Chuyn PHNG PHP NGHIN CU KHOA HC GIO DUC

PGS.TS. TRN THANH I Khoa S Phm, i Hc Cn Th education.ctu@gmail.com, 6/2012

Khoa S Phm

Phi nm c lut chi ri sau bn mi c th tr thnh ngi chin thng (A. Einstein)

MC TIU CHUYN
Gii thiu v lm sng t mt s vn v PP khoa hc v v NCKH Gip ngi hc nhn thc c c im NCKHGD v NCKH t nhin Phn bit nhng tng ng v d bit gia NCKH gio dc v cc NC khc Cung cp mt s vn thi s NCKH Thc hnh nghin cu GD nu c th.
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T CHC HC TP
Bo co (3 bui) Lm vic nhm: 5 ngi NI DUNG BI GING - Trnh by cc kin thc b sung cc ti liu tham kho & tr li thc mc HNH THC NH GI nh gi thng xuyn: bi lm hng tun theo nhm (dnh cho lp hc nhiu tun) nh gi cui kho: bi THU HOCH (theo nhm), ghi tiu mail NVSP-HCT Gi bi v mail: education.ctu@gmail.com T lin lc 0903 85 93 95 Hn cui: 20/7/2012
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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hp th tp th: nckhgd@yahoo.com - education11 - D n Vit - B, 2009, Nghin cu khoa hc s phm ng dng, B GD&T - Kenneth N. Ross, 2005, Quantitative Research Methods in Educational Planning, UNESCO IIEP (8 modules). - Muszynski B., 2010, Nhp mn phng php lun ca khoa hc v nghin cu, ti liu cha xut bn. 2. Cc ti liu khc: - Dng Thiu Tng, 2005, Phng php NCKH gio dc v tm l, NXB KHXH, H Ni. - Nguyn vn Tun, 2011, i vo nghin cu khoa hc, Nxb TPHCM. (http://nguyenvantuan.net & http://ykhoa.net) - V Cao m, 1999, Phng php lun NCKH, Nxb KHKT, H Ni. 5 3. T liu trn mng: Google

Phn 1. i cng v khoa hc lun

1.1. S MNH CA KHOA HC Mi khoa hc u c mc tiu chung ging nhau: 1.1.1. Nhn thc: Khm ph bn cht th gii (t nhin & x hi) + m t s vt v hin tng (tm hiu thuc tnh) + gii thch s vt v hin tng (tm hiu nguyn nhn) xy dng kin thc tuyn b (connaissances dclaratives) 1.2.1 ng dng: + ci to th gii (gii quyt vn ) + d bo tng lai xy dng kin thc quy trnh (connaissances procdurales)
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i cng v khoa hc lun

1.2. NGHIN CU KH L G? NCKH l cc hot ng c tin hnh nhm sn sinh v pht trin cc kin thc khoa hc (T in bch khoa khoa hc trc tuyn http://www.technoscience.net/ L mt hot ng tm hiu c h thng nhm t c nhng kin thc c kim chng (Dng Thiu Tng, 2005, tr.19). l mt cuc iu tra hay kho st c h thng, [] nhm m rng tri thc qua cc phng php khoa hc. Nhng tri thc ny phi mang tnh ph qut hay c th khi qut ha (Nguyn vn Tun, 2009)
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1.2.1. Yu cu /v cng trnh NCKH (1)

- Mt NCKH cn p ng t nht mt trong cc yu cu sau y: Pht hin ci mi trong cc quy lut v c tnh ca t nhin hoc ca x hi. iu chnh b sung kin thc c (kin thc khoa hc lun mang tnh tm thi, phin din, cn pht trin v cp nht). So snh gia hai hoc nhiu hin tng ca t nhin hoc ca x hi ch ra s ging nhau v khc nhau. Tm kim PP gii quyt cc kh khn, trc trc ang cn tr s pht trin ca t nhin v x hi.
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Khoa hc iu chnh v b sung kin thc

Thc t sinh ng pht trin khng ngng

Yu cu /v cng trnh NCKH (2)

Nghin cu cc hin tng (s vic) xy ra rt ra bi hc cho hin ti v tng lai. Thay i hoc li dng cc hin tng t nhin hoc x hi phc v tt hn cho con ngi v mi trng xung quanh. Chn l l mc tiu ca NCKH ch khng phi l tin ca nghin cu (F. Constantinov, V. Keller, 1965) [mc tiu ca NCKH l xy dng kin thc khoa hc ch khng phi l din gii, minh ha kin thc c sn]
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Yu cu /v cng trnh NCKH (3)

