(ToanHocTHPT) NguyenHam TichPhan TranDucNgoc

Nguyn Quang ng
S tay
vt l 12
dnh cho hc sinh n thi tt nghip THPT v luyn thi i hc
thI nguyn - 2011
Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn
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Mc lc
Trang Cu trc thi TNTHPT v TSH Hng dn chun b thi v thi trc nghim mn vt l CHNG I: dao ng c CHNG II: sng c v sng m CHNG III: dng in xoay chiu CHNG IV: dao ng v sng in t CHNG V: sng nh sng CHNG VI: lng t nh sng CHNG VII: vt l ht nhn CHNG VIII: t vi m n v m 5 17 21 28 31 35 39 45 2 3
NGUYN QUANG NG H THI NGUYN Email: nguyenquangdongtn@gmail.com. Mobile: 0974.974.888 1
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CU TRC THI TS H, C
I. PHN CHUNG CHO TT C TH SINH [40 cu] Ni dung Dao ng c Sng c Dng in xoay chiu Dao ng v sng in t Sng nh sng Lng t nh sng Ht nhn nguyn t 6 T vi m n v m II. PHN RING [10 cu] Th sinh ch c chn mt trong hai phn (phn A hoc B) A. Theo chng trnh Chun [10 cu] Ch Dao ng c Sng c v sng m Dng in xoay chiu Dao ng v sng in t Sng nh sng Lng t nh sng 4 Ht nhn nguyn t T vi m n v m B. Theo chng trnh Nng cao [10 cu] Ch ng lc hc vt rn Dao ng c Sng c Dao ng v sng in t Dng in xoay chiu Sng nh sng Lng t nh sng S lc v thuyt tng i hp Ht nhn nguyn t T vi m n v m 6 S cu 4 6 S cu S cu 7 4 9 4 5 5
CU TRC THI TN THPT

I. PHN CHUNG CHO TT C TH SINH [32 cu] Ni dung Dao ng c Sng c Dng in xoay chiu Dao ng v sng in t Sng nh sng Lng t nh sng Ht nhn nguyn t 5 T vi m n v m II. PHN RING [8 cu]: Th sinh ch c chn mt trong hai phn (phn A hoc B) A. Theo chng trnh Chun [8 cu] Ch Dao ng c Sng c v sng m Dng in xoay chiu Dao ng v sng in t Sng nh sng Lng t nh sng Ht nhn nguyn t T vi m n v m 4 4 S cu S cu 6 4 7 2 5 3
B. Theo chng trnh Nng cao [8 cu] Ch ng lc hc vt rn Dao ng c Sng c Dao ng v sng in t Dng in xoay chiu Sng nh sng Lng t nh sng S lc v thuyt tng i hp Ht nhn nguyn t T vi m n v m 4 S cu 4
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Hng dn chun b thi v thi trc nghim mn vt l

I. Chun b kin thc l quan trng nht
C th ni i vi hnh thc thi trc nghim khch quan, phn chun b kin thc l quan trng nht, c th ni l khu quyt nh: C kin thc l c tt c, cn vic lm quen vi hnh thc trc nghim l ht sc n gin. Hc sinh nn dng 99% thi gian cho chun b kin thc v ch cn 1% lm quen vi hnh thc thi trc nghim. 1. Cu trc nghim c s dng l loi cu trc nghim nhiu la chn, y l loi cu trc nghim gm 2 phn: Phn m u (cu dn): Nu ni dung vn v cu hi phi tr li. Phn thng tin: Nu cc cu tr li gii quyt vn . Trong cc phng n ny, ch c duy nht mt phng n ng, hc sinh phi ch ra c phng n ng . Trong nhng nm gn y s s dng loi cu trc nghim c 4 la chn: A, B, C v D v c duy nht mt phng n ng. Cc phng n khc c a vo c tc dng gy nhiu i vi th sinh. 2. Ni dung cu trc nghim c th l l thuyt hoc bi ton. 3. thi gm nhiu cu, ri khp chng trnh Vt l lp 12, khng c trng tm, do cn hc ton b ni dung ca chng trnh mn hc (Theo hng dn n tp ca B gio dc v o to), khng c b qua mt ni dung no, trnh on t, hc t. Tuy nhin khng phi l hc thuc lng ton b cc bi l thuyt, thuc tng cu tng ch nh trong vic thi t lun trc y. Hc thi trc nghim phi hiu k ni dung cc kin thc c bn, ghi nh nhng nh lut, nh ngha, nguyn l, cng thc, tnh cht, ng dng c bn ... Phi nm vng k nng gii cc dng bi tp trong sch gio khoa v sch bi tp. 4. Mt s loi cu trc nghim mn vt l thng gp: a. Cu l thuyt ch yu cu nhn bit. y l nhng cu trc nghim ch yu cu th sinh nhn ra mt cng thc, mt nh ngha, mt nh lut, mt tnh cht, mt ng dng ... hc. V d ( TSH 2010): lectron l ht s cp thuc loi:
A. hipron
B. nucln
C. mzn
D. leptn.
PP: i vi nhng cu trc nghim loi ny, sau khi c xong phn dn th sinh cn c ngay tt c cc phng n trong phn la chn nhn ra phng n ng. T v d ny cho thy chun b thi trc nghim vn phi hc thuc v nh kin thc c bn b. Cu l thuyt yu cu phi hiu v vn dng c kin thc vo nhng tnh hung mi: y l nhng cu trc nghim i hi th sinh khng ch nh kin thc m phi hiu v vn dng c kin thc vo nhng tnh hung c th. V d ( TSH 2009): Mt mch dao ng in t LC l tng gm cun cm thun t cm L v t
in c in dung thay i c t C1 n C2. Mch dao ng ny c chu k dao ng ring thay i c. A. t 4 LC1 n 4 LC2 . B. t 2 LC1 n 2 LC2 C. t 2 LC1 n 2 LC2 D. t 4 LC1 n 4 LC2
Khi tm li gii, nu ch nh cng thc tnh chu k dao ng ca mch dao ng T = 2 LC th cha , phi hiu c mi quan h nh lng gia cc i lng c mt trong cng thc th mi tm c phng n ng. PP: Vi loi cu ny, nu c yu cu tnh ton n gin nh v d trn th sau khi c xong phn dn, khng nn c ngay phn la chn m nn thc hin cc php tnh tm phng n tr li, sau mi so snh phng n ca mnh vi cc phng n trong phn la chn ca cu trc nghim quyt nh phng n cn chn. c. Bi ton: Khc vi cc bi ton trong t lun, trong cu trc nghim thng l nhng bi ton ch cn t dng 1 n 2 hoc 3 php tnh, cng thc l c th tm ra p s. V d ( TSH 2009): Mt con lc l xo gm l xo nh v vt nh dao ng iu ha theo phng
ngang vi tn s gc 10 rad/s. Bit rng khi ng nng v th nng (mc v tr cn bng ca vt) bng nhau th vn tc ca vt c ln bng 0,6 m/s. Bin dao ng ca con lc l A. 6 cm B. 6 2 cm C. 12 cm D. 12 2 cm
PP: Vi loi cu trc nghim ny sau khi c xong phn dn, nu c ngay phn la chn th rt c th c mt p s sai hp dn th sinh, lm nh hng n cch gii cng nh cch tnh ton ca th sinh v s dn n lm sai cu trc nghim. Do vy nn tin hnh theo quy trnh sau: - c u bi ton trong phn dn.
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- Gii bi ton tm p s. - So snh p s tm c vi cc p s c trong phn la chn. - Chn phng n ng.
II. Hng dn lm bi kim tra, thi bng phng php trc nghim
y ch nu mt s im c bn v cch lm bi trc nghim mn vt l: 1. Cn chun b bt ch, bt mc (bi), gt bt ch, ty, my tnh v ng h theo di gi lm bi. Nn dng loi bt ch mm (2B n 6B), khng nn gt u bt ch qu nhn, u bt ch nn dt, phng c th nhanh chng t en tr li. Khi t en chn, cn cm bt ch thng ng t c nhanh. Nn c vi bt ch gt sn d tr khi lm bi. 2. ng bao gi ngh n vic mang ti liu vo phng thi hoc trng ch vo s gip ca th sinh khc trong phng thi, v cc c hnh thc khc nhau v rt di, mi cu ch c hn mt pht tr li nn phi tn dng ton b thi gian mi lm kp. 3. Khi nhn , cn kim tra xem: thi c s cu trc nghim nh ghi trong khng, ni dung c c in r rng khng(C t no thiu ch, mt nt khng ...). Tt c cc trang c cng mt m khng. 4. Khi lm tng cu trc nghim, th sinh cn c k ni dung ca cu trc nghim, phi c ht trn vn mi cu trc nghim, c phn dn v 4 la chn A, B, C, D la chn mt phng n ng v dng bt ch t kn tng ng vi cc ch ci A hoc B, C, D trong phiu tr li trc nghim. 5. Lm c cu trc nghim no th sinh nn dng bt ch t ngay tr li trn phiu tr li trc nghim, tng ng vi cu trc nghim . Trnh lm ton b cc cu ca trn giy nhp hoc trn thi ri mi t vo phiu tr li, v d b thiu thi gian, t vi vng dn n nhm ln! Trnh vic t 2 tr ln cho mt cu trc ngim v trong trng hp ny s cu khng c chm v s khng c im. 6. Thi gian l mt th thch khi lm bi trc nghim. Th sinh phi ht sc khn trng, tit kim thi gian, phi tp trung cao, vn dng kin thc, k nng nhanh chng quyt nh cu tr li ng. 7. Nn phiu tr li trc nghim pha tay cm bt (thng l bn phi), thi trc nghim pha kia (bn tri), tay tri gi v tr cu trc nghim ang lm, tay phi d tm s cu tr li tng ng trn phiu tr li trc nghim v khi c phng n ng th t ngay vo tr li c la chn (trnh t nhm sang dng ca cu khc). 8. Nn bt u lm bi t cu trc nghim s mt. Ln lt lt qua kh nhanh, quyt nh lm nhng cu cm thy d v chc chn, ng thi nh du trong thi nhng cu cha lm c. Ln lt thc hin n cu trc nghim cui cng trong . Sau quay tr li gii quyt nhng cu tm thi b qua. Khi thc hin vng hai ny cng ht sc khn trng: nn lm nhng cu tng i d hn, mt ln na b qua nhng cu kh gii quyt trong t th ba, nu cn thi gian. Khng nn dnh qu nhiu thi gian cho mt cu no , nu cha gii quyt c ngay th nn chuyn sang cu khc, trnh xy ra tnh trng mc mt cu m b qua c hi ginh im nhng cu hi khc trong kh nng ca mnh pha sau. 9. Khi lm mt cu trc nghim, phi nh gi loi b ngay nhng phng n sai v tp trung cn nhc cc phng n cn li phng n no ng. Thng thng trong 3 phng n nhiu s c mt phng n rt d nhm vi phng n ng l kh phn bit nht. Do vy cn loi ngay hai phng n sai d nhn thy, khi nu phi la chn trong hai phng n th xc sut s cao hn (tng t 25% ln 50%). Cn ch c trong cc cu hi phn bi tp, c nhng cu khng nht thit phi tnh ton vn c th ch ra c phng n ng nu tnh to loi i cc phng n sai. 10. C gng tr li tt c cc cu trc ngim ca thi c c hi ginh im cao nht; khng nn trng mt cu no khng tr li. 11. trnh s sut khi lm bi mn Vt l, khng sa vo by ca cc phng n nhiu v chn c ng cu cn chn, cn lu : - c tht k, khng b st mt t no ca phn dn c th nm tht chc ni dung m thi yu cu tr li. - Khi c phn dn cn c bit ch cc t ph nh nh khng, khng ng, sai ... - c c 4 phng n la chn, khng b mt phng n no. Ht sc trnh tnh trng va c xong mt phng n th sinh cm thy ng v dng ngay khng c tip cc phng n cn li. Vi hnh thc thi trc nghim, hc sinh nn t mnh vit li hoc thng k, b sung thm cc cng thc v dng bi ra mt bn tm tt ca ring mnh, sao cho d hc, d nh, nhanh v chnh xc, cn thng xuyn n tp, rn luyn t duy phn on, loi tr.
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CHNG I: DAO ng c
I. cc loi dao ng 1. Dao ng: l chuyn ng lp i lp li quanh v tr cn bng (Thng l v tr ca vt khi ng yn). 2. Dao ng tun hon: L dao ng m trng thi chuyn ng ca vt c lp li nh c sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau (gi l chu k). 3. Dao ng iu ho: a. nh ngha: Dao ng iu ho l dao ng trong li ca vt l mt hm cos (hoc sin) ca thi gian. - Phng trnh: x = Acos(t + )
Trong :
+ x : Li dao ng, l to ca vt ti thi im t ang xt. Gi tr: A x A . n v: cm, m, mm ... + A: Bin dao ng, l li cc i, l hng s dng. Bin A ph thuc kch thch ban u. + : Tn s gc ca dao ng (rad/s), l hng s dng. ph thuc c tnh ca h dao ng. Bit ta tnh c chu k T v tn s f: - Chu k T: L khong thi gian ngn nht vt tr li trng thi nh c (v tr c theo hng c), n cng l thi gian vt thc hin c 1 dao ng ton phn. T= 2 t = (n l s dao ng ton phn vt thc hin trong thi gian t) n
n v ca chu k l giy (s). - Tn s f: L s dao ng ton phn thc hin c trong 1 giy. n v l Hc (Hz).
f= 1 = T 2
+ (t + ) : Pha ca dao ng ti thi im t ang xt. Pha ca dao ng l c th dng, m hoc bng 0. N cho php xc nh trng thi dao ng ti mt thi im t no . n v: Rad + : Pha ban u ca dao ng. L pha ca dao ng ti thi im t = 0. l hng s c th dng, m hoc bng 0. Dng xc nh trng thi ban u ca dao ng. ph thuc vic chn mc thi gian. Ch : Dao ng iu ho l trng hp ring ca dao ng tun hon, dao ng tun hon c th khng iu ho. b. Vn tc ca vt dao ng iu ho: v = x = - Asin(t + ) = Acos(t + +/2) => |v|max = A VTCB. |v|min = 0 v tr bin.
(2)
2
so vi x v
=> So snh (1) v (2) thy v cng bin i iu ho vi tn s gc nhng lun nhanh pha
rt ra h thc c lp thi gian:
2 A 2 = 2 x 2 + v2
Ch : v lun cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng, vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, theo chiu m th v < 0. c. Gia tc ca vt dao ng iu ho: a = v = x = - 2Acos(t + ) = 2Acos(t + + ) = - 2x (3) 5
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=> |a|max = 2A v tr bin, |a|min = 0 VTCB => a lun hng v v tr cn bng => So snh (1) v (2) v (3) thy a, v v x bin i cng tn s gc, chu k v tn s. V pha: a lun nhanh so vi v. pha so vi x (tc l ngc pha x), a lun nhanh pha 2 T (2) v (3) c h thc c lp thi gian gia a v v: 4 A 2 = a 2 + v 2 2 d. C nng (nng lng) ca vt dao ng iu ho: 1 1 Gm: + ng nng: W = mv 2 = m 2 A2sin 2 (t + ) = Wsin 2 (t + ) 2 2 1 1 + Th nng: Wt = m 2 x 2 = m 2 A2 cos 2 (t + ) = Wco s 2 (t + ) 2 2 1 => C nng: W = W + Wt = m 2 A2 = (W)max = (Wt)max = const 2 Ch : Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l , tn s f, chu k T th bng cch h bc ta suy ra ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s gc 2, tn s 2f, chu k T/2. Nu ch gc th nng VTCB th c nng bng ng nng cc i ( VTCB) hoc bng th nng cc i ( v tr bin). - Khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip ng nng bng th nng l T/4. - ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN*, T l chu k dao ng) l:
W 1 = m 2 A2 2 4
e. Tng hp dao ng iu ho: * lch pha gia hai dao ng cng tn s: x1 = A1sin(t + 1) v x2 = A2sin(t + 2) + lch pha gia dao ng x1 so vi x2: = 1 - 2 Nu > 0 1 > 2 th x1 nhanh pha hn x2. Nu < 0 1 < 2 th x1 chm pha hn x2. + Cc gi tr c bit ca lch pha: = 2k vi k Z : hai dao ng cng pha = (2k+1) vi k Z : hai dao ng ngc pha vi k Z : hai dao ng vung pha = (2k + 1) 2 * Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s: x1 = A1cos(t + 1) v x2 = A2cos(t + 2) c mt dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s: x = Acos(t + ). Trong : A2 = A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos( 2 1 ) A sin 1 + A2 sin 2 (*) vi vi 1 2 ( nu 1 2 ) tan = 1 A1cos1 + A2 cos 2 * Nu = 2k (x1, x2 cng pha) AMax = A1 + A2 * Nu = (2k+1) (x1, x2 ngc pha) AMin = |A1 - A2| ` |A1 - A2| A A1 + A2 Ch : Khi vit c phng trnh x = Acos(t + ) th vic xc nh vn tc, gia tc, ng nng, th nng, c nng ca vt ging nh vi mt dao ng iu ho bnh thng. * Trng hp tng hp nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x1; x2;; xn x = x1 + x2 + + xn = Acos( t + ) Tm bin A : Chiu xung trc ox: Ax = A1cos1 + A2 cos2 + ... + An cos n Chiu xung trc oy: Ay = A1 sin 1 + A2 sin 2 + ... + An sin n => Bin dao ng tng hp: A = A x2 + A y2
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Ax Ch : Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s cng c th p dng trng hp tng qut trn. Quan trng: Khi tm pha ban u bng biu thc (*), gi tr tm c -
Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp:
tg =
Ay
, nhng trn thc t 2 2
th kt qu c th khng ng nh vy, nguyn nhn l v tan = tan( + k), trong trng hp ny ta cn cng thm pha ban u l . Do vy cn xc nh xem thuc gc phn t th my: Nu Ax > 0 v Ay >0: thuc gc phn t th nht, nu Ax < 0 v Ay >0: thuc gc phn t th hai, Nu Ax < 0 v Ay <0: thuc gc phn t th ba, Nu Ax > 0 v Ay <0: thuc gc phn t th t. C th kt hp trc tip v gin vc t kim tra kt qu. - Ngoi phng php trn, nu A1 = A2 = A c th cng lng gic s tm c phng trnh dao ng tng hp: + x1 + x2 = A1co s (t + 1 ) + A2co s (t + 2 ) = 2 A cos 1 2 co s t + 1 2 2 2 - Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 = A1cos(t + 1) v dao ng tng hp x = Acos(t + ) th dao ng thnh phn cn li l x2 = A2cos(t + 2). Trong : A22 = A2 + A12 2 AA1cos( 1 ) A sin A1 sin 1 vi 1 2 ( nu 1 2 ) tan 2 = Acos A1cos1 Mt s dng bi tp v dao ng iu ho: Dng 1: Tnh thi gian ngn nht vt chuyn ng t v tr x1 n x2: B1: V ng trn tm O, bn knh A. v trc Ox nm ngang hng sang phi. B2: Xc nh v tr tng ng ca vt chuyn ng trn u: Khi vt dao ng iu ha x1 th vt chuyn ng trn u M trn ng trn. Khi vt dao ng iu ha x2 th vt chuyn ng trn u N trn ng trn. B3: Xc nh gc qut Gc qut l = MON (theo chiu ngc kim ng h) S dng cc kin thc hnh hc tm gi tr ca (rad) B4: Xc nh thi gian chuyn ng t = vi l tn s gc ca dao ng iu ha (rad/s) Mt s kt qu: Thi gian khi vt i t VTCB n v tr bin hoc ngc li l T/2. Thi gian ngn nht vt i t x =0 n x= A/2 v ngc li l T/12 Thi gian ngn nht vt i t x = A/2 n x= A v ngc li l T/6. A Thi gian ngn nht vt i t x = 0 n x= v ngc li l T/8. 2 A Thi gian ngn nht vt i t x = n x= A v ngc li l T/8. 2 Thi gian ngn nht vt i t x = 0 n x= Thi gian ngn nht vt i t x =
A 3 v ngc li l T/6. 2
A 3 n x= A v ngc li l T/12. 2
Dng 2: Qung ng vt i c t thi im t1 n t2 Cch lm: Thay cc thi im t1, t2 ln lt vo biu thc ca ly v vn tc xc nh v tr v chiu chuyn ng ca vt: 7
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x1 = Aco s(t1 + ) x = Aco s(t2 + ) v 2 v1 = Asin(t1 + ) v2 = Asin(t2 + ) (x1, x2 cn tnh chnh xc gi tr, v1 v v2 ch cn xc nh du) + Phn tch: t2 t1 = nT + t (n N; 0 < t < T) Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A => Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S1 = 4nA, trong thi gian t l S2. => Qung ng tng cng l S = S1 + S2 Ch : + Qung ng vt dao ng iu ha i c trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A => Nu t = T/2 th S2 = 2A + Tnh S2 bng cch v mt hnh m t ng thi v tr x1, x2 v chiu chuyn ng ca vt trn trc Ox, vch mt nt t x1 n x2 theo chiu vn tc m khng c s lp li th l on S2 cn tm. + Trong mt s trng hp c th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u s n gin hn. S + Tc trung bnh ca vt i t thi im t1 n t2: vtb = vi S l qung ng tnh nh t2 t1 trn.
Dng 3: Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < t < T/2. - Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin. - S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho M2 M1 v chuyn ng trn u. M2 P - Gc qut = t. 2 - Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M1 n A A P M2 i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1) x x O O P1 P2 A A 2 S Max = 2A sin 2 M1 - Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M1 n M2 i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2) Hnh 1 Hnh 2 S Min = 2 A(1 cos ) 2 Ch :: + Trong trng hp t > T/2 T Tch t = n + t ' 2 T trong n N * ;0 < t ' < 2 T Trong thi gian n qung ng lun l 2nA 2 Trong thi gian t th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn. + Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian t: S S vtbMax = Max v vtbMin = Min vi SMax; SMin tnh nh trn. t t Dng 4: Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ho + Bc 1: Vit phng trnh dng tng qut: x = Acos(t + ) + Bc 2: Xc nh A, , v a a 2 = 2 f = max = max = max * Tnh : = T A A v max

