Chng Chng 9.

ngh Mt s cng ngh x l c ng Arsen trong nc ngm

Gii thiu v arsen

Arsen l nguyn t hnh th nh t nhin trong v Tri t. Cc hp cht arsen v c: Arsenat (As(V), arsenite (As(III), arsenic sulfide (HAsS2), arsen nguyn t (As0) v arsen dng kh Arsine AsH3 (As(-III)). - Cc hp cht Arsenate (As(V): H3AsO4, H2AsO4-, HAsO42-, AsO43-. - Cc hp cht Arsenite (As(III): Cc hp cht arsen v c b kh, nh H3AsO3, H2AsO3-, HAsO32-, AsO33-. Cc hp cht arsen hu c: (CH3)2AsO(OH), C6H5AsO(OH)2, vv... Cc dng hp cht hu c ca arsen thng t c hn so vi cc hp cht arsen v c.

Gii thiu v arsen

Trong MT kh (lng t): VK k kh (Methanogenic bacteria) kh As(V) sang As (III) v Metyl ho chng, to nn Methylarsenic acid CH3AsO(OH)2 hay Dimethyl arsenic acid (cacodylic) (CH3)2AsO(OH). Nhng cht n y c th c Methyl ho tip to Trimethylarsine bay hi rt c v Dimethylarsine (III) rt c.

Nng cc hp cht Arsenat As(V) trong nc ngm ph thuc v p pH

 Arsen tn ti ph bin trong mi trng xung quanh, v mi ngi u tip xc vi mt lng nh ca chng. Con ng thm nhp ch yu ca arsen v o c th l qua ng thc n (trung bnh 25 - 50 g/ng), ngo i ra cn mt lng nh qua nc ung v khng kh. Mt s lo i c v thu sn dng l m thc phm cha arsen cao hn bnh thng, nhng lng arsen n y thng tn ti di dng hp cht arsen hu c t c. As trong t bo thc vt: 0,01 - 5 ppm / trng lng kh. Thc vt bin: nhiu As hn. To bin, to nu: 94 ppm. T bo ngi: < 0,3 ppm. Tm c bin: 120 ppm/trng lng kh.

Cng dng:
Sn xut thuc tr su, dit c (c arsen hu c v arsen v c). Bo qun g. (Thuc nhum, sn.) Luyn kim (tng cng ca ng); Gm v vv... thu tinh, Bn dn, in t, Y hc, Ho cht,

Trc kia, cc hp cht arsen v c: sn, thuc nhum, b chut, thuc cha mt s bnh truyn nhim nh hen, vy nn, ...

As(III)

As(V)

Nhiu vng trn th gii ang b nhim hay c du hiu b nhim arsen trong nc ngm vi h m lng cao, nh n , Bangladesh, Mng C, i loan, Ghana, Achentina, Chil, ... 97% dn s Bangladesh (116 triu ngi) ang s dng nc ngm l m ngun nc cp cho sinh hot. Trong s c ti 77 triu ngi s dng ngun nc c cha arsen vi h m lng cao.

Arsenic in groundwater worldwide

USA
0.4 n 10 Mio.

Vietnam 3.6 n 11 Mio.? Nepal Pakistan Laos Cambodia Thailand Sumatra

Country

Max mg/L

People at risk

n natural a anthropogenic m mine waste

Arsen c nh hng ti sc khe con ngi nh th n o?

Mt lng ln Arsen c th gy cht ngi. Mc nhim nh hn c th dn n thng tn cc m hay cc h thng ca c th. Khi Arsen thm nhp qua ming: au rt h thng tiu ha, bun nn, nn ma v tiu chy. Ngo i ra c th b gim lng hng cu v bch cu trong mu, ri lon tim mch, tn thng mch mu, suy gan, thn, ri lon thn kinh, gy cm gic nh b gai m v o lng b n chn v tay.

Arsen c nh hng ti sc khe con ngi nh th n o?

Khi b nhim c Arsen dng hp cht v c qua ng ming: l s xut hin cc vt m u en v sng trn da, nhng ht ng nh trong lng b n tay, lng b n chn v trn mnh nn nhn. Nu khng c cha tr ng cch v kp thi, nhng ht nh n y c th s bin chng gy ung th da. Arsen cn tng nguy c gy ung th trong c th, nht l gan, thn, b ng quang v phi. Nhim c cc hp cht Arsen v c qua ng h hp: au nh n au nhc da, mt, ming, ...., bnh ung th phi.

Arsen c nh hng ti sc khe con ngi nh th n o? nhim arsen qua ng h hp vi nng khong 200 g/m3 thng gy au rt mi, hng v da ni tip xc. B nhim c mc cao hn s c nhng triu chng tng t nh nhim mn tnh qua ng ming mc trung bnh.