- Mi NCKH u phi phc v nhn loi, d trc tip hay gin tip, qua vic xy dng kin thc mi "S quan tm v con ngi v s phn ca con ngi lc no cng phi l mt mc tiu trong tt c mi n lc ca khoa hc k thut (A. Einstein). bt c vn g trong cuc sng, cho d l vn thc t nht tng nh chng c g phi tm hiu thm, nu t di lng knh khoa hc mt cch nghim chnh v c phng php u c th em li nhiu pht hin th v (Nguyn vn Tun, 2008) - ti ca mt NC c cch buc dy giy c ng trn Nature (5/12/2002): - V sao con ngi s mu http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/Pages/20110617/Vi-saocon-nguoi-so-mau-do.aspx Thanh Nin, 17/06/2011 11

1.2.2. Tiu chun v ci mi trong NCKH

Pht trin mt l thuyt mi (rt him trong lun n TS). Din dch li hay xt li 1 LT hin hnh trong bi cnh mi. Pht trin mt m hnh mi tip cn mt vn c. Thc hin nhng NC chuyn su hoc phn tch chi tit v mt v cha tng bit n trc y hay cha tng c iu tra trc y. Pht trin mt cng c NC mi hay mt k thut mi. Pht trin 1 sn phm mi hay ci tin sn phm hin c. Cung cp d liu mi hay kt lun mi cha tng c trc y. Gii thch nguyn nhn ca mt hin tng mi pht hin. Gii thch mi v mt hin tng quen thuc Con ngi khng bit sa sai th s khng bao gi bit to ra ci mi c (A. Einstein)
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1.3. KH x hi vs KH t nhin (1)

KHXH c hnh thnh sau KHTN, da trn l thuyt thc nghim ca Claude Bernard (1813-1878) Hin tng XH phc tp hn rt nhiu HT t nhin + c rt nhiu yu t tc ng cng lc + bin i & pht trin khc nhau theo khng gian + bin i & pht trin khc nhau theo thi gian NCXH x l nhng v tru tng hn NCTN: + NCTN c th lp li nhiu ln mt th nghim vi cng i tng + NCXH khng th lp li v i tng NC c tr nh, tng tc vi nhiu nhn t khc KHXH kh tip cn vi chn l: xc minh s tht lch s khng n gin (Phan Huy L, TTCT s 18-2012)
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KH x hi vs KH t nhin (2)
Cc hin tng XH thng do nhiu nguyn nhn to thnh: - bo lc hc ng khng ch v gia nh v nh trng khng gio dc o c, - th sinh khng thch vo ngnh SP khng ch v lng bng thp... Hin tng XH thng khng th c quan st trc tip nh trong lnh vc t nhin - khng th nhn mt m o c nng lc, thnh tch hc tp, tnh kh ca HS... - khng th nhn bit bng mt thng cc hin tng gio dc nh khng hong, cht lng st km... Nh NC XH kh din gii hin tng mt cch khch quan nh trong KHTN (va l ch th va l i tng ca NC).
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KH x hi vs KH t nhin (3)
Khng d thc nghim kim chng Th d: gi thuyt Ngnh SP khng thu ht HS v mi trng GDPT thc hin khng y dn ch c s . Khng th ng dng kt qu KHXH nh trong KHTN Th d: HS quen vi SP c on (ngi pht biu, thiu sng kin). Mun p dng thnh cng DHTC, cn phi dn ch ha hnh vi ca GV + nh trng v x hi! (lin quan n nhiu cp) khi qut ha ca KHXH thp hn KHTN v i tng NC a dng hn v bin i nhanh hn TN Trong KHGD, Nghin cu ch yu nhm gii thch nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng c vn Hin trng Nguyn nhn Gii php 15

KH x hi vs KH t nhin (4)
Cn nhiu nghin cu mi c th khc phc hin tng c vn (mt hin tng XH lun bt ngun t NHIU nguyn nhn) Kin thc v KHXH-NV rt nhy cm v gn lin chnh tr: - Phi l thuc vo quyt nh ca nhiu cp qun l (Ban Khoa gio TW, B GD-T, lnh o n vi) - GS inh Xun Lm: t lu chng ti rt au u chng minh mt cch khoa hc v gin d vi cc nh qun l gio dc l chng ta ang hiu sai v mn lch s C nhng vn rt ln ca lch s, sai r rng, cc hi tho khoa hc chuyn ngnh ch ra nhiu ln, nhng vn cha c bt n xanh chnh thc sa trong SGK. (Tui Tr, 1/8/2011). Mt x hi quay lng li vi cc KHXH-NV l mt x hi suy i (Nguyn Ngc, 2011) 16

1.3.1. Ti sao phi NC gio dc? (1)

Nguyn tc chung: Thc tin phong ph, a dng hn nhn thc ca con ngi (l thuyt), do nh KH phi lun NC cc v mi ( lch ca kin thc) Trong GD, dn ch ha x hi dn n tch cc ha ngi dy v hc gii quyt cc v thc a khng th tr hon khoa hc GD pht trin Theo Hopkins (1985), NCGD gip ngi dy c nh gi c lp v ph hp vi thc t, loi b quan nim xem trng hc nh l nh my (sn xut hng lot). NCGD gip kim chng v iu chnh nhng cm nhn ch quan v ngi hc v cc hin tng gio dc NCGD gip nm bt thng tin mi, pht trin nng lc cm nhn cng tinh t hn ngi dy khng cn l cng chc GD, m l mt nh hot ng x hi 17