2
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2 E vmax amax chieu dai quy dao lmax lmin v * Tnh A: A = + x 2 = = = 2 = = 2 2 k x = Acos(t0 + ) * Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t0 (thng t0 = 0) v = Asin(t0 + )
Ch :
+ Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0 + Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic (thng ly - < ) * Chuyn dng sin => cos v ngc li: + i thnh cos: - cos = cos( + ); sin = cos( /2) + i thnh sin: cos = sin( /2); - sin = sin( + ) Mt vi trng hp c bit thng gp: t = 0 Trng thi dao ng ban u ( t= 0) Vt i qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng Vt i qua v tr cn bng theo chiu m. Vt bin dng Vt bin m
A theo chiu dng 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu m. 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = - theo chiu dng 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = - theo chiu m. 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu dng 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu m. 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu dng 2 A Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu m. 2
x 0 0 A -A
A 2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A
2 A 2
v + 0 0 + + + + + + -
(rad) 2 2 0
Vt qua v tr c x =
3 3
A 2
A 2
2 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 3 4
A 3 theo chiu dng 2 A 3 Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu m. 2 A 3 Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu dng 2 A 3 Vt qua v tr c x = theo chiu m. 2
Vt qua v tr c x =
A 3 2 A 3 2 A 3 2 A 3 2
6 6 5 6 5 6
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Dng 5: Tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, Wt, W, F) ln th n * Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k ) * Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh) * Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n Ch :+ ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u Dng 6: Tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, Wt, W, F) t thi im t1 n t2. * Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim * T t1 < t < t2 Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z) * Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr . Ch : + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u. + Trong mi chu k (mi dao ng) vt qua mi v tr bin 1 ln cn cc v tr khc 2 ln. Dng 7: Tm v tr hoc vn tc ti v tr W = nWt hoc Wt = nW * Ti v tr c W = nWt ta c: 1 1 A + To : (n + 1). m2x2 = m2A2 <=> x = 2 2 n +1 1 n +1 1 n + Vn tc: . mv2 = m2A2 <=> v = A n 2 n +1 2 * Ti v tr c Wt = nW ta c: + To :
1 n +1 1 2 n . kx = kA2 <=> x = A n 2 n +1 2 1 1 A 2 2 2
n +1
+ Vn tc: (n + 1). mv = m A <=> v = 2 2
CC GI TR C BIT THNG GP Trng thi ng nng bng th nng: ng nng bng hai ln th nng ng nng bng ba ln th nng Th nng bng hai ln ng nng Th nng bng ba ln ng nng
A 2
To x=
A 2 A 3
Vn tc v=
A 2 2 3
x=
v = A
x=
A 2
2 3
v=
A 3 2
x= A
v=
A 3
x=
A 3 2
v=
A 2
H qu: Ti v tr x =
th ng nng bng th nng, ta suy ra, c sau thi gian
1 T tip theo th 4
ng nng v th nng tip tc bng nhau.
10
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Dng 8: Tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian t. Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x0. PP: * T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(t + ) cho x = x0 Ly nghim t + = vi 0 ng vi x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0) hoc t + = - ng vi x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng) * Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t giy l x = Acos(t + ) x = Acos(t ) hoc v = A sin(t + ) v = A sin(t ) Dng 9: Dao ng c phng trnh c bit: * x = a Acos(t + ) vi a = const Bin l A, tn s gc l , pha ban u x l to , x0 = Acos(t + ) l li . To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a A Vn tc v = x = x0, gia tc a = v = x = x0 * x = a Acos2(t + ) (H bc v bin i) Bin A/2; tn s gc 2, pha ban u 2. Dng 10: Hai vt dao ng iu ho cng bin A vi chu k T1 v T2 lc u hai vt cng xut pht t mt v tr x0 theo cng mt chiu chuyn ng. * Xc nh khong thi gian ngn nht 2 vt cng tr li trng thi lc u: Gi n1 v n2 l s dao ng ton phn m 2 vt thc hin c cho n lc tr li trng thi u Thi gian t lc xut pht n lc tr li trng thi u l: t=n1T1=n2T2. (n1,n2N*) Tm n1min, n2min tho mn biu thc trn gi tr tmin cn tm. * Xc nh khong thi gian ngn nht 2 vt v tr c cng li . Xc nh pha ban u ca hai vt t iu kin u x0 v v. Gi s T1>T2 nn vt 2 i nhanh hn vt 1, chng gp nhau ti x1 M0 + Vi < 0 (Hnh 1): T M 1OA = M 2OA
1t = 2t t =
M2
M1
1 + 2
-A
+ Vi > 0 (Hnh 2): ( ) 1t = 2t ( ) 2( ) t = 1 + 2
x0 0
x1 A x M1
-A
x1
x0
A x
M2 Hnh 2: Vi > 0
M0 Hnh 1: Vi < 0
4. Dao ng tt dn: - nh ngha: l dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian. - Nguyn nhn: Nguyn nhn l do ma st ca mi trng lm tiu hao c nng ca con lc, lm c nng chuyn dn thnh nhit nng. Ma st cng ln, dao ng s tt dn cng nhanh. - ng dng: Trong gim xc, cc thit b ng ca t ng ... 5. Dao ng duy tr: - nh ngha: l dao ng c duy tr bng cch gi cho bin khng i m khng lm thay i chu k dao ng ring. - Nguyn tc duy tr dao ng: Cung cp nng lng ng bng phn nng lng tiu hao sau mi na chu k. Ch : Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st . * Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l: 11
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S=
kA2 2 A2 = 2 mg 2 g
4 mg 4 g = 2 k 2 A Ak A = = * S dao ng thc hin c: N = A 4 mg 4 g * Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li: AkT A 2 t = N .T = = (Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon vi chu k T = ) 4 mg 2 g
* gim bin sau mi chu k l: A =
6. Dao ng cng bc, cng hng. - nh ngha: Dao ng cng bc l dao ng chu tc dng ca 1 lc cng bc tun hon. Biu thc lc cng bc c dng: F = F0 cos(t + ). - c im: + Bin : Dao ng cng bc c bin khng i. + Tn s: Dao ng cng bc c tn s bng tn s ca lc cng bc. + Bin : Dao ng cng bc c bin ph thuc vo bin ca lc cng bc, ma st v chnh lch gia tn s ca lc cng bc v tn s ring ca h dao ng. Khi tn s ca lc cng bc cng gn tn s ring th bin dao ng cng bc cng ln. - Hin tng cng hng: l hin tng bin ca dao ng cng bc tng n gi tr cc i khi tn s (f) ca lc cng bc bng tn s dao ng ring (f0) ca h. => Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f0 hay = 0 hay T = T0 Vi f, , T v f0, 0, T0 l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng. II. CON lc l xo: * Cu to: Vt nng m gn vo mt l xo c cng k 3 t th: - Nm ngang: k m k - Thng ng: m k k
m
- Theo mt phng nghing:
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* iu kin xt: B qua ma st, lc cn, b qua khi lng ca l xo (Coi l xo rt nh), xt trong gii hn n hi ca l xo. Thng vt nng coi l cht im. Cu hi 1: Tnh ton lin quan n v tr cn bng: Gi: l l bin dng ca l xo khi treo vt v tr cn bng l0 l chiu di t nhin ca l xo lCB l chiu di ca l xo khi treo vt v tr cn bng v tr cn bng: + Con lc l xo nm ngang: L xo cha bin dng. l = 0, lCB = l0 + Con lc l xo thng ng: VTCB l xo bin dng mt on l C: P = Fh => mg = k. l lCB = l0 + l + Con lc l xo treo vo mt phng nghing gc : VTCB l xo bin dng mt on l C: P. sin = Fh => mgsin = k. l lCB = l0 + l Cu hi 2: Con lc l xo dao ng iu ho. Tnh: k - Tn s gc: = ; m - Chu k: T = 2
T = 2
m l ; Con lc l xo thng ng: T = 2 ; Treo vo mt phng nghing: k g
l g sin Ch : Gi T1 v T2 l chu k ca con lc khi ln lt treo vt m1 v m2 vo l xo c cng k Chu k con lc khi treo c m1 v m2: m = m1 + m2 l T2 = T12 + T22 , vo vt khi lng m = m1 m2
(m1 > m2) c chu k T2 = T12 - T22 , - Tn s: f =
1 1 k = = T 2 2 m Cu hi 3: Tm chiu di l xo khi dao ng + Chiu di v tr cn bng: lCB = l0 + l
+ Chiu di cc i l xo khi dao ng: lmax = lcb + A + Chiu di cc tiu khi l xo dao ng: lmin = lcb A
lCB = (lmin + lmax)/2; A= (lmax - lmin)/2

