5.MacVanVu DT1001

n tt nghip
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B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG
-------------------------------

ISO 9001:2008

N TT NGHIP

NGNH: IN T VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn: Thc s on Hu Chc
Sinh vin : Mc Vn V

HI PHNG - 2010
n tt nghip

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B GIO DC V O TO
-----------------------------------

NGHIN CU MNG IP/WDM

N TT NGHIP I HC CHNH QUY
NGNH : IN T VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn : Thc s on Hu Chc
Sinh vin : Mc Vn V

Hi Phng - 2010
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B GIO DC V O TO
--------------------------------------

NHIM V TI TT NGHIP

Sinh vin : Mc Vn V M s : 100225.
Lp : T1001 Ngnh: in t vin thng.
Tn ti : Nghin cu mng IP/WDM.
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NHIM V TI

1. Ni dung v cc yu cu cn gii quyt trong nhim v ti tt nghip (
v l lun, thc tin, cc s liu cn tnh ton v cc bn v).
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2. Cc s liu cn thit thit k, tnh ton.
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3. a im thc tp tt nghip.
Trung tm Vin thng in lc - Cng ty TNHH MTV in lc Hi Dng

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CN B HNG DN TI TT NGHIP
Ngi hng dn th nht:
H v tn : on Hu Chc.
Hc hm, hc v: Thc s.
C quan cng tc : Trng i hc Dn lp Hi Phng.
Ni dung hng dn
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Ngi hng dn th hai:
H v tn
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Hc hm, hc v
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C quan cng tc
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Ni dung hng dn
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.................
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ti tt nghip c giao ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.
Yu cu phi hon thnh xong trc ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.

nhn nhim v TTN giao nhim v TTN
Sinh vin Ngi hng dn

Hi Phng, ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.
HIU TRNG

GS.TS.NGT Trn Hu Ngh

PHN NHN XT TM TT CA CN B HNG DN

1. Tinh thn thi ca sinh vin trong qu trnh lm ti tt nghip:
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2. nh gi cht lng ca n ( so vi ni dung yu cu ra trong
nhim v .T.T.N trn cc mt l lun, thc tin, tnh ton s liu...):
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3. Cho im ca cn b hng dn (ghi c s v ch) :
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Cn b hng dn

PHN NHN XT TM TT CA NGI CHM PHN BIN

1. nh gi cht lng ti tt nghip v cc mt thu thp v phn tch s liu
ban u, c s l lun chn phng n ti u, cch tnh ton cht lng thuyt
minh v bn v, gi tr l lun v thc tin ti.
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2. Cho im ca cn b phn bin. (im ghi c s v ch).

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Ngi chm phn bin

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MC LC

Mc lc ................................................................................................................. 1
BNG THUT NG VIT TT .................................................................... 11
LI M U .................................................................................................... 14
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG V
NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG WDM .......................... 16
1.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................... 16
1.2. Gii thiu thng tin quang ....................................................................... 17
1.2.1. nh ngha ................................................................................................ 17
1.2.2. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang ...... 17
1.3. Gii thiu K thut ghp knh theo bc sng WDM ............................ 19
1.3.1. nh ngha ................................................................................................ 19
1.3.2. S khi tng qut ............................................................................... 20
1.3.3. Phn loi h thng WDM ....................................................................... 21
1.3.4. u im v nhc im ca cng ngh WDM ................................... 22
1.3.5. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng
lai ................................................................................................................................... 23
1.3.6. Chuyn mch quang trong h thng WDM ......................................... 23
1.3.7. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM ........................................... 24
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN MNG IP/WDM .............................................. 31
2.1. Tng quan mng IP/WDM ............................................................................. 31
2.1.1. L do chn IP/WDM ............................................................................... 31
2.1.2. Cc th h WDM ..................................................................................... 33
2.1.3. Cc u im ca mng IP over WDM .................................................. 34
2.1.4. Cc gii php pht trin mng IP over WDM ...................................... 34
2.1.5. Cc chun ca mng IP/WDM .............................................................. 38
2.1.6. Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM .......................................................... 39
2.2. Tng quan cu trc mng IP/WDM .............................................................. 41
2.2.1. Kin trc tng qut mng IP/WDM ...................................................... 41
2.2.2. Cc kiu kin trc ca mng IP/WDM ................................................. 42

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CHNG 3: CC GIAO THC NH TUYN TRONG MNG
IP/WDM ............................................................................................................. 47
3.1. IP v giao thc nh tuyn.............................................................................. 47
3.1.1. IPv4 v IPv6 ............................................................................................. 47
3.1.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP ................................................................... 47
3.2. MPLS, GMPLS v MP
S ............................................................................. 51
3.2.1. MPLS ........................................................................................................ 51
3.2.2. GMPLS v MP
S ................................................................................... 52
3.3. nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM ..................................... 52
3.3.1. Gii thiu bi ton ................................................................................... 52
3.3.2. Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA .......................... 53
3.4. nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA) ................. 61
3.4.1. Gii thiu bi ton ................................................................................... 61
3.4.2. Bi ton nh tuyn ng trong IP/WDM ........................................... 62
3.4.3. Bi ton Gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM .................................... 72
3.5. S gii hn bc sng (WR Wavelength Reservation) trong IP/WDM ...... 79
3.5.1. Phng php SIR ..................................................................................... 79
3.5.2. Phng php DIR .................................................................................... 80
CHNG 4: K THUT LU LNG TRONG MNG IP/WDM ........ 83
4.1. Khi nim k thut lu lng IP/WDM ....................................................... 83
4.2. M hnh ha k thut lu lng IP/WDM ................................................... 84
4.2.1. K thut lu lng chng ln ................................................................ 84
4.2.2. K thut lu lng tch hp ................................................................... 86
4.2.3. Nhn xt .................................................................................................... 87
4.3. M hnh chc nng ca k thut lu lng IP/WDM ................................ 88
4.4. Ti cu hnh trong k thut lu lng IP/WDM ......................................... 91
4.4.1. Cc iu kin ti cu hnh mng IP/WDM ....................................... 91
4.4.2. Ti cu hnh m hnh o ng i ngn nht ................................... 92
4.4.3. Ti cu hnh cho cc mng WDM chuyn mch gi ........................ 95
KT LUN ........................................................................................................ 99
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 101