Ti sao phi NC gio dc? (2)

Nhng cm nhn sai lm v t nhin: mt t phng, mt tri xoay quanh tri t... Nhng cm nhn sai lm trong XH: ngi giu th sung sng, ngi nghim ngh th kh tnh, ph n tc vng th km thng minh... Nhng cm nhn sai lm trong GD: HS t im cao l HS gii, kt qu thi c, hc tp km l do GV, PP mi hiu qu hn PP c... Cc NCGD thng xoay quanh cc V v h thng gio dc, t chc GD, cc nguyn l v dy v hc, cc PP dy hc, cc hin tng c V trong gio dc Mc ch c bn ca KHGD l xy dng l lun gii thch, tin on cc hin tng ca n, v thc hin chc nng chung ca khoa hc l gii quyt cc vn do thc tin t ra (Dng Thiu Tng, 2005, tr.16).18

Ti sao phi NC gio dc? (3)

Chng ta nh # 10% nhng g nghe thy Chng ta nh # 20% nhng g c c Chng ta nh > 80% nhng g hc c bng cch t lm Constructivisme, socio-constructivisme La main la pte = hands on = bn tay nn bt Nghin cu hnh ng (action research, recherche-action)
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Cc cu hi NC thng dng
1. Hin tng m ta quan tm c vn g? N xy ra nh th no? (xc inh vn NC) 2. Nhng yu t no thng gy nn hin tng? (Lit k nhng yu t c th l nguyn nhn)? 3. Nhng yu t no c nghin cu ri? (im li tnh hnh NC). Liu c nhng yu t no khc m cha ai nghin cu khng? (tm ti yu t mi) 4. Nhng iu kin no thng i km theo hin tng? (tm quan h nhn qu gia cc yu t) 5. Nu ta thm vo hoc b i mt bin (mt yu t c lin quan n hin tng, variable), liu hin tng c thay i khng?
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1.3.2. c im ca NCKH GD
Khi th nghim trn mt con vt (mu kim loi), nh NC d dng kim sot cc bin Kt qu lun ging nhau (c th lp li th nghim ca Pavlov). Khi NC hot ng ca HS, rt kh kim sot cc bin v c rt nhiu: s thnh cng ca ngi hc c s ng gp ca nhiu YT: + nng lc ca thy + trnh , ng c... ca tr + s quan tm ca cha m HS + iu kin kinh t ca gia nh + HS tip cn vi nhiu phng tin hc tp khc v.v. Mt NCKH GD khng th c tham vng a ra gii php cho mt vn , m cn phi c nhiu NC V v m: HT mt gi cc ngnh XH-NV; kt qu thi H 21

1.4. CC LOI NCKH

1.4.1. Theo M.-A.Tremblay (1968) Nghin cu c bn l thuyt (recherche fondamentale thorique), + gm nghin cu xc nh khi nim v nghin cu xy dng khi nim. + d liu l thuyt Nghin cu c bn thng nghim (recherche fondamentale empirique) + gm nghin cu thm d v nghin cu kim chng + d liu trong i thng Nghin cu ng dng (recherche applique).
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1.4.2. Theo J.-M. Van der Maren (1995)

nghin cu xy dng kin thc l thuyt (recherche nomothtique), bao gm cc phng php gi thuyt din dch, quy np thm d, din dch - kim chng. nghin cu chnh sch (recherche vise politique), bao gm nghin cu hnh ng v nghin cu ci t gio dc. nghin cu thc dng (recherche vise pragmatique), gm nghin cu h thng v nghin cu gii quyt vn . nghin cu bn th lun (recherche vise ontognique) bao gm nghin cu i mi v nghin cu sng to. 23

1.4.3. Theo Fraenkel & Wallen (1995)

Nghin cu thc nghim (Experimental Research), Nghin cu tng quan (Correlational Research), Nghin cu nhn qu - so snh (Causal-comparative Research), Nghin cu iu tra thm d (Survey Research), Nghin cu phn tch ni dung (Content Analysis Research), Nghin cu nh tnh (Qualitative Research), Nghin cu lch s (Historical Research). t nm 2003, b sung thm nghin cu ch th n l (Single-Subjet Research) v nghin cu hnh ng (action-research).
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1.4.4. Theo T. Neville Postlethwaite (2005)

Nghin cu lch s (Historical Research), Nghin cu m t (Descriptive Research), Nghin cu tng quan (Correlational Research), Nghin cu nhn qu (Causal Research), Nghin cu thc nghim (Experimental Research), Nghin cu trng hp (Case study research), Nghin cu chng tc hc (Ethnographic Research), Nghin cu pht trin (Development Research),
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1.5. PHNG PHP KHOA HC

