC
- thuoc tnh mo ta cua tap ket hp la ngay nhap hoc
- bn s ket noi cua tap ket hp vi tap thc the la mot-nhieu
Noi dung cua moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the la:
- moi HOC VIEN co mot hay nhieu PHIEU GHI DANH
- moi PHIEU GHI DANH thuoc ve mot HOC VIEN
- moi PHIEU GHI DANH ghi nhan ao tao ve mot MON HOC
- moi MON HOC c ghi nhan ao tao bi mot hay nhieu PHIEU GHI DANH
Cac qui tac phai tuan thu khi them tap ket hp lam trung gian e loai bo ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu:
+ Phai nhan dien c thuoc tnh mo ta cua tap ket hp.
+ Neu co thuoc tnh mo ta th tao tap ket hp lam trung gian gia hai tap thc the.
+ Neu khong co thuoc tnh mo ta th van gi nguyen mo hnh nh hnh 2.5
III MO HNH ER THEO KY HIEU CUA CHEN
ma ngi la i xe
te n
a ch
ngay sinh
28
NG I LA I XE 1
s h u
BANG LA I
ma ba ng la i
loa i ba ng la i
ngay het ha n
Hnh 2.9 - Mo hnh ER cua van e ng i la i xe va bang lai theo ky hie u cu a Chen's
IV PHIEU THC THE THUOC TNH

+ Cach dien ta thuoc tnh ben canh mo hnh ER khong phu hp cho mo hnh co qui mo ln.
Trong trng hp nay kem theo mo hnh ER co phieu thc the thuoc tnh.
+ V du:
HOC VIEN
gi
c gi bi
PHIEU GHI DANH
Phieu thc the thuoc tnh

D an: He ghi danh hoc vien
Tap thc the
Ten khac
Thuoc tnh
bao ham
c bao ham bi
MON HOC
Ngay: 22.02.96
Ten khac
29
HOC VIEN
Ma hoc vien
Ten hoc vien
a ch
Ngay sinh
So ien thoai
MON HOC
Ma mon hoc
Ten mon hoc
Thi lng
PHIEU GHI DANH
Ma hoc vien
Ma mon hoc
Ngay nhap hoc
Bang 2.1: Phieu thc the thuoc tnh cua Trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh
V
CACH TIEP CAN MO HNH HOA D LIEU
Gia s ta a hoan thanh giai oan phan tch d lieu, trong trng hp chung ta la hoan thanh phan ac
ta van e vay phan viec con lai la tap trung cau truc hoa d lieu.
1
Cac bc cau truc hoa d lieu
Bc 1: Nhan dien cac tap thc the
Tap thc the la g? tap thc the phai la mot oi tng (s vat, s viec) thc hay tru tng co lien
quan en van e, lien quan en d lieu can lu tr. Ten tap thc the c dien ta bang mot danh t
nh:
+ XE CO trong He quan ly bang lai.
+ KHE C trong He Bao hiem nhan tho.
30
+ SINH VIEN trong He thong thong tin sinh vien.

+ GIAI OAN CAT CANH trong He thong tin cac chuyen bay.
+ CHUYEN BAY trong He thong tin cac chuyen bay.
Tap thc the phai co tren mot thc the ngc lai, ta khong mo hnh no thanh tap thc the.
Moi tap thc the phai co t nhat mot thuoc tnh mo ta.
tap thc the phai ket hp vi t nhat mot tap thc the khac. Tap thc the khong the ng rieng le.
tap thc the phai co thuoc tnh nhan dien e phan biet thc the nay vi thc the kia trong tap thc
the.
ii
Bc 2: Nhan dien moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the
Ten tap thc the ket hp vi ten moi ket hp tao thanh cau dien
nghiep.
Ten moi ket hp phai c dien ta theo hai chieu.
Ban so (cardinality) cua moi ket hp phai la mot trong cac gia tr
(1:M), nhieunhieu (M:M). Neu moi ket hp gia hai tap thc the
thuoc tnh khong thuoc ve mot trong hai tap thc the nay th ta phai
hp nh Hnh 2.6.
ta qui tac quan ly cua doanh
sau mot-mot (1:1), mot-nhieu

la nhieu nhieu va ton tai mot
bo sung them tap thc the ket
iii Bc 3: Gan thuoc tnh mo ta vao tap thc the

Khai niem: thuoc tnh la tnh chat c ban gan lien vi thc the. V du nh:
+ XE CO co cac thuoc tnh
cau tao
kieu dang
nam san xuat
mau
so may
+ BAO HIEM co cac thuoc tnh
loai bao hiem
ngay bao hiem
ngay het han
ph bao hiem hang nam
1
Tom tat
31
D LIEU YEU CAU

1. Nhan dien cac tap thc the va thuoc tnh nhan dien
. Nhan dien cac tap thc the
. Ghi nhan ten khac trong t ien d lieu hay phieu thc the thuoc tnh
Moi tap thc the can kiem tra cac tnh chat sau:
- co nhieu thc the khong
- co thuoc tnh nhan dien khong
- co thuoc tnh mo ta khong
- co moi quan he vi tap the khac khong
2. Nhan dien moi quan he gia cac tap thc the
. Thiet lap moi quan he gia cac tap thc the
(ve ng noi va dien ta noi dung moi quan he theo hai chieu )
. Xac nh ban so moi quan he
. Xac nh tap ket hp trong moi quan he nhieu -nhieu neu c
3. Gan thuoc tnh mo ta vao tap thc the
. Gan mot lan duy nhat moi thuoc tnh vao tap thc the thch hp
MO HNH D LIEU
Hnh 2.16 - Cac bc va cong viec thc hien trong mo hnh hoa d lieu
2
Thc hanh cac bc mo hnh hoa d lieu

i
V du Nha buon s kim kh pha bac
Mot nha buon s kim kh pha bac NHW hoat ong trong lanh vc kho hang co chc nang phan phoi
hang. Cong ty mua hang t cac nha cung cap khac nhau. Lu tr ve hang co cac thong tin nh ma hang,
mo ta. Cong ty co nhu cau lu tr ma nha cung cap, ten, a ch, so ien thoai, va so fax.
Doanh nghiep phai canh tranh, nen mot mat hang c lay t nhieu nha cung cap khac nhau va moi lan
giao, nha cung cap co the giao vi so lng toi a theo qui nh cua tng mat hang cua tng nha cung
cap. Hang c ong bao b. Moi bao b co ma bao b va kch thc.
oi khi bao b lai qua nho e cha tat ca hang v the hang c cha tren nhieu bao b. Tuy nhien,
khong the co hai mat hang cung cha trong mot bao b.
Hay xay dng mo hnh ER cho bai toan tren. S dung cac bc va cac hoat ong nh hnh 2.16
ii
Cac bc thc hien
Bc 1: Nhan dien thc the chnh.

Tm danh t dien ta oi tng hay khai niem cua bai toan nh:

+
+
+
+
+
32
Nha buon s kim kh pha bac, cong ty, doanh nghiep

Kho hang
Hang, mat hang
nha cung cap
bao b
Bc 2: Nhan dien moi ket hp gia cac thc the

+ Hang c mua t nhieu nha cung cap
+ Hang c cha tren nhieu bao b
Ban so cua thc the
+ Moi mat hang c mua t mot hay nhieu nha cung cap
+ moi nha cung cap cung cap mot hay nhieu mat hang
+ moi mat hang c cha trong mot hay nhieu bao b
+ moi bao b cha mot mat hang
Moi ket hp gia hai tap thc the MAT HANG va NHA CUNG CAP la moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu
Bc 3: Gan cac thuoc tnh vao tap thc the.
MAT HANG
+ ma hang
+ mo ta
NHA CUNG NG
+ ma nha cung cap
+ ten
+ a ch
+ so ien thoai
+ so fax
BAO B
+ ma bao b
+ kch c
?????
+ so lng toi a
33
Trong bc ba, ban so ket noi nhieu-nhieu phai c giai thanh hai ban so ket noi mot-nhieu v ton tai
thuoc tnh so lng toi a khong la thuoc tnh cua ca MAT HANG lan NHA CUNG CAP.
ma
hang
mo ta
ma bao
b
kch c
ma
hang
mo ta
ma bao
b
kch c
MAT HANG
ch
a
Cung cp
c cung cp
bi
NHA CUNG
CAP
? so lng toi
a
ma nha cung
cap
ten
a ch
so ien thoai
so fax
c cha
trong
BAO B
MAT HANG
ch
a
qui nh
cho
c qui nh
trong
QUI NH
LNG TOI
A
c qui nh
trong
cap
ma hang
so lng toi
a
c cha
trong
qui nh
cho
ma nha cung
NHA CUNG
cap
BAO B
CAP
ten
a ch
Hnh 2.20 - Thuoc tnh mo ta a c a vao ng
so ien thoai
dung NHW
so fax
VI T IEN D LIEU (DATA DICTIONARY)
Nham lam ro hn cac khai niem cua van e, ngi ta phai xay dng t ien d lieu e giai thch them y
ngha cua cac tap thc the va thuoc tnh. V du tap thc the hang
Se co t ien d lieu nh sau:

MAT HANG
Thc the
hang, san pham, hang hoa
Ten khac
Hang la nhng th c mua vi so lng khac nhau t cac nha cung ng,
Mo ta
c lu tr trong kho va ban cho khach hang
34
La mot so dung e phan biet mat hang nay vi mat hang kia.
Gia tr co dang 0001->9999
Mo ta mat hang gom qui cach va hnh dang. Loai d lieu
Mo ta:
chuoi gom 100 ky t. Co the co gia tr rong
n gia hien tai cua mat hang. Co loai d lieu so vi 2 so thap
n gia:
phan, co gia tr t 10 en 50. Gia tr mac nhien la 0
thue suat: T suat thue ban cua mat hang c ghi di dang phan tram.
Co loai d lieu so, co gia tr t 0 en 99. Gia tr mac nhien 0
Thuoc tnh can e cap cac noi dung sau:
- Giai thch ng ngha.
- Xac nh kieu d lieu.
- Xac nh mien gia tr
- Xac nh gia tr mac nhien
- Cho phep e rong khong
- Xac nh cac rang buoc khac
Thuoc tnh
Ma hang:
VII BAI TAP

1
Bai 2.1
Trng Cao ang cong ong nui xanh xem xet lai van e hoc vien/mon hoc va quyet nh a chi tiet
ve chu e vao c s d lieu cua ho. Thong tin ve chu e co ma chu e, ten chu e, thi lng (mn hc
khng cn thuc tnh thi lng). Hay sa oi mo hnh ER sao cho no the hien c cac qui tac quan ly
sau:
(a) Mot hoc vien co the ghi danh hoc nhieu chu e va mot chu e c hoc bi nhieu hoc vien.
(b) Mot mon hoc bao gom mot so chu e va mot chu e ch thuoc ve mot mon hoc.
(c) Mot so chu e co tnh bat buoc con mot so co tnh nhiem y.
(d) iem cua hoc vien cua moi chu e cung c ghi nhan.
2
Bai 2.2
HT mua hang (nhan dien bi ma hang) t cac nha cung cap (nhan dien bi ma nha cung cap) khac
nhau. Viec giao hang c thc hien theo thong le thong thng va so lng cua tng mat hang trong
moi lan giao cua tng nha cung cap c ghi nhan. Mot nha cung cap co the cung cap cung mat hang
nhng khong cung ngay. n gia cung cap cua mot mat hang co the khac nhau trong tng chuyen hang.
HT mong muon ghi nhan mo ta mat hang va n gia cung nh so lng a c cung cap. Ten, a ch,
so ien thoai va so fax cua nha cung cap cung c lu vao c s d lieu.
Hay xay dng mo hnh ER va phieu thc the thuoc tnh cua van e.
3
Bai 2.3
Hay sa oi bai tap 2.1 cho phep s thay oi ve qui tac quan ly cua trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh
sao cho:
(a) Mot chu e co the nam trong nhieu mon hoc.
(b) Mot hoc vien co the ghi danh vao mot chu e nhieu lan (chang han Maria rut khoi c kh may
dau hoc ky 1 nam 1995 va co ke hoach ghi danh lai trong hoc ky 2. John a rt trong ky thi
thc hanh nghe nau an thng hang nhng c phep ghi danh lai vao hoc ky tiep v anh a at
ket qua tot trong cac chu e khac.

4
35
Bai 2.4
NOS la mot nha cung cap o dung van phong va trang thiet b van phong cho cac to chc doanh nghiep
trong ca nc. Ho s dung ng bu ien e nhan va gi n hang, ca-ta-lo theo thong le thong
thng. Co nhieu loai ca-ta-lo, chang han loai ca-ta-lo tuan, loai ca-ta-lo thang, loai ca-ta-lo qui. Ho
cung co cac loai ca-ta-lo chuyen muc ve mot so mat hang, chang han:
Loai ca-ta-lo OE chuyen ve trang thiet b van phong.
Loai ca-ta-lo PS chuyen ve san pham giay va o dung van phong.
Loai ca-ta-lo CE chuyen ve trang thiet b may tnh va cac phu kien.
NOS mong muon lu tr chi tiet ve san pham ma ho cung cap cu the ma hang, mo ta, mau sac va n v
tnh. Chung loai cac mat hang trong moi loai ca-ta-lo th khac nhau t vai tram cho loai ca-ta-lo tuan
en vai ngan cho loai ca-ta-lo qu. Mot san pham co the xuat hien tren nhieu loai ca-ta-lo.
NOS phat hanh cac loai ca-ta-lo theo tng t xuat ban. Mot san pham ch xuat hien mot lan tren mot
ca-ta-lo nhng co the co cac gia khac nhau tren cac t xuat ban khac nhau. Moi ca-ta-lo co mot ngay
bat au khuyen mai va ngay ket thuc khuyen mai. Thi gian khuyen mai cua cac ca-ta-lo khac nhau co
the trung len nhau chang han:
trung mot phan: ca-ta-lo tuan co thi gian khuyen mai trung mot phan vi ca-ta-lo qu.
trung toan bo: ca-ta-lo CE co the co cung thi gian khuyen mai vi ca-ta-lo tuan.
Hay xay dng mo hnh ER cua van e va chu y en s kien gia mot mat hang th khac nhau trong cac
ca-ta-lo khac nhau, trong cac khoang thi gian khac nhau.
5
Bai 2.5
Sa oi bai tap 2.4 sao cho NOS co the ghi nhan hang a cung cap cho khach hang. Thong tin ve khach
hang co ma khach hang, ho ten, a ch. Khi mot khach hang at mua hang t NOS th ma ca-ta-lo (nh
OE, PS) va t xuat ban c ghi kem theo ma hang trong n hang. ieu nay cho phep NOS cung cap
cho khach hang, san pham co gia ung vi ca-ta-lo cua khach hang. Mot n hang co nhieu mat hang
va moi mat hang eu co so lng at mua. Thong tin ve n hang co so n hang (duy nhat), ngay n
hang va chi tiet khach hang.
6
Trac nghiem
6.1) Which of the following is not correct?

Answer ?
A) Entity Relationship Diagrams use four items; Rectangles, circles, lines, degree of relation (such
as one to many).
B) Entity Relationship Diagrams show entities, how the entities interact and the attributes.
C) In trasforming Entity Relationship Diagrams to a Database, entities become tables.
D) Entity Relationship Diagrams are a graphical approach to modeling that helps the user design
systems
6.2) A type of documentation that contains the definition and the characteristics of the data elements
within a data base is known as a:
A) record layout
B) data dictionary
C) data model
D) data flow diagram
E) entity-relationship model.
6.3) An entity type whose existence depends on another entity type is called a (n) _____entity
A) Co dependent
36
B) Variant
C) Strong
D) Weak
6.4) An entity that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes specific
to the relationships is called a(n)
A) Associative entity
B) Intersectional entity
C) All of the above
D) Connecting entity
6.5) A persons name, birthday, and social security number are all examples of
A) Descriptors
B) None of the above
C) Relationships
D) Entities
E) Attributes
6.6) A data model is
A) Shown as an entity-relationship diagram
B) A logical representation of the structure of the database.
C) Transformed into tables and ralationships
D) All of the above
6.7) One of the important properties of an attribute is whether or not it is required
A) False
B) True
----oOo----
37
Chng 4 .
MO HNH QUAN HE
(THE RELATIONAL MODEL)
MO HNH QUAN HE LA G
1
Quan he (relation)
Mo hnh quan he xoay quan cac khai niem quan he, bo (tuple) va thuoc tnh (attribute). Nhng khai
niem nay tng ng vi cac khai niem tap thc the, thc the va thuoc tnh.
Hnh 3.1 trnh bay mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he tng ng cua van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong
Nui Ayers. Mo hnh quan he ch la mot dang trnh bay khac cua mo hnh ER. Cuoi chng nay, chung
ta se biet lam the nao e chuyen oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
2
Thc the, quan he, va bang (table)
Tien trnh giai bai toan csdl c phat trien t mo hnh d lieu sang mo hnh quan he roi cuoi cung sang
bang trong csdl.
MO HNH D LIEU
MO HNH QUAN HE
BANG TRONG CSDL

Hnh 3.2 - S tien trien qua cac giai oan khac nhau
t mo hnh d lieu en viec thc hien bang trong HQTCSDL
V du: RFC la nha buon s thiet b ien va ien t. Ho ban nhieu mat hang cho nganh cong nghiep ien
t. Cong viec au tien ma Cong ty mong muon thc hien la lu tr d lieu hang hoa trong mot csdl. Ho
ac biet quan tam lu tr ve ma hang, mo ta, loai hang, t suat thue ban ra, n gia s, n gia le, n
gia chuc.
38
Mo hnh ER
MAT HANG
ma mat hang
mo ta
loai hang
t suat thue ban ra
n gia s
n gia le
n gia chuc
Mo hnh quan he
MAT HANG (ma mat hang, mo ta, loai hang, t suat thue ban ra, n gia s, n gia le, n gia chuc)
Bang trong HQTCSDL
thc the,
dong, bo,
mau tin
ma mat hang
mo ta
loai hang
1003
1007
1012
tu ien
tu ien
tu ien
1000 ufd
2200 ufd
3300 ufd
t suat thue
ban ra
22
22
22
3156
3159
3258
3259
au noi
au noi
au noi
au noi
BNC
TNC
N-MALE
N-BNC
1773
1174
ien tr
ien tr
6745
trimpot
n gia s
n gia le
n gia chuc
0.68
0.83
1.27
1.24
1.52
1.69
1.08
1.32
1.47
15
15
15
15
1.16
2.48
5.45
7.45
2.00
4.28
9.40
11.70
1.73
3.71
8.15
9.95
5k6
6.8
22
22
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
10k (log)
22
1.26
2.31
2.00
thuoc tnh,
cot
hay vung
gia tr thuoc tnh,

gia tr cot
hay gia tr vung
Hnh 3.1 - Mo hnh ER, mo hnh quan he va bang cua van e RFC
MO HNH THC THE MO HNH QUAN HE BANG TRONG HQTCSDL

tap thc the
quan he
Bang
thc the
bo
dong hay mau tin
thuoc tnh
thuoc tnh
cot hay vung
gia tr thuoc tnh
gia tr thuoc tnh
gia tr vung
Bang 3.1 Moi tng quan gia cac khai niem qua cac mo hnh
3
Bo (tuple)
la mot bo cac gia tr cua cac thuoc tnh trong mot dong cua quan he.
th t xuat hien cac thuoc tnh trong mot bo th khong anh hng en ket qua tnh toan.
mot bo co tnh duy nhat trong quan he. Ngha la trong mot quan he khong the co hai bo giong nhau
(gia tr cac thuoc tnh eu giong nhau).
Mot thuoc tnh hay nhom cac thuoc tnh dung e phan biet bo nay vi bo kia trong quan he c goi
la khoa chnh.
khoa chnh trong mot quan he lai xuat hien trong mot quan he khac c goi la khoa ngoai.
4
Thuoc tnh (attribute)
Phan giao gia dong va cot la gia tr thuoc tnh. Gia tr cua thuoc tnh phai la gia tr n khong a tr
hay cau truc. Mot quan he co gia tr thuoc tnh nh vay th quan he nay at dang chuan mot. V du sau
cho thay mot quan he ma gia tr thuoc tnh n gia la a tr.
39
Ky hieu
Ten quan he c ghi bang ch hoa trc ngoac tron va tat ca thuoc tnh c liet ke trong ngoac
tron.
Khoa chnh gach chan.
Khoa ngoai viet nghieng
II
KHOA
1
Khoa (key, candidate key)
La tap hp nho nhat cac thuoc tnh ma gia tr cua no dung e phan biet bo nay vi bo kia trong mot
quan he.
2
Khoa hp (composite key)
La khoa co tren mot thuoc tnh.

3
Khoa chnh (primary key)
La khoa c chon e cai at trong mot HQTCSDL. Khi chon khoa chnh ta phai chu y cac tnh chat
sau: ap dung, duy nhat, nho nhat, on nh.
Khoa co tnh ap dung khi no khong bo sot bat ky trng hp nao cua van e.
Khoa phai co tnh duy nhat dung e phan biet bo nay vi bo kia trong quan he.
Khoa co tnh nho nhat khi ta bo bat ky thuoc tnh nao cua no th no khong con tnh duy nhat na.
Khoa co tnh on nh khi gia tr cua khoa khong thay oi.
V du ve khoa chnh khong on nh
WSE ban le o ien, la ca hang c cung cap hang bi NSD. Thoa thuan gia WSE va NSD la WSE
phai mua toi thieu 90% hang cua NSD. WSE co the mua toi a 10% hang cua nhng nha cung ng oc
lap khac.
WSE ang thiet lap mot he may tnh cho ieu hanh va x ly n hang. He s dung cung ma san pham vi
NSD va tao ma rieng cho nguon hang mua t ni khac.
V du tren dan ti hai van e nh sau:
Khi NSD thay oi ma hang th ma hang cua WSE se b thay oi theo gay ra tnh mat on nh.
Khi mot mat hang va c cung ng t nha cung ng oc lap va t NSD th se gay ra tnh trang
mot mat hang co ti hai ma hang khac nhau. e tranh tnh trang nay buoc long phai thay oi
ma hang.

