IV.4.

nh tuyn tnh v ng
S lc v nh tuyn Chc nng xc nh ng dn cho php b nh tuyn c lng cc ng dn kh thi n ch v thit lp s kim sot cc gi tin. B nh tuyn s dng cc cu hnh mng nh gi cc ng dn mng. Thng tin ny c th c cu hnh bi ngi qun tr mng hay c thu thp thng qua qu trnh x l ng c thc thi trn mng. Lp mng dng bng nh tuyn IP gi cc gi tin t mng ngun n mng ch. B nh tuyn da vo cc thng tin c gi trong bng nh tuyn quyt nh truyn ti cc gi tin theo cc giao tip thch hp.

Hnh 3-56: S dng bng nh tuyn truyn ti cc gi tin

Mt bng nh tuyn IP bao gm cc a ch mng ch, a ch ca im cn i qua, gi tr nh tuyn v giao tip thc hin vic truyn ti. Khi khng c thng tin v mng ch, b nh tuyn s gi cc gi tin theo mt ng dn mc nh c cu hnh trn b nh tuyn, nu ng dn khng tn ti, b nh tuyn t ng loi b gi tin. C hai phng thc nh tuyn l:
1 - nh tuyn tnh (static routing): l cch nh tuyn khng s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc nh tuyn n mt mng ch s c thc hin mt cch c nh khng thay i trn mi b nh tuyn. Mi khi thc hin vic thm hay bt cc mng, phi thc hin thay i cu hnh trn mi b nh tuyn.

- nh tuyn ng (dynamic routing): l vic s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn thc hin xy dng nn cc bng nh tuyn trn cc b nh tuyn. Cc b nh tuyn thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn s t ng trao i cc thng tin nh tuyn, cc bng nh tuyn vi nhau. Mi khi c s thay i v mng, ch cn khai bo thng tin mng mi trn b nh tuyn qun l trc tip mng mi m khng cn phi khai bo li trn mi b nh tuyn. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn ng c s dng l RIP, RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP v.v...
2

3 Gi tr nh tuyn c xy dng ty theo cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau. Gi tr nh tuyn ca cc kt ni trc tip v nh tuyn tnh c gi tr nh nht bng 0, i vi nh tuyn ng th gi tr nh tuyn c tnh ton ty thuc v tng giao thc c th. Gi tr nh tuyn c th hin trong bng nh

tuyn l gi tr nh tuyn tt nht c b nh tuyn tnh ton v xy dng nn trn c s cc giao thc nh tuyn c cu hnh v gi tr nh tuyn ca tng giao thc. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh:
4 - Cc giao thc nh tuyn khong cch vc t (distance-vecto, sau y c gi tt l nh tuyn vect): da vo cc gii thut nh tuyn c c s hot ng l khong cch vc t.

5 Theo nh k cc b nh tuyn chuyn ton b cc thng tin c trong bng nh tuyn n cc b nh tuyn lng ging u ni trc tip vi n v cng theo nh k nhn cc bng nh tuyn t cc b nh tuyn lng ging. Sau khi nhn c cc bng nh tuyn t cc b nh tuyn lng ging, b nh tuyn s so snh vi bng nh tuyn hin c v quyt nh v vic xy dng li bng nh tuyn theo thut ton ca tng giao thc hay khng. Trong trng hp phi xy dng li, b nh tuyn sau s gi bng nh tuyn mi cho cc lng ging v cc lng ging li thc hin cc cng vic tng t. Cc b nh tuyn t xc nh cc lng ging trn c s thut ton v cc thng tin thu lm t mng. T vic cn thit phi gi cc bng nh tuyn mi li cho cc lng ging v cc lng ging sau khi xy dng li bng nh tuyn li gi tr li bng nh tuyn mi, nh tuyn thnh vng c th xy ra nu s hi v trng thi bn vng ca mng din ra chm trn mt cu hnh mi. Cc b nh tuyn s dng cc k thut b m nh thi m bo khng ny sinh vic xy dng mt bng nh tuyn sai. C th din gii iu nh sau:
6 o Khi mt b nh tuyn nhn mt cp nht t mt lng ging ch rng

mt mng c th truy xut trc y, nay khng th truy xut c na, b nh tuyn nh du tuyn l khng th truy xut v khi ng mt b nh thi.
7 o Nu ti bt c thi im no m trc khi b nh thi ht hn mt cp

nht c tip nhn cng t lng ging ch ra rng mng c truy xut tr li, b nh tuyn nh du l mng c th truy xut v gii phng b nh thi.
8 o Nu mt cp nht n t mt b nh tuyn lng ging khc vi gi tr

nh tuyn tt hn gi tr nh tuyn c ghi cho mng ny, b nh tuyn nh du mng c th truy xut v gii phng b nh thi. Nu gi tr nh tuyn ti hn, cp nht c b qua.
9 o Khi b nh thi c m v 0, gi tr nh tuyn mi c xc lp,

b nh tuyn c bng nh tuyn mi.