+ v tr c li x , chiu di l xo l: l = lCB x Ch : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k) l xo nn 2 ln v gin 2 ln Khi A< l : Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr x1 = A n x2 = A (Hnh a) Khi A >l (Vi Ox hng xung) nh Hnh b: - Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr x1 = -l n x2 = -A. - Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr x1 = -l n x2 = A
-A
l
nn
-A O A x
gin
A x Hnh b (A > l)
Hnh a (A < l)
13
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Cu hi 4: Tnh ng nng, th nng, c nng. 1 - Th nng: Wt = kx2 2 1 - ng nng: W = mv2 2 - C nng ca con lc l xo: W = Wt + W = Wt max = W max =
1 1 kA2 = m2A2 = const 2 2
T , cng tn s f = 2f hoc tn s 2
Ch : ng nng v th nng bin thin iu ha cng chu k T =
gc =2 Cu hi 5: Tnh lc tng hp tc dng ln vt (Lc ko v hay lc hi phc): Cng thc: Fkv = ma = -kx = -m2x ln:
Fkv = m. a = k. x
Fkv max = m. 2 .A= k.A
m: kg, a: m/s2, k: N/m, x: m v tr bin VTCB
Fkv min = 0
c im: * L lc gy dao ng cho vt. * Lun hng v VTCB * Bin thin iu ho cng tn s vi li Cu hi 6: Tnh lc n hi (l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng), cng l lc m l xo tc dng ln gi , im treo, ln vt. Tng qut: Fh = k. bin dng * Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc ko v v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo khng bin dng) * Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing (Vt pha di) + ln lc n hi c biu thc: * Fh = k|l + x| vi chiu dng hng xung * Fh = k|l - x| vi chiu dng hng ln + Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): FMax = k(l + A) (lc vt v tr thp nht) + Lc n hi cc tiu: * Nu A < l FMin = k(l - A) * Nu A l FMin = 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng) Cu hi 7: Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k1, k2, v chiu di tng ng l l1, l2, Tnh k1, k2, ... Ta c: l = l1 + l2 + ... kl = k1l1 = k2l2 = Cu hi 8: Ghp l xo: 1 1 1 * Ni tip: = + + ... cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T2 = T12 + T22 k k1 k2 * Song song: k = k1 + k2 + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
1 1 1 = 2 + 2 + ... 2 T T1 T2
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III. CON lc n: * Cu to: Vt nng m gn vo mt si dy c chiu di l. * iu kin xt: B qua ma st, lc cn, dy khng gin v rt nh, vt coi l cht im. 1. Tn s gc: =
g 1 1 g 2 l ; chu k: T = ; tn s: f = = = = 2 l g T 2 2 l Ch : Ti mt ni, chu k dao ng iu ha ca con lc n khi thay i chiu di: Gi T1 v T2 l chu k ca con lc c chiu di l1 v l2 + Con lc c chiu di l l = l1 + l2 th chu k dao ng l: T2 = T12 + T22 .
+ Con lc c chiu di l l = l1 l2 th chu k dao ng l: T2 = T12 - T22 . 2. Lc ko v (hi phc): s F = mg sin = mg = mg = m 2 s l 3. Phng trnh dao ng: s = S0cos(t + ) hoc = 0 cos(t + ) vi s = l, S0 = 0 l v = s = -S0sin(t + ) = -l 0 sin(t + ) a = v = -2S0cos(t + ) = -2l 0 cos(t + ) = -2s = -2 l Ch : S0 ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x 4. H thc c lp: * a = -2s = -2 l v * S02 = s 2 + ( ) 2 v2 2 * 0 = 2 + gl 1 1 mg 2 1 1 2 5. C nng: W = m 2 S02 = S0 = mgl 02 = m 2l 2 0 2 2 l 2 2 - C nng: W = Wt + W Wt =
1 m 2 s 2 = mgl(1 - cos) 2
+ Th nng:
mv2 + ng nng : W = 2 - v tr bin : - VTCB : - v tr bt k : W = Wtmax = mgh0 vi h0 = l (1 - cos0) mv02 W = Wmax = 2 vi v0 l vn tc cc i.
mv2 W = mgl(1 - cos) + 2 2g l (1 - cos0) 2g l (cos - cos0)
- Vn tc ca con lc khi qua VTCB : v0 =
- Vn tc ca con lc khi qua v tr c gc lch : v = - Lc cng dy : T = mg(3cos 2cos 0) 15
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6. Tnh thi gian ng h chy nhanh (chm) trong mt ngy m: * Xc nh xem ng h chy nhanh hay chm: - Vit cng thc tnh chu k T khi ng h chy ng. - Vit cng thc tnh chu k T khi ng h chy sai. T' - Lp t s T T' Nu > 1 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n) T T' Nu < 1 th ng h chy nhanh T * Tnh thi gian ng h chy nhanh (chm) trong mt ngy m (24h = 86400s): T' = 86400 1 ( s) T R 2 Ch : - cao h: g h = g 0 ( R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t ) R+h Rd - su d: g d = g 0 ( ) R - Chiu di ph thuc vo nhit : lt = l0(1 + t) vi l0: Chiu di 00C 7. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i: * Lc ph khng i thng l: - Lc qun tnh: F = ma , ln F = ma ( F a ) Ch : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v ( v c hng chuyn ng) + Chuyn ng chm dn u a v - Lc in trng: F = qE , ln F = |q|E (Nu q > 0 F E ; cn nu q < 0
F E ) - Lc y csimt: F = DgV ( F lung thng ng hng ln) Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh. g l gia tc ri t do. V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh . Khi : P ' = P + F gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc P ) F g ' = g + gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin. m l Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : T ' = 2 g' * Cc trng hp thng gp: * F c phng ngang: F + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c: tan = P
F + g ' = g 2 + ( )2 m * F c phng thng ng: Ti VTCB dy treo vn c phng thng ng. F F + Nu F hng xung th g ' = g + ; Nu F hng ln th g ' = g m m
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pCHNG II: sng c v sng m I. sng c 1. nh ngha: L dao ng lan truyn trong mt mi trng vt cht. Ch : - Sng c khng truyn c trong chn khng. - Mt c im quan trng ca sng l khi sng truyn trong mt mi trng th cc phn t ca mi trng ch dao ng quanh v tr cn bng ca chng m khng chuyn di theo sng. Ch c pha dao ng ca chng c truyn i. 2. Cc loi sng: - Sng ngang: Phng dao ng ca cc phn t ca mi trng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. VD: Sng truyn trn mt nc. Ch : Sng ngang ch truyn c trong cht rn v trn b mt cht lng. - Sng dc: Phng dao ng ca cc phn t ca mi trng trng vi phng truyn sng. VD: Sng m. Ch : Sng dc truyn c c trong cht rn, cht lng v cht kh. 3. Cc i lng c trng cho sng: * Chu k T, tn s f, bin A ca sng: l chu k, tn s, bin dao ng chung ca cc phn t vt cht khi c sng truyn qua v bng chu k, tn s, bin ca ngun sng. * Tc truyn sng: L tc truyn pha dao ng (khc vi tc dao ng ca cc phn t vt cht). Trong mt mi trng v l hng s. * Bc sng: l khong cch gia hai im gn nht trn cng mt phng truyn sng dao ng cng pha. Bc sng cng l qung ng m sng truyn c trong mt chu k. Cng thc: = vT = v/f Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng v: Tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca ) Ch : Gia n nh (ngn) sng c (n 1) bc sng. 1 * Nng lng sng: Wsng = Wdao ng = m2 A 2 2 4. Phng trnh sng x x Ti im O: uO = Acos(t) Ti im M cch O mt on x trn phng truyn sng. M * Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th N O x t x x x uM = AMcos(t - ) = AMcos(t - 2 ) =AMcos2 ( - ) v T * Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th t x x x + ) uN = AMcos(t + ) = AMcos(t + 2 ) = AMcos2 ( v T 5. lch pha gia hai im M, N cch ngun O mt khong x1= OM, x2 = ON, x = MN x x x x 2.x = 1 2 = 2 1 2 = v Ch : n v ca x, x1, x2, v v phi tng ng vi nhau = 2k vi k Z : M, N dao ng cng pha => x = k = (2k+1) vi k Z : M, N dao ng ngc pha => x = (2k+1) => Hai im gn 2 nht dao ng ngc pha cch nhau 2 = (2k + 1) vi k Z : M, N dao ng vung pha => x = (2k+1) => Hai im 2 4 gn nht dao ng vung pha cch nhau 4 17
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II. sng m 1. nh ngha: Sng m l nhng sng c truyn trong cc mi trng rn, lng, kh. Ngun m l cc vt dao ng pht ra m. - Sng m truyn c trong cc mi trng rn lng v kh, khng truyn c trong chn khng. 2. Phn loi:
H m m nghe c Siu m
16
20.10
Tn s (Hz)
- m nghe c (gy ra cm gic m trong tai con ngi) l sng c hc c tn s trong khong t 16 Hz n 20000 Hz. F < 16 Hz: sng h m, f > 20000 Hz: sng siu m. 3. cc c trng vt l ca m: - m c y cc c trng ca mt sng c hc - Tc truyn m: ph thuc vo tnh n hi, mt v nhit ca mi trng: vrn > vlng > vkh. Ch : Khi sng m truyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc th vn tc v bc sng thay i. Nhng tn s v do chu k ca sng khng i. - Cng m: I=
W P = tS S
Trong : W (J) l nng lng, P (W) cng sut pht m ca ngun S (m2) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu S=4 r2)
r I S Ch : Nu nng lng c bo ton: W = I 1.S 1 = I 2 .S 2 => 1 = 2 = 2 I 2 S 1 r1 - Mc cng m:
L( B) = lg I I Hoc L(dB) = 10.lg I0 I0
2
Vi I0 = 10-12 W/m2 f = 1000Hz: cng m chun (Cng m chun thay i theo tn s). L I Ch : T cng thc L = 10 lg => I = I 0 .1010 I0 I L = L 2 L1 = 10 lg 2 I1 - th dao ng m (Ph ca m): Mt nhc c khi pht ra mt m c tn s f (Gi l m c bn hay ho m th nht) th ng thi cng pht ra cc ho m c tn s 2f, 3f, 4f, ... (Gi l cc ho m th hai, th ba, th t ...). Bin cc ho m cng khc nhau. Tng hp th dao ng ca tt c cc ho m ca mt nhc m ta c th dao ng ca nhc m . th khng cn l ng sin iu ho m l mt ng phc tp c chu k. 4. cc c trng sinh l ca m: - cao: gn lin vi tn s. m c f cng ln th cng cao, f cnh nh th cng trm. - to: gn lin vi mc cng m - m sc: gn lin vi th dao ng ca mg cch t M n u bng sng th bin : III. GIAO THOA SNG 1. nh ngha: L s tng hp ca hai sng kt hp trong khng gian, trong c nhng ch bin d sng tng hp c tng cng hay b gim bt. * Sng kt hp: Do hai ngun kt hp pht ra. Hai ngun kt hp l 2 ngun dao ng cng phng, cng chu k (Tn s) v c hiu s pha khng i theo thi gian. 18
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2. Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S1, S2 cch nhau mt khong l: Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d1, d2 Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun u1 = Acos(2 ft + 1 ) v u2 = Acos(2 ft + 2 ) Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti: d d u1M = Acos(2 ft 2 1 + 1 ) v u2 M = Acos(2 ft 2 2 + 2 ) Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: uM = u1M + u2M d + d 2 1 + 2 d d 2 uM = 2 Acos 1 + cos 2 ft 1 + 2 2 d d Bin dao ng ti M: AM = 2 A cos 1 2 + vi = 1 2 2 l l Ch : * S cc i: + <k<+ + (k Z) 2 2 l 1 l 1 * S cc tiu: + <k<+ + (k Z) 2 2 2 2 1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) ( = 1 2 = 0 hoc k 2 ) * im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = k (kZ) (Tp hp l cc ng hypebol v ng trung trc ni 2ngun). AC = 2A. => S ng hoc s im cc i (khng tnh hai ngun): < k < Ch : S gi tr k nguyn tnh c lun l s l * im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = (2k+1) (kZ). (Tp hp l cc ng
2 l l l
hypebol). ACT = 0.
=> S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun): < k < 2 2 Ch : S gi tr k nguyn tnh c lun l s chn - Trn ng ni hai ngun, khong cch gia cc vn cc i hoc cc tiu lin tip bng nhau v bng
2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:( = 1 2 = hoc = (2k + 1) ) * im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = (2k+1) (kZ)
2
S ng hoc s im cc i (khng tnh hai ngun): < k < 2 2 * im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = k (kZ) S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun): < k < 3. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha: ( = * Bin dao ng ca im M: d d A M = 2 A cos 2 1 + 4 * S im (ng) dao ng cc i (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 l 1 <k< 4 4 l 1 l 1 S im (ng) dao ng cc tiu (khng tnh hai ngun): + < k < + 4 4 l
l l
hoc = (2k + 1)
19
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Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d1M, d2M, d1N, d2N. t dM = d1M - d2M ; dN = d1N - d2N v gi s dM < dN. + Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Cc i: dM < k < dN; Cc tiu: dM < (k+0,5) < dN + Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Cc i:dM < (k+0,5) < dN; Cc tiu: dM < k < dN S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm. IV. sng dng 1. nh ngha: l sng c cc nt v bng c nh trong khng gian. * Nguyn nhn: Sng dng l kt qu ca s giao thoa gia sng ti v sng phn x, khi sng ti v sng phn x truyn theo cng mt phng. Khi sng ti v sng phn x l sng kt hp v giao thoa to sng dng. Ch : - u c nh hoc u dao ng nh l nt sng. u t do l bng sng. - Hai im i xng vi nhau qua nt sng lun dao ng ngc pha. - Hai im i xng vi nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha. - Cc im trn dy u dao ng vi bin khng i nng lng khng truyn i - Khong thi gian gia hai ln si dy cng ngang (cc phn t i qua VTCB) l na chu k. - B rng 1 bng l 4A. A l bin sng ti hoc sng phn x. 2. iu kin c sng dng trn si dy di l:
* Hai u l nt sng: l = k
2 S bng sng = s b sng = k S nt sng = k + 1
(k N * )
A
N B N B N B N B
P
N
* Mt u l nt sng cn mt u l bng sng: l = (2k + 1)
(k N )
Bng
Nt
A S b sng nguyn = k P S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1 3. Phng trnh sng dng trn si dy AB (vi u A c nh hoc dao ng nh l nt sng) * u B c nh (nt sng): Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B: uB = Acos2 ft v u 'B = Acos2 ft = Acos(2 ft ) Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l: d d uM = Acos(2 ft + 2 ) v u 'M = Acos(2 ft 2 )
Phng trnh sng dng ti M: uM = uM + u 'M d d uM = 2 Acos(2 + )cos(2 ft ) = 2 Asin(2 )cos(2 ft ) 2 2 2 d d Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M: AM = 2 A cos(2 + ) = 2 A sin(2 ) 2 * u B t do (bng sng):Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B: uB = u 'B = Acos2 ft Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l: d d uM = Acos(2 ft + 2 ) v u 'M = Acos(2 ft 2 )
Phng trnh sng dng ti M: uM = uM + u 'M = 2 Ac os(2

Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M: AM = 2 A cos(2
d
) c os(2 ft )
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CHNG III: dng in xoay chiu

1. Cch to ra dng in xoay chiu: + Nguyn tc: Da trn hin tng cm ng in t (L hin tng khi c s bin thin ca t thng qua mt khung dy kn th trong khung xut hin mt sut in ng cm ng sinh ra mt dng in cm ng) + Cch to: Cho khung dy dn din tch S, c N vng dy, quay u vi tn s gc trong t trng u B ( B trc quay) . Th trong mch c dng in bin thin iu ha vi tn s gc gi l dng in xoay chiu (dxc). T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in = NBScos(t +) = 0cos(t + ) Vi 0 = NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca vng dy, = 2f Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = NSBcos(t + Vi E0 = NSB l sut in ng cc i. Ch : Khi khung dy quay mt vng (mt chu k) th dng in chy trong khung i chiu 2 ln. + Biu thc in p tc thi v dng in tc thi: u = U0cos(t + u) v i = I0cos(t + i)
) = E0cos(t + -
Trong : i l gi tr cng d ti thi im t; I0 > 0 l gi tr cc i ca i; > 0 l tn s gc; (t + i) l pha ca i ti thi im t; i l pha ban u ca d. u l gi tr in p ti thi im t; U0 > 0 l gi tr cc i ca u; > 0 l tn s gc; (t + u) l pha ca u ti thi im t; u l pha ban u ca in p. Vi = u i l lch pha ca u so vi i, c - Cc gi tr hiu dng: + Cng hiu dng ca dxc l i lng c gi tr bng cng ca mt d khng i, sao cho khi i qua cng mt in tr R, trong cng mt khong thi gian th cng sut tiu th ca R bi d khng i y bng cng sut tiu th trung bnh ca R bi dxc ni trn. + in p hiu dng cng c nh ngha tng t. + Gi U U= 0 2 hiu I ; I= 0 2 tr bng E0 ; E= 2 dng gi tr cc i ca i lng chia cho
2.
2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I0cos(2ft + i) * Mi giy i chiu 2f ln * Nu pha ban u i = 0 hoc i = th ch giy u tin i chiu 2f-1 ln. 3. Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k Khi t in p u = U0cos(t + u) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi u U1. 21
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U1 , (0 < < /2) U0 4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R, L, C ni tip. * on mch ch c in tr thun R: uR cng pha vi i, ( = u i = 0) U U v I 0 = 0 I= R R U Ch : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c I = R * on mch ch c cun thun cm L: uL nhanh pha hn i l /2, ( = u i = /2) U U v I 0 = 0 vi ZL = L l cm khng I= ZL ZL Ch : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng cn tr). * on mch ch c t in C: uC chm pha hn i l /2, ( = u i = -/2) U U 1 v I 0 = 0 vi Z C = l dung khng I= ZC ZC C Ch : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton). * on mch RLC khng phn nhnh t =
Vi cos =
2 2 Z = R 2 + ( Z L ZC ) 2 U = U R + (U L U C ) 2 U 0 = U 0 R + (U 0 L U 0C ) 2
Z L ZC Z ZC R vi ;sin = L ; cos = R Z Z 2 2 1 > 0 th u nhanh pha hn i + Khi ZL > ZC hay > LC 1 < 0 th u chm pha hn i + Khi ZL < ZC hay < LC 1 + Khi ZL = ZC hay = = 0 th u cng pha vi i. LC U Lc I Max = gi l hin tng cng hng dng in R Ch : - Nu mch gm nhiu in tr: + Mc ni tip: R = R1 + R 2 + ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 + Mc song song: = + + ... = + + ... R R1 R 2 C C1 C 2 - Nu mch gm nhiu t in: + Mc song song: C = C 1 + C 2 + ... 1 1 1 + Mc ni tip: = + + ... C C1 C 2 tan =
5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC: P = UIcos = I2R. 6. H s cng sut: P R U cos = UI = Z = UR - Cng sut tiu th ca on mch ph phuc vo gi tr ca cos, nn s dng c hiu qu in nng tiu th th phi tng h s cng sut (ngha l nh). Bng cch mc thm v mch nhng t in c in dung ln. Qui nh trong cc c s s dng in cos 0,85. 22
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Ch :
+ Vi mch LC th cos = 0 , mch khng tiu th in! P = 0
7. Nhit lng to ra trn mch (in nng tiu th) trong thi gian t: Q = A = P.t vi A tnh bng J, P tnh bng W, t tnh bng s.
8. Cng hng in: Khi R = hng s, L, C hoc bin thin I = Imax Z L = Z C Ch : Khi c cng hng in th: U - D hiu dng t cc i Imax = R U2 - Cng sut tiu th t cc i Pmax = R - u cng pha vi i: = 0, u = i - U = UR ; UL = UC R - cos = Z = 1 9. on mch RLC c L thay i: a. Zmin, Imax, URmax, UCmax, URcmax, Pmax, cos cc i, uR cng pha uAB, uC tr pha lin quam n trng hp cng hng: ZL = ZC => L = b. U LMax =
2 2 U R 2 + ZC R 2 + ZC khi Z L = ZC R
L =
1 C
2 =
1 LC
so vi uAB => u
1 2C
c. Vi L = L1 hoc L = L2 th UL c cng gi tr th ULmax khi d. Khi Z L =
2 L1 L2 1 1 1 1 = ( + ) L= Z L 2 Z L1 Z L2 L1 + L2
2 ZC + 4 R 2 + ZC 2UR Ch : R v L mc lin tip nhau th U RLMax = 2 2 4R 2 + ZC ZC
e. uRL vung pha uRC (R gia L,C) : tan1.tan2 = -1 => ZL.ZC = R2 10. on mch RLC c C thay i: * Zmin, Imax, URmax, ULmax, URcmax, Pmax, cos cc i, uR cng pha uAB, => u lin quam n 1 trng hp cng hng: ZL = ZC => C = 2 L
2 2 U R2 + Z L R2 + ZL th U CMax = ZL R * Khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th C + C2 1 1 1 1 = ( + )C = 1 Z C 2 Z C1 Z C2 2
* Khi Z C =
UC c
cng
gi
tr
th
UCmax
khi
2 Z L + 4R2 + Z L 2UR * Khi Z C = Ch : R v C mc lin tip nhau th U RCMax = 2 2 2 4R + Z L Z L
11. Mch RLC c thay i:
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* Zmin, Imax, URmax, ULmax, URcmax, Pmax, cos cc i, uR cng pha uAB ... => Khi = * Khi = 1 C 1 L R C 2
2
1 LC
th U LMax =
2U .L R 4 LC R 2C 2
1 L R2 2U .L th U CMax = * Khi = L C 2 R 4 LC R 2C 2 * Vi = 1 hoc = 2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th IMax hoc PMax hoc URMax khi
= 12 tn s f =
f1 f 2
12. Cc bi tp v cng sut: a. Nu R, U = hng s. Thay i C, L hoc R .U 2 P= 2 R + ( Z L Z C )2 U2 khi ZL = ZC Pmax = R b. Nu U, C, L, = hng s. Thay i R. U2 khi R= Z L Z c 2R c. Mch R, L, C khi R bin i c hai gi tr R1, R2 u cho cng sut P < Pmax: R .U 2 => P .R 2 U 2 R + P .( Z L Z C ) 2 = 0 P= 2 R + (Z L Z C )2 p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho: Pmax = Theo nh l Viet: U2 ; R1.R2 = Z L Z C P * Ch trng hp: Hai on mch R1L1C1 v R2L2C2 cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau : Z L Z C1 Z L Z C2 v tan 2 = 2 (gi s 1 > 2) Vi tan 1 = 1 R1 R2 tan 1 tan 2 C 1 2 = = tan 1 + tan 1 tan 2 Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tan1.tan2 = -1. R1 + R2 = 13. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha: - Hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t, bin c nng thnh in nng. - Cu to gm 3 b phn : + B phn to ra t trng gi l phn cm : L 1 vnh trn trn gn cc nam chm mc xen k ni tip nhau. + B phn to ra dng in gi l phn ng: L khung dy + B phn a d ra ngoi gi l b gp: Gm 2 vnh khuyn v 2 chi qut - Trong cc my pht in: Rto l phn cm ; Stato l phn ng.
- Trong my pht in cng sut nh: Rto (b phn chuyn ng) l phn ng ; 24
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Stato (b phn ng yn) l phn cm. - Tn s dng in do my pht pht ra : np f = 60 . Vi p l s cp cc, n l s vng quay ca rto/pht. = np . Vi p l s cp cc, n l s vng quay ca rto/giy. - T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in = NBScos(t +) = 0cos(t + ) Vi 0 = NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca vng dy, = 2f - Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = NSBcos(t + Vi E0 = NSB l sut in ng cc i. 13. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha: - My pht in xc ba pha l my to ra ba s xc hnh sin cng tn s, cng bin v lch nhau mt 2 gc 3 (v thi gian l T/3) - Cu to: + Phn ng l ba cun dy ging nhau gn c nh trn mt ng trn tm 0 ti ba v tr i xng, t lch nhau 1 gc 1200. + Phn cm l mt nam chm c th quay quanh trc 0 vi tc gc khng i. - Hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t, bin c nng thnh in nng. Khi nam chm quay t thng qua mi cun dy l ba hm s sin ca thi gian, cng tn s gc , cng bin v lch nhau 1200. Kt qu trong ba cun dy xut hin ba s xc cm ng cng bin , cng tn s v lch pha nhau gc 1200.
N
) = E0cos(t + -
- Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba sut in ng xoay 2 chiu cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha tng i mt l
3
i1 = I 0 cos(t )
trong trng hp ti i xng th : i2 = I 0 cos(t
2 ) 3 2 i3 = I 0 cos(t + ) 3
* Cc cch mc: + Mc hnh sao - Gm 4 dy trong c ba dy pha v mt dy trung ha. - Ti tiu th khng cn i xng. - U d = 3.U p ; 25
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- Id = Ip - I0 = 0 + Mc hnh tam gic - H thng gm ba dy - Ti tiu th phi tht i xng - I d = 3.I p - Ud = Up + u im dng xoay chiu ba pha - Tit kim dy dn - Dng in xoay chiu ba pha i xng cho hiu sut cao hn so vi dng in xoay chiu mt pha. - To ra t trng quay dng trong ng c khng ng b ba pha d dng. 14. ng c khng ng b ba pha: - Hot ng : Da trn hin tng cm ng in t v t trng quay. - Cu to: Gm hai b phn chnh l:
B - Rto (phn ng): L khung dy c th quay di tc dng ca B2 t trng quay. (3) (2) B1 - Stato (phn cm): Gn 3 cun dy ging ht nhau t ti 3 v tr nm trn 1 vng trn sao cho 3 trc ca 3 cun dy y ng qui ti tm 0 ca vng trn v hp nhau nhng gc 1200. - Khi cho dxc 3 pha vo 3 cun dy y th t trng tng hp do 3 cun dy to ra ti tm 0 l t trng quay.
3
A2 B1 A3 A1 A1 B3
B1 A2
B2 A3
(1)
B1 = B0 cos(t ) ; B2 = B0 cos(t
2 2 ) ; B2 = B0 cos(t + ) 3 3
=> Cm ng t tng hp tai tm 0: B = 1,5B0 vi B l t trng tng hp ti tm 0. T trng quay ny s tc dng vo khung dy l khung quay vi tc nh hn tc quay ca t trng. Chuyn ng quay ca rto (khung dy) c s dng lm quay cc my khc. 15. My bin p (bin th): - Hot ng: Da trn hin tng cm ng in t. - Cu to: + Li bin p: L cc l st non pha silic ghp li ( gim dng Phuc). Tc dng dn t. + Hai cun dy qun: - Cun dy s cp c hai u ni vi ngun in c N1 vng. - Cun dy th cp c hai u ni vi ti tiu th c N2 vng. - Tc dng ca hai cun dy l dn in. - Tc dng: bin i in p (v cng dng in) ca dng in xoay chiu m vn gi nguyn tn s. My bin p khng c tc dng bin i nng lng (cng).
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- Cng thc my bin p (H = 100%):
U1 E1 I 2 N1 = = = =k U 2 E2 I1 N 2
+ Nu k > 1: N1 > N2 <==> U1 > U2 : h p. + Nu k < 1: N1 < N2 <==> U1 < U2 : tng p. P U I cos2 - Hiu sut my bin p: H = P2 = 2 2 U1I1cos1 1 - ng dng ca my bin p: Trong truyn ti v s dng in nng. 15. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
P2 P = R d I = R d (U cos )2
2
Trong : P: cng sut truyn i ni cung cp; U: in p ni cung cp; cos: h s cng sut ca dy ti in (thng thng cos = 1);
Rd = l l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy) S
=> Ch cn tng in p u ng dy ti in ln k ln th c th gim hao ph i k2 ln. - gim in p trn ng dy ti in: - Hiu sut ti in: U = RdI
H= P - P (100%) P
27
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CHNG IV: dao ng v sng in t

