Ha sinh thc phm

Ging vin: Ng i Nghip

Chng: S chuyn ha Lipid

1. S phn gii lipid:
a. S phn gii do thy phn: Xy ra trong ng tiu ha v di tc ng ca E tiu ha, cht bo t thc n n khoang ming: khng phn gii cht bo v hu nh khng c lipase v cht bo khng c nh tng ha. D dy: ng vt, ngi trng thnh phn gii khng ng k. Ngi ln: Phn gii khng ng k:
+ khng c lipase (rt t) + pH khng ph hp + cht bo khng c nh tng ha

Tr em:
+ lipid trong sa c nh tng ha + lipid c phn gii mt phn bi lipase

Rut non
Ni chnh, ch yu thy phn Phn gii bi E: tuyn ty, c trong nim mc rut non Dch mt: Dch mt tit dch vo rut non c acid cholic v dn xut, mui ca acid cholic v cc dn xut. Tc dng ca acid mt v mui mt lm nh tng ha lipid d dng phn gii hn. Mui mt phc ha tan v thm c qua cc mao mch ca rut non vo mu. Sn phm cui rut non l acid bo v glycerin: Phn ng:

Sau khi thm qua nim mc rut: tr li cc acid mt v mui mt c th tc dng vi cc acid bo mi, nhng 1phn theo mu vo gan tng hp tr li cc thnh phn ca dch.

b. Qu trnh oxy ha
Oxy ha cc sn phm sau thy phn Cc sn phm sau thy phn l glycerin v acid bo s chuyn ha theo nhng con ng khc nhau. Chng ta thu c sn phm cui cng y l CO2, H2O v nng lng (Q). S oxi ha glycerin c bt u t s phosphoryl ha glycerin nh ATP. N cn cung cp nng lng ATP. Qu trnh oxi ha glycerin tri qua cc phn ng nh sau (7 p) T glyceraldehid-3 phosphat bin i thnh pyruvic acid nh trong qu trnh ng phn, sau pyruvic acid b phn gii tip thng qua chu trnh Krebs to CO2 v H2O.

S oxi ha acid bo
Trong t nhin i theo 2 qui trnh khc nhau: [o] ng v tr carbon (-oxy ha) [o] ng v tr carbon (-oxy ha)

2. S tng hp cht bo:

S trao i cht ca c th gn lin vi s trao i nng lng. Mi kha cnh biu hin khc nhau ca s sng u i hi nng lng, c th cn c cung cp nng lng mt cch lin tc.

- oxi ha
thng xy ra ngi v ng vt C ch tm ra 1904 do F. Knop xy ra i vi a. bo c s C chn c im:
Qa trnh -[O] C chn Ct dn tng 2 n v C V tr [O] ti C Cc acid bo trc khi tham gia qu trnh oxi ha phi c hot ha bng ATP v CoA (HS-CoA) Qu trnh gm 5 phn ng:

 Cc enzyme tham gia xc tc cc phn ng trn l:

1. Acyl-CoA-Synthetase. 2. Acyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase. 3. Enoyl-CoA-Hydratase. 4. Hydroxy-acyl-Thiolase.

Qua mt chu k phn ct, phn t acid bo ngn bt i 2 carbon, kt qu cui cng ca cc chu k phn ct .oxi ha ca acid bo l cc phn t acetyl-CoA. Phn t acyl-CoA tr li phn ng 2 Cc phn t acetyl-CoA tip tc b phn gii qua chu trnh Krebs to CO2 v H2O.

 V mt nng lng, qu trnh .oxi ha to nn ngun nng lng ln cung cp cho cc hat ng sng ca t bo. Mi ln phn ct bt 2C s to nn 1 NADH2, 1FADH2, qua chui h hp s tng hp c 5 ATP. ng thi mi phn t Acetyl-CoA b phn gii thng qua chu trnh Krebs s to ra c 12ATP. Tng s ATP tnh cho 1 ln phn ct 2C l 17 ATP.

- oxi ha (thng gp TV)

c im:
Acid bo tham gia [O] khng cn hot ha Ct dn tng n v 1 carbon ht mch C Tc nhn c s tham gia ca H2O2 (peroxydase) E: NAD C ch th n gin hn : ch 2 phn ng Nng lng gii phng Q< Q

V mt nng lng khi [o] tch ra 1c c to ra 3 ATP

2. S tng hp cht bo
Nguyn tc: glycerin + acid bo 1. Tng hp glycerin: nguyn liu tng hp glycerin t glucid. Glucose giai on u theo glycolise cho n khi c fructo-1,6-(P). Sau ct t mch cho 2 dng: Dng ceton 3C Dng aldehid 3C

2. Tng hp acid bo
Nguyn liu tng hp l acid acetic CH3COOH, i khi l acid malonic COOH-CH2-COOH. Nng lng ATP Cc E tham gia 2 nhm:
E1 xc tc cho s trng hp acetyl-CoA E2 xc tc cho acetyl CoA + malonyl-CoA

C ch tng hp acid bo kh phc tp, tri qua cc giai on nh sau:

Phn ng 1: Hot ha acetic acid (s tng hp acid bo ch c tin hnh khi a. acetic c hot ha) tc nhn HS-CoA, ATP. Acetyl-CoA c th c to ra theo p 1 hoc c th l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh phn gii glucid v oxi ha ca cht bo.