1.5.1. Theo L Thnh Khi : Phng php khoa hc ch yu khng a ra kt lun no m khng c chng c ; - phi da trn nhng kt qu c th, c kim sot mt cch khch quan ch khng phi da trn nhng kin c nhn thng xut pht t kinh nghim hn hp ; - phi phn bit nhng d liu v s din dch nhng d liu ; - khng g cc s vic vo l thuyt m phi iu chinh l thuyt cho ph hp vi s vic ; - phi c tnh ph phn, ngha l phi chp nhn vic xem xt li l thuyt, d cho n hon chnh n u chng na (L Thnh Khi, 1981)
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1.5.2. Cc tiu ch ca M.-A. Tremblay

- c s dng mt khung tham chiu (nhm xc nh cc gii hn ca nghin cu v cc bin tc ng n hin tng ang nghin cu), - cc d liu phi tng thch vi h thng l thuyt (tng thch ni ti) - cc s vic thu nhn c qua quan st phi tng ng vi thc t khch quan (tng thch ngoi ti), - c kim nghim trong gii chuyn mn, - c t chc thc nghim, - c lp v kim sot cc bin, - o lng cc hin tng, - d bo, - khi qut ho, - thi khch quan khoa hc.
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1.5.3. PPKH ca Peter F. Oliva

Phng php khoa hc l k nng cn phi t c v phng thc tm kim gii php cho cc vn . Trong cc thnh phn n gin nht ca phng php khoa hc, c nm bc sau y : - xc nh mt vn , - hnh thnh mt gi thuyt hoc nhiu gi thuyt, - tp hp d liu, - phn tch d liu, - rt ra cc kt lun. (Oliva F. Peter, 2006, tr.260)

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Phn 2. BA GIAI ON CA NCKH gio dc 2.1. Giai on xy dng l thuyt 2.2. Giai on thit k NC (phng php) 2.3. Giai on thc nghim NC

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2.1. Giai on xy dng l thuyt

2.1.1. Chn ch NC 2.1.2. Chn vn NC 2.1.3. Xy dng vn NC 2.1.4. Lc kho ti liu 2.1.5. Xc nh khung l thuyt cho NC 2.1.6. Xy dng gi thuyt NC 2.1.7. Mc tiu & tm quan trng ca NC
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2.1.1. Chn ch NC
- Mi NC u xut pht t cc quan tm, thc mc, trn tr... ca ngi NC - Khng c quan st v nhn xt khg thc mc khng pht hin ra vn bt cp: trng hp Archimde v Newton S may mn ch n vi nhng u c c chun b k (Pasteur) - Cng c NC thc hin theo n t hng (quan tm ca ngi khc, yu cu ca cng ng) - Ch NC tng ng vi mt mng v: Chng trnh o to, h thng gio dc, kt qu o to, tc ng ca x hi n o to... - Mt ch bao gm nhiu ti nghin cu - Mt ti NC gii quyt MT VN NC

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2.1.2. Chn vn NC
- T ch NC, gn lc pht hin vn NC: Tnh ngh thut ca ngi NC c phn nh qua vic la chn cc vn cn gii quyt (Dng Thiu Tng, 2005, 26). - Vn NC tng ng vi mt tnh hung, mt hin tng. Ex: bo lc hc ng th, tc hi ca games online, ngnh SP mt sc ht... - V NC phi c t trong mi quan h nhn qu vi nguyn nhn m ti mun chng minh (kt qu NC phi c ngha n vic khc phc hin tng). - vn quan trng l lm th no tm ra c mt v c li ch then cht m kh nng ca mnh cho php thc hin cng vic NC, v sau khi la chn c v tng qut NC, phi phn tch tht k bng cch tm ra cc bin s lin h v cc mi tng quan gia chng
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Chn vn
Cc yu cu: * hp lgch (khng NC quan h gia th su 13 v thi

rt) * c th kim chng c * gii hn phm v NC: NC c chuyn su. Cng m m, cng d sai st. * o c: (khng th th nghim bng m trn tr em) * tnh kh thi (thi gian, ti chnh, nhn lc...) * yu cu KH (c ci mi, c th chng minh v khi qut) * yu cu x hi (cn thit cho con ngi).