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BNG THUT NG VIT TT

APD Avalanche Photodiode Diode tch sng quang thc l
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Kiu truyn bt ng b
APS Automatic Protection Swithching Chuyn mch bo v t ng
AWG Array Waveguide Grating Lc quang mng ng dn sng

CDM Code Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo m
CO Central Office Tng i trung tm

DWDM Dense WDM WDM mt cao
DSF Dipersion Shifted Fiber Si quang DSF
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si Erbium

FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class Nhm chuyn tip tng ng

ISDN Itegrated Service Digital Network Mng s tch hp dch v
ITU-T Internation Telecommunication Union T chc vin thng quc t
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Nhm c trch k thut Internet

LED Light Emitting Diode Diode pht quang
LD Diode Laser Phn t pht x nh sng
LOH Line Over Head Mo u on
A
B
C
D
F
I
L
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LP Lightpath ng i nh sng
LSA Link State Advertisements Thng ip trng thi lin kt

MPLS Multi-protocol Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng

NNI Network-to-Network Interface Giao din lin mng NNI

OXC Optical Cross Connect B ni cho quang
OTN Optical Transport Network
OLT Optical Line Terminator Thit b u cui quang
ONT Optical Network Terminal B kt ni mng cp quang
OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplex B ghp knh xen/rt quang
OIF Optical Internetworking Forum Cc t chc v din n quc t
OLS Optical Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn quang
OBS Optical Burst Switching Chuyn mch nhm quang
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Knh gim st quang
OAM&P Operrations Adminnitration
Maintenance And Provisioning Khai thc, qun l v bo dng
OSPF Open Shortest Path First Giao thc u tin con ng ngn
ONU Optical Network Unit Thit b mng quang
ODN Optical Distribution Network H thng phn phi mng quang

PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative Diode bn dn PIN
POH Path Over Head Chuyn mch gi
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy Ghp knh cn ng b s
PIM Protocol Independent Multicast Multicast c lp giao thc
PIM-DM Dense Mode Ch c lp
PIM-SM Sparse Mode Ch tha tht
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service Dch v in thoi truyn thng

O
P
N
M
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RIP Routing Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn

STM-n Synchronous Transfer Module Modul truyn ng b th n
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierachy Ghp knh ng b s

TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia thi gian

UNI User-to-Network Interface Giao din ngi s dng mng

WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng

S
T
W
U
R
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LI M U

Xu hng giao thc IP tr thnh tng hi t cho cc dch v vin thng
ngy cng tr nn r rng. Pha trn tng IP, vn ang xut hin ngy cng nhiu
cc ng dng v dch v da trn nn IP. Nhng u th ni tri ca lu lng IP
ang t ra vn l cc hot ng thc tin k thut ca h tng mng nn
c ti u ho cho IP. Mt khc, quang si, nh mt cng ngh phn tn, ang
cch mng ho ngnh cng nghip vin thng v cng nghip mng nh dung
lng mng cc ln m n cho php, qua cho php s pht trin ca mng
Internet th h sau. S dng cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM da
trn nn mng hin ti s c th cho php nng cao ng k bng thng m vn
duy tr c hin trng hot ng ca mng. N cng c chng minh l
mt gii php hiu qu v mt chi ph cho cc mng ng di.
Khi s pht trin trn ton th gii ca si quang v cc cng ngh WDM,
v d nh cc h thng iu khin v linh kin WDM tr nn chn mui, th cc
mng quang da trn WDM s khng ch c trin khai ti cc ng trc m
cn trong cc mng ni th, mng vng v mng truy nhp. Cc mng quang
WDM s khng ch cn l cc cc ng dn im im, cung cp cc dch v
truyn dn vt l na m s bin i ln mt mc mm do mi. Tch hp IP
v WDM truyn ti lu lng IP qua cc mng quang WDM sao cho hiu
qu ang tr thnh mt nhim v cp thit.
Do vy, n tt nghip ca em l Nghin cu v mng IP/WDM.
n trnh by cc vn c bn, kin trc, cc k thut nh tuyn cng nh vn
truyn ti lu lng trong mng IP/WDM. n bao gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin quang v nguyn
l ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. Chng ny s trnh by s , cc
u nhc im v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM.
Chng 2: Tng quan mng IP/WDM. Chng ny s trnh
by khi nim chung mng IP/WDM, l do chn mng IP/WDM, cc th
h, u im, cc gii php pht trin, cc chun v cc kiu kin trc ca
mng IP/WDM.
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Chng 3: Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng IP/WDM.
Chng ny tp trung tm hiu vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong
mng IP/WDM. Trnh by chi tit bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng
tnh ng, s gii hn bc song WR trong mng IP/WDM.
Chng 4: K thut lu lng trong mng IP/WDM. Chng
ny ch ra khi nim, m hnh ha k thut lu lng, ti cu hnh m hnh
o ng i ngn nht, ti cu hnh cho mng WDM chuyn mch gi.
Thng qua n em trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v mt cng
ngh mng mi mng IP/WDM. Tuy nhin, do nng lc v kin thc cn
nhiu hn ch nn n khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn
c nhng ng gp qu bu ca cc Thy C gio v ton th cc bn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Thc s on Hu Chc ngi
trc tip hng dn, ch bo em c th hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Em
cng xin cm n tt c cc Thy C, gia nh v cc bn tn tnh gip
em trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Hi Phng, ngy 10 thng 7 nm 2010
Sinh vin
Mc Vn V