4
40
Khoa ngoai (foreign key)
Trong mo hnh quan he, e dien ta moi ket hp, ngi ta chep khoa chnh t quan he nay sang quan he
kia. Trong quan he nhan, khoa c chep sang goi la khoa ngoai.
Khoa d tuyen va khoa khac
V du ve khoa d tuyen.
ANFD (Lien hiep cac nha phan phoi thc pham quoc te) la mot tap oan phuc vu khach hang thong qua
mang li cac van phong buon ban cap quoc gia va no co tren 150 van phong nh vay. ANFD quan ly
chi tiet xe cua cac van phong ai dien bang quan he sau:
XE(so ang bo, qui cach, hnh dang, mau sac, so sn, so may, ma xe, quoc gia)
Bc au, co mot so nhom thuoc tnh co kha nang phan biet xe nay vi xe kia. Cac nhom thuoc tnh nay
c goi la khoa d tuyen: (so ang bo, quoc gia), (so sn), (so may), (ma xe)
Khoa d tuyen
ieu kien Dien giai
chon la
So ang bo, quoc gia
Ap dung
Gay ra van e khi can lu tr thong tin ve xe cha ang bo
On nh
Gay ra van e v so ang bo co kha nang thay oi. Khi so ang bo
thay oi (khi ban xe) ta phai sa lai gia tr so ang bo cua xe o lam
cho khoa chnh khong on nh
Duy nhat
Ch rieng so ang bo khong co tnh duy nhat t quoc gia nay sang
quoc gia khac
Nho nhat
Khong nho nhat trong pham vi mot quoc gia
So sn
Ap dung
Khong co van e v moi xe co so sn khac nhau
On nh
Khong co van e v so sn khong thay oi
Duy nhat
Duy nhat cho moi xe
Nho nhat
Ch gom mot thuoc tnh th ng nhien nho nhat
So may
Ap dung
Khong van e
On nh
Co van e v may co kha nang c thay mi
Ma xe
Duy nhat
Nho nhat
Ap dung
On nh
Duy nhat
Nho nhat
41
Khong co van e
Ch gom mot thuoc tnh th ng nhien nho nhat
Khong co van e v do cong ty tao ra
Khong co van e v do cong ty tao ra
Khong co van e v cong ty t chu trach nhiem bao am chung phai
khac nhau
Chung ch gom mot thuoc tnh nen ng nhien nho nhat
Qua bang phan tch tren th khoa chnh co kha nang la mot trong hai thuoc tnh sau: So sn va ma xe
Do so sn thng dai va khong ong nhat nen khong tien trong cong tac quan ly cua cong ty. Cong ty
t tao ra ma xe la giai phap chon la co tnh thc tien cao.
Khoa nhan tao (khoa ai dien) artificial key (surrogate key)
oi khi viec xac nh khoa chnh khong phai luc nao cung thc hien c do bon tnh chat rang buoc:
ap dung, on nh, duy nhat, nho nhat. Trong cac trng hp nh vay, buoc ta phai a vao mot thuoc
tnh vi muc ch lam khoa chnh c goi la khoa nhan tao (artificial key), oi khi con goi la khoa ai
dien (surrogate key). Cac khoa nhan tao nh: ma nhan vien, ma khach hang, so hoa n, ma tai san co
nh.
Khoa nhan tao luon luon thoa 4 tnh chat ap dung, on nh, duy nhat, nho nhat. Khi s dung khoa nhan
tao ta can chu y cac ieu sau:
Khong gan ng ngha cua van e vao khoa nh ma khach hang t 1 en 1000 la khach hang cua cac
chi nhanh pha bac, ma khach hang ln hn 1000 la khach hang cua cac chi nhanh pha nam.
Khong dung lai gia tr khoa a xoa cho mot bo gia tr mi v anh hng en d lieu cu.
Kiem tra trng hp nhap hai bo gia tr cua mot oi tng.
7
Khoa phu (Secondary keys)
Khoa phu la mot thuoc tnh hay mot nhom cac thuoc tnh thng hay c s dung trong khai thac d
lieu. V du van e Trng cao ang cong ong nui Ayers co thuoc tnh ten hoc vien va thuoc tnh ten
mon hoc hay c dung trong tm kiem nen chung c sap xep e ay nhanh toc o x ly. Nhng
vung nay c goi la khoa phu.
III NHNG TNH CHAT KHAC CUA MO HNH QUAN HE
Nhng tnh chat khac cua mo hnh quan he la:

ai so quan he, phep tnh quan he va
Rang buoc toan ven
1
ai so quan he, phep tnh quan he
ai so quan he va phep tnh quan he tao ra mot so chc nang nh:
42
Trch mot so dong trong quan he.

Trch mot so cot trong quan he.
Ket noi quan he thong qua khoa ngoai
Cac chc nang nay c the hien trong HQTCSDL quan he qua ngon ng SQL. SQL la ngon ng phi
thu tuc chung khai thac d lieu bang cach mo ta truy xuat cai g hn la truy xuat nh the nao.
2
Rang buoc toan ven
Mo hnh quan he nh ngha ba mc rang buoc:

Rang buoc toan ven thc the (Entity integrity constraint)
Rang buoc toan ven tham chieu (Referential integrity constraint)
Rang buoc toan ven loai d lieu (Data type integrity constraint)
Rang buoc mien gia tr (Domain integrity constraint)
i
Rang buoc thc the (entity Integrity)
Thc chat cua rang buoc thc the la cac rang buoc tren khoa chnh thoa man cac tnh chat: duy nhat,
khong rong, nho nhat.
ii
Rang buoc phu thuoc ton tai (referential Integrity)
Rang buoc ton tai oi hoi gia tr khoa ngoai trong mot quan he phai ton tai trong quan he co khoa chnh
tng ng.
HOC VIEN
MON HOC
Ma hoc
Ten hoc
Ma mon
Ma mon
Ten mon hoc
Thi
vien
vien
hoc
hoc
lng
91215
Jenny
BBW
BKE
C nhan cong nghe bay
36
92325
Mun Chan
ADRC
ADRC Chng ch leo nui
12
93642
Alexander
DFA
BBW
C nhan nuoi chim
24
DFA
Van bang cam hoa
18
.
96789
Sarah
DJK
?
Hnh 3.7 Rang buoc s ton tai b vi pham bi hoc vien 96789
iii Rang buoc loai d lieu (data type integrity)
Rang buoc loai d lieu oi hoi gia tr thuoc tnh phai la loai d lieu cua thuoc tnh.
V du Trng cong ong nui Ayers quyet nh thu hoc ph cac mon hoc va hoc ph cua moi mon hoc th
khac nhau. Ta lu tr thong tin nay bang cach them thuoc tnh hoc ph vao quan he mon hoc. Ta c:
MON HOC(ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng, hoc ph)
Loai d lieu cua thuoc tnh hoc ph la loai tien te nh cac gia tr sau: $280.00,$65.95,$890.99
3
Ket noi quan he
Toan t ket noi quan he c cai at trong cong cu SQL cua HQTCSDL. V du: e khai thac chi tiet ve
hoc vien ang hoc mon hoc g th quan he HOC VIEN va MON HOC phai c ket noi thong qua ma
mon hoc
4
Mien gia tr (data domain integrity)
Mien gia tr la cac gia tr co the co trong loai d lieu. V du Trng cong ong nui Ayers quyet nh
mc hoc ph cua tng mon hoc khong ln hn $300.00. Nh vay mien gia tr la t 0 en $300.00.
Mien gia tr nam trong qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep, thng hay thay oi con loai gia tr th
t thay oi.

5
43
Rang buoc do ngi dung (user constraint)
Hoc sinh khuyet tat c giam 10% hoc ph

n mua hang co gia tr ln hn $10.000 c giam 5%.
IV QUI TAC BIEN OI MO HNH ER THANH MO HNH QUAN HE
Qui tac bien oi mo hnh ER
Khi bien oi mo hnh ER thanh cac mo hnh quan he ta ap dung cac qui tac sau:
Moi tap thc the trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh mot quan he.
Moi thuoc tnh trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh thuoc tnh trong quan he tng ng.
Thuoc tnh nhan dien trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh khoa chnh trong quan he tng ng.
Trng hp khoa chnh khong thoa 4 tnh chat chon la, th phai chon khoa chnh khac hay a vao
khoa nhan tao.
The hien moi ket hp thong qua khoa ngoai.
2
Qui tac the hien moi ket hp thong qua khoa ngoai
i
Moi ket hp mot-mot
Chuyen khoa chnh t quan he 1 sang quan he 2 hay ngc lai. V du van e ngi lai xe va bang
lai se co mo hnh quan he la mot trong hai mo hnh quan he sau
ii
Moi ket hp mot-nhieu
Chuyen khoa chnh t ben mot sang ben nhieu.
iii Moi ket hp nhieu nhieu c giai bang tap ket hp
44
45
Mo hnh quan he
HOC VIEN (ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai)
MON HOC (ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng)
PHIEU GHI DANH (ma hoc vien, ma mon hoc, ngay nhap hoc)
Hnh 3.10 - Mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he cua van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui
Xanh
Trong quan he PHIEU GHI DANH co cac khoa chnh khoa ngoai nh sau:
+ ma hoc vien la khoa ngoai
+ ma mon hoc la khoa ngoai
+ ma hoc vien va ma mon hoc la khoa chnh
iv
Moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu
Tao mot quan he mi co khoa chnh la s ket hp cac khoa chnh cua hai quan he co ban so ket noi
nhieu nhieu.
V du gia s Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Xanh khong quan tam en ngay nhap hoc cua hoc
vien th mo hnh ER se co moi ket hp nhieu nhieu nh sau:
Tom tat cac qui tac bien oi
46
D LIEU YEU CAU
PHAN TCH
MO HNH D LIEU
QT 1: Moi tap thc the trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh mot quan he
QT 2: Moi thuoc tnh trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh thuoc tnh trong quan he tng ng
QT 3: Thuoc tnh nhan dien trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh khoa chnh
trong quan he tng ng.Trng hp khoa chnh khong thoa 4 tnh chat chon la,
th phai chon khoa chnh khac hay a vao khoa nhan tao.
QT 4: The hien moi quan he thong qua khoa ngoai:
1 : 1 Chuyen khoa chnh t quan he 1 sang quan he 2 hay ngc lai.
1 :M Chuyen khoa chnh t ben mot sang ben nhieu.
M:M Tao quan he toan khoa
THIET KE
QUAN HE D TUYEN
Hnh 3.14 - Tom tat cac qui tac bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he
tren khung cua cac giai oan
BAI TAP
1
Bai tap 1
oi vi van e sau ay hay:

(a) xay dng mo hnh ER
(b) e xuat ve thuoc tnh nhan dien va thuoc tnh mo ta mot cach thch hp.
(c) chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he va cho biet khoa chnh, khoa ngoai.
(d) ke them cac gia nh cua van e.
Mot nhan vien co the yeu cau c cung cap vat t t ngi quan ly. Neu ngi quan ly ong y vi ban
yeu cau th cac vat t t ban yeu cau c chon theo nha cung cap e tao cac n mua hang va gi cho
cac nha cung cap thch hp.
2
Trac nghiem
2.1) A tables primary key field

A) Guaranties that each row is unique
B) Is always referenced by a foreign key in another table
C) Is a combination of two keys that make a foreign key
D) In a one to many relationship is also its own foreign key.
E) Is always stored in one column
2.2) Entity integrity is when:
A) There are no composite primary keys
B) Referential integrity has been upheld.
C) None of the above.
D) Primary key values are unique.
E) Entity relationship diagram is correct
2.3) The field used to id records in a database table is known as the:
A) Query Identifier
B) Primary key
C) Relational Column
D) Header
E) Row
47
2.4)Which of the following is correct about referential integrity?

A) Ensures tables are up to date
B) Prevents data tables from having orphans
C) Shows how tables are related to each other
----oOo----
48
Chng 5 .
PHAN TCH D LIEU VA YEU CAU CHC NANG
(DATA ANALYSIS AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS)
GII THIEU
1
Hoat ong kiem tra yeu cau chc nang
Hoat ong kiem tra yeu cau chc nang oi khi con goi la lng gia mo hnh (validating the model, data
model validation) nham phat hien sai sot trong mo hnh d lieu, lam cho mo hnh d lieu phu hp vi
yeu cau cua he thong hn. Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang la hoat ong nam trong giai oan thiet ke csdl
logic (hnh).
Phan tch he thong thong tin
Phan tch he thong thong tin co cac kha canh sau:

Phng phap tiep can t tren xuong (t tong quat en chi tiet) (top down approach)
Tap trung chu y vao d lieu yeu cau va moi ket hp cua chung.
Phan tch he thong thong tin tao ieu kien cho viec dung lai d lieu.
3
Phan tch d lieu
Ngc lai vi phan tch he thong thong tin, phan tch d lieu ch tap trung vao mot ng dung trong mot
to chc nh he n at hang, he cong n. Li ch cua phan tch d lieu la chi ph va thi gian c
lng cho d an la tng oi chnh xac. Bat li la d lieu dung chung co the b trung lap.

II
49
NGUON D LIEU
1
Cac phng phap thu thap thong tin
D lieu yeu cau va moi tng quan gia cac d lieu c thu thap bang cac phng phap sau:
+ Phong van va lang nghe (interviewing and listening)
+ Bang cau hoi (administering questionnaires)
+ Quan sat (observing)
+ Phan tch qui trnh (Procedure) va tai lieu (man hnh, bao cao phat sinh cua may tnh va Bieu
mau hien hu)
2
Phan tch mau bieu
CUNG NG VVP QUOC GIA

Van phong chnh: 1234 Pacific Highway Newtown NSW 2199 T: 81231234 Fax: 81231235
Ngay: 10.07.96
So n hang: 134277
C AT BI
GIAO CHO
Cong ty: Western Stationery
Cong ty: Western Stationery
Ngi at hang: Tanya Ma khach hang: W123
Ngi nhan hang: Carlo
a ch: 22B St Georges Tce
a ch: 862 Welshpool road
Thanh pho: Perth
Bang: WA
Thanh pho: Kewdale
Bang: WA
Ma th tn: 6000
So T: 8321 3214
Ma th tnh: 6104
So T: 84331111
So lng
Ma hang
n v tnh
Mau sac
Mo ta
n ga Thanh tien
40 A7211
Cai
trang
Giay A4
5.97
238.80
12 B7123
Cai
trang
cuon giay fax
3.65
43.80
1 A7216
ta
cuon bang keo
2.64
20.64
1 J2312
cai
mau be
Tu
268.95
268.95
1 N0002
hop
nau
cuon n
3.27
3.27
Mien ph giao hang cho n hang co gia tr tren 50.00
1.50
Ph giao hang:
Tong cong: 575.47
Hoan tra san pham trong vong 30 ngay se c hoan tien mua hang
Hnh 4.2 Mau bieu n at hang va tap thc the / thuoc tnh c nhan dien
i
Tnh chat
Trc khi phan tch mau bieu, ta co nhan xet sau:

ten mau bieu co the giong ten tap thc the nhng chung hoan toan khac nhau nh: tap thc the
HOA N va mau bieu hoa n
phan tch mau bieu e nhan dien tap thc the, moi tng quan gia chung va thuoc tnh cua van
e.
Mot mau bieu thng co cac thong tin in san ma chung ta khong can quan tam trong viec xay
dng mo hnh d lieu.
mau bieu cha thuoc tnh cua nhieu tap thc the.
ii
Phan tch
T mau n at hang ta rut ra nhng ieu sau:

1. Thong tin in san tren n at hang:
50
+ Ten cong ty, a ch va ien thoai lien he

+ Ten mau bieu
+ Thong tin quang cao
2. So n hang va ngay n hang la cac thong tin cua mot n hang. Vay N HANG la mot tap
thc the.
3. Phan c at bi la cac thong tin ve khach hang at hang. Vay ta co tap thc the KHACH
HANG
4. Phan ni giao hang la cac thong tin ve ngi nhan hang. Ngi nhan hang co the la ngi at
hang cung co the la ngi khac. Thong tin ngi mhan hang ch nham muc ch mo ta them ve
n hang la hang giao cho ai ma khong co muc ch g khac chang han nh co bao nhieu ngi
nhan mat hang H v the chung ta a chung vao tap thc the N HANG.
5. Thong tin tren phan chi tiet la danh sach cac mat hang cung ng. Ta goi moi dong nh vay la mot
thc the cua tap thc the DONG N HANG
6. Cot thanh tien cua n hang la gia tr c tnh bang cach nhan n gia ban vi so lng, nen
thong tin nay khong can a vao mo hnh ER.
7. Nhng thong tin nh n v tnh, ma hang, mau sac, mo ta, n gia la cac thuoc tnh cua mat hang
vay MAT HANG la tap thc the. Nh vay ch co thuoc tnh so lng la thuoc tnh cua tap thc
the DONG N HANG.
8. Ben di n hang la chi ph giao hang va tong gia tr n hang. Chi ph giao hang la chi ph
cua mot n hanh nen chung la thuoc tnh cua tap thc the N HANG. Tong gia tr cua n
hang c tnh bang cach cong cac gia tr tren cot thanh tien va chi ph giao hang nen chung
khong c a vao mo hnh ER.
9. Thong thng cac thong tin tren mot mau bieu khong nhom chung e dien ta mot thc the. Trong
cac trng hp nh vay oi hoi ta phai biet gan thuoc tnh thch hp cho tng thc the
Nhng thanh phan chnh cua mau bieu n at hang:
o Tap thc the KHACH HANG
o Tap thc the N HANG
o Tap thc the DONG N HANG
o Tap thc the HANG
o Cac vung tnh toan nh thanh tien, tong cong
T s phan tch tren ta co mo hnh sau:
51
III KIEM TRA YEU CAU CHC NANG

1
Nguyen tac chung
Moi bang trong mo hnh can phai kiem tra 4 chc nang CRUD (create, retrieve, update,
delete/archive) sau:
o Them mi mau tin vao bang: chu y trc khi them gia tr cho khoa ngoai phai them gia tr
cua khoa chnh tng ng trc (them ben mot roi them ben nhieu).
o Khai thac mau tin: khi khai thac ta co the ket noi thong tin thong qua cac vung (thng khoa
chnh va khoa ngoai). Ket qua cua viec khai thac cho hien len man hnh hay in ra bao cao.
o Sa d lieu: trng hp sa d lieu tren vung khoa ta phai chu y rang buoc phu thuoc ton tai
o Xoa: lu roi xoa.
Mo hnh ER dung e kiem tra chc nang phai co thuoc tnh va khoa ngoai.
Kiem tra cac chc nang nham muc ch phat hien nhng thieu sot trong mo hnh d lieu.
2
V du:
Mo hnh d lieu tren co cac yeu cau chc nang sau:

1. Them n hang mi.
2. Liet ke n hang va ten cong ty at n hang o.
3. Sa ten khach hang cua mot n hang
4. Sao lu roi xoa bo cac n hang co ngay at hang trc mot ngay nao o.
5. In bao cao cac n hang va ten cong ty at n hang o theo th t ngay n hang giam dan.
6. Cho hien mahang, mo ta cua cac mat hang cua mot khach hang.

ngay n hang
cong ty nhan
ngi nhan
a ch nhan
thanh pho
nhan
bang nhan
ma th tn nhan
chi ph giao hang
so ien thoai
nhan
man
khach
so
hang
hang
so th t
N
HANG
52
a
t
c at
bi
KHACH
HANG
thuoc
ve
ch
a
DONG
N
HANG
hang
ten cong ty
ten khach
hang
a ch
thanh pho
bang
ma th tnh
so ien
thoai
ma hang
mo ta
n v tnh
c ke
mau sac
bi
so lng
n gia hien
n gia
hanh
ban
N HANG(so n hang,ngay n hang, cong ty nhan,ngi nhan,a ch
nhan,thanh pho nhan,
bang nhan,ma th tn nhan,chi ph giao hang,so ien thoai nhan,
DONG N)HANG(so n hang,so th t
so lng,n
gia ban)
MAT HANG(ma hang,mo ta ,n v tnh,mau sac,n gia hien
hanh)
KHACH HANG(ma khach hang,ten cong ty,ten khach hang,a ch,thanh pho,bang,ma
th tnh,so ien thoai)
ke
MAT HANG
Hnh 4.5 - Mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he co khoa

ngoai
Chung ta se lan lt thc hien cac yeu cau chc nang tren:
1. Chc nang them mi mot n hang. Ta lan lt them mi theo th t sau:
Neu la khach hang mi th them thong tin ve khach hang vao bang KHACH HANG.
Them so n hang, ngay n hang,... vao bang N HANG.
moi dong tren bieu mau n hang ta lan lt thc hien:
o Neu la mat hang mi th them thong tin ve mat hang vao bang MAT HANG.
o Them so n hang, so th t, ... vao bang DONG N HANG
Qua trnh them n hang mi se khong co van e khi th t tren c ton trong.
2. Chc nang khai thac:
Gia s d lieu a co ay u.
e khai thac N HANG va Ten cong ty ta:
o Lan lt khai thac tng mau tin trong bang N HANG.
o Liet ke cac gia tr cua cac vung cua N HANG.
o ng vi moi mau tin cua N HANG ta s dung gia tr vung Ma khach hang e tm
mau tin co cung gia tr tren vung Ma khach hang trong KHACH HANG va khai thac
Ten cong ty.
3. Chc nang sa:
Trong bang KHACH HANG tm mau tin cua khach hang can sa va sa Ten khach
hang
4. Chc nang xoa va sao lu:
53
Muon xoa mot mau tin cua n hang ta phai biet biet n hang nao a gi, n hang nao
cha. Mo hnh hien tai khong the hien ieu nay. e ap ng yeu cau chc nang nay, oi
hoi ta phai them thuoc tnh a gi vao tap thc the N HANG.
Lan lt khai thac cac mau tin trong bang N HANG, chon mau tin co gia tr ung tren
vung a gi va co Ngay n hang trc ngay can xoa roi chep lu va xoa.
5. Chc nang khai thac:
Lan lt khai thac cac mau tin trong N HANG theo th t Ngay at hang giam dan.
ng vi moi mau tin trong N HANG, ta s dung gia tr vung Ma khach hang e tm
mau tin co cung gia tr Ma khach hang trong KHACH HANG va khai thac Ten cong ty.
ng vi moi mau tin trong N HANG, ta s dung gia tr vung So n hang lan lt tm
mau tin co cung gia tr So n hang trong DONG N HANG va khai thac ,
va ng vi moi mau tin trong DONG N HANG, ta s dung gia tr vung ma hang tm
mau tin co cung gia tr ma hang trong bang MAT HANG va khai thac cac gia tr cac
vung trong bang MAT HANG.
Ket thuc moi n hang tnh tong gia tr cua n hang.
6. Chc nang khai thac
Dung thong tin ve khach hang can tm, tm mau tin tng ng trong bang KHACH
HANG va khai thac cac gia tr cua cac vung cua mau tin nay.
Lan lt khai thac cac mau tin trong bang N HANG chon mau tin co gia tr Ma khach
hang bang vi ga tr ma khach hang tm thay bc tren.
ng vi mau tin cua bang N HANG c chon, lan lt khai thac cac mau tin cua
dong n hang co cung gia tr ma n hang.
ng vi moi mau tin cua DONG N HANG, s dung ma hang e tm mau tin hang
tng ng trong bang MAT HANG.
ng vi mau tin cua bang MAT HANG tm thay bc tren cho hien gia tr cua cac vung
ma hang, mo ta.
MO HNH D LIEU
Bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he