10 - Cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng (link-state, gi tt l nh tuyn trng thi): Gii thut c bn th hai c dng cho nh tuyn l gii thut 1ink-state. Cc gii thut nh tuyn trng thi, cng c gi l SPF (shortest path first, chn ng dn ngn nht), duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp cha thng tin v cu hnh mng. 11 - Trong khi gii thut vect khng c thng tin c bit g v cc mng

xa v cng khng bit cc b nh tuyn xa, gii thut nh tuyn trng thi bit c y v cc b nh tuyn xa v bit c chng lin kt vi nhau nh th no. 12 Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi s dng:
13 o Cc thng bo v trng thi lin kt: LSA (Link State Advertisements). 14 o Mt c s d liu v cu hnh mng. 15 o Gii thut SPF, v cy SPF sau cng. 16 o Mt bng nh tuyn lin h cc ng dn v cc cng n tng

mng. 17 Hot ng tm hiu khm ph mng trong nh tuyn trng thi c thc hin nh sau:
18 o Cc b nh tuyn trao i cc LSA cho nhau. Mi b nh tuyn bt

u vi cc mng c kt ni trc tip ly thng tin.

19 o Mi b nh tuyn ng thi vi cc b nh tuyn khc tin hnh xy

dng mt c s d liu v cu hnh mng bao gm tt c cc LSA n t lin mng.

20 o Gii thut SPF tnh ton mng c th t n. B nh tuyn xy dng

cu hnh mng lun l ny nh mt cy, t n l gc, gm tt c cc ng dn c th n mi mng trong ton b mng ang chy giao thc nh tuyn trng thi. Sau , n sp xp cc ng dn ny theo chin lc chn ng dn ngn nht.
21 o B nh tuyn lit k cc ng dn tt nht ca n, v cc cng dn

n cc mng ch, trong bng nh tuyn ca n. N cng duy tr cc c s d liu khc v cc phn t cu hnh mng v cc chi tit v hin trng ca mng. 22 Khi c thay i v cu hnh mng, b nh tuyn u tin nhn bit c s thay i ny gi thng tin n cc b nh tuyn khc hay n mt b nh tuyn nh trc c gn l tham chiu cho tt c cc cc b nh tuyn trn mng lm cn c cp nht.
23 o Theo di cc lng ging ca n, xem xt c hot ng hay khng, v

gi tr nh tuyn n lng ging .

24 o To mt gi LSA trong lit k tn ca tt c cc b nh tuyn lng

ging v cc gi tr nh tuyn i vi cc lng ging mi, cc thay i trong gi tr nh tuyn, v cc lin kt dn n cc lng ging c ghi.
25 o Gi gi LSA ny i sao cho tt c cc b nh tuyn u nhn c. 26 o Khi nhn mt gi LSA, ghi gi LSA vo c s d liu sao cho cp

nht gi LSA mi nht c pht ra t mi b nh tuyn.

27 o Hon thnh bn ca lin mng bng cch dng d liu t cc gi

LSA tch ly c v sau tnh ton cc tuyn dn n tt c cc mng khc s dng thut ton SPF.

28 C hai vn lu i vi giao thc nh tuyn trng thi:

29 o Hot ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi trong hu ht cc

trng hp u yu cu cc b nh tuyn dng nhiu b nh v thc thi nhiu hn so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect. Cc yu cu ny xut pht t vic cn thit phi lu tr thng tin ca tt c cc lng ging, c s d liu mng n t cc ni khc v vic thc thi cc thut ton nh tuyn trng thi. Ngi qun l mng phi m bo rng cc b nh tuyn m h chn c kh nng cung cp cc ti nguyn cn thit ny.
30 o Cc nhu cu v bng thng cn phi tiu tn khi ng s pht tn

gi trng thi. Trong khi khi ng qu trnh khm ph, tt c cc b nh tuyn dng cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi gi cc gi LSA n tt c cc b nh tuyn khc. Hnh ng ny lm trn ngp mng khi m cc b nh tuyn ng lot yu cu bng thng v tm thi lm gim lng bng thng kh dng dng cho lu lng d liu thc c nh tuyn. Sau khi ng pht tn ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi thng ch yu cu mt lng bng thng ti thiu gi cc gi LSA kch hot s kin khng thng xuyn nhm phn nh s thay i ca cu hnh mng.
31 - V mt nhm giao thc th 3 l nhm cc giao thc nh tuyn lai

ghp gia 2 nhm trn hay ni cch khc c cc tnh cht ca c hai nhm giao thc trn. 32 Cc giao thc nh tuyn

Bng 3-10:Cc giao thc nh tuyn

Cu hnh nh tuyn ng c bn vi RIP Mt s lu khi cu hnh nh tuyn ng vi RIP

33 - RIP gi cc thng tin cp nht theo cc chu k nh trc, gi tr mc

nh l 30 giy, v khi c s thay i bng nh tuyn.

34 - RIP s dng s m cc node (hop count) lm gi tr nh gi cht

lng ca nh tuyn (metric). RIP ch gi duy nht nh tuyn c gi tr nh tuyn thp nht.
35 - Gi tr hop count ti a cho php l 15. 36 - RIP s dng cc b m thi gian cho vic thc hin gi cc thng tin

cp nht, xo b mt nh tuyn trong bng cng nh iu khin cc qu trnh to lp bng nh tuyn, trnh loop vng.
37 - RIPv1: Classfull: khng c thng tin v subnetmask 38 - RIPv2: Classless: c thng tin v subnetmask