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CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
V NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG WDM

1.1. Gii thiu chng
Lng thng tin trao i trong cc h thng thng tin ngy nay tng ln
rt nhanh. Bn cnh vic gia tng v s lng th dng lu lng truyn thng
trn mng cng thay i. Dng d liu ch yu l lu lng Internet. S ngi
s dng truy cp Internet ngy cng tng v thi gian mi ln truy cp thng
ko di gp nhiu ln cuc ni chuyn in thoi. Chng ta ang hng ti mt
x hi m vic truy cp thng tin c th p ng mi lc, mi ni chng ta
cn. Mng Internet v ATM ngy nay khng dung lng p ng cho nhu
cu bng thng trong tng lai.

Lu lng
Nm
50
100
150
200
250
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Thoi
D liu

Hnh 1.1. S gia tng lu lng d liu v ting ni qua cc nm
K thut thng tin quang v s ra i ca k thut ghp knh theo bc
sng WDM c xem l v cu tinh ca chng ta trong vic gii quyt vn
trn. Bi v h thng thng tin quang c nhng kh nng vt tri nh: bng
thng khng l (gn 50 Tbps), suy gim tn hiu thp (khong 0.2dB/km), mo
tn hiu thp, i hi nng lng cung cp thp, khng b nh hng ca nhiu
in t, kh nng bo mt caoV vy thng tin quang ni chung v k thut
WDM ni ring c xem l k thut cho h thng thng tin bng rng; khng
ch c bit ph hp vi cc tuyn thng tin ng di, trung k m cn c tim
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nng to ln trong vic thc hin cc chc nng ca mng ni ht v p ng mi
loi hnh dch v hin ti v trong tng lai.
V vy vic nghin cu, xy dng v pht trin h thng thng tin si
quang l cn thit cho nhu cu pht trin thng tin trong tng lai. Trong
chng ny, chng ta s gii thiu, tm hiu tng quan h thng thng tin quang
v k thut ghp knh theo bc sng WDM.
1.2. Gii thiu thng tin quang
1.2.1. nh ngha
Khc vi thng tin hu tuyn hay v tuyn cc loi thng tin s dng
mi trng truyn dn tng ng l dy dn v khng gian nh hnh 1.2 th
thng tin quang l h thng truyn tin qua si quang nh hnh 1.3. iu c
ngha l thng tin c chuyn thnh nh sng v sau nh sng c truyn
qua si quang. Ti ni nhn, n li c bin i thnh thng tin ban u.

Metal wire
Sound
Electrical Signal
Electrical Signal
Sound

Hnh 1.2. Thng tin hu tuyn

Optical Fiber
Sound Electrical Signal Electrical Signal Sound
Electrical Signal
Optical Signal
Optical Signal
Electrical Signal
Hnh 1.3. Thng tin quang
1.2.2. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang
M
ha
Thit b
pht quang
B
lp
Thit b
thu quang
Gii
m Pht Si
quang
Thu
Si
quang