QUAN HE TUYEN CHON
da vao yeu cau chc nang e kiem tra mo hnh d lieu
Hnh 3.14 - Yeu cau chc nang trong cac bc phan tch thiet ke d lieu
IV BAI TAP 4.1

O GO THUNG LUNG NG ONG
HOA N BAN HANG
Ban cho:
Ma khach hang: 1273
Ho ten: Contemporary Designs
a ch: 123 Oak Street
So hoa n: 913-A36-01
Ngay hoa n: 11-10-2001
54
Thanh pho: Keydale........Bang:TX...Zip:28384

So ien thoai: 8 565 895
Nhan vien ban hang: Jenny
Ma san pham Mo ta
So lng
n gia Thanh tien
M128
Ke sach
4
200
800
B381
Tu nhieu ngan
2
150
300
B210
Bang
1
500
500
G200
Ghe
8
400
3200
Cong:
4800
Giam gia: 5%
240
Tong cong:
4560
Hay phan tch bieu mau tren:
(a) Xay dng mo hnh ER co a vao ban so, tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc va ten moi ket hp
theo hai chieu.
(b) Dien ta noi dung moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the.
(c) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
(d) Kiem tra chc nang:
1. them mot hoa n mi.
2. In mot hoa n a co.
V TRAC NGHIEM
1) To do fact finding, the analyst does the following
A) Interviews personal, prepares questionnaires, observers current system
B) Gathers forms and documents currently in use
C) Cost-benefit analysis
2) Establishing team standards is part of which step in the data modeling process?
A) creating the data model
B) validating the model
C) planning the project
D) determining system requirements
E) It is not part of any of the above steps in the data modeling process.
----oOo----
55
Chng 6 .
TNH BAT BUOC, KHONG BAT BUOC TRONG MOI KET HP
(RELATIONSHIP OPTIONALITY)
NG NGHEA MOI KET HP
Trong chng nay ta bo sung them ng ngha (qui tac quan ly) vao moi ket hp va bieu dien chung
trong mo hnh ER. Mo hnh ER nh vay c goi la mo hnh thc the ket hp m rong (Extended Entity
Relationship).
1
Tnh khong bat buoc cua moi ket hp
Trc ay, chung ta van ngam hieu moi thc the eu tham gia vao moi ket hp nh mo hnh ER sau:
Mo hnh nay dien ta qui tac quan ly:

Moi KHACH HANG at mot hay nhieu N AT HANG
Moi N AT HANG c at bi mot KHACH HANG
va mo hnh nay co mo hnh thc the the hien sau:
Mo hnh tren cho thay mot n at hang bat ky phai thuoc ve mot khach hang va mot khach hang bat
ky phai co at mot n at hang. Nhng tren thc te co khach hang co n at hang, co khach hang
khong co n at hang do mot trong cac ly do sau:
o Khach hang mi
o Khach hang se at hang trong tng lai.
o Khach hang nam trong chien dch quang cao.
nh mo hnh thc the the hien sau:
56
Mo hnh tren cho thay khah hang Ace 4WD Supplies khong co n at hang.
Vay e dien ta tnh trang co khach hang khong co n at hang, qui tac quan ly trc ay c sa
thanh:
Moi KHACH HANG co the at mot hay nhieu N AT HANG
Moi N AT HANG phai c at bi mot KHACH HANG
Va mo hnh ER tng ng c sa oi bang cach bo sung them tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc vao
moi ket hp:
phai
(tnh bat buoc)
a
KHACH
N AT
t
c at
HANG
HANG
so n
ma khach
bi
co the
hang
hang
(tnh khong bat
ngay n
ten
buoc)
hang
a ch
Hnh 5.3 - Mo hnh ER co sa oi cua van e khach hang va n
at hang ma ho at
Ban so nho nhat (minimum cardinality), ban so ln nhat (maximum cardinality): T nay ve sau, ban so
cua moi ket hp c hieu co ca tnh bat buoc (mandatory) hay khong bat buoc (arbitrary, optional) cua
moi ket hp. Ban so trc ay ta van hieu la la ban so ln nhat, con tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc
cua moi ket hp la ban so nho nhat. Nh vay ban so cua moi ket hp c ky hieu gom cac dang sau
(0,M), (1,M), (0,1), (1,1). Vi v du tren ban so pha tap thc the KHACH HANG la (1,1), con ban so
pha tap thc the N AT HANG la (0,M)
II
PHIEU MOI KET HP
Ta bo sung tnh bat buoc, khong bat buoc vao mo hnh ER cua hnh 4.5 ta c mo hnh:
57
Mo hnh nay dien ta 6 qui tac quan ly:

+ Moi KHACH HANG co the at mot hay nhieu N HANG
+ Moi N HANG phai c at bi mot KHACH HANG
+ Moi N HANG phai cha mot hay nhieu DONG N HANG
+ Moi DONG N HANG phai thuoc ve mot N HANG
+ Moi DONG N HANG phai ke mot MAT HANG
+ Moi MAT HANG co the c ke bi mot hay nhieu DONG N HANG
Phieu moi ket hp cua mo hnh tren co dang sau:
Tap thc the 1
KHACH HANG
N HANG
N HANG
DONG N HANG
DONG N HANG
HANG
Tnh bat buoc

Co the
Phai
Phai
Phai
Phai
Co the
Quan he
at
c at bi
cha
Thuoc ve
ke
c ke bi
Ban so
Khong hay nhieu
Mot
Mot hay nhieu
Mot
mot
Khong hay nhieu
Tap thc the 2

N HANG
KHACH HANG
DONG N HANG
N HANG
HANG
DONG N HANG
Phieu nay c xay dng nham muc ch trnh bay cho ngi s dung ve moi ket hp cua cac thc the
trong he thong. Ngi s dung la ngi nam ro van e, thong qua phieu quan he, ho se giup ta chnh
sa nhng g con sai sot cua mo hnh d lieu.
III ANH HNG CUA TNH KHONG BAT BUOC TREN KHOA NGOAI
tnh khong bat buoc ben
canh
ban so moi quan he ben
nhieu
nen khong gay anh hng g
ca
KHACH
N AT
HANG
HANG
Tnh khong bat buoc ch anh hng tren khoa ngoai khi no ben canh ban so moi ket hp ben mot.
khoa ngoai cua khoa chnh ben mot nay se khong dien ta c tnh chat khong bat buoc nay.
58
e giai quyet van e, ngi ta phai s dung mot gia tr ac biet tren khoa ngoai. Ta hay xem cach giai
quyet qua hai v du sau:
1
Quan he mot-nhieu
V du: Cong ty TNHH Dau kh Ngoai khi hien co cac d an khoan tham do a trien khai vao cac thi
iem trc ay. Moi d an c nhan dien thong qua ma d an. Thong tin can lu tr ve d an gom ten
d an, v tr tham do, kinh ph. Khi ang trien khai, d an co the co mot hay nhieu nhan vien tham gia
nhng khi d an cha trien khai th d an khong can s tham gia cua bat ky nhan vien nao. Mot nhan
vien co the tham gia vao mot d an va cung co the khong. Tai mot thi iem, mot nhan vien ch tham
gia vao mot d an (gia s ta ch quan tam en d an hien tai). oi vi moi nhan vien, cong ty can ghi
nh ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, ngay tham gia vao d an.
c tham gia
bi
D AN
NHAN
ma
nhanVIEN
tham gia
vien
vao
ma d an
ten nhan
ten d an
vien
v tr tham
ngay tham
do
gia
kinh ph
Hnh 5.7 - Mo hnh ER cua van e
OPCL
Mo hnh ER tren c bien oi thanh mo hnh quan he sau:
D AN(ma d an, ten d an, v tr tham do, kinh ph)
NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, ngay tham gia, ma d an)
Trong mo hnh tren ta phai s dung gia tr ac biet tren khoa ngoai ma d an e dien ta nhan vien
tng ng khong tham gia vao bat ky d an nao nh d lieu v du sau:
ma nhan vien
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
NHAN VIEN
ten nhan vien
ngay tham gia
Helga
Carmen
Carlos
Fritz
Mirek
Ted
Mario
Jane
D AN
ma d an
ma d an
DA1
DA3
DA3
DA0
DA3
DA2
DA0
DA2
DA0
DA1
DA2
DA3
DA4
ten d an
.
Cap dng va hau can
Thiet ke thiet b khoan
Cong trnh be khoan
Cong trn ng ong
Bang d lieu tren co mo hnh thc the the hien tng ng nh sau:
v tr tham do
.
kinh ph
.
59
Mo hnh nay cho thay nhan vien mario va Fritz cha c phan cong tham gia vao bat ky d an nao.
2
Quan he mot-mot
Ban c yeu cau phai xay dng mo hnh d lieu cho van e len danh sach nha e ban cua c quan moi
gii tai san co nh. Ngi moi gii ac biet quan tam en nha co hay khong co ho bi. Qui tac quan ly
la:
Moi NHA co the co mot HO BI
Moi HO BI phai thuoc ve mot NHA
Mo hnh ER cua van e nay la:
co
NHA
maHO
ho BI
thuoc
ma
bi
ve
nha
loai ho
loai
bi
nha
chieu
a ch
Hnh 5.9 - Mo hnh ER cua van nhadai
gia tr
va ho bi
mo hnh quan he tng ng:
NHA(ma nha, loai nha, a ch, gia tr)
HO BI(ma ho bi, loai ho bi, chieu dai, ma nha )
Hay:
NHA(ma nha, loai nha, a ch, gia tr, ma ho bi)
HO BI(ma ho bi, loai ho bi, chieu dai)
Mo hnh quan he mot c a thch hn v chung ta khong phai quan tam en gia tr ac biet.
Mo hnh quan he hai phai s dung gia tr ac biet
NHA
Ma nha
Ma ho bi
N01
..
H01
N02
H00
Nha N02 khong co ho bi. H00 la gia tr ac biet
3
HO BI
Ma ho bi
H00
H01
.
.
Chieu dai
0
50
Quan he nhieu-nhieu
Gi s vn ca trng Cao ng Cng ng Ni Xanh nh trng khng quan tm n ngy nhp hc

ca hc vin. Ta c m hnh sau:
60
HOC VIEN
MON HOC
HOCVIENMON HOC
Ma hv
.
Ma mh
Ma hv
Ma mh
99001
..
MH01
.
99001
MH01
99002
.
MH02
99001
MH02
99003
.
99003
MH01
Hoc vien 99002 khong ghi danh vao mon hoc nen khong xuat hien trong quan he HOCVIENMONHOC.
Tnh khong bat buoc khong anh hng en ban so nhieu cua moi ket hp
IV TNH BAT BUOC, KHONG BAT BUOC TRONG CAC BC MO HNH HOA D LIEU
D LIEU YEU
CAU
1. Nhan dien cac tap thc the va thuoc tnh
nhan dien
2. Nhan dien moi quan he gia cac tap
thc the
4. Them tnh bat buoc khong bat buoc vao
moi quan he
MO HNH D
LIEU
Hnh 5.13 - Tnh bat buoc va khong bat buoc trong mo hnh hoa
d lieu
BAI TAP
1
Bai tap 5.1
FBNA la hang hang khong phuc vu van chuyen hanh khach en 15 a iem khac nhau. Mot so a
iem c phuc vu thng xuyen con mot so c phuc vu theo mua.
Moi chuyen bay cua FBNA eu phai bay theo mot tuyen bay nhat nh. Ngay khi hanh, gi khi
hanh, gi en cua cac chuyen bay phai c ghi nhan. Thong tin ve tuyen bay co ma tuyen bay,
gi khi hanh, thi gian bay, ni bay i va ni bay en.
61
Cac phi cong co the bay tren cac chuyen bay khac nhau nhng hien nhien moi thi iem ch co the
bay tren mot chuyen bay. Moi chuyen bay phai co toi thieu mot phi cong nhng mot phi cong khong
phai luc nao cung lam nhiem vu phi cong chnh cua chuyen bay. Ho ten, a ch, ien thoai lien lac cua
phi cong phai c lu tr.
moi chuyen bay, chi tiet ve hanh khach phai c ghi nhan nh ten, a ch, ien thoai lien lac va
trong lng hanh ly.
Hay thc hien cac yeu cau sau:
(a) Xay dng mo hnh ER. S dung mo hnh thc the the hien ni thch hp
(b) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
(c) Lap phieu moi ket hp.
2
Trac nghiem
2.1) Based on the ER-diagram, which of the following are true?
A) One customer can rent multiple videos

B) There can be multiple videos of the same movie
C) There can be blank videos (i.e., video without movies)
2.2) ACME places oders with their suppliers using the following purchase oder form. A buyer (an
employee in the company) will fill the order form to order one or more items from a supplier. Each
such order is placed with a single supplier and can be for one or more items.
Based on the information, an E-R diagram is drawn below to represent the connectivity, cardinality,
and optionality of the relationships. (Note: In the ERD below, order line represents each line of
items in the order form.) If you want to map the above ER diagram into tables, how many tables do you
need?
62
CUSTOMER
1
M
1
order
Order-line
ITEM
M
1
BUYER
A) 4 B) 1 C) 3 D) 5 E) 2 F) 6
2.3) Given the following Entity-Relationship Diagram, what is the participation of A and B?
1
1
A
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Total A/Total B
None of the above
Partial A/Partial B
Total A/Partial B
Partial A/Total B
----oOo----
63
Chng 7 .
TAP THC THE CHA VA TAP THC THE CON
(SUPERTYPES AND SUBTYPES)
TAP THC THE PHU THUOC (DEPENDENT ENTITY, ID-DEPENDENT ENTITY)
Trong thc te, co cac thc the trong mot tap thc the lai ton tai phu thuoc vao s ton tai cua cac thc the
trong tap thc the khac. Ta goi tap thc the nay la tap thc the phu thuoc, con tap the ma chung phu
thuoc vao la tap thc the cha.
Mo hnh ER cua tap thc the phu thuoc phai co tnh chat sau:
Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the phu thuoc gom mot thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the cha ket
hp vi mot thuoc tnh khac dung e nhan dien thc the o trong cac gia tr nhan dien cha.
V du Hang hang khong quoc te cung cap cac tuyen bay en nhieu a iem tren the gii. Cac tuyen
bay c len lch cho mot khoang thi gian nh t 1/3/1995 en 31/10/1995. Tat ca cac tuyen bay eu
co san bay i va en v du tuyen bay co the t san bay Sydney en san bay Frankfurt. Moi tuyen bay
eu co gi khi hanh va gi en. Gi khi hanh la gi khi hanh cua mot ngay cu the, v du nh neu
tuyen bay phuc vu theo tuan th gi khi hanh la cua cac ngay 01/03/95, 08/03/95, 15/03/95
Ta co mo hnh ER nh sau:
Tap thc the CHUYEN BAY la tap thc the phu thuoc. CHUYEN BAY ch ton tai trong TUYEN
BAY
Khoa chnh cua tap thc the CHUYEN BAY la s ket hp gia khoa chnh cua tap thc the TUYEN
BAY va thuoc tnh ngay khi hanh cua chuyen bay.
Moi ket hp tren c goi la moi ket hp phu thuoc nhan dien (ID-dependent relationship)
D lieu cua TUYEN BAY ch ton tai trong mot khoang thi gian, ay la tnh chat tam thi cua d
lieu, chung anh hng en mo hnh d lieu nh the nao se c e cap trong chng sau.
Mo hnh quan he:
TUYEN BAY(ma tuyen bay, san bay khi hanh, ...,loai may bay)
CHUYEN BAY(ma tuyen bay, ngay khi hanh, so hanh khach, ..., so may bay)
e lam ro hn khai niem tap thc the phu thuoc (dependent entity) , ta hay xem mo hnh ER cua van
e nhan vien va phong ban.
64
Ban so ket noi cua mo hnh nay hoan toan giong vi mo hnh hang hang khong quoc te nhng neu ta
xem nhan vien la tap thc the phu thuoc th khi mot phong ban b giai the dan ti toan bo nhan vien
trong phong ban o b giai the theo. ieu nay khong ung vi thc te la nhan vien co the chuyen sang
phong ban khac lam viec. Vi mo hnh tren viec chuyen nay se lam thay oi gia tr khoa chnh cua
quan he NHAN VIEN lam mat tnh on nh cua khoa chnh.
PHONG BAN
NHAN VIEN
ma phong ban ten phong ban
ma phong ban so th t
ho va ten
ngay sinh
KH
Phong ke hoach
KH
1
Nguyen Van Hung
TC
Phong to chc
KH
2
Tran Manh Tien
KT
Phong ky thuat
KH
3
Nguyen Kim
TC
1
Nguyen Dien
TC
2
Pham Chng
KT
1
Nguyen Hai
Vay mo hnh ung cua van e nhan vien va phong ban la:
II
THUOC TNH HAY TAP THC THE
Van phong chnh phu mong muon thiet lap mot c s d lieu ve cac cong ty ban s trong cong nghe thi
trang. Nhng cong ty nay co cac ca hang nhieu thanh pho khac nhau. Van e c at ra la:
Ta co nen mo hnh khai niem thanh pho (ni cac ca hang ang kinh doanh) nh mot thuoc tnh cua tap
thc the CA HANG hay tao chung thanh mot tap thc the THANH PHO
65
mo hnh 1
ma c a ha ng
te n ca hang
C A HANG
THANH PHO
ma tha nh pho
te n thanh pho
mo hnh 2
ma c a ha ng
te n ca hang
.....
thanh pho
C A HANG
Hnh 6.2 - Cho n mo t trong hai mo hnh ER cu a van e ca hang va tha nh pho
Nhng nguyen tac sau giup ta co chon la thch hp:

1. Neu khai niem thanh pho co thuoc tnh va ta quan tam en cac thuoc tnh nay trong cong tac quan ly
th chung ta mo hnh no nh mot tap thc the.
2. Neu mot ca hang co kha nang nam tren nhieu thanh pho th chung ta mo hnh thanh pho thanh tap
thc the rieng.
3. Neu khai niem thanh pho co quan he vi mot vai tap thc the khac th ta phai mo hnh chung thanh
tap thc the rieng. V ch co tap thc the mi co quan he vi tap thc the khac.
4. Neu chung ta co nhu cau lu tr tat ca cac thanh pho mac du cac ca hang cha hien dien tat ca
thanh pho th chung ta phai mo hnh thanh pho thanh tap thc the.
5. Neu bon nguyen tac tren khong co nguyen tac nao ap dung c th ta mo hnh thanh pho nh mot
thuoc tnh cua tap thc the CA HANG.
III TAP THC THE CHA VA TAP THC THE CON
Tren thc te chung ta thng gap cac thc the giong nhau t 80% en 90% nh trong viec phan lp cac
loai. S tng t gia chung dan ta en khai niem tap thc the cha va tap thc the con.
1
Cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet
Trc khi i vao chi tiet, ta hay xem v du sau:
Thuoc tnh chung:

Tat ca cac thuyen: chieu dai, lc nc re, trong tai
Thuoc tnh rieng:
Thuyen buom: dien tch buom, so cot
Thuyen may: so may, cong suat, loai nhien lieu.
Thuyen cheo: so mai cheo, co ngi ieu khien chnh khong
Thuyen nang: So nang, dien tch khoang h
66
Mo hnh tren dien ta s tng quan gia cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet (IS-A relationship;
Inheritance in a generalization hierarchy). Trong mo hnh d lieu, cai tong quat c goi la tap thc
the cha (supertype) con cai chuyen biet la tap thc the con (subtype) nh THUYEN la tap thc the cha
cua tap tap thc the con THUYEN BUOM.
2
Ky hieu tap thc the cha/con
V du van e lu tr chi tiet ve nhan vien. Mot cong ty mong muon lu tr ly lch ca nhan ve nhan vien
cua mnh. Co hai loai nhan vien nhan vien toan thi gian va nhan vien ban thi gian. Chi tiet lu tr ve
nhan vien bao gom ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc vu.
oi vi nhan vien toan thi gian, chung ta can lu tr ve lng nam, thng nam
Con nhan vien ban thi gian, chung ta lai can lu tr ve n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them
Mo hnh ER cho van e nhan vien nh sau:
ma nhan vien
ten nhan vien
a ch
ngay sinh
ngay vao lam
chc vu
NHAN VIEN
NHAN VIEN
TOAN THI GIAN
ma nhan vien
lng nam
thng nam
NHAN VIEN
BAN THI GIAN
ma nhan vien
n gia gi cong
n gia gi lam them
Hnh 6.5 - Mo hnh ER tap thc the cha tap thc the con cua van e nhan vien
1. Hnh ch nhat cua tap thc the cha NHAN VIEN se cha tat ca tap thc the con NHAN VIEN
TOAN THI GIAN va NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN
2. Nhng thuoc tnh chung nh ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc vu. la thuoc tnh
cua tap thc the cha NHAN VIEN. Nhng thuoc tnh nay c hieu cho tat ca cac tap thc the con.
Thuoc tnh cua tap thc the con la thuoc tnh rieng ch c hieu trong tap thc the con o.
3
Yngha
Ta mo hnh thanh tap thc the cha/con nham dien ta chnh xac hn qui tac quan ly co lien quan en cai
tong quat va cai chuyen biet.
4
Cai tong the va cai thanh phan
S o tren dien ta cai tong the va cai thanh phan ve ban chat chung hoan toan khac vi cai tong quat va
cai chuyen biet. Khi gap s o nay chung ta khong mo hnh chung thanh tap thc the cha/con.
5
Thuoc tnh cua cac tap thc the cha/con
T van e ta suy ra cac thuoc tnh cua cac tap thc the la nh sau:
67
NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao
lam, chc danh, lng nam, thng nam
NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam,
chc danh, n gia gi cong, n gia gi troi
Trong nhieu trng hp, tap con co the khong co thuoc tnh rieng nhng van phai mo hnh chung la tap
thc the v:
1. Chung dien ta qui tac quan ly chnh xac hn
2. Thuoc tnh se boc lo khi chung ta tm hieu van e ky hn
Gia s nhan vien chia thanh tng loai. Khai niem loai nhan vien c mo hnh thanh tap thc the vi ly
do:
1. Danh sach ay u loai nhan vien c khai thac thng xuyen.
2. Mot loai mi co the c ghi nhan nhng cha co thc the nao thuoc loai nay.
ma nhan
vien
ten nhan
vien
a ch
ngay sinh
ngay vao
lam
chc vu
LOAI NHAN
VIEN
thuoc
ve
co
NHAN VIEN
ma loai
mo ta
loai
va la
khoa
chnh va
la khoa
ngoai
ma nhan
vien
lng nam
thng
nam
ma nhan
vien
n gia gi cong
n gia gi lam
them
Hnh 6.8 - Van e nhan vien va tap thc the
loai nhan vien
NHAN VIEN
TOAN THI
GIAN
NHAN VIEN
BAN THI
GIAN
Cac tnh chat cua tap thc the cha/con
68
LOAI NHAN
VIEN
thuoc
ve
ma nhan
vien
ten nhan
vien
a ch
ngay sinh
ngay vao
lam
chc vu
loai nhan
ma
viennhan
vien
lng nam
thng nam
ma loai
mo ta
loai
co
NHAN VIEN
c cap
XE CONG
cho
c
TY
cap
ma nhan vien
n gia gi cong
n gia gi lam
them
Hnh 6.8 - Van e nhan vien vi cac
moi quan he
NHAN VIEN
TOAN THI
GIAN
NHAN VIEN
BAN THI
GIAN
S tham gia vao moi ket hp cua tap thc the con nh hnh 6.8
Cac tap thc the con phai co tat ca thc the ma tap thc the cha co.
Cac tap thc the con phai ri nhau, co tnh loi tr (exclusive).
Tap thc the con nhieu cap
so ang
bo
cau tao
kieu
dang

ma tai
san
mo ta
ngay mua
gia
ma tr
tai
san
ni san
xuat
69
TAI SAN
TAI SAN CO NH
ma tai san
kch thc
he so
khau hao
TRANG THIET B
ma tai
san
loai cong
LOAI TRANG THIET
cu
ma loai B
trang
ma tai
CONG CU MAY
ma tai san
thiet b
san
so ang
ten loai trang thiet
so se ri
XE CO ONG C
bo
b
cong
kieu dang
suat
trong tai
so xi lanh
ma
he so
loai
LOAI TAI SAN
khau hao
ten
Hnh 6.10 - Mo hnh ER cua van e
loai nhien
loai
tai san
lieu
CONG CU CAM
TAY
Bien oi tap thc the cha/con thanh quan he
Co ba cach bien oi sau:

1. Bien tap thc the cha thanh mot quan he co tat ca thuoc tnh chung va bien moi tap thc the con
thanh mot quan he co cac thuoc tnh rieng.
NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc danh)
NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien, lng nam, tien thng nam)
NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien, n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them)
Mo hnh quan he khong dien ta c qui tac quan ly la mot nhan vien hoac la nhan vien toan
thi gian hoac la nhan vien ban thi gian. Vay khi cai at vao mot he QTCSDL ta phai tao cac
x ly ve rang buoc nay.
2. Bien moi tap thc the con thanh mot quan he co thuoc tnh chung va thuoc tnh rieng cua tap thc
the con. Khong bien tap thc the cha thanh quan he
NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien, ..., chc danh, lng nam, tien thng nam)
NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien,..., chc danh, n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them)
Mo hnh quan he tao kha nang nhap mot nhan vien va la nhan vien toan thi gian va la nhan
vien ban thi gian. Vay khi cai at vao mot he QTCSDL ta phai tao cac x ly ve rang buoc nay
3. Tao mot quan he co cac thuoc tnh cua tap thc the cha va tat ca cac thuoc tnh rieng cua tat ca tap
thc the con.
NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ..., chc danh, loai nhan vien, lng nam, tien thng nam, n gia
gi cong, n gia gi lam them)
Khi cai at vao HQTCSDL ta phai x ly rang buoc e trong lng nam, tien thng nam hoac
e trong n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them.
Nhng kha canh sau giup ta co quyet nh thch hp trong viec chon la mot trong ba mo
hnh quan he:
o D lieu nao c khai thac thng xuyen.
70
o Thi gian ap ng cua he thong.

o Kha nang lu tr cua he thong
o So lng thuoc tnh rieng cua tap thc the con
o Kha nang thay oi cau truc cua csdl.
Trong thc hanh, cach 1 hay c chon
8
Mo hnh hoa cac tap con giao nhau bang vai tro
Phong Thng Mai. Van phong chnh phu DOT co trach nhiem theo doi cac n v xuap nhap khau, mong
muon thiet lap mot csdl theo doi chi tiet ve cac cong ty nay. Ve mo hnh d lieu, cong ty nhap khau va
cong ty xuat khau rat giong nhau v chung co nhieu thuoc tnh chung va chi tiet khac biet th khong quan
trong.
ma cong ty
CONG TY
ten
a ch
so ien thoai
so fax
CONG TY NHAP KHAU
so nhan vien
ma cong ty
khoi lng nhap khau
gia tr nhap khau
kho nhap
phan giao
CONG TY XUAT KHAU
ma cong ty
khoi lng xuat khau
gia tr xuat khau
giay phep xuat khau
Hnh 6.11 - Mo hnh ER cua van e DOT
Khi chuyen mo hnh tren thanh mo hnh quan he chung ta gap phai cac van e x ly sau:
Dang 1: Khi mot cong ty co ca chc nang nhap khau lan xuat khau th khi them d lieu cho quan he
CONG TY ta phai bao am ch them mot lan.
Dang 2: Khi them d lieu cho cong ty va co chc nang nhap khau va chc nang xuat khau th se gay ra
d tha d lieu.
Dang 3: Ch thch hp cho cong ty va co chc nang nhap khau lan chc nang xuat khau. Con oi vi
cong ty ch co mot chc nang oi hoi ta phai e trong cac cot thch hp.
e tranh cac van e lien quan en x ly tren, chung ta tach rieng cac chi tiet ve cong ty vi vai tro cua
no nh mo hnh sau:
Mo hnh tren c hnh thanh theo cac qui tac sau:
71
o Ten cua tap thc the dien ta vai tro nen co t VAI TRO nh VAI TRO NHAP KHAU, VAI
TRO XUAT KHAU.
o Ten, ban so va tnh khong bat buoc cua moi ket hp tng ng c dien ta nh hnh tren
IV TAP THC THE CHA, CON TRONG CAC BC MO HNH HOA D LIEU
D LIEU YEU
CAU
1. Nhan dien cac tap thc the va thuoc tnh
nhan dien
2. Nhan dien moi quan he gia cac tap
thc the
4. Them tnh bat buoc khong bat buoc vao
moi quan he
5.
MO HNH D
LIEU
Hnh 6.13 - Tap thc the cha, con trong cac bc mo hnh
hoa d lieu
BAI TAP 6.1
oi khi, may bay dan s c phep hoat ong trong can c khong quan. Vien sy quan ch huy can c
khong quan pha tay bac menh lenh phai ghi nh tat ca may bay dan s cung nh quan s hoat ong
trong can c. Thong tin ve nam san xuat may bay phai c ghi nhan.
Mi chuyn bay c thc hin bi mt my bay. ac biet, chi tiet ve phi cong (ho ten, a ch, so ien
thoai), gi khi hanh, gi ket thuc phai c ghi nh trong cac chuyen bay. Mot phi cong co the lai tren
cac chuyen bay khac nhau va mot chuyen bay co the c lai bi mot phi cong chnh va mot phi cong
phu.
oi vi may bay dan s, vien sy quan ch huy rat quan tam en so lng ghe ngoi cua may bay, con oi
vi may bay quan s ho lai quan tam en trong tai cua may bay.
May bay quan s co the c trang b nhieu loai vu kh khac nhau. Moi loai vu kh phai co mot ten.
Moi vu kh thuoc mot loai vu kh c phan biet bang so se ri va co ghi ngay san xuat. Thi iem lap
at mot vu kh tren may bay phai c ghi nhan. Cung mot vu kh co the c lap at cho nhieu may
bay cac thi iem khac nhau.
Hay thc hien cac yeu cau sau:
(a) Xay dng mo hnh ER.
Thiet ke phan x ly thong tin ap ng lai s kien lap at vu kh cho may bay quan s.
----oOo----
72
73
Chng 8 .
M RONG KHAI NIEM MOI KET HP
(ADVANCED RELATIONSHIP CONCEPTS)
MOI KET HP MOT-MOT
Ta a co mo hnh ve NGI LAI XE va BANG LAI nh sau:
Ngoai mo hnh tren, van e nay co the co hai dang mo hnh sau:
Mot trong ba mo hnh tren se c chon la can c vao cac nguyen tac:
o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp khi cac tap thc the co mc o quan trong
oc lap va co cac x ly rieng re. V du trong He Tiep Lieu PHIEU YEU CAU VAT LIEU c
lap va gi i trc khi N AT MUA HANG c phat sinh va gi cho nha cung cap. Hn
na Ban yeu cau vat lieu co kha nang b t choi v gia ca hay bi ly le khac. Neu yeu cau c
chap nhan th mot N AT MUA HANG tng ng c phat sinh.
so phieu
so n hang
lam phat
ngay
PHIEU YEU
N AT ngay
sinh
phong
CAU VAT c phat sinh
MUA
ma nha cung
ban
LIEU
HANG
cap
bi
chap
tr gia toi a
thuan
Hnh 7.2(a) - Mo hnh ER cua He
tiep lieu
Moi PHEU YEU CAU VAT LIEU co the lam phat sinh mot N AT MUA HANG
Moi N AT MUA HANG phai c phat sinh bi mot PHIEU YEU CAU VAT LIEU
o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp khi ban so ket noi cua moi ket hp thng
thay oi. Chang han trong v du tren co kha nang Mot N AT MUA HANG phai c phat
sinh bi mot hay nhieu BAN YEU CAU VAT LIEU
74
o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp khi mot trong hai tap thc the co moi ket
hp vi tap thc the khac
V du: Trong He Tiep lieu tren mot N AT MUA HANG phai co mot hay nhieu DONG N
HANso
G. phieu
lam phat
ngay
PHIEU YEU
N AT hang
sinh
ngay
phong
CAU VAT c phat sinh
MUA
ma nha
ban
LIEU
HANG
bi
cung cap
chap
thuoc
tr gia toi
thuan
Khoa
ve
a
ngoai
ch
a
so n
DONG
hang
N
so th t
HANG
so lng
thue
n gia
Hnh 7.2(c) - Mo hnh ER cua He tiep lieu co tap thc the
DONG N HANG
o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp v cac thuoc tnh can c nhom rieng do
chang han mhom cac thuoc tnh c khai thac thng xuyen con nhom kia th ngc lai.
V du: Mot cong ty van chuyen ieu hanh mot oi cac oan tau ghep noi. Mot oan tau ghep noi c
hieu la mot oan tau nhng tren thc te chung bao gom mot au may va mot toa ch hang
g
may
ke
trong lng
trong lng
o
TOA
b
AU MAY
b
HANG
trong lng
c keo bi
trong lng
xoi
xoi
loai truc
loai truc Hnh 7.2(d) - Mo hnh ER cua van e au may
va toa hang
o Neu khong v mot trong 4 ly do tren th ta hp nhat hai tap thc the thanh mot.
II
NHIEU MOI KET HP GIA HAI TAP THC THE
Mot cong ty mong muon lu tr d lieu ve cac phong ban cua cong ty, nh phan xng san xuat, phong
kinh doanh, phong ke toan, va chi tiet ve nhan vien. Thong tin can lu tr bao gom ma phong, ten
phong, v tr, ma nhan vien, ten, a ch. Moi phong co nhieu nhan vien va c phu trach bi mot
trng phong. Mot trng phong ch phu trach mot phong. Moi nhan vien ch thuoc ve mot phong.
75
III MOI KET HP HAY THUOC TNH
Mot khai niem co the la thuoc tnh cung co the la moi ket hp tuy thuoc vao qui tac quan ly. Ta xem hai
qui tac quan ly sau:
1/ Cong ty can lu tr cac thong tin ve XE cap cho NHAN VIEN co tieu chuan tr cap tien va xe cho
chuyen du lch cua mnh. Ro rang chung ta can bo sung them tap thc the XE va moi ket hp gia XE
va NHAN VIEN. Thuoc tnh cua xe gom, so lng may, so xi lanh, loai nhien lieu, so cay so a i.
Ket qua la quan he NHAN VIEN se co khoa ngoai so ang bo e dien ta moi ket hp gia NHAN
VIEN va XE.
2/ Chung ta hay xem xet kha canh sau: Cong ty khong tra trc tiep so tien tr cap nay cho NHAN
VIEN ma se tra vao ky lng. Tuy nhien cong ty van muon biet nhan vien nao co tieu chuan xe nhan
vien nao khong. e quan ly c ieu nay ta khong phai tao tap thc the XE ma ch ghi nhan so ang
bo nh mot thuoc tnh cua tap thc the NHAN VIEN la u.
IV MOI KET HP LOAI TR
Moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the co tnh loai tr. Ngha la mot thc the ch tham gia vao mot quan he
trong cac moi ket hp.
V du: Cong ty may tnh mong muon lu tr d lieu ve cac san pham phan cng va phan mem ma ho
ban va ho tr. Cong ty can ghi nh cac loi co the xay ra cho bat ky san pham nao. Mot loi ch xay ra
cho phan cng hay phan mem nhng khong xay ra cho ca hai nh vay nhng loi nay co tnh loai tr
nhau.
Cung tron cua hnh tren dien ta moi ket hp loai tr ngha la mot loi nao o la cua phan cng hoac phan
mem ch khong cua ca hai. Tnh chat nay hoan toan phu hp vi tnh chat cua tap thc the cha/con.
Neu hai tap thc the loai tr co thuoc tnh chung th ta co the ve lai mo hnh tren di dang sau:
76
MOI KET HP BA NGOI (TERNARY RELATIONSHIP)
V du: Mot cong ty mong muon lu tr d lieu ve nhan vien va cac ky nang c s dung trong cac d
an ma ho c phan cong tham gia. Cac thuoc tnh ma cong ty can lu tr bao gom:
NHAN VIEN: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien
KY NANG: ma ky nang, ten ky nang
D AN: ma d an, ten d an, v tr, kinh ph.
Cong ty cung muon biet mot nhan vien nao o co ngay bat au s dung ky nang nao o vao mot D
AN nao o.
Nhan vien
Ky nang
D an
Colette
Ke toan
Mo lo thien
Colette
Chuan b kinh ph Mo lo thien
Colette
Kiem toan
Van phong chnh
Mike
Quan ly
Mo lo thien
Mike
quan ly
Van phong chnh
Mike
quan ly
phan xng
Mike
d toan kinh ph
mo lo thien
Mike
d toan kinh ph
phan xng
Gred
quan ly
phan xng
Bang d lieu tren dien ta qui tac quan ly sau:
Moi NHAN VIEN co the tham gia vao mot hay nhieu D AN.
Moi D AN co the c tham gia bi mot hay nhieu NHAN VIEN.
Moi NHAN VIEN co the thanh thao mot hay nhieu KY NANG
Moi KY NANG co the c s dung thanh thao bi mot hay nhieu NHAN VIEN
Moi KY NANG co the c dung bi mot hay nhieu D AN
Moi D AN co the dung mot hay nhieu KY NANG.
Qui tac quan ly tren dan ta en mo hnh ER sau:
77
Mo hnh tren la mo hnh vong cua ba moi ket hp nhieu nhieu. Ta khong the gan thuoc tnh ngay bat
au s dung mot ky nang nao o vao mot d an nao o cua mot nhan vien vao bat ky tap thc the nao
trong mo hnh. Van e nay c giai quyet bang cach:
- them mot tap thc the ket hp lam trung gian ket noi vi cac tap thc the trong mo hnh.
- Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the ket hp la s ket hp cac thuoc tnh nhan dien cua cac
tap thc the trong mo hnh.
- Cac thuoc tnh tao nen thuoc tnh nhan dien nay la cac khoa ngoai.
thu
ve oc
c
o
thu
ve
co
la
Mo hnh quan he:

NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, ngay vao lam)
KY NANG(ma ky nang, ten ky nang)
D AN(ma d an, ten d an, v tr tham do, kinh ph)
KY NANG C DUNG(ma nhan vien, ma ky nang, ma d an, ngay bat au s dung)
VI MOI KET HP MOT NGOI (UNARY RELATIONSHIP, RECURSIVE RELATIONSHIP)
1
Ban so ket noi mot nhieu
Mot cong ty hien lu tr chi tiet ve NHAN VIEN nh: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, Cong
ty cung lu tr chi tiet ve ngi quan ly ngha la ai la ngi quan ly. ieu quan trong cua van e
la ngi quan ly cung la nhan vien, va nhan vien th chu s quan ly cua nhan vien khac.
Qui tac quan ly la:
78
Moi NHAN VIEN co the quan ly mot hay nhieu nhan vien khac
Moi NHAN VIEN co the chu s quan ly bi mot nhan vien khac.
Mike (101)
Colette (217)
Tony (318)
deirdre (977)
Vicky (525)
Glenda (925)
Greg (097)
Yianni (421)
Jim (226)
Jack (785)
Stan (201)
Adrian (356)
Hnh 7.9 - D lieu v du cua van e nhan vien va ngi quan ly
Mo hnh ER cua van e la:
Mo hnh quan he cua van e quan ly nhan vien nh sau:

NHAN VIEN (ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, , ma nhan vien quan ly)
NHAN VIEN
ma nhan vien ten nhan vien ma nhan vien quan ly
000
.
000
101
Mike
000
217
Colette
101
318
Tony
217
525
Vicky
217
2
Ban so ket noi mot mot
Trng Cong ong Chu toan a ra mot ke hoach co van mi cho cac giao vien cua ho va lu tr d
lieu ve ke hoach nay trong mot csdl. Ke hoach lien quan en cac giao vien nhieu kinh nghiem. Cac
giao vien nay se co van cho giao vien mi. Y tng la ho tr giao vien mi trong giang day, soan bai
giang,
e giam nhe khoi lng cong viec, giao vien kinh nghiem co the co van cho mot giao vien mi va mot
giao vien mi phai co mot co van.
D lieu c lu tr trong csdl bao gom chi tiet ca nhan cua giao vien va chi tiet ve ke hoach co van.
79
Moi GIAO VIEN co the lam co van cho mot GIAO VIEN
Moi GIAO VIEN co the chu s co van bi mot GIAO VIEN
Mo hnh quan he cua van e tren nh sau:
GIAO VIEN ( ma giao vien, ten giao vien,., ma giao vien lam co van)
hay
GIAO VIEN ( ma giao vien, ten giao vien,., ma giao vien chu s co van)
3
Ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu
Cong ty TNHH Buillem va Sellem thiet ke, xay dng va lap at cac gian khoan dau ngoai khi. Gian
khoan c tao thanh t cac n the co kch thc 6m x 3.6m x 3.6m va co trong lng t 10 en 25
tan. ieu nay cho phep
Giam chi ph xay dng cho mot gian khoan ngoai khi.
De dang van chuyen en cac cau tau bang ng ray.
De dang van chuyen en gian khoan ngoai khi bang sa lan.
Cac n the c rap lai tai mo dau e tao nen cac bo phan nh be khoan, au khoan, thiet b khoan.
en lt moi n the c cau tao t cac thanh phan n le nh ng ong, van, mo t, bang ieu
khien v.v.. Ta co qui tac quan ly sau:
Phan n le la thanh phan khong the chia nho hn na.
n the c tao t cac phan n le nhng no cha phai la san pham cuoi cung.
Bo phan (be khoan, thiet b khoan) c tao t cac n the hay cac phan n le
Phan hoan chnh c tao t cac n the hay bo phan.
Mot loai n the c dung trong cac bo phan khac nhau.
Buildem and Sellem muon thc hien mot csdl e lu tr thong tin ve cac phan (phan n le, n
the, bo phan, phan hoan chnh) tren bao gom: Ma phan, mo ta, lng ton, lng s dung. Nh
vay moi ket hp gia cac phan la nh sau:
80
Moi PHAN co the c s dung e tao nen mot hay nhieu PHAN.
Moi PHAN co the c tao nen t mot hay nhieu PHAN.
phan s
dung
PHA
N
ma
phan
mo ta
lng
ton
phan tao
nen
c s dung e
tao nen
PHA
N
ma
phan
mo ta
Hnh 7.14 - Mo hnh ER cua van e Buildem va
Sellem
c tao
nen t
PHA
N
ma
phan
mo ta
Moi ket hp cua van e tren la moi ket hp nhieu nhieu. Ta khong the gan thuoc tnh lng s dung
(lng s dung cua mot PHAN e tao nen mot PHAN khac) vao tap thc the PHAN c. Van e nay
c giai quyet bang cach:
- them mot tap thc the ket hp lam trung gian ket noi vi cac tap thc the trong mo hnh.
- Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the ket hp la s ket hp cac thuoc tnh nhan dien cua cac
tap thc the trong mo hnh.
- Cac thuoc tnh tao nen thuoc tnh nhan dien nay la cac khoa ngoai.
la thanh phan s
noi tao
PHA
PHAN KET
dung cua
nen
la
thanh
phan
tao
dien ta s
N
HP s
ma phan
nen
cua
co ngha phan
dung t
dung
X la mot
ma phan tao
thanh phan
nen
tao nen phan
lng s dung
Y
hay
phan Y co
la thanh phan s
mot thanh
dien ta sdung cua
phan tao t
PHA
PHAN KET
dung t
phan x
la thanh phan tao
N
HP
nen cua
noi tao
nen
Hnh 7.15 - Mo hnh ER cua
van e Buildem va Sellem co thuoc tnh
lng s dung
PHA
N
Mo hnh tren co ac iem sau:

- Ban so ket noi cua mo hnh khong phu thuoc vao bai toan.
- Neu khong co thuoc tnh lng s dung th ta s dung mo hnh khong co tap thc the ket hp.
Mo hnh quan he:
PHAN(ma phan, mo ta, lng ton)
PHAN KET HP(ma phan s dung, ma phan tao nen, lng s dung)
Co hai khoa ngoai (ma phan s dung) va (ma phan tao nen)
Co hai khoa chnh: (ma phan) va (ma phan s dung, ma phan tao nen)
PHAN KET HP
ma phan s dung ma phan tao nen lng s dung
06
04
5
07
04
10
08
09
04
03
81
04
04
01
01
10
3
2
100
VII BAI TAP