P 2: Xc tc bi acetyl-CoA-carboxylase

P 3: acetyl-CoA tc dng vi malonyl-CoA mt i 1 CO2 to sn phm l aceto-acetyl CoA

Acetyl-CoA + Malonyl-CoA CO2 + Aceto-acetyl CoA

 P 4:

Aceto-acetyl-CoA -oxy-butyryl-CoA P 5: p dehydrat ha to thnh 1 ni i P 6: thu 2H bo ha ni i Sn phm l Butyl-CoA (4C) Tip tc phn ng nh cc phn ng trn, mi ln lp li tng thm 2C cho ti khi ht mch C khong 16-18 C ca acid bo (trong t nhin) V mt tiu tn nng lng: Vd: acid Palmitic 16C/2C= 8 ln Nu xut pht lc u l 8 acetyl-CoA cn 16ATP + 16 NADP.H2 a. Palmitic Cc sn phm ph l 16NADP, 16ADP, 16H3PO4

3. Tng hp triglycerit (cht bo t nhin)

T cc acid bo v glycerin c tng hp s to thnh glyceride Tt c u phi c hot ha Qu trnh tng hp xy ra gan, mng nhy rut non, tuyn sa, cc m m. S tng hp cht bo t glucid xy ra rt d dng. S tng hp cn y O2 v nng lng ln. Qu trnh xy ra tng nc 1. i acid bo phi c hot ha cn ATP v HS-CoA.

NHNG BIN I KHI BO QUN- CH BIN CHT BO

Bo qun bng ha cht Acid benzoic v mui ca n benzoate Na.
Liu lng 0.1% Km ch VSV, c bit chng mc cho nc chm, tng t, chao, du n, gii kht Cng thc: Liu gy c 6mg/kg th trng
C6H5-COOH C6H5-COONa

Acid sorbic v mui sorbat Na, K, Ca: chng VSV

Cng thc: C6H8O2 Liu dng 0,2%

 Mt s acid hu c mch ngn v mui ca n (thng l mui Na)

Acid lactic lactat Na A . acetic acetat Na A. Fumaric fumarat Na A. Citric citrat Na A. Propionic propionic Na

Mui NaCl t 4-6% c ch VSV 10% c ch mnh SO2, mui (Na2SO3), acid c lu hunh (sulfit, a. sulfur...), km ch VSV v ty trng sn phm

 Mui phosphat:
Ortho-phosphate Pyro-phosphat Tri-phosphat Poly-phosphat

H2O2 khng khun tt cho sa vi lng 0,05% Hin nay khuyn co khng nn dng Nitric-NO2, Nitrat-NO3 Hin nay khng cho dng Cc mui ny khng VSV v lm cho sn phm tht ngui (xc xch, jambon v lp xng) c mu p hn khi tc dng vi myoglobin ca tht.

 Nisin cht chng khun t VSV, t VK Streptococcus lactic bo qun phomai- hp. Ha cht bo qun tng hp ha hc (chng oxy ha, chng VSV) hin cng cho dng.
BHA. Butylate hydroxyl amisole BHT Butylate hydroxyl toluene T.BHQ Ter- Butylate hydroxyl-quinoline Propyl gallate

Mt s cht to mi thm cng c ch VSV

Mentol (l bc h) Vanilin, ethyl-vanilin Phenyl acetataldehyd, carrone, diacetyl

S -, - oxy ha acid bo (c s C chn)

Ging nhau: Qu trnh oxy ha acid bo, c lp i lp li cho n khi ct ht mch C Khc nhau:

-oxy ha
1. Khng cn hot ha acid bo trc khi phn ng oxy ha bt u 2. Mi ln oxy ha ct i 1C dng CO2 (Kh CO2) (khng vo chu trnh Krebs) 3. Nng lng to ra mi ln ct 1C l 3 ATP 4. C ch phn ng n gin (2 phn ng )

-oxy ha
1. Cn hot ha acid bo trc khi phn ng bi ATP, HS-CoA (to lin kt cao nng) R-CH2-CH2-COOH R-(CH2)2- C=O SCoA 2. Mi ln oxy ha ct i 2C dng acetyl CoA, sau vo chu trnh Krebs 3. Nng lng to ra mi ln ct 2C v oxy ha hon ton (qua chu trnh Krebs) to 17 ATP 4. C ch phn ng phc tp hn (5 phn ng ) t acid bo acetyl CoA Ri acetyl CoA vo chu trnh Krebs, sn phm cui l CO2, H2O + Q