Hnh 1.4. Cu trc ca h thng thng tin quang
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Cc thnh phn ca tuyn truyn dn quang bao gm: phn pht quang,
cp si quang v phn thu quang.
Phn pht quang: c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc
mch iu khin lin kt vi nhau. Phn t pht x nh sng c th l: Diode
Laser (LD), Diode pht quang (LED). LED dng ph hp cho h thng thng
tin quang c tc khng qu 200Mbps s dng si a mode. LED pht x t
pht, nh sng khng nh hng nn s dng LED tt trong h thng thng
tin quang th n phi c cng sut bc x cao, thi gian p ng nhanh. LD khc
phc nhc im ca LED, thng s dng LD cho truyn dn tc cao. LD
c nhiu u im hn so vi LED: ph pht x ca LD rt hp (khong t 1 n
4nm nn gim c tn sc cht liu), gc pht quang hp (5-10
0
), hiu sut
ghp nh sng vo si cao.
Cp si quang: gm cc si dn quang v cc lp v bc xung quanh
bo v khi tc ng c hi t mi trng bn ngoi. C th chn cc loi si
sau: si quang a mode chit sut nhy bc, si quang a mode chit sut gim
dn, si quang n mode.
Phn thu quang: do b tch sng quang v cc mch khuch i, ti
to tn hiu hp thnh. Trong h thng thng tin quang, ngi ta quan tm nht
i vi cc b tch sng quang l cc diode quang PIN v diode quang kiu thc
APD c ch to t cc bn dn c bn Si, Ge, InP.
Ngoi cc thnh phn ch yu ny, tuyn thng tin quang cn c cc b
ni quang, cc mi hn, cc b chia quang v cc trm lp. Tt c to nn mt
tuyn thng tin hon chnh.
Tng t nh cp ng, cp si quang c khai thc vi iu kin lp
t khc nhau, c th c treo trn tri, chn trc tip di t hoc t di
bin,ty thuc vo cc iu kin lp t khc nhau m ch to ca cp
cng khc nhau v cc mi hn s kt ni cc di cp thnh di tng cng
ca tuyn c lp t. Tham s quan trng nht ca cp si quang tham gia
quyt nh di tuyn l suy hao si quang theo bc sng.
Ngun pht quang thit b pht c th s dng LED hoc laser bn dn.
C hai ngun pht ny u ph hp cho cc h thng thng tin quang, vi tn
hiu quang u ra c tham s bin i tng ng vi s thay i ca dng iu
bin. Bc sng lm vic ca ngun pht quang c bn ph thuc vo vt liu
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ch to, on si quang ra ca ngun pht quang phi ph hp vi si dn
quang khai thc trn tuyn.
Tn hiu nh sng c iu ch ti ngun pht quang s c lan
truyn dc theo si quang ti phn thu quang. Khi truyn trn si dn quang,
tn hiu thng b suy hao v mo do cc yu t hp th, tn x, tn sc gy nn.
B tch sng quang phn thu thc hin tip nhn nh sng v tch ly tn hiu
t hng pht ti. Tn hiu quang c bin i tr li thnh tn hiu in. Cc
photodiode PIN v photodiode thc APD u c th s dng lm cc b tch
sng quang trong cc h thng thng tin quang. c tnh quan trng nht ca
thit b thu quang l nhy thu quang.
Khi khong cch truyn dn kh di, ti mt c ly no , tn hiu quang
trong si b suy hao kh nhiu th cn thit phi c cc trm lp quang t trn
tuyn. Nhng nm gn y, cc b khuch i quang c s dng thay
th cho cc thit b trm lp quang.
1.3. Gii thiu K thut ghp knh theo bc sng WDM
1.3.1. nh ngha
Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM l cng ngh Trong mt si quang
ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc sng tn hiu quang. u pht nhiu tn hiu
quang c bc sng khc nhau c t hp li ghp knh truyn i trn
mt si quang. u thu, tn hiu t hp c phn gii ra tch knh, khi
phc li tn hiu gc ri a vo cc u cui khc nhau.
Hay ni cch khc, WDM cho php ta tng dung lng knh m khng
cn tng tc bit ca ng truyn v cng khng dng thm si dn quang.
Thc t c th hiu n gin l thay v truyn mt sng quang trn mt si
quang, by gi ta ghp nhiu sng quang c bc sng khc nhau nh vo mt
MUX multiplexing ri truyn trn mt si quang. u bn kia ta dng
DEMUX demultiplexing tch cc sng ra khc nhau.
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1.3.2. S khi tng qut

MUX
DE
MUX
Tx1
Tx2
TxN
Pht tn hiu
Ghp tn hiu
EDFA EDFA
K tn hiu K tn hiu
Truyn tn hiu trn si quang
Rx1
Rx2
RxN
Tch tn hiu
Thu tn hiu
Hnh 1.5. S chc nng h thng WDM

Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l
laser. Hin ti c mt s loi ngun nh: laser iu chnh c bc sng
(Tunable Laser), Laser a bc sngYu cu i vi ngun pht Laser l phi c
rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng sut pht nh, bc sng
trung tm, rng ph, rng iu bin phi nm trong gii hn cho php.
Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun
sng khc nhau thnh mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn dn qua
si quang. Tch tn hiu WDM l s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp
thnh cc tn hiu nh sng ring r ti mi cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c rt
nhiu b tch ghp nh: b lc mng mng in mi, cch t Bragg si, cch t
nhiu x, linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc Fabry-Perot V khi ta cn
xt n cc tham s nh: khong cch gia cc knh, tnh ng u ca knh,
suy hao xen, suy hao phn x Bragg, xuyn m u vo u ra.
Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang
chu s nh hng ca nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi
tuyn, vn lin quan n khuch i tn hiu.
Khuch i tn hiu: h thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch
i si quang EDFA. Tuy nhin, b khuch i Raman hin nay cng c
s dng trong thc t. C ba ch khuch i: khuch i cng sut, khuch
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i ng v tin khuch i. Khi dng b khuch i EDFA cho h thng
WDM phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
ln khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh ca bc
sng (mc chnh lch khng qu 1dB).
S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy
nh hng mc cng sut u ra ca cc knh.
C kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo
iu chnh li cc h s khuch i nhm m bo c tuyn khuch i l
bng phng i vi tt c cc knh.
Thu tn hiu: Thu tn hiu trong cc h thng WDM cng s dng cc
b tch sng quang nh trong h thng thng tin quang thng: PIN, APD.
1.3.3. Phn loi h thng WDM
H thng WDM v c bn chia lm hai loi: h thng n hng v h
thng song hng. H thng n hng ch truyn theo mt hng trn si
quang. Do vy, truyn thng tin gia hai im cn hai si quang. H thng
WDM song hng, ngc li truyn hai chiu trn mt si quang ln ch cn
mt si quang c th trao i thng tin gia hai im.