1
Bai 7.1
Mot gara sa xe mong muon xay dng mot c s d lieu ve cac bo phan trong xe va cac thanh phan tao
nen chung (hnh tren). Thong tin ve bo phan xe co ma bo phan (duy nhat) va ten bo phan. Mot bo phan
xe co the c cau tao t cac bo phan khac. Nhng mot thanh phan ch nam trong mot bo phan.
a/ Hay xay dng mo hnh ER cua van e tren va chuyen chung thanh mo hnh quan he.
b/ Hay kiem tra chc nang a d lieu cua v du tren vao mo hnh quan he.
2
Bai 7.2
C quan chnh phu ve sc khoe mong muon ghi nhan dch vu nao (nh cham soc tre, phuc vu ngi
khuyet tat, ..) c cung cap bi to chc nao (nh Hiep hoi ho tr gia nh, Uy ban cham soc ngi
khuyet tat,...), tai v tr a ly nao (nh bac Sydney, hng tay ngoai o, Newcatle,...) va ngay ma to
chc bat au cung cap dch vu cho mot v tr a ly. oi vi dch vu phuc vu, to chc phuc vu va v tr
a ly phuc vu, c quan chnh phu ch quan tam en ten va thuoc tnh nhan dien cua chung.
Hay len mo hnh ER va chuyen chung thanh mo hnh quan he.
3
Bai 7.3
Doanh nghiep Tan Thanh la mot doanh nghiep san xuat hang may mac, co mot so phong ban (phong ky
thuat, phong hanh chanh, ...) va nhieu chuyen san xuat (chuyen 1, chuyen 2,..).
Doanh nghiep co nhieu nhan vien, nhan vien gian tiep va nhan vien trc tiep (con goi la cong nhan).
Thong tin ve mot nhan vien gom co: ma nhan vien, ho ten, ngay sinh, a ch, ngay vao lam. Moi nhan
vien gian tiep co mot n gia ngay cong. Lng nhan vien gian tiep bang so ngay cong nhan vi n
gia ngay cong. oi vi cong nhan, doanh nghiep rat quan tam en van bang, chng ch lien quan en
nghe may ma cong nhan at c. Moi nhan vien gian tiep/cong nhan phai chu s quan ly cua mot
phong ban/chuyen.
Doanh nghiep san xuat nhieu loai san pham. Moi san pham c hoan thanh qua mot so cong oan.
Ten va n gia moi cong oan phu thuoc vao tng san pham.
Moi chuyen hoan thanh cac san pham theo tng t giao hang. Moi t giao hang ch giao hang e
hoan thanh mot san pham va giao cho mot chuyen vi cac thong tin ngay giao, so lng san pham
hoan thanh. Cac t giao hang co the giao hoan thanh cung san pham nhng khong cung ngay.
Moi chuyen phai thc hien t giao hang t cong oan au en cong oan cuoi e hoan
82
thanh san pham. n gia cong oan c dung e tnh lng tra cho ngi san xuat.
Trong qua trnh thc hien t giao hang, mot cong nhan co the lam nhieu cong oan khac nhau trong
mot chuyen. Trong moi cong oan co nhieu cong nhan tham gia lam viec. Moi cong nhan lam viec
trong mot cong oan se c cham cong theo so lng hoan thanh. Hang ngay, ke toan phai nhap bang
cham cong do cac ban ieu hanh cac chuyen gi ve. Bang cham cong cho biet so lng tng cong oan
cua tng t giao hang ma cong nhan thc hien trong ngay.
Hang thang, doanh nghiep tra lng cho cong nhan 2 ky: ky ng va ky cuoi thang. Mc lng ng c
nhan vien ke toan xac nh (bang mot na mc thu nhap hang thang). Ky ng c phat vao ngay 20
moi thang.
Cuoi thang, ke toan phai tnh va lap bang lng theo tng phong ban, tng chuyen (e phat).
Yeu cau:
(a) Xay dng mo hnh ER cho van e tren.
(c) Thiet ke phan x ly nhap bang cham cong vao cuoi ngay.
----oOo----
83
Chng 9 .
KHA CANH TAM THI CUA MO HNH D LIEU
(TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF DATA MODELS)
D LIEU LCH S
La d lieu thay oi theo thi gian nh n gia ban, v tr lam viec, mc lng v.v.
II
DUNG TAP THC THE PHU THUOC E MO HNH VAN E CO D LIEU LCH S
Cong ty WMC san xuat cac san pham noi tr va san pham ien cho cac th trng noi a va nc
ngoai. WMC mong muon lu tr d lieu ve san pham ma ho san xuat va ban. Thong tin can lu tr bao
gom: ma san pham, mo ta, n gia von va n gia ban.
Trng phong kinh doanh nhan thay se that hu ch neu ta ghi nh c n gia ban cua mot nam tai
chanh. Mo hnh ER tren khong cung cap c thong tin nay nen chung can phai c sa oi lai nh
sau:
Mo hnh quan he:

SAN PHAM (ma san pham, mo ta, n gia von hien hanh, n gia ban hien hanh)
N GIA BAN (ma san pham, ngay ap dung, n gia ban)
N GIA BAN
ma san pham ngay ap dung n gia ban
001
11/05/1994
1200
001
20/05/1994
1500
001
01/06/1994
1400
002
10/05/1994
500
III S THAY OI BAN SO KET NOI CUA MOI KET HP
1
Do qui tac quan ly thay oi
V du: WMC hoat ong trong lanh vc thiet b. Cong ty can lu tr danh sach cac thiet b va ngi chu
trach nhiem ve cac thiet b nay. Qui tac quan ly la:
Moi NHAN VIEN co the chu trach nhiem ve mot hay nhieu THIET B
Moi THIET B phai c chu trach nhiem bi mot NHAN VIEN
Mo hnh ER cua van e la:
84
Sau khi chung ta a cai at thanh cong bang trong he quan tr c s d lieu, ngi quan ly lai quyet
nh mot ngay lam hai ca. Nh vay moi thiet b c chu trach nhiem bi mot hay nhieu nhan vien.
Qui tac quan ly thay oi keo theo s thay oi cua mo hnh.
Ta e y mo hnh ER cua hnh 8.4 hoan toan co the lu tr c d lieu cua van e trc khi thay oi qui
tac quan ly. Nh vay neu ngay t au ta mo hnh van e theo mo hnh nay th tranh c nhng rac roi
cua viec sa cha.
Mo hnh quan he:
NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch)
TRACH NHIEM THIET B(ma nhan vien, so seri, ngay gi bat au, ngay gi ket thuc)
THIET B(so seri, cau tao, kieu dang)
Tom lai trong trng hp ban so ket noi gia hai tap thc the co kha nang thay oi t mot-nhieu thanh
nhieu-nhieu th ta phai mo hnh van e theo ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu.
2
Do phai lu tr d lieu lch s
Ta hay xem hai v du sau. Ban so ket noi cua v du 1 se thay oi do phai lu tr d lieu lch s.
V du1: WMC mong muon lu tr tat ca V TR LAM VIEC trong cong ty va nhan vien c phan cong
vao cac V TR nay. Qui tac quan ly la:
Moi NHAN VIEN phai nam gi mot hay nhieu V TR LAM VIEC
Moi V TR LAM VIEC co the c nam gi bi mot NHAN VIEN
85
V du 2: WMC mong muon lu tr thong tin ve N HANG va KHACH HANG at N HANG o.

Qui tac quan ly la:
Moi KHACH HANG co the at mot hay nhieu N HANG.
Moi N HANG phai c at bi mot KHACH HANG.
Neu ta quan tam en kha canh thi gian th qui tac quan ly
moi V TR LAM VIEC co the c nam gi bi mot NHAN VIEN
se oi thanh
moi V TR LAM VIEC co the c nam gi bi mot hay nhieu NHAN VIEN
con moi ket hp cua v du 2 van khong thay oi theo thi gian
Mo hnh cua v du 1 phai oi thanh
Moi NHAN VIEN co the nam gi mot hay nhieu V TR LAM VIEC A QUA
Moi V TR LAM VIEC A QUA phai c nam gi bi mot NHAN VIEN
Moi V TR LAM VIEC A QUA phai thuoc ve mot V TR LAM VIEC
Moi V TR LAM VIEC co the la mot hay nhieu V TR LAM VIEC A QUA
IV BAI TAP

1
86
Bai 8.1
IPH chuyen cho thue cac loi thiet b nh: thiet b chuyen tai CT-10, thiet b nap tai NT-1, thiet b phan
loai PL-3, may phat ien diesel P-500, may ui F-5.
ng vi mi loi thit b co th co nhieu thie b. IPH mong muon thiet lap mot c s d lieu lu gi tat
ca thiet b cho thue cua mnh. Cac thiet b co cac chi tiet nh so Se-ri (duy nhat), ten thiet b, cau tao,
kieu dang, trong lng, n gia cho thue (theo gi), n gia giam (theo ngay) cho cac thiet b co so gi
thue t 8 gi tr len trong mot ngay, n gia giam (theo tuan) cho cac thiet b co so ngay thue trong
tuan t 5 ngay tr len, ngay mua va tong so gi hoat ong. Khi thiet b tr nen cu th cac n gia co the
khac so vi luc thiet b con mi.
C s d lieu cung phai lu tr tat ca khach hang cua doanh nghiep. Chi tiet khach hang bao gom ma
khach hang, ho ten, a ch, so ien thoai.
Khach hang ien thoai va yeu cau thue mn thiet b. Trc ien thoai ien tat ca chi tiet thue vao hp
ong thue. Thong tin tren hp ong co so hp ong (duy nhat), ngay hp ong, cac thong tin chi tiet ve
khach hang, va mot danh sach cac thiet b thue. Thong tin tren danh sach gom: chi tiet ve thiet b thue,
ngay bat au thue, ngay ket thuc, so gi thue trong ngay, ni giao thiet b. Ni giao thiet b la thong tin
khong co gia tr ve mat tong hp, thong ke ma ch dung e hien ni giao tren hp ong.
(c) Hay xay dng mo hnh ER
(d) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
---oOo---
87
Chng 10 .
KIEM TRA S D THA D LIEU
(INVESTIGATING REDUNDANCY)
D THA D LIEU TRONG CSDL
S d tha d lieu trong csdl se gay ra nhieu van e x ly phc tap. Trc khi chuyen thanh bang trong
he QTCSDL mo hnh d lieu can phai c kiem tra s d tha d lieu.
1
D tha tap thc the
V du TTR Auto Servicing

TTR la doanh nghiep bao dng se o to tren 20 nam qua. Trong hai nam va roi, doanh nghiep a m
rong thanh bon phan xng:
Phan xng bao dng xe du lch
Phan xng bao dng xe tai
Phan xng bao dng oan tau
Phan xng bao dng ong c nho
TTR quyet nh cai at mot csdl mi e quan ly nhng phan xng bao dng khac nhau. ac ta van
e co the dien ta nhieu kha canh chi tiet cua doanh nghiep. Khi bat au xay dng mo hnh cua van e,
chung ta co the tao dng cac tap thc the nh: CONG NHAN C KH, CONG NHAN BAO DNG,
XE TAI, XE DU LCH v.v....Ta nhan thay hnh nh tap hai thc the CONG NHAN C KH va CONG
NHAN BAO DNG co the mo hnh chung thanh mot tap thc the. Vay lam cach nao e nhan biet o
la hai tap thc the hay ch la mot nhng co cac ten khac nhau. Co hai phng phap giup ta phat hien la
hai hay ch la mot:
+ Thao luan vi ngi s dung va co s nhat tr ve thuat ng gia ngi dung va ngi phan tch.
+ Thuoc tnh cua cac tap thc the co the giup ta:
o Mo hnh chung thanh cac tap thc the rieng biet.
o Mo hnh chung thanh mot tap thc the.
o Hay mo hnh chung thanh cac tap thc the cha/con
2
D tha thuoc tnh
Trong van e cua doanh nghiep TTR, ta co the mo hnh hai thuat ng XE DU LCH va XE TAI thanh
mot tap thc the XE DU LCH co cac thuoc tnh cau tao, kieu dang, so may, mau sac, trong lng b,
....Khi xem xet ky van e ta lai thay co nhng may moc khac can lu tr nh may cat co, may keo nong
nghiep. Neu ta xep chung vao tap thc the xe du lch th thuoc tnh trong lng b se khong thch hp va
tr nen d tha oi vi chung. Trong trng hp nay tot nhat la ta s dung tap thc the cha con e mo
hnh vi XE CO la tap thc the cha, XE DU LCH, XE TAI, MAY MOC la cac tap thc the con.
3
D tha moi ket hp
e phat hien moi ket hp d tha trong mo hnh, ta tm ng khep knh trong mo hnh.
II
BAI TAP 9.1
Ngi ieu khien ban au ga thanh pho nhan to chc au gia ve may moc, o go, o ien, vat dung
ca hang, xe ong c, cac mon o co va linh tinh khac. Hang c ban au gia trong cac buoi au
gia.
88
Ngi ban cung cap hang theo tng t, ngi nay se c cap mot ma tai khoan. Ho ten, a ch, so
ien thoai ngi ban phai c ghi nhan.
Ai o muon tr thanh thanh vien cua buoi ban au gia phai tra mot khoan ky quy toi thieu e nhan mot
the thanh vien. Trong mot buoi au gia, moi the thanh vien co mot ma tai khoan duy nhat. Tren the co
cac thong tin ho ten, a ch, so ien thoai cua ngi mua the.
Ngi ban co the ang ky ban nhieu mon hang. Moi mon hang co ma mon hang va mo ta mon hang.
Hang c ban au gia theo lo. Phan ln cac lo ch co mot mon hang, nhng van co lo co nhieu mon
hang. Ngi mua co the at gia mua cho nhieu lo.
Cac lo hang c ban cho ngi co gia mua cao nhat. Ngi ieu khien buoi au gia co mot danh sach
cac lo hang c ban au gia kem theo gia khi iem cua tng lo hang. Khi ngi ieu khien tuyen bo
ngi thang cuoc trong viec tra gia lo hang th ma tai khoan, so tien cc mua va so lo hang c ghi
nhan. Khi mot lo hang khong co ngi mua th so tien cc mua c ghi bang so khong.
oi vi van e nay, hay:
(a) Xay dng mo hnh ER.
----oOo----
89
Chng 11 .
S CHUAN HOA
(NORMALISATION)
GII THIEU
Mot csdl con d tha d lieu se gay tr ngai cho viec cap nhat d lieu. Chuan hoa csdl la hoat ong tao
ra mot csdl khong con d tha d lieu, mot csdl at toi thieu dang chuan 3. Trong cac giai oan phan
tch thiet ke he thong, hoat ong chuan hoa nam trong giai oan thiet ke csdl (xem hnh)
II
PHU THUOC HAM (FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY)

1
Phu thuoc ham
Thuoc tnh Y trong quan he phu thuoc ham vao thuoc tnh X (hay X1, X2,..) cua cung quan he, neu ng vi
gia tr cua X ch co 1 gia tr cua Y.
Ky hieu: XY hay X1,X2Y
Ta noi Thuoc tnh Y phu thuoc ham vao thuoc tnh X hay gia tr cua X xac nh duy nhat mot gia tr cua
Y hay Y c xac nh bi X.
V du: Trong he csdl HOC VIEN, thuoc tnh ten hoc vien phu thuoc ham vao ma hoc vien
2
Phu thuoc ham ay u
Thuoc tnh Y trong quan he phu thuoc ham ay u vao thuoc tnh X (X1, X2,..) cua cung quan he,
neu no phu thuoc ham vao X va khong phu thuoc ham vao mot phan cua X.
90
V du: Trong van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Xanh trc ay ta a co qui tac quan ly:
Moi HOC VIEN co the ghi danh vao hoc mot hay nhieu MON HOC.
Moi MON HOC co the c ghi danh bi mot hay nhieu HOC VIEN.
Ma hoc vien, ma mon hoc ngay nhap hoc

III CAC DANG CHUAN
1
V du
Cong ty Kim kh ai oc va Bu lon (NBHC) co nhieu ca hang hoat ong vi ten rieng. Bang ton kho
cua Ca hang Kim kh Mat nam (mot trong cac ca hang cua Cong ty NBHC) co dang nh sau:
CONG TY KIM KH AI OC VA BU LON
DANH SACH TON KHO
Ma ca hang:
M515
Ten ca hang:
Ca hang kim kh mat nam
ma
mo ta hang
ma nha
ten nha cung
a ch nha
lng n
thanh
hang
cung cap
cap
cung cap
ton
gia
tien
3241 Bu lon 2 cm
34513
Acme Bolt Co 45 Hay Street
123 $0.50 $61.50
45
Hay
Street
3541 Oc 5 cm
34513
Acme Bolt Co
546 $0.70 $382.20
7
Blacktown
Road
4325 Vong em 30 mm
57913
Washer Co
567 $0.12 $68.04
45
Hay
Street
5678 ai oc 8 mm
34513
Acme Bolt Co
342 $0.17 $58.14
1478 inh oc 40 mm
00972
Best Fasteners 281 Pilbara Way
1267 $0.09 $114.03
7 Blacktown Road
4327 Vong em 40 mm
57913
Washer Co
165 $0.15 $24.75
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
Tong cong $708.66
Qui tac quan ly:
1. Bang Ton kho cua Ca hang Kim kh Mat nam la mau tieu bieu cho tat ca ca hang
2. Moi nha cung cap cung cap nhieu mat hang, nhng mot mat hang ch c cung cap bi mot nha
cung cap
3. Mot mat hang c lu tr nhieu ca hang. V du mat hang ma so 3241 c lu tr trong ca
hang M515 nhng no cung c lu tr trong ca hang M516 va M517.
4. Lng ton la so lng ton cua mot mat hang cua mot ca hang.
5. n gia cua mot mat hang la n gia chung cho tat ca cac ca hang
91
6. Tong cong la tong cua cot thanh tien

7. Ma ca hang, ma hang, ma nha cung cap la thuoc tnh nhan dien cua ca hang, hang, nha cung cap
Ta thc hien cac bc chuan hoa quan he cua v du cong ty NBHC theo cac bc sau:
QUAN HE KHONG CHUAN
- Loai bo cac thuoc tnh tong hp (thuoc tnh co gia tr la ket qua tnh toan t cac gia tr khac)
- Xac nh khoa chnh
- Chuyen thuoc tnh lap lai tha nh thuoc tnh cua quan he rieng
QUAN HE DANG CHUAN 1

- Ch thc hien khi khoa chnh go m nhie u thuoc tnh.
- Thuoc tnh khong khoa phai phu thuoc ham ay u va khoa chnh
- Chuyen thuoc tnh ch phu thuoc vao mot phan khoa chnh thanh thuo c tnh cu a quan he rieng

- Chuyen thuoc tnh khong khoa phu thuoc bac cau vao khoa chnh thanh thuoc tnh cu a quan he

Hnh 10.5 - Cac bc thc hien e a cac quan he ve dang chuan 3
Dang chuan mot (first normal form)
nh ngha: Thuoc tnh A la lap lai (repeating group of attribute) neu ng vi mot gia tr khoa chnh co
nhieu gia tr cua thuoc tnh A.
MAT HANG
Ma hang
Mo ta
n giaban
1003
Tu ien
0.68
0.67
0.65
1007
au noi
2.00
2.10
1.90
BANG D LIEU KHONG AT DANG CHUAN 1
Trong quan he MAT HANG tren, thuoc tnh n gia ban la thuoc tnh lap lai (oi khi con goi la thuoc
tnh a gia tr: multi value attribute) .
nh ngha: Mot quan he R dang chuan mot neu no khong co thuoc tnh lap lai.
Cach chuan hoa: Mot quan he R khong dang chuan 1 c chuan hoa bang cach chuyen thuoc tnh lap
lai vao quan he rieng.
i. Chuyen tat ca thuoc tnh vao mot quan he:
TN KHO (ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap,
a ch, lng ton, n gia, thanh tien, tong cong)
ii. Loai bo cac thuoc tnh tong hp
a ch, lng ton, n gia)
iii. Xac nh khoa chnh (chon ngau nhien mot khoa chnh nh ma ca hang)
a ch, lng ton, n gia)
Ta thay ng vi gia tr ma ca hang M515 th co nhieu gia tr lap lai cua cac thuoc tnh: ma
hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia. Thuoc
tnh lap lai nay oi hoi phai chuyen qua quan he rieng. Khoa chnh cua quan he mi nay
92
thng la khoa hp (khoa co tren mot thuoc tnh) la hp cua khoa chnh cua quan he nguon va khoa
chnh cua cac thuoc tnh lap lai.
TON KHO
mach ten ch ma hang mo ta
ma ncc ten ncc
a ch
lng ton n gia
M515 chkkmn 3241
Bu lon 2cm 34513
Acme bolt co 45 ...
123
0.50
3541
Oc 5cm
34513
Acme bolt co 45 ...
546
0.70
4325
Vong...
57913
Washer co
7 ..
567
0.12
5678
ai oc ...
34513
Acme bolt co 45 ...
342
0.17
1478
inh oc ...
00972
Best fastener 281 ...
1267
0.09
4327
Vong ...
57913
Washer co
7 ...
165
24.75
M516 chkkmb 3241
Bu lon 2cm 34513
Acme bolt co 45 ...
20
0.50
4325
Vong ...
57913
Washer co
7 ...
30
0.12
1478
inh oc ...
00972
Best fastener 281 ..
60
0.09
M517 chkkmt 3541
Bu lon 2cm 34513
Acme bolt co 45 ...
100
0.70
....
....
....
....
...
...
...
...
..
iv. Chuyen thuoc tnh lap lai thanh quan he rieng
CA HANG(ma ca hang,ten ca hang)
TON KHO (ma ca hang,ma hang,mo ta mat hang,ma nha cung cap,ten nha cung cap,a ch,lng ton,
n gia)
3
Dang chuan hai (second normal form)
nh ngha: Mot quan he R dang chuan 2 neu no dang chuan 1 va moi thuoc tnh khong khoa phu
thuoc ham ay u vao khoa quan he (khong phu thuoc vao mot phan khoa quan he)
Cach chuan hoa: Mot quan he R khong dang chuan 2 c chuan hoa bang cach chuyen thuoc tnh phu
thuoc vao mot phan khoa vao quan he rieng.
Quan he CA HANG ng nhien at dang chuan 2 v khoa chnh ch gom mot thuoc tnh
Quan he TON KHO co khoa chnh gom hai thuoc tnh nen ta phai kiem tra s phu thuoc ham cua cac
thuoc tnh
CA HANG(ma ca hang, ten ca hang)

TON KHO (ma ca hang, ma hang, lng ton)
MAT HANG (ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, n gia)
4
Dang chuan ba (third normal form)
nh ngha: Mot quan he R dang chuan 3 neu no dang chuan 2 va khong co s phu thuoc ham gia
cac thuoc tnh khong khoa.
Cach chuan hoa: Mot quan he R khong dang chuan 3 c chuan hoa bang cach chuyen thuoc tnh phu
thuoc vao thuoc tnh khong khoa vao quan he rieng
93