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2.1.3. Xy dng vn NC
Trc khi NC, cn phi xy dng v NC: y l kh khn thng gp ca SV. Xy dng V NC l lin kt gia hin tng c vn v yu t mi lm nguyn nhn Mt NC ch gii quyt MT VN NC. tm kim nguyn nhn mi, cn phi c kin thc chuyn su v lnh vc NC Nu kn thc nn ca ngi NC cha s kh vt qua kh khn ny. V th, trc ht phi NC ti liu, pht hin k h kin thc (KT cha c cu tr li, hoc cha c cu tr li tha ng, hoc cn ang tranh lun...)
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Xy dng vn NC bng cch lin kt MT yu t mi vi hin tng Hin tng Th sinh ngy cng t chn ngnh s phm Cc yu t ng nhn
kh kim vic lm khi TN lng bng v i ng thp mi trng lm vic khng cn thn thin, an ton iu kin lm vic thiu thn mi trng lm vic thiu dn ch kh nng thng tin thp ngh gio khng cn c trng vng...
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 Hin tng quan st c: Th sinh ngy cng t chn ngnh s phm. Cu hi nghin cu: Ti sao th sinh ngy cng khng tha thit vi ngh dy hc? Ti sao ngh dy hc khng cn hp dn ? im li nhng nguyn nhn m x hi bit v c th cha bit : + ra trng kh kim vic lm + chnh sch lng bng v ch i ng thp + mi trng lm vic khng cn thn thin, an ton + iu kin lm vic thiu thn nhiu trng PT + mi trng cng tc thiu dn ch + kh nng thng tin thp + ngh gio khng cn c trng vng... Sau khi lit k cc yu t, phi cn nhc CHT LI mt yu t kh d lm hng NC (xy dng gi thuyt nghin cu)
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Cc ngun cung cp vn
Hin tng mi, cha c bit n (thng bt ngun t cc ng dng k thut mi nh internet, GO, TD...) Yu cu mi ca thi i (i mi gio dc, vic p dng PP dy hc tch cc, ng dng CNTT...) Nhng hin tng c vn hng ngy quan st c (hnh vi, thi , thi quen ca hc sinh...) Nhng s vic mu thun nhau trong cuc sng, cng tc (GD c xem l quc sch nhng ngy cng xung cp, iu kin hc tp ngy cng y nhng HS ngy cng t chu hc...) S ht hng ca kin thc khoa hc trc hin tng quan st c Nhng tng thun ty l thuyt (khng bt ngun t thc t) 37

nh ngha bng thao tc

nh ngha trong t in: nh ngha khi nim inh ngha trong NC: + lit k cc thao tc & hnh ng ca i tng + gip mi ngi c th quan st c + mi ngi d thng nht cch o lng, trnh ch quan + Cc thao tc c xc nh bi cc c s l thuyt c chn + Th d: - v k lut l hnh vi gy nhiu vic hc ca HS trong lp v cn tr vic dy ca GV; - HS sing nng l HS i hc trn 80% s tit v lm 100% bi nh..., - SV hc tp tch cc l SV bit tm ti liu c thm ngoi GT v ti liu tham kho + bit xc nh mc tiu hc tp cho ring mnh... 38

2.1.4. Lc kho ti liu

Ni dung lc kho: - im li nhng thnh tu v khong trng tri thc (Xc nh ta xut pht ca tri thc). Tp trung vo cc gii thch hin tng. - NC cc ti thc hin (trong nc, thm ch trn th gii), cc bi bo khoa hc cng b, cc lun vn, lun n bo v ngha: k tha tri thc (s dng thnh tu c cho NC) khng ph cng lm li NC ca ngi khc pht trin kin thc (lp y khong trng tri thc bng cc tri thc mi) Lc kho ti liu nhm trnh by s pht trin l thuyt v v NC m nh NC nhn thc c qua qu 39 trnh nghin cu ti liu.

2.1.5. Xc nh khung l thuyt dng cho NC

L thuyt: nhng kin thc c cng ng khoa hc kim chng v chp nhn (kin thc khoa hc). Khc vi kin thc tin khoa hc ch yu da trn kinh nghim, nim tin, quy c... Kin thc KH khng ng yn, m thay i theo NHN THC ca con ngi v theo s thay i ca x hi (kin thc v KHXH&NV) L thuyt c th thay i, b sung, iu chnh Khng c sn LT cho mi vn NC phi vn dng LT ca cc chuyn ngnh gn gi (Ex: LT v bo lc + LT v tm l HS + LT v tng tc XH...)

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2.1.6. Xy dng gi thuyt NC

Gi thuyt NC: cu tr li c d on cho cu hi NC Gi thuyt gip ta tp trung s tm kim vo mt vng nht nh (khoanh vng tm kim), tnh nh hng ca NCKH Gi thuyt NC gip t chc thc nghim d dng hn Gi thuyt lin kt hai bin NC, th d trong dy hc tch cc: HS bit r mc tiu hc tp trc s tham gia tch cc hn vo vic hc Mt s loi hnh NC khng cn gi thuyt NC (nhng vn c th c nhng gi thuyt cc b)
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Xy dng gi thuyt NC (2)