1. Mch dao ng: * Mch dao ng l 1 mch in gm 1 cun cm c t cm L mc ni tip vi 1 t in c in dung C thnh 1 mch in kn. + Nu in tr ca mch rt nh, coi nh bng khng, th mch l 1 mch dao ng l tng. - T in c nhim v tch in cho mch, sau n phng in qua li trong mch nhiu ln to ra mt dxc trong mch. Ban u mch hot ng phi tch cho t in tch Q0. * Khi mch hot ng, c q, u, i bin thin cng tn s : - in tch tc thi q = q0cos(t + ) - Hiu in th (in p) tc thi u =
q q0 = cos(t + ) = U 0 cos(t + ) C C
- Dng in tc thi i = q = - q0sin(t + ) = I0cos(t + + Trong : = 1 l tn s gc ring LC f = 1 2 LC l tn s ring
T = 2 LC l chu k ring I 0 = q0 = q0 LC
U0 =
Ch : Khi ghp t:
q0 I L = 0 = LI 0 = I 0 C C C
Nu mch c L v C1 pht ra tn s f1 Nu mch c L v C2 pht ra tn s f2

2 Khi mc C1 ni tip C2: f nt = f12 + f 22
Khi mc song song C2:
1 1 1 = 2+ 2 2 f ss f1 f2
* Nng lng ca mch dao ng:

2 q0 1 2 1 q2 = cos 2 (t + ) - Nng lng in trng: W = Cu = qu = 2 2 2C 2C 2 1 2 q0 Li = sin 2 (t + ) 2 2C
- Nng lng t trng:
Wt =
- Nng lng in t:
q2 1 1 1 W=W + Wt <==> W = CU 02 = q0U 0 = 0 = LI 02 2 2 2C 2
Ch : + Mch dao ng c tn s gc , tn s f v chu k T th W v Wt bin thin vi tn s gc 2, tn s 2f v chu k T/2 28
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+ Mch dao ng c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung 2 2 2 C2 U 0 U 0 RC 2 cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut: P=I R= R= 2 2L + Khi t phng in th q v u gim v ngc li + Quy c: q > 0 ng vi bn t ta xt tch in dng th i > 0 ng vi dng in chy n bn t m ta xt.
- S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c i lng c x v m k F i lng in Q I L

1 C
Dao ng c x + 2x = 0
=
k m
Dao ng in Q + 2q = 0
=
1 LC
x = Acos(t + ) v = x = -Asin(t + )
v A2 = x 2 + ( )2
q = q0cos(t + ) i = q = -q0sin(t + )
i 2 q0 = q 2 + ( )2
U R Wt (WC) W (WL)
W Wt 3. Sng in t
F = -kx = -m2x W = mv2

1 2 1 Wt = kx2 2
u=
q = L 2 q C 1 Wt = Li2 2 q2 W = 2C
* Khi 1 t trng bin thin theo thi gian th n sinh ra 1 in trng xoy (l 1 in trng m cc ng sc bao quanh cc ng cm ng t). Ngc li khi mt in trng bin thin theo thi gian n sinh ra 1 t trng xoy (l 1 t trng m cc ng cm ng t bao quanh cc ng sc ca in trng). - Dng in qua cun dy v dy dn l dng in dn, d qua t in l dng in dch (l s bin thin ca in trng gia 2 bn t) - in trng v t trng l 2 mt th hin khc nhau ca 1 loi trng duy nht l in t trng. * Sng in t: l s lan truyn trong khng gian ca in t trng bin thin . + c im: - Vn tc lan truyn trong chn khng c = 3.108m/s. Trong in mi v < c. - Sng in t l sng ngang. E , B vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Cng dao ng cng tn s v cng pha. - Sng in t mang nng lng. Nng lng ca sng t l vi bnh phng ca bin , vi lu tha c bc 4 ca tn s. Nn sng cng ngn (tn s cng cao, do = f ) th nng lng sng cng ln. - Sng in t cng c cc tnh cht phn x, khc x, giao thoa nh nh sng. 29
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- Bc sng ca sng in t =
c = c2 LC f
Vi: c: vn tc as trong chn khng; C: in dung ca t in (F); L: t cm ca cun dy (H). + Phn loa: c tnh Nng lng nh, t b nc hp th => dng thng tin di nc 3 2 0,3 - 3 MHz Ban ngy tng in li hp th mnh, ban m Sng trung 10 - 10 m tng in li phn x => dng thng tin mt t, vo ban m thng tin tt hn ban ngy 2 Nng lng ln, b tng in li v mt t Sng ngn 3 - 30 MHz 10 - 10 m phn x nhiu ln => dng thng tin mt t, k c ngy hay m -2 C nng lng rt ln, khng b tng in li Sng cc 30 - 30000 MHz 10 - 10 m ngn hp th, truyn theo ng thng => dng thng tin v tr * Nguyn tc pht, thu sng in t: My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu c bng tn s ring ca mch. Ch : Mch dao ng c L bin i t LMin LMax v C bin i t CMin CMax th bc sng ca sng in t pht (hoc thu) Min tng ng vi LMin v CMin Max tng ng vi LMax v CMax . 4. S khi ca my pht v thu thanh v tuyn n gin: - S khi ca my pht thanh v tuyn n gin:
1 3 4 5
Loi sng Sng di
Tn s 3 - 300 KHz
Bc sng 105 - 103 m
Micr (1) to ra dao ng in c tn s m; Mch pht sng in t cao tn 2 (2) pht ra sng in t c tn s cao (c MHz) ; Mch bin iu (3) trn dao ng in t cao tn vi dao ng in t m tn ; Mch khuch i (4) khuch i dao ng in t cao tn bin iu ; anten (5) to ra in t trng cao tn lan truyn trong khng gian. - S khi ca my thu thanh v tuyn n gin:
1 2 3 4 5
Anten (1) thu sng in t cao tn bin iu ; Mch khuch i dao ng in t cao tn (2) khuch i dao ng in t cao tn t anten gi ti ; Mch tch sng (3) tch dao ng in t m tn ra khi dao ng in t cao tn ; Mch khuch i (4) khuch i dao ng in t m tn t mch tch sng gi n ; Loa (5) bin dao ng in thnh dao ng m. - ng dng ca sng in t: Sng v tuyn in c s dng trong thng tin lin lc. i pht thanh, dao ng m tn c dng bin iu (bin hc tn s) dao ng cao tn. Dao ng cao tn c bin iu s c pht x t ng ten di dng sng in t. mt thu thanh, nh c ng ten thu, s thu c dao ng cao tn c bin iu, v sau dao ng m tn li c tch ra khi dao ng cao tn bin iu nh qu trnh tch sng, ri a ra loa. - Nguyn tc chung ca thng tin lin lc bng sng v tuyn: - Phi dng cc sng in t cao tn lm sng mang. - Phi bin iu sng mang. - ni thu phi tch sng m tn ra khi sng cao tn (sng mang). - Khi tn hiu thu nh phi khuych i chng bng mch khuych i. 30
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CHNG V: sng nh sng