MAT HANG (ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, n gia)
NHA CUNG CAP (ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch)
IV CHUAN HOA THEO LY THUYET CSDL
Lc o quan he Q = CA HANG (ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung
cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia) co tap phu thuoc ham:
F = {ma ca hang ten ca hang;
ma ca hang, ma hang lng ton;
ma hang mo ta mat hang, n gia, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch;
ma nha cung cap ten nha cung cap, a ch
}
TN = {ma ca hang, ma hang}
TG = {ma nha cung cap} Xi la tap con cua tap TG:
TNXi
ma ca hang,
ma hang
ma nha cung cap ma ca hang,
ma hang,
ma nha cung cap
Xi
(TNXi)+
Q+
Q+
Sieu khoa
Khoa
ma ca hang,
ma ca hang,
ma hang
ma hang
ma ca hang,
ma hang,
ma nha cung cap
F={ma ca hang -> ten ca hang; ma ca hang, ma hang ->

lng ton; ma hang -> mo ta mat hang, n gia, ma nha cung
cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch; ma nha cung cap -> ten nha
cung cap, a ch}
Q={ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....}
K = {ma ca hang, ma hang }
F1 ={ma ca hang -> ten ca hang}
CA HANG ={ma ca hang, ten ca hang}
K1 = {ma ca hang}
F1 ={ma ca hang, ma hang -> lng ton; ma hang -> mo ta

mat hang,n gia, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch;
ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung cap, a ch}
Q2 ={ma ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....}
K2 = {ma ca hang, ma hang }
F3 ={ma hang -> mo ta mat hang,n gia, ma nha cung cap,

ten nha cung cap, a ch; ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung
cap, a ch, ...}
Q3 ={ma ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....}
K3 = {ma hang}
F4 ={ma ca hang, ma hang -> lng ton}

Q4 ={ma ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat
hang,....}
K4 = {ma ca hang, ma hang }
F6 ={ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung cap, a ch}
F5 ={ma hang -> mo ta mat hang,n gia, ma nha cung cap}
Q5 ={ma ca hang, mo ta mat hang, n gia, ma nha cung cap} Q6 ={ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch}
K6 = {ma nha cung cap}
K5 = {ma hang }

V
94
TIEP CAN THEO MO HNH ER
e xay dng mo hnh quan he cho van e NBHC, thay v tiep can bang cach ap dung cac luat chuan
hoa (cach tiep can t di len theo bottom-up approach), ta tiep can theo mo hnh ER qua cac bc sau
(cach tiep can t tren xuong the top down approach):
Bc 1: Ap dung cach phan tch bieu mau a e cap chng 4, t bieu mau Bang ton kho cua NBHC,
ta nhan dien c cac tap thc the CA HANG, HANG, NHA CUNG CAP.
Bc 2: Ve mo hnh ER va gan cac thuoc tnh nhan dien
Bc 3: Xac nh cac moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the. Can c vao qui tac quan ly, ta co moi ket hp
gia HANG va CA HANG la moi ket hp nhieu nhieu va moi ket hp gia HANG va NHA
CUNG CAP la moi ket hp mot nhieu.
Bc 4: Moi ket hp nhieu nhieu c giai quyet bang cach them tap thc the ket hp TON KHO lam
trung gian ket noi gia hai tap thc the HANG va CA HANG. Thuoc tnh lng ton ch phu
hp vi tap thc the ket hp TON KHO
Bc 5: Ap dung cac qui tac bien oi chng 3 e chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he
MAT HANG (ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, n gia)
NHA CUNG CAP (ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch)
Bc 6: Ap dung cac qui tac chuan hoa e a cac quan he bc 5 ve dang chuan ba.
VI BAI TAP
1
10.1
T bang d lieu sau, hay xay dng mot quan he khong chuan roi chuan hoa no at chuan 1, chuan 2
cuoi cung la chuan 3. S dung cac qui tac quan ly ma ban luan ra t bang d lieu. Neu c hay
phat bieu mot vai ieu rang buoc gia nh.
95
Ma
so
Ma
NCC
Nha CC
Mo ta
Ma ca
hang
Ca hang
202
296
328
419
790
987
1290
1333
5693
6785
6788
L02
SCI
C03
F11
L02
M01
AS1
L02
C03
T07
L02
Lincoln
Schoettel
Colchester
Fluke
Lincoln
Mitutoyo
Allstar
Lincoln
Colchester
Tektronics
Lincoln
Welder 400 Amp

Deepwater Barge
Lathe 1500 BC
Multimeter
Welder 400 Amp
Micrometer
Satcom 2000
Welder 300 Amp
Lathe 1800BC
Oscilloscope
Welder 400 Amp
FAB
PEH
MEC
ELE
FAB
MEC
PEH
MEC
MEC
ELE
PEH
Fabrication Shop
P&e Hire
Mechanical Shop
Electrical Shop
Fabrication Shop
Mechanical Shop
P&E Hire
Mechanical Shop
Mechanical Shop
Electrical Shop
P&E Hire
Gia khi
iem
2760
221000
8750
430
2760
440
7200
2440
9900
5700
2760
T
suat
Gia tr
20%
10%
10%
20%
20%
5%
30%
15%
10%
10%
20
552
22100
875
86
552
22
2160
366
990
570
552
Ma a
diem
WE
VI
KW
BE
WE
KW
TH
KW
KW
BE
KW
a iem
Welshpool
Varanus 1s
Kewdale
Belmont
Welshpool
Kewdale
Thailand
Kewdale
Kewdale
Belmont
Kewdale
1) T bang d lieu tren ta co quan he khong chuan sau:

TAI SAN(ma so, ma NCC, ten nha CC, mo ta tai san, ma loai ca hang, ten loai ca hang, gia khi
iem, t suat, gia tr, ma a iem, ten a iem)
Thuoc tnh gia tr = gia khi iem * t suat la thuoc tnh tong hp
iem, t suat, ma a iem, ten a iem)
Chon ma so lam khoa chnh
iem, t suat, ma a iem, ten a iem)
2) ng vi moi gia tr khoa chnh khong co gia tr lap lai nen quan he TAI SAN at dang chuan 1.
3) Khoa quan he TAI SAN ch gom mot thuoc tnh nen at dang chuan 2
4) Trong quan he TAI SAN co s phu thuoc gia cac thuoc tnh khong khoa nh sau:
Ma NCC ten nha CC
Ma loai ca hang ten loai ca hang
Mo ta tai san gia khi iem, mo ta tai san-> t suat
Ma a iem ten a iem
Ta chuyen cac thuoc tnh nay vao quan he rieng
TAI SAN(ma so, ma NCC, mo ta tai san, ma loai ca hang, ma a iem)
NHA CUNG CAP(ma NCC, ten nha CC)
LOAI CA HANG(ma loai ca hang, ten loai ca hang)
A IEM(ma a iem, ten a iem)
DANH MUC TAI SAN(mo ta tai san, gia khi iem, t suat)
5) T bang d lieu ta luan ra cac ieu sau:
o Cac tap thc the TAI SAN, NHA CUNG CAP, LOAI CA HANG, A IEM, DANH
MUC TAI SAN
o Gia tr = gia khi iem x t suat
o Ma NCC, ma loai ca hang, ma a iem la khoa thuoc tnh nhan dien cua NHA CUNG
CAP, LOAI CA HANG, A IEM
2
10.2
T bang d lieu sau, hay xay dng mot quan he khong chuan roi chuan hoa no at chuan 1, chuan 2
cuoi cung la chuan 3. S dung cac qui tac quan ly ma ban luan ra t bang d lieu. Neu c hay phat
bieu mot vai ieu rang buoc gia nh.

ma trach
nhiem
Ma may
bay
Ma loai
may bay
TR
SR
TR
T
003
007
009
026
C130
UH-1
C130
A331B
Cau tao
may bay
Hercules
Iroquois
Hercules
Macchi
96
Dch vu
phuc vu
Transport
SAR
Transport
Trainer
Ma nha
che tao
LO
BE
LO
AM
Ten nha
che tao
Lockheed
Bell
Lockheed
AerMacchi
Nc
Ma c
s
Ten c
s
Bang
USA
USA
USA
Italy
RI
PE
RI
PE
Richmond
Pearce
Richmond
Pearce
NSW
WA
NSW
WA
1) T bang d lieu tren ta co quan he khong chuan sau:

TRACH NHIEM(ma trach nhiem, ma may bay, ma loai may bay, cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu,
ma nha che tao, ten nha che tao, nc, ma c s, ten c s, bang)
Chon ma may bay lam khoa chnh
TRACH NHIEM(ma trach nhiem, ma may bay, ma loai may bay, cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu,
ma nha che tao, ten nha che tao, nc, ma c s, ten c s, bang)
2) Trong quan he TRACH NHIEM, ng vi moi gia tr khoa chnh khong co gia tr lap lai nen
chung at dang chuan 1
3) Khoa quan he TRACH NHIEM ch gom mot thuoc tnh nen ng nhien chung at dang chuan
2
4) Trong quan he TRACH NHIEM co s phu thuoc gia cac thuoc tnh khong khoa nh sau:
Ma loai may bay-> cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu, ma nha che tao, ma c s, bang
ma nha che tao->ten nha che tao, nc
ma c s->ten c s, bang
Ta chuyen cac thuoc tnh nay vao quan he rieng
TRACH NHIEM(ma may bay, ma trach nhiem, ma loai may bay)
LOAI MAY BAY(ma loai may bay, cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu, ma nha che tao, ma c s)
NHA CHE TAO(ma nha che tao, ten nha che tao, nc)
C S(ma c s, ten c s, bang).
3
Trac nghiem
1) The process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data structures is referred to as
a) normalization
b) process modeling
c) structuring
d) simplification
----oOo----
97
Chng 12 .
CAC SUY XET TRONG THIET KE VAT LY
(PHYSICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)
GII THIEU
Trong cac chng trc, chung ta a tm hieu qua cac giai oan phan tch d lieu, mo hnh hoa d lieu,
xay dng mo hnh quan he roi chuan hoa cac quan he. Trong chng nay chung ta se bc sang giai
oan s dung mot he QTCSDL cu the nh SQL Sever hay Oracle hay MS Access e xay dng cac
bang, cac moi ket hp va cac rang buoc. Hnh 11.1 cho ta thay v tr cua hoat ong thiet ke csdl vat ly
trong cac bc phan tch thiet ke d lieu.
Con hnh 11.2 cho ta thay v tr cua hoat ong thiet ke vat ly trong qui trnh phan tch thiet ke he thong.
II
BANG, VUNG
Khi chuyen cac quan he thanh bang chung ta co the hp nhieu quan he thanh mot bang hay tach mot
quan he thanh nhieu bang. Viec lam nay tuy vao tnh chat khai thac d lieu cua van e. Thong thng
chung ta chuyen:
- mot quan he thanh mot bang trong HQTCSDL.
- Thuoc tnh cua quan he thanh vung trong bang tng ng
- Tao khoa chnh cho moi bang
- Cac vung e lu tr cac gia tr tong hp nh thanh tien, tong cong
98
THIE T KE HE THO NG
(SYSTEMS DESIGN)
1. Thiet ke giao dien con ng i (designing the human interface)

2. Thiet ke c s d lieu (designing database)
a) Thiet ke csdl logic (designing logical database)
- Bien o i mo hnh ER tha nh mo hnh quan he
- Kiem tra ye u cau chc na ng
- Chua n ho a c s d lieu
b) Thie t ke csdl va t ly (designing physical database)
- Chuyen ca c quan he at chuan thanh ca c ac ta ta p tin ma y tnh
THC HIEN VA VAN HA NH HE THO NG
(SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION)
Hnh 11.2 - Thie t ke csdl vat ly trong qui trnh PTTKHT
III VUNG, MO TA, LOAI D LIEU VA KCH THC
Moi vung can xay dng:

- Ten vung co tnh duy nhat trong mot bang.
- Mo ta vung (a c mo ta trong t ien d lieu)
- Loai d lieu nh so nguyen, ky t, ngay, luan ly, tien te...
- Kch thc vung nh so ky t oi vi loai d lieu ky t ....
- Tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc phai nhap d lieu (ngha la co cho phep co gia tr Null hay
khong). V du khi lu tr ve KHACH HANG, ta co cac vung ma khach hang, ten khach hang,
a ch, so ien thoai, so fax trong o cac vung ma khach hang, ten khach hang, a ch bat
buoc phai nhap d lieu con so ien thoai, so fax th khong bat buoc v co kha nang co khach
hang khong co so ien thoai hay so fax.
- Cac rang buoc ve mien gia tr.
- Gia tr mac nhien.
IV KHOA CHNH VA KHOA NGOAI
Cai at c che xac nh khoa chnh va moi lien he gia khoa chnh va khoa ngoai. C che nay t ong
kiemtra khong cho trung lap gia tr tren khoa chnh va ngan khong cho nhap gia tr la tren khoa ngoai.
Moi ket hp nay con anh hng en viec them, sa, xoa d lieu tren khoa chnh va khoa phu.
V
KHOA NHAN TAO
Khi s dung khoa nhan tao ta can chu y hai kha canh sau:
- c che t ong phat sinh gia tr tren vung khoa. Cac HQTCSDL eu cai san c che nay
- c che kiem tra mot oi tng c lu tr hai lan di hai gia tr khoa khac nhau.
VI LAP CH MUC
99
Khi xay dng csdl ta phai s dung kha nang lap ch muc tren cac vung thch hp e tang kha nang khai
thac d lieu. Viec lap ch muc mang lai li ch sau:
- viec tm kiem va khai thac mau tin nhanh hn
- Hieu qua trong viec khai thac nhieu bang
- Khai thac mot bang theo nhieu th t khac nhau
- Tao kha nang kiem tra s trung lap d lieu
- Sap xep d lieu theo nhieu cap
Viec lap ch muc tao ra cac bat li sau:
- s dung khong gian lu tr nhieu hn.
- thi gian khai thac lau hn cho cac thao tac them, sa, xoa d lieu
VII PHA V CAC DANG CHUAN (DENORMALIZATION)
Trong qua trnh xay dng csdl, e tang toc o khai thac d lieu, oi khi ta phai pha v cac dang chuan
cua cac bang.
1
V du 1
Trong mo hnh tren, cot thanh tien tren DONG N HANG va cot tong cong tren HOA N c
them vao e lu tr cac gia tr sau:
- ket qua tnh toan cua so lng x n gia c lu tr trong cot thanh tien
- tong cac gia tr tren cot thanh tien cua DONG N HANG c lu tr trong cot tong cong
Nh vay ta khong phai nhap lieu cho hai cot nay ma gia tr cua chung c he thong t ong tnh toan
moi khi co s thay oi gia tr tren cot so lng hay n ga.
2
V du 2
Trong csdl ve van e KHACH HANG va LAN KHAM BENH, ta co mo hnh ER sau:
Trong mo hnh tren, cot ngay kham benh sau cung c them vao e cha gia tr ngay kham benh mi
nhat cua khach hang mac du ta co the dung truy van e xac nh ngay nay thong qua cac ngay kham
benh cua khach hang.
3
V du 3

ma khach
hang
ten
a ch
KHACH
HANG
thuoc ve
co
so ang
LAN
ky
ANG
ngay
KY
thc hien
bi
c ke
bi
c s hu
bi
s
hu
Moi quan he c
them vao e
tang toc o khai
thac
XE O TO
danh
cho
100
so a g
bo
cau tao
kieu
dang
so sn
ke
ma lan
ngay
so cay
so
LAN
SA
CHA
co
Hnh 11.6 - Mo hnh ER co moi quan he

d tha
Trong mo hnh tren, vi muc ch lam tang toc o khai thac ngi ta them moi ket hp gia XE OTO va
KHACH HANG dung e dien ta khach hang nao s hu xe oto nao. Neu khong co moi ket hp nay, ta
van xac nh c khach hang nao s hu xe oto nao thong qua moi ket hp gia KHACH HANG va
LAN ANG KY, gia LAN ANG KY va LAN SA CHA va gia LAN SA CHA va XE OTO.
Viec xac nh qua nhieu moi ket hp nay se oi hoi nhieu thi gian x ly.
KHACH HANG (ma khach hang, ten, a ch)

XE OTO (so ang bo, cau tao, kieu dang, so sn)
LAN ANG KY(so ang ky, ngay, thc hien bi)
LAN SA CHA(ma lan, ngay, so cay so)
VIIICAC KHA CANH KHAC
Khi xay dng csdl, e tang toc o khai thac, ta can chu y en cac ieu sau:
1. Nen lu tr cac thong tin khong nam trong mo hnh d lieu nhng c khai thac thng xuyen (nh
ten n v, a ch, vv..) trong mot bang. ng dung se khai thac thong tin nay ngay luc khi ong
chng trnh.
2. Nen loc d lieu cua cac bang trc khi ket noi chung lai.
3. Nen tach mot bang thanh nhieu bang khi tren bang co cac cot c khai thng xuyen va cung co
cac cot rat t c khai thac.
----oOo----
101
Chng 13 .
CAC TRNG HP NGHIEN CU
(CASE STUDIES)
TRNG CAO ANG TAY O

1
Yeu cau d lieu / ac ta van e.
1. WMC la trng cao ang a c s, hien hoat ong 3 v tr khac nhau. Moi c s chuyen ve mot so
lanh vc ao tao ma khong co s trung lap lanh vc ao tao gia cac c s. Ngha la mot khoa hoc
ao tao c to chc bi mot khoa th c giang day ch bi c s co khoa o.
2. Trng Cao ang mong muon co mot csdl e lu tr chnh xac ve:
Cac khoa hoc ao tao va cac chu e giang day cua cac khoa moi cac c s.
S ghi danh cua sinh vien.
Cac ky kiem tra cuoi khoa va iem.
Ly lch ve cac giang vien c thue bi nha trng va cac chu e ma ho giang day.
3. C s c nhan dien bi ma c s. Ten cua c s c at co lien quan en v tr a ly nh:
CC C s trung tam thanh pho.
NR C s cac dong song hng bac
DH C s cac oi yeu qu.
4. Moi c s co mot so khoa nhat nh. V du c s CC co khoa tnh toan, khoa kinh te, khoa van
phong va th ky, khoa luat va cong nghe. Ngay thanh lap c s cung can c quan tam.
5. Moi khoa co mot so giang vien c phan cong la to trng bo mon, chu s quan ly cua trng
khoa. Khoa co kinh ph hoat ong trong mot nam tai chanh. Moi giang vien bao cao cho to trng
bo mon va to trng bo mon bao cao cho trng khoa.
6. Khoa c chu ong m cac khoa ao tao phu hp vi yeu cau cua trng. V du Khoa tnh toan m
khoa ao tao chng ch cong nghe thong tin (CIT), chng ch cong nghe thong tin nang cao (ACIT)
va van bang cong nghe thong tin trong ng dung may tnh (DITCA). Khoa ang ao tao can phai
c phan biet vi cac khoa hien khong ang tnh trang ao tao.
7. Moi khoa ao tao co mot so chu e bat buoc va mot so khong bat buoc ma sinh vien phai hoan tat
e at mot kien thc nhat nh. Co chu e la mot phan cua nhieu khoa hoc. V du nh chu e gii
thieu ve he c s d lieu la n v hoc trnh chnh cua ACIT va DITCA va la mon nhiem y cua van
bang nang cao Cong Nghe ien t.
8. Chu e c nhan dien duy nhat bi ch muc chu e (SIN). Tat ca chu e eu co ten chu e nh
Gii thieu ve he c s d lieu. Mot so chu e oi hoi phai c giang sau hay trc mot hay
nhieu chu e.
9. Nhng d lieu sau ay ve khoa hoc c quan tam: ma khoa hoc, mo ta khoa hoc, thi lng, c s
ni ma khoa hoc c xay dng va loai cong viec ma khoa hoc nham ti.
10. Sinh vien gang vt qua cac chu e trong nhieu nam e hoan thanh khoa hoc ma ho ghi danh vao.
Ho khong c phep ghi danh vao hoc tren hai khoa hoc.
11. He can lu tr chi tiet ve ma sinh vien, ten, a ch, so ien thoai, nam hay n, ngay sinh, khoa hoc
a ghi danh, chu e a ghi danh (qua kh va hien tai) tnh trang ghi danh (ban thi gian hay toan
thi gian) va iem.
102
12. Khi sinh vien ghi danh hoc cac chu e, ho c liet xep vao hoc mot lch chu e. Hien nay, WMC
s dung mau lch chu e nam. Xem xet mau bieu nay ta thay moi mau lch chu e c nhan dien
bi ma lch chu e (v du nh 12345A) va cac chi tiet nh ngay bat au va ket thuc chu e, ngay
trong tuan ma chu e c giang, gi bat au, thi lng tnh theo gi, so phong, ma chu e va ten
chu e, ma giang vien va ten giang vien.
13. Chi tiet lu tr ve moi giang vien bao gom ten, a ch, so ien thoai, ngay vao lam, kha nang
chuyen mon, chu e co the giang va chu e thong thao.
14. Do tnh chuyen mon hoa, moi giang vien c phan cong vao mot khoa cua mot c s va day cac
chu e cua c s o. Nha trng thue ba loai giang vien: toan thi gian, ban thi gian, thnh giang.
15. Ket thuc chu e, trng khoa phan cong mot giang vien lam kiem tra va mot giang vien lam phu
kiem tra. Mot kiem tra co the kiem tra, anh gia mot hay nhieu chu e va phu kiem tra cung vay
nhng khong bao gi kiem tra va phu kiem lai la giang vien va day chu e o.
2
Mo hnh hoa d lieu
Chung ta hay lan lc s dung tng oan co anh so cua phan ac ta va:
- Nhan dien tap thc the va thuoc tnh nhan dien.
- Nhan dien moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the.
- Gan thuoc tnh mo ta vao cac tap thc the.
- Giai quyet tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc cua moi quan he.
- Giai quyet tap thc the cha con.
- Xem xet kha canh lch s va d tha d lieu.
i
oan 1 va 2
Hai oan nay cho ta thay s hien dien cua cac tap thc the:
- c s
- khoa hoc
- khoa
- sinh vien
- giang vien
- chu e
va mot vai moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the nh sau:
ii
oan 3
Cho ta biet thuoc tnh nhan dien cua C S la ma c s va thuoc tnh mo ta la ten c s.
iii oan 4
oan nay cung cap cho ta cac thong tin sau:

1/ C s c tao thanh t cac khoa.
2/ Khoa c biet qua ten khoa.
103
3/ Thuoc tnh ngay thanh lap c s c s quan tam cua nha trng.
iv
oan 5
Cho biet moi khoa co mot so giang vien lam viec trong khoa o va ta t hieu moi giang vien ch chu s
quan ly cua mot khoa.
Chung ta cung thay co 3 loai giang vien: giang vien la trng khoa, giang vien la trng bo mon va
giang vien thng. Giang vien thng cua bo mon nao th chu s giam sat cua to trng bo mon o con
to trng bo mon chu s giam sat cua trng khoa.
v
oan 6
Khoa th to chc nhieu khoa hoc nhng ch co khoa hoc ang c ao tao th c quan tam, ngha la
ta khong khong quan tam en kha canh lch s cua khoa ao tao. ay ta them thuoc tnh ang ao
tao co tr la Yes/No e biet khoa hoc nao la khoa ang ao tao.
vi
Doan 12
oan nay cho ta phan mo hnh ER sau:
dan c ghi
hb
i
104
ghi
dan
h
vao
II
da
y
b
i
da
y
BAI TAP
1
Bai tap 1 (hang hoa)
Doanh nghiep Hoang Minh la mot doanh nghiep thng mai, chuyen mua ban cac loai hang hoa.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu van phong ai dien ban hang khap cac tnh, thanh pho tren pham vi ca nc.
Moi tnh, thanh pho c nhan dien bang ma tnh-thanh pho va co thuoc tnh ten tnh-thanh pho, so dan.
Thong tin ve mot van phong gom co: ma van phong (duy nhat), ten van phong, a ch, ien thoai lien
lac va tnh, thanh pho ni at van phong.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu nhan vien ban hang. Thong tin ve mot nhan vien gom co: ma nhan vien (duy
nhat), ho ten, ngay sinh, a ch. Nhan vien ch c phep lam viec mot van phong ai dien.
Doanh nghiep kinh doanh nhieu hang hoa, thong tin ve mot hang hoa gom: ma hang (duy nhat), ten
hang, n v tnh, n gia ban, so lng toi thieu phai ton kho, t suat thue gia tr gia tang.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu khach hang. Thong tin ve mot khach hang gom co: ma khach hang, ho ten, a
ch, va thanh pho ni khach hang c ngu.
Moi giao dch mua ban c tien hanh se co mot hoa n ban hang do mot nhan vien ai dien ban hang
lap. Tren hoa n co cac thong tin: ten van phong, so hoa n (dung e phan biet hoa n nay vi hoa
n kia), ngay hoa n, ho ten khach hang, a ch khach hang va mot danh sach cac mat hang co cung
t suat thue GTGT (xem mau). Mot lan mua, khach co the mua nhieu loai hang co so lng khac nhau
va t suat thue gia tr gia tang khac nhau (nh 5%, 10%, 1%). Nhan vien ban hang co nhiem vu gom cac
mat hang cung t suat thue vao mot hoa n. Nh vay mot lan mua khach co the co nhieu hoa n vi
cac t suat thue khac nhau.
Tat ca hoa n cua cac van phong phai c gi ve van phong chnh e thong ke doanh thu.
105
Van phong ban hang Tp Can Th
HOA N BAN HANG

So: 001256 Ngay: 10/01/2001
Ho ten khach hang: Pham Ngoc Lan
a ch: 54 Ly Chnh Thang
Dien giai: Ban cho khach
STT
1
2
Ten hang hoa

Sa tam Dove
Dau goi LifeBuoy
n v tnh
Chai
Chai
So lng
30
20
n gia
21.000
15.000
Cong:
Thue GTGT(10%):
Tong cong:
Thanh tien
630.000
300.000
930.000
93.000
1.023.000
Ngi lap hoa n
Yeu cau:
1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER (tap thc the ket hp) cua van e tren.
2/ Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
3/ Thiet ke phan x ly s kien khach en mua hang.
2
Nguyen Van Lap
Bai tap 2 (Vat t)
Doanh nghiep san xuat bao b Mai Lan to chc he thong ke toan vat t nh sau: Doanh nghiep co nhieu
kho cha vat t. Thong tin ve kho gom: ma kho (duy nhat), ten kho, a ch, so ien thoai.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu vat t. Thong tin ve vat t gom: ma vat t (duy nhat), ten vat t , qui cach, n
v tnh, so toi thieu phai ton kho.
Cac vat t c chia thanh tng nhom vat t. Thong tin ve nhom vat t gom: ma nhom, ten nhom. Mot
vat t ch thuoc ve mot nhom.
Moi hoat ong nhap xuat vat t c tien hanh bang chng t nhap/xuat vat t (xem mau) vi so phieu
co tnh duy nhat trong ca hai loai phieu nhap va xuat. Doanh nghiep nhap vat t t nhieu nha cung cap.
Moi chng t nhap kho ch nhap cac vat t cua mot nha cung cap va nhap vao mot kho cua doanh
nghiep. Doanh nghiep quan tam cac thong tin ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch nha cung cap.
Cong ty san xuat bao b Mai Lan
CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM

oc lap T do Hanh phuc
106
PHIEU NHAP KHO

So phieu: 0015/NK
Ten nha cung cap:
a ch nha cung cap:
Kho nhap:
Chng t kem theo:
STT
1
2
MVT
120065
121149
TEN VAT T
Xang A92
M bo ac chung
Ngay: 03/09/01
Cong ty vat t Anh Minh
125 Nguyen Van Troi
Kho chnh
Cong van so 45/KH
VT
Kg
Kg
SO LNG
1.000
10
N GIA
4.000
50.000
THANH TIEN
4.000.000
500.000
Ngi lap
Thu kho
Ke toan trng
Nguyen Van Sn
Tran Van Thu
Lam van Ke
Cong ty san xuat bao b Mai Lan
CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM

oc lap T do Hanh phuc
PHIEU XUAT KHO

So phieu: 0001/XK
Ten thiet b: May thoi bao PP
Ly do xuat: Tu bo may thoi
Kho xuat: Kho chnh
STT
1
2
MVT
121141
121150
TEN VAT T
Ron may
Nht
Tong cong
VT
Bo
Lt
Ngay: 10/01/2001
SO LNG
3
2
N GIA
25.000
40.000
THANH TIEN
75.000
80.000
155.000
Ngi lap
Thu kho
Ke toan trng
Nguyen Van Sn
Tran van Thu
Lam van Ke
Moi phieu xuat vat t ch ghi xuat cac vat t t mot kho va xuat e sa cha hay bao dng ...(ly do
xuat) cho mot thiet b cua doanh nghiep. Thong tin ve thiet b co ma thiet b, ten thiet b.
Yeu cau:
1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER cho he thong quan ly vat t tren.
3/ Thiet ke phan x ly s kien phat sinh phieu xuat kho
3
Bai tap 3 (Mo hnh TSC)
107
Doanh nghiep san xuat, xay dng Hoa bnh to chc ke toan TSC (hu hnh) nh sau:
Doanh nghiep co nhieu loai TSC (nha ca, may moc,..) moi loai tai san co nhieu TSC (May tron ho
T4, May dam D3,...). Thong tin ve mot tai san gom: ma tai san, ten tai san, nguyen gia, nguon goc (t
co, ngan sach, lien doanh), xuat x (nc san xuat), t le khau hao (10%, 5%,..), ngay a vao s dung.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu n v. Thong tin ve n v: ma n v, ten n v. Moi n v co the quan ly
nhieu TSC nhng mot tai san ch do mot n v quan ly.
Ngoai viec s dung TSC do n v mnh quan ly, moi n v con co the s dung nhieu tai san co nh
do n v khac quan ly thong qua hoat ong ieu chuyen. S ieu chuyen tai san c thc hien bang
mot quyet nh ieu chuyen. Moi quyet nh eu co so quyet nh (co tnh duy nhat), ngay quyet nh,
ho ten ngi ky quyet nh va cac tai san ieu chuyen. Cac tai san ieu chuyen tren mot quyet nh co
the co ngay ieu chuyen khac nhau, n v ieu chuyen en khac nhau.
Hang ky ke toan phai tnh so khau hao trch trong ky cho tng n v (so khau hao = t le khau hao x
nguyen gia x so ngay s dung / 365). Neu n v s dung TSC khac n v quan ly th so khau hao
tnh cho n v s dung, theo so ngay TSC c s dung. TSC tang trong ky nao th so khau hao tnh
ngay trong ky o.
Yeu cau:
1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER cho he thong quan ly TSC tren.
3/ Thiet ke phan x ly cho phep nhap cac thong tin cua quyet nh ieu chuyen vao he thong.
4
Bai tap 4 (Lng)
Doanh nghiep Sao Mai la doanh nghiep san xuat. Doanh nghiep co nhieu phan xng san xuat. Thong
tin ve phan xng gom: ma phan xng, ten phan xng.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu n v chia lam hai loai: trc tiep san xuat va gian tiep. Moi phan xng san
xuat co the co nhieu n v. Nhng moi n v ch thuoc mot phan xng hay khong thuoc phan xng
nao. Thong tin ve n v co ma n v, ten n v, so tai khoan chi ph.
Doanh nghiep co nhieu nhan vien, chia lam hai loai, trc tiep san xuat va gian tiep. Moi nhan vien ch
lam mot n v, moi n v co the co nhieu nhan vien. Thong tin chung ve mot nhan vien gom co: ma
nhan vien, ho ten nhan vien, ngay sinh, a ch, ngay vao lam viec. oi vi nhan vien trc tiep san xuat
con co them thong tin: chc vu, he so lng con nhan vien gian tiep co mc lng.
Nhan vien trc tiep lam theo ca, nhan vien gian tiep khong lam theo ca. Ca 1 va ca 2 iem cong la 1, ca
3 iem cong la 1.5. Ngh viec khong ly do se b cham iem 0. Neu ngh viec co ly do se c cham tuy
theo phan tram lng se c hng. Co hai mc: ngh hng 70% lng va ngh hng 50% lng.
Cuoi thang ke toan phai nhap bang cham cong do ban ieu hanh cac phan xng gi ve. oi vi
nhan vien gian tiep, bang cham cong cho biet so ngay cong trong thang. oi vi nhan vien trc
tiep, bang cham cong cho biet so ngay cong ca 1, so ngay cong ca 2 va so ngay cong ca 3
trong thang. Ngoai ra bang cham cong cung cho biet so ngay ngh hng 70% lng, so
108
ngay ngh hng 50% lng.

Yeu cau:
1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER cho van e tren.
3/ Thiet ke phan x ly thong tin oi vi s kien Nhan vien trc tiep bao cong cuoi thang
5
Bai tap 6 (cho thue bang a)
Dch vu SVCD chuyen cho thue cac loai CD, VCD, MP3, MP4 tren a ban thanh pho HCM. a cua
dch vu co nhieu the loai khac nhau nh: Ca nhac thieu nhi, ca nhac tuoi tre, hoa tau, hai kch, phim
hnh s, phim vo thuat, phim tnh cam, cai lng,, moi the loai co nhieu Album (oi vi a ca nhac,
a hoa tau, ), nhieu bo (oi vi a phim) hay nhieu v (oi vi a kch, a cai lng, ) khac nhau.
Moi Album, bo hay v co the co mot hoac nhieu a va thng co t 2 en 10 ban e phuc vu cho thue.
Moi Album, bo hay v phai co ta e, ten hang san xuat, nc san xuat, nam san xuat. Neu la a phim,
cai lng,... th co ten tac gia kch ban, ao dien, dien vien. Neu la a ca nhac, tau hai, tan co,... th co
ta e cua cac bai hat, bai ca, tac gia va ca s (hoac nhom ca s, dien vien) trnh bay, bieu dien.
Gia cho thue a tnh theo tng ngay cho tng a ma khach thue. Cac a cung loai (chang han VCD)
th co cung mot gia cho thue. Khach hang khi thue a phai e lai a ch lu tru va tien at coc t nhat
bang tr gia cua a ma Dch vu a mua. Khi khach tra lai a th Dch vu se tnh tien thue e can tr
vao tien ma khach a at coc va tra lai tien coc con d cho khach hang. Trong trng hp tien thue a
nhieu hn tien at coc th ch lay ung bang tien at coc.
Cac giao dch dien ra tai Dch vu bao gom:
- Nhap (mua) Album mi, phim mi hoac nhap them cac ban cua cac Album cu, phim cu hien ang
cho thue tai Dch vu,
- Cho thue va nhan lai a khi khach hang tra lai,
- oi a khi khach hang yeu cau hoac do a b truc trac ky thuat,
- Thanh ly cac a b h hong hoac qua cu,
- ap ng cac yeu cau ve thong tin cua khach hang ve cac Album, bo phim hay v dien nh: Hang
san xuat, tac gia kch ban, ca s, dien vien, bai hat,
Yeu cau:
(d) Lap mo hnh thc the Ket hp cua dch vu.
(e) Lap mo hnh x ly mc quan niem cho giao dch: Khach hang yeu cau oi a khac cung the
loai.
6
Bai tap 7 (x ly n hang)
Di ay la nhng phat bieu ve viec x ly n hang cua mot to chc:

- Nhan vien trong to chc c nhan dien bi ma nhan vien, ho ten va ngay sanh.
- Nhan vien trong to chc chu trach nhiem cac n hang. Thong tin ve n hang co so n hang (duy
nhat), ngay n hang, dien giai va gia tr n hang. Vi mot n hang, ch mot nhan vien chu trach
nhiem n hang ay nhng mot nhan vien co the chu trach nhiem nhieu n hang.
- To chc thc hien n hang bang mot chuoi cac cong viec. Nhan vien chu trach nhiem n hang
tao cac bang yeu cau cho cac phan xng e phan xng thc hien cac cong viec nay. Cac bang yeu
cau c nhan dien bi so yeu cau. Ho quan tam ngay bat au va ngay ket thuc cua ban yeu cau.
- Cac cac cong viec co the c tao ra bi mot phan xng e ap ng mot ban yeu cau. Moi cong
viec c nhan dien bi ma cong viec va co mot gia tr cong viec. Tat ca cong viec cua mot
ban yeu cau c gi cho mot phan xng. Moi phan xng c nhan dien bang ma phan
xng va co ten phan xng.
109
Moi cong viec s dung mot khoi lng nao o cua mot hay nhieu nguyen lieu. Nguyen lieu c
nhan dien bi ma nguyen lieu va co thuoc tnh mo ta.
Yeu cau:
(a) Xay dng mo hnh ER cho van e tren.
(b) Bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
-
----oOo----
110
Phan 2: S O DFD TRONG PHAN TCH VA THIET KE HE THONG

Chng 14
S O DFD
(DATA FLOW DIAGRAM)
KHAI NIEM
S o DFD la cong cu dung e dien ta lai thanh phan x ly cua he thong. Cu the chung c dung e
mo hnh hoa qui trnh x ly trong hoat ong cau truc cac yeu cau cua he thong va thiet ke giao dien con
ngi.
111
PHA N TCH HE THO NG

(SYSTEMS ANALYSIS)
1. Xac nh ye u cau he thong

2. Cau tru c yeu ca u he tho ng
a) Mo hnh ho a qui trnh x ly
b) Mo hnh ho a d lie u
3. Chon l a giai phap thie t ke thay the tot nha t
THIE T KE HE THO NG
(SYSTEMS DESIGN)
1. Thie t ke giao die n con ng i (designing the human interface)

2. Thie t ke c s d lie u (designing database)
a) Thie t ke csdl logic (designing logical database)
- Bie n oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he
- Kiem tra yeu ca u ch c nang
- Chuan ho a c s d lieu
b) Thie t ke csdl vat ly (designing physical database)
- Chuyen cac quan he a t chuan tha nh cac a c ta tap tin may tnh
THC HIEN VA VAN HANH HE THO NG
(SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION)
Hnh 10.1 - Chua n ho a csdl trong ca c b c PTTKHT
II
S O DONG D LIEU DFD (DATA FLOW DIAGRAM)

1
Khai niem:
S o DFD la mot cong cu mo hnh dien ta d lieu di chuyen trong he thong thong tin,
bang cach:
+ dien ta moi ket hp gia cac dong d lieu.
+ dien ta ni cha d lieu.
+ dien ta thanh phan x ly bien oi d lieu.
S o DFD con goi la s o x ly v no ch ra s di chuyen d lieu gia cac thanh phan
x ly.
S o DFD logic dien ta he thong lam g ma khong dien ta lam ieu o nh the nao,
tap trung vao cac hoat ong cua doanh nghiep ma khong tap trung vao he thong se
c tao dng ra lam sao.
S o DFD vat ly dien ta he thong se c thc hien nh the nao, trong o
co e cap en ca phan cng, phan mem, tap tin va con ngi.

2
112
Cong dung:
Xac nh yeu cau cua ngi s dung ngha la trong phan ac ta van e ta co the s
dung s o DFD e dien ta hoat ong cua he thong hien hanh.
Dung lam phng tien trao oi gia ngi phan tch va ngi s dung
Xay dng tai lieu ac ta thiet ke x ly.
Cac thanh phan dung e bieu dien s o DFD:
X ly (process) : la thanh phan bien oi d lieu au vao e tao d lieu au ra. Dong
d lieu ri o x ly phai co ten khac vi dong d lieu vao o x ly. Moi x ly phai c
at ten theo mot trong 3 dang sau:
+ ten he thong nh Ca hang cho thue bang a.
+ ten he thong con Phan he ke toan, Phan he chi tra tien lng
+ mot ong t nh tao n hang mi, kiem tra khach hang, tnh thue suat ban
Dong d lieu (data flow): la thanh phan the hien cac mau d lieu i vao, ra mot x ly.
au mui ten ch iem en cua mau d lieu. Moi dong d lieu phai c at ten bang
mot danh t the hien phan t d lieu hay mot cau truc d lieu nh n hang, n hang
hp le, n hang a thanh toan, .... Dong d lieu la cau noi:
- Gia hai x ly.
- T kho d lieu en x ly hay ngc lai.
- T tac nhan ngoai en x ly hay ngc lai.
Cau truc chi tiet cua dong d lieu khong c the hien tren s o DFD ma c the
hien t ien d an ( chng tiep)
Kho d lieu (Data store): la ni cha d lieu, la cac bang (table) a c xac nh
trong qua trnh phan tch thiet ke d lieu nh KHACH HANG, N HANG, DONG
N HANG, MAT HANG. Dong d lieu hng ve kho d lieu dung e dien ta hoat
ong them d lieu, sa d lieu hay xoa d lieu. Dong d lieu ri kho d lieu dung dien
ta hoat ong oc d lieu trong kho. Cau truc chi tiet cua kho d lieu khong c the
hien tren s o DFD ma c the hien t ien d an ( chng tiep)
Tac nhan ngoai (External Entity,I): la thanh phan nam ngoai he thong co quan he
cung cap hay nhan d lieu t phan x ly. Moi tac nhan ngoai phai c at ten
bang mot danh t nh Khach hang, Nha cung cap, Ngan hang, Phan he
113
tnh lng.
4
S o dong d lieu
i
V du:
Gi s vn qun l n hng c m hnh E-R nh hnh sau:
Vi mot mo hnh quan ly n hang nh tren, ta co the hnh dung mot form nhap lieu ai dien cho thanh
phan x ly cua viec them mi mot n hang co dang sau:
N HNG
S :
Ngy:
H tn khch hng:
a ch:
STT
M hng
M t
vt
S lng
n gi
Thnh tin
Tng cng:
Logic hoat ong cua thanh phan x ly them mi n hang c dien at bang cac s o DFD cap 0, cap
1 nh hnh:
114
Khch hng
M khch hng
Ngy
n hng
D2 Khach hang
1.1
Kim tra m
khch hng
M khch
hng mi
M khch
hng
M khch
hng
D3 n hang
n hng
M hng +
s lng
1.2
Thm khch
hng
D1 Mat hang
D4 Dong n ha ng
1.3
To s n
hng
ii
Tn khch hng+
a ch+
S in thoi
S n hng
1.4
nhp chi tit
n hng
Tnh chat
1) S o DFD dien ta he thong t mc tong quat en mc chi tiet. S o mc chi tiet c hnh
thanh bang cach phan ra s o mc tong quat hn. Hoat ong phan ra tao ra cac cap s o sau:
+ S o DFD cap moi trng.
+ S o DFD cap 0.
+ S o DFD con.
2) Moi s o DFD ch cha toi a 9 o x ly.
3) Moi o x ly cua s o DFD co tren 4 dong d lieu vao ra phai c phan ra thanh s o DFD
con.
4) O x ly khong the phan ra phai c thiet ke x ly chi tiet bang cac cau lenh, s o thuat giai,
cay quyet nh, bang quyet nh ...
iii S o moi trng (context diagram):
115
Mc ng
Bao cao tong ket tien lng
Thong tin ve
nha n vien gian tiep
Nhan vien
gian tiep
lng
gian tiep
Thong tin phong

ban/chuyen
Phan he
tnh lng
So ngay
lam viec
Thong tin ve
san pham
Bo phan
quan ly
Thong tin ve
t giao hang
So lng
Thong tin lng
cong nhan trc tiep hoan thanh
Cong nhan
iv
S o DFD dien ta toan bo he thong bang mot o x ly c goi la s o moi trng.