Cc iu kin cn c khi xy dng GT C th kim chng ng hay sai Kim chng bng cc PPNC (hp lgch) GT c lin kt c nhn t mi (bin c lp) v hin tng quan st c (bin ph thuc) Phi tm ra c cch o lng bin c lp (nh trong GT: HS hc km mn ngoi ng v thiu hng th trong hc tp) tng trong GT (s lin kt gia hai loi bin) phi l tng mi (kh nng tin on) GT c gi tr l sn phm ca qu trnh tm ti, la chn nhiu gii php, cng phu, lu di A. Einstein: 99% gi thuyt ca ti u sai (trng hp dch khun E. Coli c)
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Gi thuyt NC l s tng quan gia 2 loi bin

Cc bin nguyn nhn (yu t gy ra hin tng) (bin c lp) Cc bin hu qu c th quan st c (bin ph thuc) - thi hc tp - KQ hc tp - hnh vi ca ngi hc - nhn cch -tham gia tch cc vo vic hc - kt qu hc km mn...
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- hot ng ca THY
- mi trng DH - qun l trng lp - t chc hc tp, thi c - HS bit r mc tiu hc tp - thiu hng th hc tp

2.1.7. Mc tiu & tm quan trng ca mc tiu NC

Mc tiu NC: nhng kt qu c th m ti s t c (sau khi NC ti s c c...) (ng nhm ln vi i) mc ch NC c hiu l li ch m cng trnh NC s c th mang li, v ii) cc cng on tin hnh thc hin ti) Mc tiu NC gip ta nh gi c NC c cn thit hay khng (xt duyt ti) v thnh cng hay cha (nghim thu) Mc tiu NC c xc nh da trn kt qu lc kho ti liu v gi thuyt NC lc kho ti liu k cng th mc tiu NC r rng. Mc tiu NC i khi khng c ngha ng dng r rng.
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2.2. Giai on thit k NC (PPNC)

2.2.1. M t PP NC 2.2.2. Xc nh i tng NC & mu NC 2.2.3. Xc nh cc bin (variable) 2.2.4. Xy dng cc cng c o lng v th tc thu thp d liu 2.2.5. Chn PP phn tch d liu

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2.2.1. M t PP NC
Mc ch l cng ng kim chng tnh khch quan, trung thc ca NC Yu cu: cng chi tit cng tt, sao cho ng nghip c th lp li NC c cng kt qu. M t phng php xy dng d liu nghin cu (ty theo loi NC): + phng vn + iu tra + thm d M t cng c v iu kin thu thp d liu. + qun th + mu phn tch... M t phng php x l d liu nghin cu.
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2.2.2. Xc nh i tng & mu NC

Tng iu tra: mi thnh vin trong cng ng u c tham kho (tng iu tra dn s, ti sn, iu kin sinh sng...). p dng hn ch v rt tn km. iu tra bng cch chn mu: cch NC ph bin Mc ch chn mu: tit kim & kh thi (c nhng loi NC ch c th dng mu) Yu cu chn mu NC: + tnh tiu biu ( c th khi qut ha) + ln ( hn ch sai s) PP chn mu: + xc xut + phi xc xut
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2.2.3. Xc nh cc bin (variable)

Bin l nhng thng s to thnh nhng c im ca hin tng NC (nam n; cp lp, trnh ;...) Gi tr ca cc bin c th thay i trong mu phn tch Xc nh bin tm mi quan h gia chng vi nhau Bin c lp bin ph thuc bin gy nhiu
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2.2.4. Xy dng cng c o lng v th tc thu thp d liu

Cch thu thp d liu s quy nh cch tin hnh NC + phiu iu tra NC nh lng: tng quan gia cc thng s + phng vn NC nh tnh: phn tch ni dung + thc nghim quan st v so snh s thay i Cch son cu hi s tc ng n KQ + khch quan + ng tin cy + xc ng (hi nhng iu ngi c hi bit - cng c o ph hp)

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Mt s nguyn tc son cu hi
Ngn gn Dng dng khng nh Khng c mm Mi cu ch hi mt Khng dng t xc phm gii tnh, chng tc, thnh phn xh... Khng nguy him cho ngi tr li Phi r rng, ch mt cch hiu Dng t ng n gin, r rng, hoc phi cung cp nh ngha thao tc trc (HS tch cc l..., theo bn, lp bn c nhiu HS tch cc khng?)
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Chn mu phn tch

Nguyn tc chung: tiu biu cho cng ng (qun th) kt qu c th p cho c cng ng Mu phi xc xut: t tiu biu Mu xc xut: mi c th trong c xc xut c chn ngang nhau (ly cc HS c s th t 1, 6, 11, 16, 21... Mu phn lp: l tiu bn th hin cc c im ca qun th (t l nam-n, t l thnh phn xut thn, t l HS kh gii, t l giu ngho...) Quy m mu: ln sai s khng c ngha