MUX
DE
MUX
Tx1
Tx2
TxN
EDFA EDFA
Rx1
Rx2
RxN
N
,..., ,
2 1
N
,..., ,
2 1
MUX
DE
MUX
Tx1
Tx2
TxN
Rx1
Rx2
RxN
i
,..., ,
2 1
N i i ),..., 2 ( ), 1 ( + +
EDFA
EDFA
H thng WDM n hng
H thng WDM song hng

Hnh 1.6. H thng ghp bc sng n hng v song hng
n tt nghip

22
C hai h thng u c u nhc im ring: Gi s rng cng ngh hin ti
ch cho php truyn N bc sng trn mt si quang, so snh hai h thng ta thy:
Xt v dung lng, h thng n hng c kh nng cung cp
dung lng cao gp i so vi h thng song hng. Ngc li, s si
quang cn dng gp i so vi h thng song hng.
Khi s c t cp xy ra, h thng song hng khng cn n c
ch chuyn mch t ng APS (Automatic Protection Swithching) v c
hai u ca lin kt u c kh nng nhn bit s c mt cch tc thi.
ng v kha cnh thit k mng, h thng song hng kh thit
k hn v cn phi xt thm cc yu t nh: vn xuyn nhiu do c
nhiu bc sng hn trn mt si quang, m bo nh tuyn v phn b
bc sng sao cho c hai chiu trn si quang khng dng chung mt
bc sng.
Cc b khuch i trong h thng song hng thng c cu trc
phc tp hn trong h thng n hng. Tuy nhin, do s bc sng
khuch i trong h thng song hng gim theo mi chiu nn h
thng song hng, cc b khuch i s cho cng sut quang ng ra ln
hn so vi h thng n hng.
1.3.4. u im v nhc im ca cng ngh WDM
Thc t nghin cu v trin khai WDM rt ra c nhng u nhc
im ca cng ngh WDM nh sau:
u im ca cng ngh WDM
Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang vi s ln tng ng s bc
sng c ghp vo truyn trn mt si quang.
Tnh trong sut: Do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt
l nn c th h tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, Gigabit Ethernet,
ESCON, chuyn mch knh, IP,
Kh nng m rng: Nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn
tng bng thng truyn trn si quang ln ti hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu m
rng mng nhiu cp khc nhau.
Hin ti ch c duy nht cng ngh WDM l cho php xy dng m
hnh mng truyn ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network) gip truyn ti
nhiu loi hnh dch v, qun l mng hiu qu, nh tuyn linh ng,
n tt nghip

23
Nhc im ca cng ngh WDM
Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch
mi tn dng c bng C v bng L). Thng bc sng nm trong khong t
1269nm n 167nm.
Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.
Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF Dipersion
Shifted Fiber theo chun G.653 th rt kh trin khai WDM v xut hin hin
tng trn bc sng kh gay gt.
1.3.5. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng lai
Vi h thng WDM, si quang cung cp cho chng ta tc truyn mong
mun nhng bng thng mang li b gii hn bi tc x l cc nt, do tc
x l cc nt c thc hin bng in t, m tc in t li thp hn
rt nhiu so vi tc thng tin truyn trong si quang (khong vi Gbps). Nh
vy, tn hiu quang trn si khi n nt s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in
thc hin x l in t (s chuyn i quang in O/E), sau c chuyn
li thnh tn hiu quang truyn i. iu ny lm gim tc mng, gii
php t ra l xy dng mng m trong tn hiu c x l hon ton trong
min quang, gi l mng ton quang.
Trong mng ton quang, d liu i t ngun n ch hon ton di
dng quang m khng cn bt c s chuyn i quang - in no trn ng i,
vic iu khin x l chuyn mch cng c thc hin di dng quang. Tuy
nhin, mng ton quang hin ti vn cha c tin hnh thnh cng bi nhng
tn ti ca n. Cc thit b logic hon ton trong min quang kh thc hin hn
nhiu so vi cc thit b logic in t. Bi v, khc vi cc electron th cc
photon khng tng tc nh hng ln nhau, thng th cc thit b logic phc
tp u c to ra bng cch s dng cng ngh in t. Bn cnh , cc trm
lp bng quang cng rt kh thc hin hn nhiu so vi cc trm lp in t mc
d cc trm lp trong mng ton quang c t nhng khong cch nh k
rt xa nhau.
1.3.6. Chuyn mch quang trong h thng WDM
Hu ht cc thit b mng ngy nay u da trn tn hiu in, iu c
ngha tn hiu quang cn chuyn i sang tn hiu in c khuch i, ti
to hoc chuyn mch v sau c chuyn i tr li tn hiu quang. iu
ny ni n s chuyn i optical-to-electronic-to-optical (O-E-O) v l cng
n tt nghip