Arsen c nh hng ti sc khe con ngi nh th n o? US EPA: vi lng tip nhn h ng ng y 1 g/kg.ng (khong 50 - 100 g i vi ngi ln) trong thi gian d i c th dn ti nguy c ung th da vi xc sut 0.1% (1/1000). Lng n y tng ng vi s dng nc ngun nhim arsen vi h m lng 25 - 50 g/L trong mt i ngi. Ht th thng xuyn khng kh cha 1g/m3 arsen c th dn n ung th vi xc sut khong 0.4% (4/1000).

Nng gii hn cho php ca arsen trong nc ung (TCVN): 10 g/L. WHO: h thp nng gii hn cho php ca Arsen trong nc cp ung trc tip xung 10 g/L. US EPA, EU: hng ti 2 - 20 g/L. c: 10 g/L t 1/1996 (Driehaus W. v nnk, 1998).

Cc cng ngh x l arsen trong nc ngm

Cc nhm gii php cng ngh ch yu: To kt ta - Lng Keo t - Lng Lc Hp ph xy ho Lc m ng Oxy ho quang nng,

C nhiu gii php cng ngh r tin, thm ch khng tn km chi ph. Cc gii php tm thi, r tin thng khng p ng c tiu chun ca WHO (10 ppb). Cn thit phi s dng nhng gii php di hn, hay s dng kt hp mt s cng ngh.

C ch qu trinh x l Asen
In solution
iron oxidation iron coagulation arsenic oxidation arsenic co-precipitation

In sand filter
iron oxidation iron precipitation on sand arsenic oxidation arsenic co-precipitation

1. To kt ta - Lng
To cc cht kt ta vi cc ion tan trong dung dch. St thng tn ti trong nc ngm dng Hydro cacbonat St (II) ho tan. Khi gp oxy, s c oxy ho v to th nh cht kt ta. Cc hp cht ca Arsen c kh nng hp ph ln cc bng kt ta (Phng php cng kt ta) Cc trm x l nc ngm cha st thng c thit k theo cng ngh l m thong - lng - lc. Nhng trm n y cng kh c arsen m khng dng ho cht keo t.

2. Keo t
Dng cc cht keo t, nh cc mui ca St hoc Nhm (phn), chuyn arsen t dng tan sang dng khng tan nh phn ng ho hc, sau tch ra khi nc nh lng hoc lc. - C th phi oxy ho s b v/hoc iu chnh pH. - X l cn thi cha arsen t qu trnh keo t? Phn st thng cho hiu qu x l cao hn so vi cng mt lng phn nhm, dao ng pH cho php ln hn. So snh hiu qu kh arsen vi 3 loi phn keo t khc nhau: FeCl3, FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3: FeCl3 cho php t hiu sut kh arsen cao nht: > 90 %.

3. lc

- Vt liu thng thng: ct, than antraxit, than hot tnh dng ht, ... - Vt liu r tin a phng: vi, than, s da p, x mp, si nh, ...

4. Hp ph: Arsen c th c hp ph ln b mt ca cc vt liu dng ht, ht st hay vt liu gc xellulo nh: Than hot tnh; than hot tnh x l bng mt s hp cht kim loi; cc hp cht oxyt st, oxyt titan, oxyt silic; st khong (caolanh, bentonite, ...); boxit, hematite, felspat; nha tng hp trao i anion; chitin v chitosan; bone char; ct bc mt lp oxyt st hoc dyoxit mangan MnO2; cc vt liu xellulo (mn ca, bt giy bo), vv... Hiu sut x l tng nu s dng cc cht oxy ho h tr qu trnh hp ph arsen.

Dng mt st (Fe ho tr 0) Fe = 2000 mg/l. Hiu sut lun t > 93%. S c mt ca Sulffat lm tng hiu sut x l, trong khi Phosphate li lm c ch. t = 12 h ... 3,5 ng.

10

Oxyt nhm kim loi hot ho Vt liu hp ph c ngun gc t nhm, c kh nng tch arsen 2 dng tn ti ph bin trong nc l As (III) v As(V): PEI's Aqua-BindTM - Arsenic.

Nhm hot ho Nhm hot ho c tnh la chn cao i vi As(V). Cn tnh n kh nng ho n nguyn v thay th vt liu lc khi s dng. H m lng st trong nc ngun c ng cao, hiu sut kh arsen v chu k l m vic gia hai ln ho n nguyn c ng tng. Hn ch: lng vt liu hp ph thi ra ln: 50 200 g / m3 nc (gp gn 10 ln so vi lng cn to th nh khi s dng phng php keo t bng phn st).