S o moi trng la s o DFD cap tong quat nhat.
S o moi trng xac nh pham vi cua he thong.
S o moi trng khong co kho d lieu.
S o cap 0 (level-0 diagram; level-0 DFD)
La s o DFD gom cac o x ly ap ng lai cac s kien c phat sinh t cac tac nhan ben ngoai he
thong. S o cap 0 chnh la s o c phan ra t o x ly cua s o moi trng. S o cap 0 phai the
hien tat ca kho d lieu va dong d lieu vao ra co lien quan en o x ly.
v
S o DFD con
La s o hnh thanh t viec phan ra (decomposition) o x ly co tren 4 dong d lieu vao ra. Dong d lieu
vao ra cua s o con phai can bang (balancing) vi dong d lieu cua o x ly c phan ra.
116
D1
Danh sach 1
Dong d lieu 3
1
Tac nhan 1
Dong d lieu 1
X ly 1
Dong d lieu 2
Dong d lieu 1
Dong d lieu 3
1.1
X ly 1.1
X ly 2
1.2
Dong d lieu 4
D2 Danh sach 2
Dong d lieu 5
X ly 1.2
Dong d lieu 5
1.3
X ly 1.3
Dong d lieu 2
Cac qui tac can phai tuan thu khi ve s o DFD

Ve o x ly
Phai chuyen o x ly ch co mot dong d lieu i ra thanh tac nhan cung cap d lieu.
Phai chuyen o x ly ch co mot dong d lieu i vao thanh tac nhan nhan d lieu.
Dung ong t e at ten cho o x ly.
Ve kho d lieu
Dong d lieu khong the la cau noi gia hai kho d lieu.
Dong d lieu khong the la cau noi gia tac nhan va kho d lieu.
Dung danh t e at ten cho kho d lieu.
Ve tac nhan
Dong d lieu khong the la cau noi gia hai tac nhan
Dung danh t e at ten cho tac nhan.
Ve dong d lieu
Dong d lieu khong the la cau noi cua mot x ly.
Dong d lieu vao kho d lieu mang y ngha cap nhat (them, sa, xoa)
Dong d lieu ra khoi kho d lieu mang y ngha tham khao.
Dung danh t e at ten cho dong d lieu.
Cac ky hieu lap lai
e tranh cac dong d lieu giao nhau, tren s o DFD, ta co the lap lai cac kho d lieu, cac tac nhan
Cac phan t lap lai nay c anh dau bang cach ve them ng ke oi doc cho kho d lieu va ng
ke cheo cho tac nhan.
III CAC BC THC HIEN E VE S O DFD

1
117
Bc 1: lap bang s kien

i
S kien (event)
la mot s viec xay ra tai mot ni, vao mot thi iem ma co the mo ta va ghi nhan c. Ta co cac s
kien v du nh :
- khach hang en thue bang a.
- khach hang oi bang a.
- nha cung cap cung cap bang a
- khach hang tra tien thue bang.
- en thi han tra bang.
- en thi han bao cao so lieu
ii
Bang s kien
He thong hoat ong do s kch hoat cua s kien. Nh vay s kien kch hoat va ieu khien hoat ong cua
he thong. Viec liet ke va phan tch s kien tao kha nang nhan dien c yeu cau chc nang cua he
thong. Viec nay c thc hien bang cach tao bang s kien (hay bang hoat ong cua doanh nghiep)
gom 6 cot. Cac s kien c liet ke trong bang s kien la cac s kien nam ngoai he thong va xem he
thong nh mot hop en.
S kien
(la s kien
kch hoat he
thong
hoat
ong)
Kch hoat
Nguon phat sinh
Hoat ong
Ket xuat
(la thong tin kch (la tac nhan (noi dung x ly (thong tin ket
hoat he thong lam kch hoat he
cua phan he
xuat bi
cho he thong nhan thong )
thong khi s
phan he
biet s kien xay ra)
kien xay ra)
thong x ly
s kien)
Bang s kien
ch en
(la tac nhan

nhan thong tin
ket xuat cua
he thong)
V du bang s kien cua van e quan ly n hang:

S kien
Phat sinh cap nhat
mat hang
Phat sinh cap nhat
khach hang
B/cao tr gia hang
ban trong thang
Phat sinh cap nhat
n hang
Kch hoat
- Thong tin mat
hang cap nhat
- Thong tin khach
hang
-Thang bao cao tr
gia hang ban
-Thong tin n
hang
Nguon phat sinh

Bo phan quan ly
Hoat ong
Cap nhat mat hang
Khach hang
Cap nhat khach hang
Bo phan quan ly
In bao cao tr gia

hang ban
Cap nhat n hang
Khach hang
Ket xuat
ch en
Bang bao cao

hang ban
Khach hang
Bo phan quan
ly
n hang
Da vao noi dung cua moi dong trong bang s kien ngi ta xay dng mot s o DFD tng ng. S o
DFD nay ch co mot o x ly, dien ta hoat ong cua he thong ap ng lai s kien. Moi tng quan gia
dong s kien va s o DFD tng ng c dien ta bang hnh sau:
118
Ket hp cac s o DFD cua tng dong bang s kien ta c s o DFD cap 0 va moi s o DFD tren co
the c phan ra thanh cac s o DFD con.
2
Bc 2: Lap s o moi trng
Bc 3: Lap s o DFD cap 0
S o cap 0 c lap can c vao bang s kien. T bang s kien ta co the xac nh c:
- cac tac nhan cua s o.
- cac o x ly va chc nang x ly
- cac dong d lieu, kho d lieu va moi lien quan c xac nh thong qua chc nang x ly.
V du mot phan cua s o cap 0 cua van e qun ly n hang nh sau:
119
3
Thng tin v
khch hng
Cap nha t
mat ha ng
D2 Kha ch hang
1
n hng
Kha ch hang
BO PHAN
QUAN LY
Thm
n hng
Thng tin v
khch hng+
hng mua
Tho ng tin
ma t hang
Cap nha t
mat ha ng
D3
n ha ng
D4
Dong n hang
D1
Mat hang
D3
n hang
D4
Do ng n ha ng
Ch tiu
bo co
To bo co tr
gi hng bn
Bo co
tr gi hng bng
Bc 4: Lap s o DFD con
Moi o x ly trong s o DFD c phan ra thanh mot s o DFD con.

V du s o con DFD c phan ra t o x ly 1.4 nh sau:
n
hng
Khch hng
S
n hng
D2
Khach ha ng
D3
n hang
M hng
hay enter
1.4.3
S lng
1.4.2
1.4.1
enter
To n
hng
D1
S
n hng
Tm m t, vt,
n gi ca
mt hng
M hng+
n gi
Tnh stt,
thnh tin,
tng cng
Mat ha ng
D4
Dong n hang
S o DFD mc thap nhat (trc giai oan thiet ke x ly chi tiet) c goi la s o DFD goc
(primitive Data Flow Diagram)
5
Bc 5: Thiet ke x ly chi tiet cho cac o x ly khong the phan ra.
IV THIET KE X LY CHI TIET

1
120
Cac phng phap s dung
Moi x ly trong s o DFD mc la eu phai c thiet ke phan x ly chi tiet. Ta co the s dung cac
phng phap sau e mo ta phan x ly chi tiet.
- Anh ng cau truc (structured English)
- Bang quyet nh (decision tables)
- Cay quyet nh (decision trees)
- S o thuat giai (flow chart)
2
Anh ng cau truc (structured English)
Anh ng cau truc long cac cau menh lenh vao cac cau truc luan ly cua ngon ng lap trnh. Ta co the s
dung cac toan t so hoc va luan ly trong cau menh lenh. Cac cau truc luan ly uc tao t cac t khoa
nh: READ, GET, ADD, IF dieuKien THEN ... ELSE ....ENDIF, DO WHILE dieuKien .... LOOP, vv...
V du:
X ly 4.1 Kiem tra t giao hang
GET dong d lieu [So lng hoan thanh] t tac nhan [Cong nhan]
DO WHILE [t giao hang] cha en cuoi tap tin
IF [So lng hoan thanh].[ma chuyen] = [t giao hang].[ma chuyen] AND
[So lng hoan thanh].[ma san pham] = [t giao hang].[ma san pham] AND
[So lng hoan thanh].[ngay giao]
= [t giao hang].[ngay giao]
OUTPUT ddl [t giao hang hp le]
RETURN
ENDIF
READ mau tin ke cua kho d lieu [t giao hang]
ENDDO
OUTPUT dong d lieu [t giao hang khong hp le]
RETURN
3
Bang quyet nh va cay quyet nh
Bang quyet nh va cay quyet nh c s dung trong trng hp hanh ong c la chon phu thuoc
vao mot lng ln cac ieu kien.
i
S dung bang quyet nh (decision tables)
Bang quyet nh chia lam hai phan: ieu kien va hanh ong. Phan ieu kien dien ta moi ieu kien co
the co. Phan hanh ong la nhng hanh ong khac nhau co the xay ra tuy thuoc vao ieu kien. So cot e
dien ta moi ieu kien bang 2 luy tha so ieu kien.
V du:
So tien n at gii han
ieu kien
Khach hang co qua trnh chi tra tot
So tien mua tren 200 ong
Cho phep n
Hanh ong T choi cho n
Tham khao y kien ngi quan ly
V du: (kim tra khoa chnh)
ii
S dung cay quyet nh (decision tree)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
x
x
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
x
N
Y
N
x
N
N
Y
x
N
N
N
x
121
V du:
Khach hang co
qua trnh chi tra tot
So tie n n
at gii han
Khach hang co
qua trnh chi tra toi
So tien mua
tren 200 o ng
T choi cho n
So tien mua
d i 200 ong
Tham khao y kien

ng i quan ly
T choi cho n
So tie n n cha
t i gii han
Cho phep n
S o thuat giai (flowchart)
S o thuat giai la mot cong cu e dien ta thuat giai. Cac thanh phan dung e bieu dien s o thuat giai:
Tha nh pha n x ly
Nga quyet nh gi a hai

hay nhie u lo i trong s o
Ma n hnh hie n
th d lieu
giay in
D lie u
iem khi au hay

ket thu c thua t gia i
Thie t b lu tr
d lie u
X ly thu co ng
T IEN D AN
1
Khai niem
T ien d an nham muc ch lam ro ngha d lieu va cau truc cua chung tren s o DFD. T ien d
an c to chc sao cho moi thong tin ve he thong c tm kiem de dang. V muc ch nay, t ien d
an phai cha cac ch muc tm kiem va cac tham khao cheo.
2
Xay dng cac iem vao cho t ien d an

i
iem vao cho moi phan t cua s o DFD
Trong bang phan tch he thong thng co nhieu s o DFD, t s o tong quat en chi tiet. T ien d
an phai cha mot iem vao cho moi phan t cua s o DFD. Moi iem vao c trnh bay theo khuon
mau sau:
ii
Cac mau mo ta
Mau mo ta phan t d lieu.

MAU MO TA PHAN T D LIEU
Ma nhan dien

Ten
Ten khac
Mo ta
122
Ma khach hang
La thuoc tnh nhan dien khach hang a va ang giao dch mua
hang cua cong ty trong khoang 5 nam gan ay
Tnh chat
6
Ch
Chieu dai:
nh dang nhap: 000000
So ch
nh dang xuat:
Ngay
Gia tr mac nhien:
; So
; Lien tuc
Ri rac
; Nhap
Tnh toan
ieu kien rang buoc
Lien tuc
Gia tr ln nhat: 999999
Gia tr be nhat: 000000
Ri rac
Gia tr
............
............
...........
dien giai
...........................................................
...........................................................
..........................................................
Mau mo ta phan t cau truc d lieu

e mo ta phan t cau truc d lieu ta co the s dung cac ky hieu sau:
= bao gom
+ va
{} nhom lap lai
[ ] Hoac
( ) Tuy chon
MAU MO TA CAU TRUC D LIEU
n hang =
so n hang +
ngay n hang +
ma khach hang +
ho ten khach hang +
a ch khach hang +
so ien thoai +
(thue suat ) +
tong gia tr n hang +
{chi tiet n hang}
ho ten khach hang
ho +
(ten lot) +
ten
chi tiet n hang
123
so th t +
ma hang +
mo ta +
n v tnh +
so lng at +
n gia +
thanh tien
Mau mo ta dong d lieu

MAU MO TA DONG D LIEU
Ma nhan dien:
Ten:
Thong tin n hang
Mo ta: Cha thong tin khach at hang va c dung e cap nhat kho d lieu khach hang,
mat hang, n hang va dong n hang
Nguon: Tac nhan khach hang

Loai dong d lieu:
Tap tin
; Manh hnh
ch: O x ly Cap nhat n hang

Bao bieu
Bieu mau
Khac
Cau truc d lieu: n hang

Tan suat: 100/ngay
Ghi chu: Thong tin n hang co the gi en phong x ly n hang bang ng th tn, qua
may Fax, ien thoai.
Mau mo ta kho d lieu
MAU MO TA KHO D LIEU
D1
Ma nhan dien
Khach hang
Ten
Ten khac
Cha moi mau tin cho mot khach hang
Mo ta
Tnh chat
Loai tap tin
; May tnh
Thu cong
Dang tap tin
; C s d lieu
Ch muc
Tuan t
Trc tiep
Kch thc mau tin (ky t) : 200
46,000
So lng mau tin: mc cao
Toc o tang trng hang nam: 6%
Ten tap tin d lieu: KhachHang.MST
Ten ban so:
CustMast
Cau truc d lieu: Mau tin khach hang
Khoa chnh:
Ma khach hang
Khoa phu:
Ho ten khach hang
Ghi chu:
Kch thc khoi: 4,000

mc bnh quan: 42,000
124
----oOo----
125
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]. Practical Data Modelling for Database Design
Renzo DOrazio & Gunter Happel
[2]. Essentials of Systems Analysis & Design
Valacich, George, Hoffer
[3]. System Analysis and Design in a Changing World
John W.Satzinger, Robert B.Jakson, Stephen D.Burd Thomson Learning.
----oOo----
126
127
Thong tin quyet nh

ieu chuyen
KE TOAN TSC
Tho ng tin loi
1
Kiem tra va
nhap d lieu
cua quyet nh
ieu chuyen
Thong tin chi tiet
D2
CHI TIET IEU

CHUYEN
Thong tin quyet nh
D1
QUYE T NH
IEU CHUYEN
Thong tin chi tiet
D2
CHI TIET IEU

CHUYEN
Thong tin quyet nh
D1
QUYE T NH
IEU CHUYEN
S O DFD DFD CAP 0 NHAP MI QUYET NH IEU CHUYEN
Thong tin quyet nh

ieu chuyen
KE TOAN TSC
ngay quyet nh
ngay ieu chuyen
Ngay ieu chuyen

khong hp le
1.3
1.1
Nhap d lieu
cua quyet nh
ieu chuyen
so quyet nh
Kiem tra ngay

ieu chuyen
1.2
So quyet nh a co
Kiem tra so
quyet nh
S O DFD CAP 1 NHAP MI QUYET NH IEU CHUYEN
so quye t nh cu
128
Bai tap 9.1
ER diagram
item #
description
ITEM
supply
belong to
auction #
reserve deposit
AUCTION
VENDORBIDDER
account #
name
address
phone #
BIDDERS
CARD
card #
paid deposit
LOT
auction #
lot#
reserve price
sale price
ITEM(item#, description,lot#,account#)
VENDOR-BIDDER(account#, name,address,phone#)
AUCTION(auction #, reserve deposit)
BIDDERS CARD(card #, paid deposit,auction#,account#)
LOT(lot#, reserve price, sale price,car#)
SELECT [bidders card].account#, name,lot#,sale price
FROM (vendor-bidder JOIN [bidders card] ON bidders card.account#=vendor-bidder.account#)
JOIN lot ON bidders card.card# = lot.card#
WHERE sale price > 0
129
ma nhan vien
thang nam
mc ng
LNG
NG
co
thuoc ve
ma nhan vien
thang nam
so ngay cong
ma phong ban
ten phong ban
ma chuyen
ten chuyen
NHAN VIEN
CONG
GIAN TIEP
PHONG
BAN
NHAN VIEN
GIAN TIEP
CHUYEN
CONG
NHAN
ma nhan vien
ho ten
ngay sinh
a ch
ngay vao lam
ma nhan vien
n gia cong
ma nhan vien
van bang
giao cho
thuoc ve
nhan
ma chuyen
ma san pham
ngay giao
lng san pham
T GIAO
HANG
co
c thc hien
la cong cong oan cua
c ke
giao hoan thanh

ma san pham
ten san pham
SAN PHAM
CONG CONG
OAN
c ke bi
ma chuyen
ma san pham
ngay giao
th cong oan
ma nhan vien
ngay cong
so lng hoan thanh
ke
CONG
OAN
ma san pham
th cong oan
ten cong oan
n gia cong oan
130
so hoa n
so th t
so l ng
ke
CHI TIET
HOA N
ma hang
te n hang
n v tnh
n gia ban
t suat thue
lng ton to i thieu
HANG HOA
c ke bi
cha
ma khach hang
ho ten kha ch ha ng
a ch khach hang
c cha trong
thuoc ve
HOA N
KHACH
HA NG
co
so hoa n
dien giai
nga y hoa n
lap
c lap bi
lam viec
NHAN VIEN
ma nhan vien
ho ten nhan vien
nga y sinh
a ch nhan vien
so hp ong
ngay h p ong
co
nam
VPD
ma va n phong
te n van phong
a ch van phong
ie n thoai lien lac
co
TNH THA NH
PHO
ma tnh
te n tnh
so dan
thuoc ve
H P ONG
co
c cha trong
ma khach hang
ho ten
a ch
so ien thoai
cha
ke
CHI TIET
H P ONG
KHACH
HANG
so se-ri
ngay mua
co
THIET B
c ap dung cho
c ke bi
so h p ong
so se-ri
ngay ba t au
ngay ket thuc
so gi thue trong ngay
ni giao thie t b
co
thuoc ve
LOA I
THIET B
S kien
Kch hoat
Nguon
sinh
phat
Khach hang en
thue bang a
Khach hang tra
bang a
....
bang a can
thue
bang a tra
khach hang
....
...
khach hang
N GIA
so se-ri
ngay ap dung
n gia thue
n gia gia m theo ngay
n gia gia m theo tuan
ma loai
ten loai
cau tao
kieu dang
trong l ng
Hoat ong
Ket xuat
Cap nhat thong bang a

tin thue
cho thue
kiem tra bang a
tra
...
...
ch en
khach hang
khach hang
...
131
TAO
PHIEU THUE
ALBUM BO V
phieu thue
BANG A
1.13
NGI
CHI TIET THUE
GIAO DCH THUE
KHACH HANG
NGI
KHACH HANG
CHI TIET THUE

GIAO DCH THUE
ket qua thue
NC SAN XUAT
DIEN VIEN
1.1
KHACH
HANG
chi tiet thue
TIEP NHAN VA
PHAN PHOI
THE HIEN
KET QUA THUE
ALBUM BO V
ket qua tm ta e
BANG A
ten n v tm
THE LOAI
ket qua tm n v san xuat
1.2
1.3
TM TA E
TM THE
LOAI
BANG A
ket qua tm
CA S
AO DIEN
BAI HAT
LOAI
ten ta e tm
TA E
1.12
1.4
ALBUM BO V
................
TM N
V
SAN XUAT
N V SAN XUAT
TAC GIA
lap
lap trong
132
ma loai
ten loai
LOAI TSC
133
ma tai san
ten tai san
nguyen gia
nguon goc
xuat x
t le khau hao
ngay s du ng
thuoc ve co
TSC
quan ly
c quan ly bi
ch a
so quyet nh
ngay quye t nh
ho te n ngi ky
c cha trong
QUYET
NH
N V
ke
CHI TIET
Q
so quyet nh
ma ta i sa n
ngay ieu chuyen
c ke trong
ma n v
te n n v
134
MAU MO TA PHAN T D LIEU

Ma nhan dien
Ten
Ten khac
Mo ta
Ma tnh
La thuoc tnh nhan dien tnh vi ky t au la ky t au cua ten

tnh thanh pho
Tnh chat
Chieu dai:
4
; Ch
So ch
nh dang nhap: L000
nh dang xuat:
Ngay
Gia tr mac nhien:
So
; Lien tuc
Ri rac
; Nhap
Tnh toan
ieu kien rang buoc
Lien tuc
Gia tr ln nhat: 999
Gia tr be nhat: 000
Ri rac
Gia tr
dien giai
............ ...........................................................
............ ...........................................................
...........
..........................................................
MAU MO TA KHO D LIEU
Ma nhan dien
Ten
Ten khac
Mo ta
Loai tap tin
Dang tap tin
D3
Tnh thanh pho
Cha moi mau tin cho mot tnh thanh pho
Tnh chat
; May tnh
Thu cong
; C s d lieu
Ch muc
Tuan t
Kch thc mau tin (ky t) : 54

46
So lng mau tin: mc cao
Toc o tang trng hang nam: 0%
Ten tap tin d lieu: tinhThanhPhoTbl
Ten ban sao:
Cau truc d lieu: Mau tin tnh thanh pho
Khoa chnh:
Ma tnh
Khoa phu:
Ghi chu:
Trc tiep
Kch thc khoi: 4,000

mc bnh quan: 46
135
MAU MO TA CAU TRUC D LIEU

mau tin tnh thanh pho =
ma tnh +
ten tnh +
so dan
X ly 4.1 Cap nhat tnh thanh pho

Ten Form
Thuoc tnh
frmTinhThanhPho
Record Source
Ten control
maTinh
tenTinh
SoDan
Flowchart
Entity relationship diagram
Default View
Ten thuoc tnh
Input Mask
Control Source
Control Source
Format
Control Source
Format
Gia tr
SELECT maTinh, tenTinh, soDan

FROM tinhThanhPhoTbl
Datasheet
Gia tr
L000;;_
maTinh
tenTinh
>
soDan
0

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Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

To Bo mon He thong thong tin

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

HE THONG (system) ................................................................................................................................................... 10

QUI TRNH PHAN TCH THIET KE HE THONG ...................................................................................................... 12

TIEP CAN C S D LIEU ........................................................................................................................................ 18

CSDL, HQTCSDL VA NGI DUNG (User).............................................................................................................. 19

D LIEU TAP TRUNG HAY PHAN TAN .................................................................................................................... 20

MO HNH D LIEU .................................................................................................................................................... 20

THIET KE MO HNH D LIEU VA CSDL .................................................................................................................. 21

TOM TAT CHNG.................................................................................................................................................... 22

XAY DNG MO HNH ER........................................................................................................................................... 23

MO HNH ER THEO KY HIEU CUA CHEN ............................................................................................................... 27

PHIEU THC THE THUOC TNH ............................................................................................................................. 28

CACH TIEP CAN MO HNH HOA D LIEU .............................................................................................................. 29

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

1 Cac bc cau truc hoa d lieu .................................................................................................................................. 29

T IEN D LIEU (data dictionary).......................................................................................................................... 33

BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 34

NHNG TNH CHAT KHAC CUA MO HNH QUAN HE ........................................................................................... 41

QUI TAC BIEN OI MO HNH ER THANH MO HNH QUAN HE ............................................................................ 43

BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

3 Phan tch d lieu ...................................................................................................................................................... 48

NGUON D LIEU ....................................................................................................................................................... 49

KIEM TRA YEU CAU CHC NANG ........................................................................................................................... 51

BAI TAP 4.1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 53

TRAC NGHIEM ........................................................................................................................................................... 54

PHIEU MOI KET HP ................................................................................................................................................ 56

BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60

THUOC TNH HAY TAP THC THE .......................................................................................................................... 64

TAP THC THE CHA VA TAP THC THE CON ....................................................................................................... 65

BAI TAP 6.1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 71

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

I MOI KET HP MOT-MOT .............................................................................................................................................. 73

NHIEU MOI KET HP GIA HAI TAP THC THE .................................................................................................. 74

MOI KET HP hay THUOC TNH.............................................................................................................................. 75

MOI KET HP LOAI TR .......................................................................................................................................... 75

MOI KET HP BA NGOI (ternary RELATIONSHIP) ................................................................................................. 76

MOI KET HP MOT NGOI (unary relationship, recursive relationship) ................................................................... 77

BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 81

S THAY OI ban so KET NOI CUA MOI KET HP ................................................................................................ 83

BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 85

BAI TAP 9.1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 87

PHU THUOC HAM (functional dependency) .............................................................................................................. 89

CAC DANG CHUAN .................................................................................................................................................... 90

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

4 Dang chuan ba (third normal form).......................................................................................................................... 92

CHUAN HOA THEO LY THUYET CSDL.................................................................................................................... 93

TIEP CAN THEO MO HNH ER.................................................................................................................................. 94

BAI TAP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 94

BANG, VUNG .............................................................................................................................................................. 97

VUNG, MO TA, LOAI D LIEU VA KCH THC.................................................................................................... 98

KHOA CHNH VA KHOA NGOAI ............................................................................................................................... 98

KHOA NHAN TAO ....................................................................................................................................................... 98

LAP CH MUC ............................................................................................................................................................. 98

PHA V CAC DANG CHUAN (denormalization)........................................................................................................ 99

CAC KHA CANH KHAC ...................................................................................................................................... 100

Chng 13 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 101

BAI TAP ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104

Chng 14............................................................................................................................................................................... 110

S O DONG D LIEU DFD (Data Flow Diagram)............................................................................................... 111

Tai lieu Phan Tch Thiet Ke He Thong

4 S o dong d lieu ................................................................................................................................................. 113