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Quy m mu v chnh xc
Tng s 100 500 1000 2000 5000 Sai s 5% 79 219 279 330 359 3% 93 350 561 699 884 1% 99 477 906 1599 3299
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2.2.5. Phn tch d liu Mc ch ca phn tch: + tng hp d liu, + pht hin cc quan h phc tp + chng minh gi thuyt PP phn tch phi ph hp vi loi NC & quan h gia cc bin (cf. Dng c gii phu phi tng ng vi loi phu thut...)
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2.3. Giai on thc nghim

2.3.1. Thu thp d liu 2.3.2. Phn tch d liu 2.3.3. Din gii kt qu (tho lun) 2.3.4. Cng b kt qu

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2.3.1. Thu thp d liu

Mi loi hnh NC u c nhng quy nh ring cn tun th Theo Angers (1996) c 6 cch thu thp: + Quan st ti thc a + Phng vn + Bng cu hi + Th nghim + Phn tch ni dung + Phn tch thng k
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2.3.1.1. Quan st ti thc a

Mc tiu QS: c th hay nhm Mc ch QS: thu thp thng tin c tnh quy lut (nh tnh hoc nh lng) Ni dung QS: cc hnh vi lin quan NC Cng c QS: biu mu c lit k cc hnh vi cn QS Hai cch QS: QS tham d & QS t ngoi + QS tham d nhm tm hiu h thng + QS t ngoi nhm xc nh v lng ha hnh vi Nhng nhc im + chnh xc ca quan st ty thuc vo trnh , nng lc ca ngi quan st. + s hn ch ca cc gic quan con ngi + Nghch l ca ngi quan st
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2.3.1.2. Phng vn
i tng PV: c th hoc nhm im Mc ch: + tm hiu mt v cha bit hoc cha r rng pht hin suy ngh mi hoc khi nim mi + tm ra nhng im chung gia cc cu tr li Yu cu: ngi tr li phi c t do din t Cng dng: chun b cho bng cu hi chi tit, xc ng hn cho qun th Ba loi PV: iu khin + bn iu khin + t do Mt kinh nghim lm phng vn http://nguyenvantuan.net/otherskills/654-mot-lan-diphong-van-va-nhung-bai-hoc
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2.3.1.3. Bng cu hi
L cng c thu thp d liu mt cch h thng Mc tiu: o lng nhng kha cnh lin quan n v NC Nguyn tc: cc cu hi phi bm vo cc khi nim trong NC c im: tin li, chi ph thp (c thm: Trn Thanh i, 2008, Phng php iu tra x hi hc, TCKH, i hc Cn Th, s 9)

Mt kt qu iu tra ng ng http://tuanvannguyen.blogspot.com/2010/03/ga n-23-sinh-vien-can-tho-hieu-chinh-xac.html

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2.3.1.4. Thc nghim

c im: thng dng trong PTN (tm l hc lm sng, tm l hc ng dng, ngn ng...) Mc tiu: theo di s lin quan nhn qu gia cc bin Cc nhim v: + kim sot cc bin khng nm trong th nghim (c lp) + thao tc cc bin c lp (bin lin quan trc tip n thc nghim) + o lng s bin thin ca cc bin ph thuc Nhm thc nghim & nhm i chng
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2.3.1.5. Phn tch ni dung

Nhim v: thu thp cc d liu th cp ngoi vi (cc ti liu chnh thc, bi bo thng tin tng qut...) v tng hp theo cc c im Mc ch: hiu r hin tng cn NC c im: c th dng PP nh lng ln nh tnh Cng c: lp biu mu thu thp d liu.
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2.3.1.6. Phn tch thng k

ngha: Cho php m t chnh xc Yu cu ngi NC phi t m, cht ch trong cc suy ngh v thao tc Cho php ngi NC tm tt kt qu r rng v xc ng Cho php rt ra kt lun chung Cho php ngi NC d bo Cho php ngi NC phn tch cc yu t nhn qu trong cc ngnh KHXH
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2.3.2. Phn tch d liu

Nguyn tc: cc phn tch phi tp trung vo vn NC. Nhng g khng gip lm sng t v NC th khng s dng. Kt qu NC ty thuc vo PP phn tch Ba giai on phn tch d liu + phn tch m t bin c lp + phn tch m t bin ph thuc + phn tch so snh bin ph thuc tng ng vi K ca bin c lp
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2.3.2.1. Phn tch m t bin c lp

B. cu hi
Phn tch m t cc c im ca ngi tr li bng cu hi. Ex.: gii tnh, tui, trnh vh)

D liu qu.st
Phn tch m t cc c im ca i tng quan st Ex.: gii tnh, n mc, thi quen)

Thc nghim
PT m t cc ca i tng TN v K thao tc bin c lp. Ex.: c ting n ?)
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2.3.2.2. Phn tch m t bin ph thuc

B. cu hi PT m t cc cu tr li. Ex.: thi gian t hc, thi gian chi game D liu q.st PT m t hnh vi quan st c. Ex.: v k lut, bo lc ngn t Thc nghim PT m t cc kt qu thu c trong thc nghim Ex.: s ln pht biu, KQ kim tra
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2.3.2.3. Phn tch so snh bin ph thuc T vi K ca bin c lp

B. cu hi D liu Qu.st Thc nghim

PT SS cc cu tr li ()tng ng vi ca ngi tr li (gii, tui, hc vn)

PT SS cc hnh vi quan st c () tng ng vi ca ngi c quan st

PT SS KQ thu c trong TN () tng ng vi ca i tng TN v K thao tc bin c lp. Ex.: ting n?