1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng. * /n: L hin tng chm sng phc tp b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut. * nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu. v c c Bc sng ca nh sng n sc = , truyn trong chn khng 0 = 0 = = 0 f f v n * Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh nht, mu tm l ln nht. * nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm. Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4 m 0,76 m. * Tn sc do lng knh Tng qut: sini1 = nsinr1; sini2 = nsinr2; D = (i1 + i2) A; A = r1 + r2; Trng hp gc nh: i1 = nr1; i2 = nr2; D = (n 1)A; A = r1+ r2 A Dmin + A A Trng hp gc lch cc tiu: i1 = i2 , r1 = r2 = sin = n.sin 2 2 2 * B rng quang ph trn mn D = Dtim Ddo v khi b rng l : l = d. D * Tiu c ca thu knh :
1 1 1 = (n 1) + f R1 R2
2. Hin tng nhiu x nh sng. Hin tng nh sng b lch phng truyn thng gp vt cn gi l hin tng nhiu x nh sng. 3. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Yng). * /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng vch sng v nhng vch ti xen k nhau. Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao M d1 S1 thoa. x d2 * Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh) a I O ax d = d 2 d1 = S2 D Trong : a = S1S2 l khong cch gia hai khe sng D D = OI l khong cch t mt phng cha hai khe sng S1, S2 n mn quan st S1M = d1; S2M = d2 x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt * V tr (to ) vn sng: d = k x = k
D ; kZ a
k = 0: Vn sng trung tm k = 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1 (K t trung tm) k = 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2 * V tr (to ) vn ti: d = (k + 0,5) x = (k + 0,5) k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba
D ; kZ a
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D a * Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v khong vn: D i n = in = n = n a n * Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S1S2 th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v khong vn i vn khng i. D di ca h vn l: x0 = d D1 Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn D1 l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng * Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S1 (hoc S2) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th (n 1)eD h vn s dch chuyn v pha S1 (hoc S2) mt on: x0 = a * Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn trung tm) L + S vn sng (l s l): N S = 2 + 1 2i L + S vn ti (l s chn): N t = 2 + 0, 5 2i Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7 * Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x1, x2 (gi s x1 < x2) + Vn sng: x1 < ki < x2 + Vn ti: x1 < (k+0,5)i < x2 S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm Ch : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 cng du. M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 khc du. * Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng. L + Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th: i = n 1 L + Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th: i = n L + Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th: i = n 0,5 * S trng nhau ca cc bc x 1, 2 ... (khong vn tng ng l i1, i2 ...) + Trng nhau ca vn sng: xs = k1i1 = k2i2 = ... k11 = k22 = ... + Trng nhau ca vn ti: xt = (k1 + 0,5)i1 = (k2 + 0,5)i2 = ... (k1 + 0,5)1 = (k2 + 0,5)2 = ... Ch : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x. * Giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 m 0,76 m) D - B rng quang ph bc k: x = k ( t ) vi v t l bc sng nh sng v tm a - Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x) D ax + Vn sng: x = k , kZ = a kD Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k D ax + Vn ti: x = (k + 0,5) = , kZ a (k + 0,5) D
* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip: i =
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Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k - Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k: D xMin = [kt (k 0,5) ] a D xMax = [k + (k 0,5)t ] Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm. a D xMax = [k (k 0,5)t ] Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm. a Ch : + Hin tng cu vng l do hin tng tn sc nh sng. + nh sng phn x trn cc vng du, m hoc bong bng x phng (c mu sc s) l do hin tng giao thoa nh sng khi dng nh sng trng. 4. Cc loi quang ph: Quang ph nh ngha Ngun pht c im ng dng
Lin tc
- Khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt pht sng, m ch Cc cht rn, cht ph thuc vo nhit - o nhit ca L mt di sng c lng, cht kh p . cc vt pht sng mu bin i lin sut ln khi b nung (c bit ca cc nng s pht ra - Nhit ca vt tc vt rt xa) quang ph lin tc. cng cao, min pht sng cng lan dn v pha nh sng c bc sng ngn. Cc cht kh hay Gm cc vch mu hi p sut thp b ring l, ngn cch kch thch (t nng nhau bng nhng hay phng in khong ti. qua.) Quang ph vch ca cc nguyn t khc nhau th khc nhau v s lng vch, v tr, mu sc v cng sng.
Vch pht x
Xc nh thnh phn cu to ca cc nguyn t c trong hp cht.
Vch hp th
Chiu nh sng trng qua m hi - Chiu nh sng nung nng thu c trng qua m kh L h thng cc hay hi nng sng vch ti trn nn quang ph lin tc. Bit c thnh vch ti ring r p sut thp. nm trn mt nn - Tt ngun sng, phn ca hp cht quang ph lin tc. - Nhit m hi c nhng vch mu phi thp hn nhit nm trn nn ti ca ngun sng. trng vi cc vch ti trn.
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5. Tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi v tia X:

Tia hng ngoi nh ngha Tia t ngoi Tia X
- Bc x in t khng nhn - Bc x in t khng nhn - Sng in t c bc sng thy, c bc sng ln hn thy, c bc sng ngn hn ngn t 10 -12 10 -8 m. bc sng ca nh sng . bc sng ca nh sng tm. Mi vt nung nng u pht Cc vt c nhit trn 20000C. ra tia hng ngoi. - Tc dng ni bt l tc - Tc dng mnh ln knh nh dng nhit. - Lm in ha cht kh. - Tc dng ln knh nh - Kch thch pht quang nhiu hng ngoi. cht. - Trong cng nghip dng sy kh cc sn phm - C tc dng sinh l: hu dit t bo, dit khun, nm mc sn ng tia Rnghen - C kh nng m xuyn mnh. (Tnh cht ng ch nht.) - Tc dng mnh ln phim nh, lm in ha khng kh. - C tc dng lm pht quang nhiu cht. - C tc dng gy ra hin tng quang in hu ht kim loi. - C tc dng sinh l mnh: hy dit t bo, dit vi khun
Ngun pht
Tnh cht, tc dng
- Trong y hc dng n - C th gy ra hin tng hng ngoi si m quang in. ngoi da cho mu lu - Trong cng nghip: Pht hin thng. vt nt, xc trn b mt sn - Dng trong cc thit b phm iu khin t xa - Trong y hc: cha ci xng, dit vi khun - Sy kh, si m. - Kh trng, dit khun.
ng dng
- S dng trong b iu - Cha bnh ci xng. - Cng nghip: d tm khuyt khin t xa. - Tm vt nt trn b mt kim tt trong sn phm c. loi. - Chp nh hng ngoi. - Khoa hc: nghin cu cu - Trong qun s ng dng trc tinh th. lm ng nhm hng ngoi, quay phim ban m - Giao thng: kim tra hnh l ca hnh khch.
- Y hc: Chp chiu in, cha ung th.
6. Thang sng in t: Loi sng Tia gamma Tia X Tia t ngoi nh sng nhn thy Tia hng ngoi Sng v tuyn Bc sng
Di 10 10
12 12
m
9
m en 10 m
7 7 7
10 m en 3,8.10 m 3, 8.10 m en 7,6.10 m 7, 6.10 m en 10 m

10 m tr len
3
Vng Vng cam Vng vng Vng lc Vng lam Vng chm Vng tm
: 0, 640 m 0, 760 m : 0, 590 m 0, 650 m : 0, 570 m 0, 600 m : 0, 500 m 0, 575 m : 0, 450 m 0, 510 m
: 0, 440 m 0, 460 m
: 0, 38 m 0, 440 m
Sng v tuyn, tia hng ngoi, nh sng kh kin, tia t ngoi, tia X v tia gamma u c bn cht l sng in t nhng c bc sng khc nhau nn c tnh cht, tc dng khc nhau v ngun pht, cch thu chng cng khc nhau. 34
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CHNG VI: lng t nh sng

1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn) - Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn):
= hf =
Trong : h = 6,625.10-34 Js
hc
l hng s Plng;
c = 3.108m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng; f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x). Ch : Khi nh sng truyn i cc lng t nh sng khng b thay i, khng ph thuc khong cch ti ngun sng. - Thuyt lng t nh sng: + nh ng c to thnh bi cc ht gi l phtn. + Vi mi nh sng n sc c tn s f, cc phtn u ging nhau, mi phtn mang nng lng bng hf. + Trong chn khng. phtn bay i vi vn tc c = 3.108 m/s dc theo cc tia sng. + Mi ln 1 nguyn t hay phn t pht x hay hp th nh sng th chng pht ra hay hp th 1 phtn. Ch : phtn ch tn ti trng thi chuyn ng khng c phtn ng yn. 2. Hin tng quang in - Hin tng quang in ngoi: Hin tng nh sng lm bt cc lectron ra khi mt kim loi gi l hin tng quang in ngoi. - Hin tng quang in trong (quang dn): Hin tng nh sng gii phng cc lectron lin kt thnh cc lectron dn v cc l trng cng tham gia vo qu trnh dn in, gi l hin tng quang in trong. - nh lut v gii hn quang in: i vi mi kim loi, nh sng kch thch phi c bc sng ngn hn hoc bng gii hn quang in 0 ca kim loi , mi gy ra c hin tng quang in. => Cc hin tng quang in v cc nh lut quang in chng t nh sng c tnh cht ht. - ng dng ca cc hin tng quang in trong cc t bo quang in, trong cc dng c bin i cc tn hiu nh sng thnh tn hiu in, trong cc quang in tr, pin quang in. * Cng thc Anhxtanh mv 2 hc = hf = = A + 0 Max 2 hc l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt Trong A = 0 0 l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt. m: khi lng e v0max l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
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* dng quang in trit tiu th UAK - Uh vi Uh gi l hiu in th hm 2 me .v0 max eU h = . vi e = 1,6.10-19C 2 * Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i Vmax v khong cch cc i dMax m electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc: 2 me .v0 max eVmax = . = e.E.d max 2 * Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, vA l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, vK = v0Max l vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th: 1 2 1 2 e.U = mvA mvK 2 2 * Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in) n H= n0 Vi n v n0 l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t. n n hf n hc Cng sut ca ngun bc x: p = 0 = 0 = 0 t t t q ne Cng dng quang in bo ho: I bh = = t t * Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B mv ; = (v,B) R= e.B.sin
mv e.B Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v0max nn R = Rmax
Khi v B sin = 1 = :R
Ch : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v0Max, hiu in th hm Uh, in th cc i VMax, u c tnh ng vi bc x c Min (hoc fMax) * i vi tia Rnghen X: - Cng dng in trong ng Rnghen: i = ne Vi n l s electron ti p v i catot trong 1 giy. - nh l ng nng: E Eo = eUAK Vi E = mv2/2 l ng nng ca electron ngay trc khi p vo i catt v Eo = mvo2/2 l ng nng ca electron ngay sau khi bt ra khi catt, thng th Eo = 0. - nh lut bo ton nng lng: E = + Q = hf + Q (ng nng ca electron bin thnh nng lng tia X v lm nng i catt). Vi l nng lng tia X v Q l nhit lng lm nng i catt. - Bc sng nh nht ca bc x do ng Rnghen pht ra ng vi trng hp ton b ng nng ca electron E (ngay trc khi p vo i catt) bin thnh nng lng ca tia X: T E = + Q = hf + Q ==> E hf = hc/ ==> hc/ E ==> min = hc/ E Vi: h = 6,625.10-34 Js l hng s Plng, c = 3.108m/s l vn tc as trong chn khng.
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3. Quang tr v pin quang in: - Quang in tr l 1 in tr lm bng cht quang dn. in tr ca n c th thay i t vi mgam khi khng c chiu sng xung n vi chc m khi c chiu sng. - Pin quang in (cn gi l pin mt tri) l 1 ngun in chy bng nng lng as. N bin i trc tip quang nng thnh in nng. Pin hot ng da vo hin tng quang in trong xy ra bn cnh 1 lp chn. 4. S pht quang: - S pht quang l mt s cht c kh nng hp th as c bc sng ny pht ra as c bc sng khc. - c im ca s pht quang: l n cn ko di 1 thi gian sau khi tt as kch thch. - Hunh quang: L s pht quang ca cc cht lng v cht kh, c c im l as pht quang tt rt nhanh sau khi tt as kch thch. nh sng hunh quang c bc sng di hn bc sng ca as kch thch: hq > kt. - Ln quang: L s pht quang ca cc cht rn, c c im l as pht quang c th ko di 1 khong thi gian no sau khi tt as kch thch. ng dng: ch to cc loi sn trn cc bin bo giao thng, tng pht sng... 5. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir * Tin Bo hc = hf mn = = Em En mn * Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: rn = n2r0 Vi r0 =5,3.10-11m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K) * Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir: 13, 6 En = 2 (eV ) Vi n N*. P n O * S mc nng lng - Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi N ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K M Ch : Vch di nht LK khi e chuyn t L K Vch ngn nht K khi e chuyn t K. L - Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch: Vch H ng vi e: M L Vch lam H ng vi e: N L K Vch chm H ng vi e: O L Vch tm H ng vi e: P L Laiman Ch : Vch di nht ML (Vch H ) Vch ngn nht L khi e chuyn t L. Em
nhn phtn hfmn
pht phtn hfmn
En Em > En
n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3 Pasen H H H H Banme n=1 n=2
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M 37
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Ch : Vch di nht NM khi e chuyn t N M. Vch ngn nht M khi e chuyn t M. Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13
12
23
v f13 = f12 +f23 (nh cng vct)
6. S lc v laze: - Laze l phin m ca LASER, ngha l my khuych i as bng s pht x cm ng. - Laze l 1 ngun sng pht ra 1 chm sng c cng ln da trn ng dng ca hn tng pht x cm ng - c im ca tia laze c tnh n sc, tnh nh hng, tnh kt hp rt cao v cng ln. - Ty vo vt liu pht x ngi ta ch to ra laze kh, laze rn v laze bn dn. i vi laze rn, laze rubi (hng ngc) l Al2O3 c pha Cr2O3 mu ca tia laze l do as ca hng ngc do ion crm pht ra khi chuyn t trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn 7. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng: - nh sng va c tnh cht sng, va c tnh cht ht . Vy nh sng c lng tnh sng ht. - Khi bc sng ca as cng ngn (th nng lng ca phtn cng ln), th t/c ht th hin cng m nt: Tnh m xuyn, td quang in, td in ha, td pht quang. Ngc li khi bc sng ca as cng di (th nng lng ca phtn cng nh), th t/c sng th hin cng m nt: d quan st thy hin tng giao thoa, hin tng tn sc ca cc as .
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CHNG VII. Ht nhn nguyn t