24
vic ct li ht sc c ngha trong vic truyn tn hiu. S lng ln tn hiu i
qua mng quang cn c chuyn mch qua cc im khc nhau, c gi l
cc node. Thng tin n node s c chuyn v pha trc theo hng n ni
m n c gi ti qua ng tt nht c th, con ng ny c th xc nh
bi cc yu t nh khong cch, chi ph, tin cy, bng thngca tuyn .
Cch chuyn i tn hiu thc hin chuyn mch l tch nh sng t
nhng u vo si quang, chuyn i n sang tn hiu in v sau chuyn i
tr li tn hiu nh sng laser, tn hiu ny c gi i trong si quang.
Vn c bn ca chuyn mch quang l thay th s tn ti ca chuyn
mch mng in bng mng ton quang, s cn thit ca vic chuyn i O-E-O
c loi b. Nhng thun li ca kh nng ny khi trnh c vic chuyn i
O-E-O l iu ht sc ngha. u tin chuyn mch quang c th r hn bi v
khng cn nhiu tn hiu in tc cao t tin.
Cc b chuyn mch quang cho nhiu ng dng trong mng quang. Mt
ng dng ca chuyn mch quang l cung cp cc lightpath. Vi ng dng ny,
chuyn mch c s dng bn trong b kt ni cho nhm cu hnh li chng
cung cp cc lightpath mi. Mt phn mm c thm vo qun l mng
t u cui n u cui. V th vi ng dng ny, cc b chuyn mch vi thi
gian chuyn mch ms c th chp nhn, nhng cc b chuyn mch y i
hi phi c kch thc ln.
Mt ng dng quan trng khc l chuyn mch bo v. y cc chuyn
mch c s dng chuyn cc lung lu lng t si chnh sang si khc
trong trng hp si chnh gp s c. Ton b hot ng nh thi gian tm ra
li, thng tin li n cc phn t mng iu khin vic chuyn mch v qu trnh
chuyn mch thc s i hi phi hon thnh trong thi gian rt ngn. C th c
nhiu dng chuyn mch bo v khc nhau, ph thuc vo phng php c s
dng, s cc cng chuyn mch cn thit c th thay i t hng trm n hng
nghn cng khi s dng trong cc b kt ni cho bc sng.
1.3.7. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM
Cu trc ca mng WDM gm c cc thnh phn: thit b u cui OLT,
cc b ghp knh xen/rt quang OADM, cc b kt ni cho quang OXC lin
kt vi nhau qua cc kt ni si quang. Ngoi ra cn c b khuch i b suy
hao trn ng truyn.
n tt nghip

25
a) Thit b u cui OLT
Thit b u cui OLT (Optical Line Terminator) l thit b c dng
u cui ca mt lin kt im ni im ghp v phn knh cc bc sng.
Thit b u cui gm c ba phn t: b tip sng (transponder), b ghp knh
cc bc sng (wavelength multiplexer) v b khuch i (optical amplifier).
B tip sng lm nhim v thch ng tn hiu i vo t mt ngi s dng
mng thnh mt tn hiu ph hp s dng trong mng. V hng ngc li n
lm thch ng tn hiu t mng quang thnh tn hiu ph hp vi ngi s dng.
Giao din gia ngi s dng v b tip sng c th thay i da vo ngi s
dng, tc bt v khong cch hoc suy hao gia ngi dng v b chuyn
tip. Giao din ph bin nht l giao din SONET/SDH.

IP Router
SONET
SONET
O/E/O
O/E/O
Non ITU
Non ITU
ITU1
ITU
2
ITU
3
Transponder
MUX/DEMUX
Optical Line Terminal
Laser
Receiver
3 2 1
osc
osc

Hnh 1.7. M hnh thit b u cui OLT

S thch ng bao gm nhiu chc nng, tn hiu c th c chuyn i
thnh bc sng thch hp hn trong mng quang, n cng c th thm vo cc
phn u header nhm qun l mng. B tip sng cng c th gim st t l li
bt ca tn hiu im i vo v i ra trong mng. V nhng l do ny nn b
chuyn tip thc hin chuyn i quang-in-quang.
Tn hiu ra khi b tip sng c ghp knh vi cc tn hiu khc cc
bc sng khc nhau s dng b ghp knh theo bc sng trn mt si quang.
Thm vo b khuch i c th c dng khuch i cng sut ln nu
cn thit trc khi chng c a n b phn knh. Nhng bc sng ny li
n tt nghip

26
c kt thc trong mt b tip sng nu c hoc kt thc trc tip trong thit b
ngi s dng.
Cui cng OLT cng kt thc mt knh gim st quang (OSC). OSC
c mang bc sng ring l, khc vi cc bc sng mang lu lng thc s.
N dng gim st vic thc hin ca cc b khuch i dc theo lin kt cng
nh cho cc chc nng qun l khc.
b) B ghp knh xen/rt quang OADM
B ghp knh xen/rt quang cung cp mt phng tin iu khin lu
lng trong mng. OADM c th c dng cc v tr khuch i trong cc
mng ng di nhng cng c th s dng nhng phn t mng c lp.
Hin nay c nhiu cu trc cu thnh ln OADM c a ra, trong
phn t c bn vn l mt hay nhiu b lc. Mt cch c bn c 3 cu trc
OADM: cu trc song song, cu trc ni tip v cu trc xen/rt theo bng sng.
Cu trc song song:

DEMUX MUX
Rt Xen
w ,..., 2 , 1
w ,..., 2 , 1
w
1
2

Hnh 1.8a. Kin trc OADM dng song song.
Trong cu trc song song, tt c cc knh tn hiu u c gii ghp
knh. Sau mt s knh ty c cu hnh rt, cc knh cn li c cu
hnh cho i xuyn qua mt cch thch hp. Nh vy s knh thc hin xen/rt,
c th knh no thc hin xen/rt l khng c nh. OADM ch to theo cu
trc song song s khng to ra nhiu rng buc khi thit lp mt ng quang
gia cc nt trong mng. ng thi, do OADM x l i vi tt c cc knh
bc sng i v suy hao thm vo ca tn hiu khi i qua OADM l c nh,
khng ph thuc vo s lng knh xen/rt ti im nt. Hn na vic xem rt
thm cc knh khng lm gin on cc knh ang hot ng. Tuy nhin, so vi
n tt nghip

27
iu kin thc t, cu trc ny khng mang tnh kinh t do s lng knh xen/rt
ti mi nt thng khng ng k so vi s lng knh truyn trn si quang.
Cu trc ni tip:
w ,..., 2 , 1 w ,..., 2 , 1
Rt Xen

1
2

w

Hnh 1.8b. Kin trc OADM dng ni tip

Trong cu trc ni tip, mt knh n c thc hin rt v xen t tp
hp cc knh i vo OADM. Ngi ta gi thit b ny l OADM knh n SC-
OADM. SC-OADM l yu t c bn nht cu thnh nn h thng OADM hon
chnh bng cch ghp ni tip nhiu SC-OADM li vi nhau. Trn thc t thit
b kiu ny cho tnh kinh t cao hn so vi cu trc song song nhng suy hao
thm vo ln do mc ni tip cc SC-OADM theo nhiu chng. Vic xen/rt cc
knh mi s lm gin on cc knh khc. Do cn c k hoch phn b bc
sng hn ch vic gin on ny.
Cu trc xen/rt theo bng sng:

w ,..., 2 , 1 w ,..., 2 , 1
Rt Xen
w ,..., 2 , 1

Hnh 1.8c. Kin trc OADM dng xen/rt theo bng sng
Trong cu trc ny, mt nhm c nh knh bc sng c thc hin
xen/rt ti mi nt mng OADM. Cc knh c thit lp thc hin xen/rt l
cc knh lin tip nhau trong mt bng sng, s c lc bi mt b lc c bng
thng l cc di sng, Sau chng c a ln mc ghp knh quang cao
hn v t gii ghp knh thnh cc knh bc sng ring l. y l cu trc
trung ha gia hai cu trc trn. S lng ti a knh bc sng c xen/rt
ph thuc vo bng thng ca b lc v nh qun l h thng trang thit b c
bao nhiu b chuyn i tn hiu nt OADM. Tuy nhin, s lng cc knh
n tt nghip

28
xen/rt l bao nhiu cng khng nh hng n qu trnh tnh ton cc ng
quang khc trong mng v suy hao ca tn hiu khi i qua OADM.
c) B khuch i quang
Nhm b li s suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn si quang cng nh ti
cc thit b (nh cc b ghp knh) th cc b khuch i c t gia cc kt
ni si quang nhng khong cch nh k. Loi khuch i quang in hnh l
b khuch i quang si EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier khuch i
quang si c pha tp Erbium).
B EDFA thc cht l si quang pha tp c chc nng khuch i c
tn hiu nh sng, chng c th thay i cc c tnh vt l ca si theo nhit ,
p sut v c tnh cht bc x nh sng. c im ca si ny l chng c kh
nng t khuch i hoc ti to tn hiu khi c kch thch ph hp.
u vo
u ra
B cch ly B cch ly
WDM EDF

Hnh 1.9. B khuch i quang EDFA
Theo hnh v th nh sng bm vo t laser c kt hp vi tn hiu vo
nh s dng mt b ghp WDM. nh sng bm ny c truyn dc theo si
c pha Erbium v tn hiu bm ny kch thch cc ion Erbium ln mc nng
lng cao hn. S dch chuyn mc nng lng ca in t t cao xung thp
s pht ra photon, c gi l bc x t pht nu khng c bt c tc ng no
t pha bn ngoi, cn gi l bc x kch thch khi c mt cc photon cha nng
lng bng nng lng dch chuyn. Khi tn hiu d liu c truyn n
EDFA, tn hiu d liu ny n gp cc ion Er
3+
c kch thch mc nng
lng cao. Qu trnh ny lm cho cc ion nhy t trng thi nng lng cao
xung mc trng thi nng lng thp nn pht ra photon, do s khuch i
cng sut tn hiu ln ri truyn i tip trong si quang.
Thng thng, mt b cch ly c dng trc ng vo hoc ng ra ca
b khuch i EDFA ngn cn s phn x vo trong b khuch i ny.
n tt nghip

29
EDFA cho h s khuch i ln, cng sut ra ln v nhiu thp, n lm
vic bc sng 1500nm. Trong cc h thng thng tin quang, cho cc
EDFA hot ng th cn c ngun bm. Cc ngun bm thc t l cc diode
laser bn dn cng sut cao dng cung cp ngun nh sng cho EDFA.
EDFA c cc c im sau:
Khng c mch ti to thi gian, mch phc hi (b chuyn i
O/E v E/O). Do mch s tr nn linh hot hn.
Cng sut ngun nui nh nn khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng
tin vt bin, cp s c cu trc nh v nh hn cp thng.
Gi thnh ca h thng thp do cu trc ca EDFA n gin,
trng lng nh, khong lp v dung lng truyn dn c nng cao.
Ngoi ra do EDFA c kh nng khuch i nhiu bc sng
trong cng mt si nn n c kh nng tng dung lng tc ln n
20Gbps hoc cao hn khi s dng k thut WDM.
d) B ni cho quang OXC