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2.3.3. Din gii kt qu (tho lun) Gii thch TI SAO thu c kt qu (tng ng vi PPNC & mu phn tch) Kim chng gi thuyt Lin h vi mc tiu NC nu vi kt qu NC ( nh gi mc t c) Lin h vi phn lc kho ti liu lm NI BT CI MI ca cng trnh Ch ra PHM VI C NGHA ca cng trnh (iu kin KQ c gi tr)
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Kim chng gi thuyt

nhm bit s bin i ca bin c lp c to ra s bin i tng ng ca bin ph thuc c th kim chng, nh NC thng dng cc th tc nh lng Gi thuyt c th khng ng, nhng vn c ch, v NC cng to ra kin thc mi (ng gp khoa hc ca cng trnh)
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2.3.4. Cng b kt qu
Bo co KH & bi bo KH nhm cng b KQ NC + ngi c: cc chuyn gia trong ngnh + mc ch: thuyt phc cc nh KH cng nhn KQ + yu cu: - r rng (ch c 1 cch hiu), - cht ch (khng tha, khng thiu), - khng p t (c chng minh)... - tun th quy nh v bin tp ca tp ch - tun th o c khoa hc (quy inh v trch dn...) Tham kho vn phong khoa hc http://nguyenvantuan.net/english/1242-van-phong-khoahoc
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Cu trc ca mt bi bo khoa hc
Cng thc IMRAD I = Introduction M = Methodology R = Results A =And D = Discussion Tham kho: http://nguyenvantuan.net/otherskills/880-cachviet-mot-bai-bao-khoa-hoc-phan-1
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3. CC C TNH CA NH NC (1)
C sng kin (ai cng thy qu to ri, nhng ch Newton lin tng n lc ht) C u c khch quan, khng thnh kin Phi tun th PP khoa hc Phi t m, cn thn trong cc thao tc C u c ph phn (phn bit s vic v kin c nhn) Phi nht qun vi chnh mnh
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CC C TNH CA NH NC (2)
C u c ci m, khng bo th n nhn ph phn ca cng ng KH C s c o ring d phi tham kho nhiu tc gi khc Phi c k nng truyn t KQ NC r rng v chnh xc Tham kho vn ha khoa hc http://vietsciences.free.fr/khaocuu/congtrinhkhoahoc/va nhoakhoahoc.htm Tham kho k nng nghin cu http://nguyenvantuan.net/otherskills/1201-ki-nangnghien-cuu-lap-luan-va-trich-dan
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4. O VN (A.: plagiarism, P.: plagiat)

plagiarize ['pleidraiz]: to copy another persons ideas, words or work and pretend that they are your own. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary) Nguyn tc dng tng ngi khc: + vay mn nguyn vn phi dng + vay mn tng phi c ghi xut x + khng c din ca ngi khc thnh ca mnh Tham kho trch dn v o vn
http://nguyenvantuan.net/english/1249-trich-dan-vadao-van
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TI LIU TRCH DN
- FRAENKEL J.R. & WALLEN N.F., 2003, How to Design and Evaluate Research of Education, Mc Graw-Hill. - NEVILLE POSTLETHWWAITE T., 2005, Educational research: some basic concepts and terminology, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. - OLIVA F. Peter, 2006, Xy dng chng trnh hc, Nxb. Gio dc. - TREMBLAY M.-A. (1968), Initiation la recherche dans les sciences humaines, Montral, McGraw-Hill. - Van der MAREN J.-M., 1995, Mthodes de recherche pour lducation, De Boeck, Bruxelles.
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Bi thu hoch
1. Anh ch quan tm n hin tng no trong GD ni chung HOC trong vic ging dy ca mnh, ca n v? N c vn g bt cp ? N xy ra nh th no? (xc inh vn NC) 2. Nhng yu t no c bit n nh l nguyn nhn ca hin tng? 3. Nhng yu t no c nghin cu ri? (im li tnh hnh NC). Liu c nhng yu t no khc m cha ai nghin cu khng? (tm ti yu t mi) NHC LI: Th tc gi bi THU HOCH: ghi tiu mail NVSP-HCT: education.ctu@gmail.com Vit trn tp tin <.doc> T lin lc 0903 85 93 95 Hn cui: 10/7/2012
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Cm n cc bn theo di!