1. Cu to ht nhn nguyn t, n v khi lng nguyn t: a) Cu to ht nhn nguyn t: - Cu to: + Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to t cc prtn (mang in tch nguyn t dng), v cc ntron (trung ho in), gi chung l nucln. + Ht nhn ca cc nguyn t c nguyn t s Z th cha Z prton v N ntron; A = Z + N c gi l s khi. K hiu:
A Z
+ Cc nucln lin kt vi nhau bi lc ht nhn. Lc ht nhn khng c cng bn cht vi lc tnh in hay lc hp dn; n l loi lc mi truyn tng tc gia cc nucln trong ht nhn (lc tng tc mnh). Lc ht nhn ch pht huy tc dng trong phm vi kch thc ht nhn (c 10-15m). - ng v: Cc nguyn t m ht nhn c cng s prton Z nhng khc s ntron N gi l cc ng v. b) 1 s n v hay dng trong vt l ht nhn: 1 - n v khi lng nguyn t: n v u c gi tr bng 12 khi lng nguyn t ca ng v 12C , c 6 th: Mev 1u = 931,5 c2 ==> 1uc2 = 931,5MeV - u xp x bng khi lng ca mt nucln, nn ht nhn c s khi A th c khi lng xp x bng A(u). - n v nng lng: 1 eV = 1,6.10-19J ==> 1 MeV = 106.1,6.10-19J = 1,6.10-13J 1u = 1,66055.10-27kg ; - 1 s n v n/t thng gp: mP = 1,67262.10-27 kg = 1,00728 u ; mn = 1.67493.10-27 kg = 1,00866 u ; me = 9,1.10-31 kg = 0,0005486 u 2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt: - Ht nhn c khi lng ngh m0, chuyn ng vi vn tc v, c nng lng ton phn tnh theo cng thc: E = m0c2 + W (ng nng: W = m.v2/2) - Mt vt c khi lng m0 trng thi ngh, khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v, khi lng ca vt s tng m0 ln thnh m vi m = v2 1 - c2 - H thc Anhxtanh: E = mc2 => Wd = E E0 ; Vi E0 = m0c2 l nng lng ngh ca vt. - ht khi: Khi lng ca mt ht nhn lun nh hn tng khi lng ca cc nucln to thnh ht nhn : m = [Z.mp + (A Z).mn] mx gi l ht khi. - S to thnh ht nhn to nng lng tng ng ELK = mc2, gi l nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn (v mun tch ht nhn thnh cc nucln th cn tn mt nng lng bng ELK). - Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring = ELK/A cng ln th cng bn vng.
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3. Phn ng ht nhn a. Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh bin i ca cc ht nhn, Phn ng ht nhn c chia lm hai loi: + Phn ng ht nhn t pht: l qu trnh t phn r ca mt ht nhn khng bn vng thnh cc ht nhn khc. X1 X2 + X3; X1 l ht nhn m, X2 l ht nhn con, X3 l ht hoc + Phn ng ht nhn kch thch: l qu trnh cc ht nhn tng tc vi nhau thnh cc ht nhn khc.
A1 Z1
X 1 + ZA22 X 2
A3 Z3
X 3 + ZA44 X 4
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, electrn, phtn ... b. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn: + Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4 + Bo ton ng lng: p1 + p2 = p3 + p4 hay m1 v1 + m 2 v2 = m 4 v3 + m 4 v4 + Bo ton nng lng ton phn:
K X 1 + K X 2 + E = K X 3 + K X 4
Trong : E l nng lng phn ng ht nhn

KX = 1 2 mx vx l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X 2
Ch : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng. 2 - Mi quan h gia ng lng pX v ng nng KX ca ht X l: p X = 2m X K X - Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh p1 V d: p = p + p bit = p , p
1 2 1 2
p = p + p + 2 p1 p2 cos
2 1
2 2
hay ( mv ) 2 = ( m1v1 ) 2 + ( m2 v2 ) 2 + 2m1m2 v1v2 cos hay mK = m1 K1 + m2 K 2 + 2 m1m2 K1 K 2 cos Tng t khi bit 1 = p1 , p hoc 2 = p2 , p
p2
2 Trng hp c bit: p1 p2 p 2 = p12 + p2 . Tng t khi p1 p hoc p2 p K v m A v = 0 (p = 0) p1 = p2 1 = 1 = 2 2 . Tng t v1 = 0 hoc v2 = 0. K 2 v2 m1 A1 - Nng lng phn ng ht nhn: E = (M0 - M)c2
Trong : M 0 = mX1 + mX 2 l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

M = mX 3 + m X 4 l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
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Ch : + Nu M0 > M th phn ng to nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X3, X4 hoc phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn. + Nu M0 < M th phn ng thu nng lng |E| di dng ng nng ca cc ht X1, X2 hoc phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng. - Trong phn ng ht nhn
A1 Z1
X 1 + ZA22 X 2
A3 Z3
X 3 + ZA44 X 4
Cc ht nhn X1, X2, X3, X4 c: Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l 1, 2, 3, 4. Nng lng lin kt tng ng l ELK1, ELK2, ELK3, ELK4 ; ht khi tng ng l m1, m2, m3, m4 Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn : E = A33 +A44 - A11 - A22 E = ELK3 + ELK4 ELK1 ELK2 E = (m3 + m4 - m1 - m2)c2 4. Hin tng phng x: - nh ngha: L qu trnh phn hu t pht ca mt ht nhn khng bn vng. Qu trnh phn hu ny km theo s to ra cc ht v c th km theo s pht ra cc bc x in t. Ht nhn t phn hu gi l ht nhn m. Ht nhn c to thnh sau phn hu gi l ht nhn con. - Cc loi tia phng x:
Tia Tia Tia
+
Tia
Tia
Bn cht
Ht nhn nguyn 4 t 2 He
Pzitron hay electron Cc lectron, k hiu 0 dng, k hiu: +1 e 0 1 e hay e . Thc cht + hay e . Thc cht ca phng x - l mt ca phng x + l ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn bin mt ht prtn, mt ht thnh mt ht ntrn, electrn v mt phn ht mt ht pzitrn v ntrin: mt ht ntrin:
L sng in t c bc sng rt ngn, cng l ht phtn c nng lng cao. Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng cao E1 chuyn xung mc nng lng thp E2 ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng:
p n + e+ + v
+e
np+e +
= hf =
-e
hc = E1 E 2
0
in tch Tc Kh nng ion ha Kh nng m xuyn
+ 2e 2.107m/s
Gn bng tc nh sng c kh nng in ha mi trng nhng yu hn tia
Bng tc nh sng
Kh nng ion ha yu c kh nng m xuyn ln, i c vi mt trong b tng v vi centimt trong ch v rt nguy him
in ha mi trng mnh
kh nng m xuyn km, qung ng i c trong khng kh c 8cm
Kh nng m xuyn mnh, i c vi mt trong khng kh v vi mm trong kim loi
41

A Z
Mobile: 0974974888
A Z
4 X 2 He +
A4 Z 2
A Z
0 +1
e + Z AY 1
0 1
e + Z +AY 1
Quy tc dch chuyn
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x v
4. nh lut phng x: - S nguyn t (ht nhn) cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
t N N = N 0 .2 T = N 0 .et = k0 2
- S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht ( hoc e- hoc e+) c to thnh: N = N 0 N = N 0 (1 et ) - Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t: Trong : m = m0 .2
t T
= m0 .et =
m0 2k
+ N0, m0 l s nguyn t (ht nhn), khi lng cht phng x ban u. + T l chu k bn r T = + =
ln 2 l khong thi gian mt na s ht nhn phn r.
ln2 0, 693 l hng s phng x, c trng cho cht phng x ang xt. = T T
+ v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi (nh nhit , p sut ...) m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x. t + k = T : s chu k bn r trong thi gian t - Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t: - Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
m = m0 m = m0 (1 et )
m = 1 et m0
t m = 2 T = et - Phn trm cht phng x cn li: m0 - Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t: m1 =
AN N A A1 = 1 0 (1 et ) = 1 m0 (1 et ) NA NA A
Trong : A, A1 l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh NA = 6,022.10-23 mol-1 l s Avgar. Ch : Trng hp phng x +, - th A = A1 m1 = m - phng x H: L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn r trong 1 giy. 42
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H = H 0 .2 n v:
t T
= H 0 .et = N =
H0 2k
Vi: H0 = N0 l phng x ban u.
+ Becren (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy ; Curi (Ci): 1 Ci = 3,7.1010 Bq
Ch : Khi tnh phng x H, H0 (Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s). - ng dng ca cc ng v phng x: trong phng php nguyn t nh du, trong kho c nh tui c vt da vo lng cacbon 14. 5. Phn ng phn hch, phn ng nhit hch: a. Phn ng phn hch: - Phn ng phn hch: mt ht nhn rt nng khi hp th mt ntron s v thnh hai ht nhn nh hn, km theo 1 vi ntrn. Nng lng ta ra trong phn ng c 210 MeV. S phn hch ca 1g 235U gii phng mt nng lng bng 8,5.1010J tng ng vi nng lng ca 8,5 tn than hoc 2 tn du ta ra khi chy ht. - Phn ng dy truyn: Gi k l h s nhn ntrn, l s ntrn cn li sau 1 p. h.n n kch thch cc h.n khc. Khi k 1 xy ra phn ng phn hch dy chuyn: + Khi k < 1, phn ng phn hch dy chuyn tt nhanh. + Khi k = 1, phn ng phn hch dy chuyn t duy tr v nng lng pht ra khng i theo thi gian. + Khi k > 1, phn ng phn hch dy chuyn t duy tr v nng lng pht ra tng nhanh v c th gy ra bng n. - Khi lng ti hn: l khi lng ti thiu ca cht phn hch phn ng phn hch dy chuyn duy tr. Vi 235U khi lng ti hn c 15 kg, vi 239Pu vo c 5 kg. b. Phn ng nhit hch (phn ng tng hp ht nhn): - Hai hay nhiu ht nhn rt nh, c th kt hp vi nhau thnh mt ht nhn nng hn. Phn ng ny ch xy ra nhit rt cao, nn gi l phn ng nhit hch. Con ngi mi ch thc hin c phn ng ny di dng khng kim sot c (bom H). - iu kin phn ng kt hp ht nhn xy ra: + Phi a hn hp nhin liu sang trng thi plasma bng cch a nhit ln ti 108 . + Mt ht nhn trong plasma phi ln + Thi gian duy tr trng thi plasma nhit cao phi ln.
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CHNG VIII. T vi m n v m
I. Cc ht s cp: 1. Th gii vi m, v m c sp xp theo kch thc ln dn: Ht s cp, ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn t, phn t, hnh tinh, h Mt Tri, thin h ... 2. Ht s cp: L ht c kch thc v khi lng nh hn ht nhn nguyn t. - Cc ht s cp gm: phtn , electron e-, pzitron e+, prtn p, ntrn n, ntrin . - Cc ht s cp c chia lm ba loi: + phtn + Cc leptn: C khi lng t 0 n200 me. Bao gm: ntrin , electron e-, pzitron e+, mzn . + Cc harn: C khi lng trn 200me. c chia thnh ba nhm con: Mzn , K: C khi lng trn 200me nhng nh hn khi lng nucln. Nucln p, n. Hipron: C khi lng ln hn khi lng cc nucln. Nhm cc nucln v hipron cn c gi l barion. - Tt c cc harn u c cu to t cc ht nh hn, gi l quac. C 6 loi quac (k hiu l: u, 2e e d, s, c, b, t) cng vi 6 phn quac tng ng. Cc quac c mang in phn s: 3 , 3 . - Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp gm ht v phn ht. Phn ht c cng khi lng ngh v spin nh ht nhng cc c trng khc c tr s bng v ln v tri du. - Ch : + Sp xp theo th t tng dn v khi lng ca cc ht s cp bit: Phtn, leptn, mzn v barion. + Cc ht s cp l phton, leptn, harn. + Ht prton c cu to bi cc quac nn prton c th b ph v. 3. Bn loi tng tc c bn trong v tr: mnh, in t, yu, hp dn. - Tng tc hp dn: L tng tc gia cc ht (cc vt) c khi lng khc khng. Bn knh ln v cng, lc tng tc nh. V d: Trng lc, lc ht ca T v mt trng... - Tng tc in t: l tng tc gia cc ht mang in v gia phtn vi cc ht mang in. Bn knh ln v hn, lc tng tc mnh hn tng tc hp dn c 1038 ln. Tng tc in t l bn cht ca cc lc Culng, lc in t, lc Lo ren, lc ma st, lc lin kt ha hc... - Tng tc yu cc leptn: l tng tc gia cc leptn. Bn knh tc dng rt nh c 10 18 m , lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c 1011 ln. V d: cc qu trnh phn r : p n + e+ + ve ; n p + e- + ve
~
- Tng tc mnh: L tng tc gia cc hadrn; khng k cc qu trnh phn r ca chng. Bn knh tc dng rt nh c 10 15 m , lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c 102 ln. Mt trng hp ring ca tng tc mnh l lc ht nhn. 4. Kch thc ca nguyn t, ht nhn, prton ln lt l: 10-10m, 10-14m, 10-15m. - Theo th t kch thc gim dn: Phn t > nguyn t > ht nhn > nucln > quac.
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II. mt tri h mt tri: 1. H Mt Tri: Gm Mt Tri v 8 hnh tinh, cc tiu hnh tinh v cc v tinh, cc sao chi v thin thch. - Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi Vng tinh. - o n v gia cc hnh tinh ngi ta dng n v thin vn: 1vtv = 150.106 km . - Nm nh sng: l qung ng m as i c trong 1 nm.
1 nam anh sang = 9,46.10 12 Km
- Cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mt tri theo chiu thun trong cng mt phng, Mt Tri v cc hnh tinh t quay quanh n v u quay theo chiu thun tr Kim tinh. 2. Mt Tri: - L thin th trung tm ca h mt tri. C bn knh > 109 ln bk tri t; khi lng = 333 000 ln kl T. - C khi lng ln, lc hp dn ca Mt Tri c vai tr quyt nh s hnh thnh, pht trin v chuyn ng ca h. - L mt qu cu kh nng sng, khong 75% l hir v 23% l heli. Nhit b mt 6000K, trong lng n hng chc triu . Trong lng mt tri lun xy ra p. nht hch l phn ng tng hp ht nhn hir thnh hn heli. - Cng sut pht x Mt Tri l P = 3,9.1026 W . A E Ch : Cng sut bc x ca mt tri P = 3,9.1026W, M P = t = t ==> E = P.t => Khi lng Mt Tri gim i l : m = E/c2 = Pt/c2. 3. Tri t: - Cu to: Tri t c dng hnh phng cu, bn knh xch o bng 6378km , bn knh hai cc bng 6357km , khi lng ring trung bnh 5515kg/m 3 . + Li Tri t: bn knh 3000km ; ch yu l st, niken; nhit khong 3000 - 4000 0 C . + V Tri t: dy khong 35km ; ch yu l granit; khi lng ring 3300kg/m 3 . - Mt vi s liu v Tri t: m = 5,98.1024kg, bn knh qu o quanh mt tri 150.106km. Chu k quay quanh trc 23h56ph004giy. Chu k quay quanh mt tri 365,2422 ngy. Gc nghing 23027 3. Hnh tinh chuyn ng xung quanh Mt Tri theo mt qu o xc nh. - Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi Vng tinh. - Cc hnh tinh c kch thc nh c vi trm km hoc nh hn gi l cc tiu hnh tinh. - V tinh chuyn ng quanh hnh tinh. - Nhng hnh tinh thuc nhm Tri t l: Thu tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t v Ho tinh. l cc hnh tinh nh, rn, c khi lng ring tng i ln. Nhit b mt tng i cao. - Nhng hnh tinh thuc nhm Mc tinh l: Mc tinh, Th tinh, Hi vng tinh v Thin vng tinh. Chng l cc hnh tinh ln, c th l khi kh hoc nhn rn v xung quanh l cht lng. Nhit b mt tng i thp. 45
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- Cc c trng c bn ca cc hnh tinh