11

S dng mt st kt hp vi ct
Cng ngh gim thiu arsen AsRT: Ct lc vi vt liu hp ph bng mt st trn ln vi ct thch anh. H thng bao gm 2 ct lc ni tip. - Ct th nht vi vt liu lc l Sulfat bari v ct thch anh. - Ct th hai vi vt liu lc l mt st v ct thch anh. - St b oxy ho, to mi trng thiu kh (anoxic) i vi arsen (trong iu kin thiu oxy). Mt st (`cc Ion st ho tr 0), kh arsen v c th nh dng kt ta cng vi st, hn hp kt ta, hay kt hp vi sulfat to Pyrit arsen. Arsen trong nc c gi li trong ct lc. Arsen trong nc sau x l t di 27 ppb.

Hydroxyt st Vt liu hp ph: bt giy bo c ph mt lp Hydroxyt st (III) (Giy bo ct vn c trn vi khong cht Blender v nghin nh th nh bt. Sau trn vi hydroxyt st v khuy u, l m hydroxyt st bm v o cc si xellulo). Hydroxyt st dng ht: ct hp ph ca Driehaus. Vt liu n y c kh nng hp ph cao: Nng arsen trong nc trc x l 100 180 ppb, sau x l t < 10 ppb.

12

Laterite t st c m u , rt ph bin cc vng nhit i. Th nh phn ch yu ca Laterite l cc Hydroxyt St v Nhm, hoc cc oxyt ngm nc ca chng, v mt lng nh cc hp cht ca Mangan, Titan. iu kin t nhin, loi t st n y c in tch b mt dng, c kh nng hp ph cc cht bn mang in tch m nh Arsenic. C th a laterite trc tip v o nc cn x l nh cht hp ph, sau lng, hoc c th s dng l m vt liu hp ph trong b lc.

5. Trao i Ion Anion axit mnh (Cl-): chuyn gc arsenate H2AsO4- sang arsenate HAsO42- . Arsen sau x l c th h thp ti di 2 ppb. Ho n nguyn: NaCl.

13

6. Oxy ho
L m thong bng cch sc khng kh v o nc, c th oxy ho arsen v st c trong nc, to cht kt ta FeAsO4. L m thong n gin v lng: arsen s c tch cng vi Hydroxyt St kt ta. Hiu sut x l t 25% i vi nc ngm cha nhiu st. Phn ng oxy ho quang ho nh nng lng bc x (SORAS): oxy ho quang ho As(III) th nh As(V) nh nh sng mt tri, sau ch As(V) ra khi nc nh hp ph bng cc ht Fe(III). - Tng cng hiu sut nh nh thm v i git chanh, gip cho qu trnh to cc bng keo Fe(III). H m lng st trong nc ngm t nht 3 mg/l, cng bc x UV-A 50 Wh/m2.

Filter design: aeration step

u i m: Nh c i m:

lm thong m b o cho s bo ha xy xy ha s t cng trnh i h i k nng v v t li u c bi t, t n km cha ph bi n r ng ri VN mi n b c

14

7. Oxy quang ho
Loi b Arsenite (As(III)) v c cc cht ho tan khc nh St, Phosphorus, Sulfur, ... khi nc bng cch a cht oxy ho v cht hp ph quang ho: chiu tia cc tm v o nc ri sau lng. Cht oxy ho c th l oxy tinh khit hoc sc kh. Cht hp ph quang ho c th l Fe(II), Fe(III), Ca(II). C th s dng nh sng mt tri l m ngun tia cc tm. Phn ng c th xy ra nhit trong phng v nh sng thp, khng i hi cc thit b phc tp. Do As(III) b oxy ho th nh As(V) vi tc rt chm, c th s dng cc cht oxy ho mnh nh Cl2, H2O2 hoc O3. Phn ln chi ph x l chnh l cc cht oxy ho n y (Khoa G.H., Emett M.T. et al, 1997).

15

8. Chng ct bng nng lng mt tri Phng php n y s dng nng lng mt tri l m bc hi nc, sau cho nc ngng t li. Qu trnh bay hi v ngng t nc s tch tt c cc cht, trong c c arsen ra khi nc. cc nc vng nhit i, vi ngun nng lng mt tri sn c.

16

9. Lc mng C nhiu loi m ng lc c s dng nh vi lc, thm thu ngc, in thm tch, siu lc v lc nano.

10. Phng php sinh hc s dng biofilter & iron oxidysing bacteria

Arsenic removal by biofilter

17