Thin th Thy tinh Kim tinh Tri t Ha tinh Mc tinh Th tinh Thin Vng tinh Hi Vng tinh Khong cch n Mt Tri (vtv) 0,39 0,72 1 1,52 5,2 9,54 19,19 30,07 Bn knh (km) 2440 6056 6375 3395 71,490 60,270 25,760 25,270 Khi lng (so vi Tri t) 0,052 0,82 1 0,11 318 95 15 17 Khi lng ring (103kg/m3) 5,4 5,3 5,5 3,9 1,3 0,7 1,2 1,7 Chu k t quay 59 ngy 243 ngy 23g56ph 24g37ph 9g50ph 14g14ph 17g14ph 16g11ph Chu k chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri 87,0 ngy 224,7 ngy 365,25 ngy (1 nm) 1,88 nm 11,86 nm 29,46 nm 84,00 nm 164,80 nm S v tinh bit 0 0 1 2 > 30 19 15 >8
4. Sao chi v thin thch: - Sao chi: L nhng khi kh ng bng ln vi , c ng knh vi km, chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo qu o elp rt dt m mt tri l 1 tiu im. Khi sao chi c trn qu o gn mt tri vt cht trong sao b nng sng v bay hi thnh m kh v bi quanh sao. m kh v bi bao quanh sao b p sut do as mt tri gy ra y dt v pha i din vi mt tri to thnh ci ui sao chi. ng trn Tri t ta nhn thy c u v ui sao chi: u sao chi gn mt tri, ui sao chi xa Mt Tri hn. - Thin thch: L nhng tng chuyn ng quanh mt tri. Trng hp thin thch bay v bu kh quyn ca tri t th n b ma st mnh nu nng sng v bc chy, li mt vt di m ta gi l sao bng. III. cc sao v thin h: 1. Cc sao: - Sao l mt thin th nng sng ging nh Mt Tri. Cc sao rt xa, hin nay bit ngi sao gn nht cch chng ta n hng chc t km (trn 4 nm as); cn ngi sao xa nht cch xa n 14 t nm nh sng ( 1 nam anh sang = 9, 46.1012 Km ). - sng cc sao: sng m ta nhn thy ca mt ngi sao thc cht l ri sng ln con ngi ca mt ta, n ph thuc vo khong cch v sng thc ca mi sao. sng thc ca mi sao li ph thuc vo cng sut bc x ca n. sng ca cc sao rt khc nhau. Chng hn Sao Thin Lang c cng sut bc x ln hn ca Mt Tri trn 25 ln; sao km sng nht c cng sut bc x nh hn ca Mt Tri hng vn ln. - Cc loi sao c bit: a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh; c kch thc, nhit , khng i trong mt thi gian di. - Ngoi ra; ngi ta pht hin thy c mt s sao c bit nh sao bin quang, sao mi, sao ntron, + Sao bin quang c sng thay i, c hai loi: - Sao bin quang do che khut l mt h sao i (gm sao chnh v sao v tinh), sng tng hp m ta thu c s bin thin c chu k. - Sao bin quang do nn dn c sng thay i thc s theo mt chu k xc nh. + Sao mi c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn ln ri sau t t gim. L thuyt cho rng sao mi l mt pha t bin trong qu tr#nh bin ha ca mt h sao. + Punxa, sao ntron ngoi s bc x nng lng cn c phn bc x nng lng thnh xung sng v tuyn. 46
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- Sao ntron c cu to bi cc ht ntron vi mt cc k ln 1014 g/cm 3 . - Punxa (pulsar) l li sao ntron vi bn knh 10km t quay vi tc gc 640 vong/s v pht ra sng v tuyn. Bc x thu c trn Tri t c dng tng xung sng ging nh ng sng ngn hi ng m tu bin nhn c. 2. Thin h: - Thin h l mt h thng gm nhiu sao v cc tinh vn. - Thin h ca chng ta c dng xon c. - Cc sao tn ti trong V tr thnh nhng h tng i c lp vi nhau. Mi h thng nh vy gm hng trm t sao gi l thin h. a. Cc loi thin h: - Thin h xon c c hnh dng dt nh cc a, c nhng cnh tay xon c, cha nhiu kh. - Thin h elip c hnh elip, cha t kh v c khi lng tri ra trn mt di rng. C mt loi thin h elip l ngun pht sng v tuyn in rt mnh. - Thin h khng nh hnh trng nh nhng m my (thin h Ma gien-lng). b. Thin H ca chng ta: - Thin H ca chng ta l thin h xon c, c ng knh khong 100 nghn nm nh sng v c khi lng bng khong 150 t khi lng Mt Tri. N l h phng ging nh mt ci a dy khong 330 nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao. - H Mt Tri nm trong mt cnh tay xon ra Thin H, cch trung tm khong 30 nghn nm nh sng. Gia cc sao c bi v kh. - Phn trung tm Thin H c dng hnh cu dt gi l vng li trung tm c to bi cc sao gi, kh v bi. - Ngay trung tm Thin H c mt ngun pht x hng ngoi v cng l ngun pht sng v tuyn in (tng ng vi sng chng 20 triu ngi sao nh Mt Tri v phng ra mt lung gi mnh). - T Tri t, chng ta ch nhn c hnh chiu ca thin h trn vm tri gi l di Ngn H nm theo hng ng Bc Ty Nam trn nn tri sao. c. Nhm thin h. Siu nhm thin h: - V tr c hng trm t thin h, cc thin h thng cch nhau khong mi ln kch thc Thin H ca chng ta. Cc thin h c xu hng hp li vi nhau thnh tng nhm t vi chc n vi nghn thin h. - Thin H ca chng ta v cc thin h ln ln thuc v Nhm thin h a phng, gm khong 20 thnh vin, chim mt th tch khng gian c ng knh gn mt triu nm nh sng. Nhm ny b chi phi ch yu bi ba thin h xon c ln: Tinh vn Tin N (thin h Tin N M31 hay NGC224); Thin H ca chng ta; Thin h Tam gic, cc thnh vin cn li l Nhm cc thin h elip v cc thin h khng nh hnh t hon. - khong cch c khong 50 triu nm nh sng l Nhm Trinh N cha hng nghn thin h tri rng trn bu tri trong chm sao Trinh N. - Cc nhm thin h tp hp li thnh Siu nhm thin h hay i thin h. Siu nhm thin h a phng c tm nm trong Nhm Trinh N v cha tt c cc nhm bao quanh n, trong c nhm thin h a phng ca chng ta. IV. thuyt v n ln (BIG BANG) 1. nh lut Hp-bn: Tc li ra xa ca thin h t l vi khong cch gia thin h v chng ta: v = Hd ; 1 nam anh sang = 9, 46.1012 Km 2 H = 1,7.10 m/s.nam anh sang
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2. Thuyt v n ln (Big Bang): - Theo thuyt v n ln, v tr bt u dn n t mt im k d. tnh tui v bn knh v tr, ta chn im k d lm mc (gi l im zr Big Bang). - Ti thi im ny cc nh lut vt l bit v thuyt tng i rng khng p dng c. Vt l hc hin i da vo vt l ht s cp d on cc hin tng xy ra bt u t thi im t p = 10 43 s sau V n ln gi l thi im Planck. - thi im Planck, kch thc v tr l 1035 m , nhit l 1032 K v mt l 1091 kg/cm 3 . Cc tr s cc ln cc nh ny gi l tr s Planck. T thi im ny V tr dn n rt nhanh, nhit ca V tr gim dn. Ti thi im Planck, V tr b trn ngp bi cc ht c nng lng cao nh electron, notrino v quark, nng lng t nht bng 1015 GeV . - Ti thi im t = 106 s , chuyn ng cc quark v phn quark chm cc lc tng tc mnh gom chng li v gn kt chng li thnh cc prtn v ntrn, nng lng trung bnh ca cc ht trong v tr lc ny 1GeV . - Ti thi im t = 3 phut , cc ht nhn Heli c to thnh. Trc , prtn v ntrn kt hp
2 2 3 vi nhau to thnh ht nhn teri 1 H . Khi , xut hin cc ht nhn teri 1 H , triti 1 H , heli 4 2
He bn. Cc ht nhn hir v hli chim 98% khi lng cc sao v cc thin h, khi lng cc
ht nhn nng hn ch chim 2% . mi thin th, c 25% khi lng l hli v c 75% khi lng l hir. iu chng t, mi thin th, mi thin h c cng chung ngun gc. - Ti thi im t = 300000 nam , cc loi ht nhn khc c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v tr l tng tc in t. Cc lc in t gn cc electron vi cc ht nhn, to thnh cc nguyn t H v He. - Ti thi im t = 109 nam , cc nguyn t c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v tr l tng tc hp dn. Cc lc hp dn thu gom cc nguyn t li, to thnh cc thin h v ngn cn cc thin h tip tc n ra. Trong cc thin h, lc hp dn nn cc m nguyn t li to thnh cc sao. Ch c khong cch gia cc thin h tip tc tng ln. - Ti thi im t = 14.109 nam , v tr trng thi nh hin nay vi nhit trung bnh T = 2, 7K .
=============================================================
Bng quy i theo lu tha 10 Tha s 1012 109 106 103 102 101 Tn tin t Tera Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deca K hiu T G M K H D Tha s 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Tn tin t dexi centi mili micro nano pico K hiu d c m n p
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(ToanHocTHPT) NguyenHam TichPhan TranDucNgoc

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(ToanHocTHPT) NguyenHam TichPhan TranDucNgoc

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Nguyn Quang ng

thI nguyn - 2011

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

NGUYN QUANG NG H THI NGUYN Email: nguyenquangdongtn@gmail.com. Mobile: 0974.974.888 1

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

CU TRC THI TN THPT

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Hng dn chun b thi v thi trc nghim mn vt l

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

- Gii bi ton tm p s. - So snh p s tm c vi cc p s c trong phn la chn. - Chn phng n ng.

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp:

, nhng trn thc t 2 2

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

+ Vn tc: (n + 1). mv = m A <=> v = 2 2

th ng nng bng th nng, ta suy ra, c sau thi gian

ng nng v th nng tip tc bng nhau.

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

+ Vi > 0 (Hnh 2): ( ) 1t = 2t ( ) 2( ) t = 1 + 2

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

* gim bin sau mi chu k l: A =

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

m l ; Con lc l xo thng ng: T = 2 ; Treo vo mt phng nghing: k g

(m1 > m2) c chu k T2 = T12 - T22 , - Tn s: f =

1 1 k = = T 2 2 m Cu hi 3: Tm chiu di l xo khi dao ng + Chiu di v tr cn bng: lCB = l0 + l

lCB = (lmin + lmax)/2; A= (lmax - lmin)/2

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Ch : ng nng v th nng bin thin iu ha cng chu k T =

m: kg, a: m/s2, k: N/m, x: m v tr bin VTCB

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

mv2 + ng nng : W = 2 - v tr bin : - VTCB : - v tr bt k : W = Wtmax = mgh0 vi h0 = l (1 - cos0) mv02 W = Wmax = 2 vi v0 l vn tc cc i.

mv2 W = mgl(1 - cos) + 2 2g l (1 - cos0) 2g l (cos - cos0)

- Vn tc ca con lc khi qua VTCB : v0 =

- Vn tc ca con lc khi qua v tr c gc lch : v = - Lc cng dy : T = mg(3cos 2cos 0) 15

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

2 S bng sng = s b sng = k S nt sng = k + 1

* Mt u l nt sng cn mt u l bng sng: l = (2k + 1)

Phng trnh sng dng ti M: uM = uM + u 'M = 2 Ac os(2

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

CHNG III: dng in xoay chiu

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

+ Vi mch LC th cos = 0 , mch khng tiu th in! P = 0

c. Vi L = L1 hoc L = L2 th UL c cng gi tr th ULmax khi d. Khi Z L =

2 ZC + 4 R 2 + ZC 2UR Ch : R v L mc lin tip nhau th U RLMax = 2 2 4R 2 + ZC ZC

2 Z L + 4R2 + Z L 2UR * Khi Z C = Ch : R v C mc lin tip nhau th U RCMax = 2 2 2 4R + Z L Z L

11. Mch RLC c thay i:

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

trong trng hp ti i xng th : i2 = I 0 cos(t

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

- Cng thc my bin p (H = 100%):

Nguyn Quang ng. H Thi Nguyn

CHNG IV: dao ng v sng in t