OXC
SONET
SDH
IP ATM
OLT

Hnh 1.10. Minh ha mt mng dng OXC
OXC cung cp chc nng chuyn mch v nh tuyn h tr cc lin
kt logic gia hai node. Mt OXC lm nhim v truyn thng tin trn mi bc
sng mt u vo v n c th chuyn mch n mt cng ra ring bit. Mt
OXC vi N cng vo N cng ra m cc cng ny c kh nng x l W bc
sng trn mi cng OXC (Optical Cross Connect) l thnh phn ch yu iu
khin cc cu trc mt li phc tp v mt s lng ln cc bc sng. OXC
l thnh phn mng chnh cho php cu hnh li mng quang, m cc
lightpath c th thit lp v kt thc khi cn thit m khng phi c cung cp
n tt nghip

30
c nh. OXC c cu trc vi mch tch hp rt ln v kh nng kt ni hng
ngn u vo vi hng ngn u ra to nn chc nng chuyn mch v nh
tuyn. Trong thng tin quang, 40 knh quang c th c truyn i trong mt
si n, OXC l thit b cn thit c th tip nhn nhiu bc sng khc nhau
cc u vo v nh tuyn cc bc sng ny n cc u ra thch hp trong
mng. Nh vy c th coi OXC l phn t trung tm ca mng.

n tt nghip

31
CHNG 2:
TNG QUAN MNG IP/WDM

2.1. Tng quan mng IP/WDM
Mng IP/WDM c thit k truyn dn lu lng IP trong mt mng
quang, cho php WDM tn dng ti a kh nng kt ni IP v dung lng bng
thng cc ln ca WDM.
Kt hp IP v WDM c ngha l, trong mt phng d liu ta c th yu
cu cc ti nguyn mng chuyn tip lu lng IP mt cch hiu qu; cn trong
mt phng iu khin ta c th xy dng mt mt phng iu khin ng b.
IP/WDM cng nh a ch tt c cc mc trung gian ca cc mng quang intra-
, inter-WDM v cc mng IP.
2.1.1. L do chn IP/WDM
Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc dch
v mng mi, do lu lng IP khng ngng tng nhanh v dn thay th cc
loi giao thc khc. Hng nm, lu lng s tng hn lu lng thoi gp 2 4
ln. n nm 2009, lu lng s t n gp 30 ln lu lng thoi.
Trong khi IP c xem nh cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng ngh
WDM cung cp kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Hn na, kh nng cu
hnh mm do ca cc b ni cho quang OXC (Optical Cross Connect) cho
php xy dng mng quang linh hot hn, nh cc ng quang (lightpath)
c th c thit lp theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l
vn iu khin cc lightpath ny, tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton
cho php thit lp cc lightpath nhanh v cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s
c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh cung cp thit b.
c nhiu phng php cung cp dch v gi IP trn mng WDM
c ngh: IP/ATM/SDH over WDM, IP/SDH over WDM, v.v.v... Tuy nhin
vic qun l mng theo cc phng php trn gp khng t kh khn. Nguyn
nhn ch yu gy nn s phc tp trong qun l chnh l s phn lp theo truyn
thng ca cc giao thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng c rt nhiu lp c lp,
do c nhiu chc nng chng cho nhau cc lp v thng xuyn c s
mu thun ln nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy
dng v qun l mng mt cch trit l gim s lp giao thc.
n tt nghip

32
Hn na, khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP
v WDM tng ln th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng
ngh lp trung gian to nn mng Internet quang tht s hiu qu v mm
do. Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cng cung cp mt s chc nng c gi tr
nh k thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering) v khi phc. Nhng chc nng
ny cn phi c gi li trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP
hoc xung lp quang.
T ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu cng ngh IP over WDM. y l
mt cng ngh mi tuy rng cn nhiu vn cha gii quyt nhng vi li ch
ca n, th trng rng ln v tng lai sng sa, cc t chc vin thng quc t
ang trin khai cng tc nghin cu cng ngh ny. IP over WDM cung cp kh
nng truyn dn trc tip gi s liu IP trn knh quang, gim s trng lp chc
nng gia cc lp mng, gim b phn trung tm d tha ti cc lp
SDH/SONET, ATM; gim thao tc thit b, dn n gim chi ph bo dng v
qun l. Do khng phi qua lp SDH v ATM nn gi s liu c hiu sut
truyn dn cao nht, ng ngha vi chi ph thp nht. Ngoi ra cn c th phi
hp vi c tnh lu lng khng i xng ca IP, tn dng bng tn nhm
gim gi thnh khai thc. T gin tip gim chi ph cho thu bao. R rng
y l mt kt cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt thch hp
s dng cho cc mng ng trc.

Hnh 2.1. Xu hng tch hp mng Internet v quang.
Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ngy nay m cc nh nghin cu
chuyn mch quang l vic pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin
ng v hot ng lin mng ca lp quang. Dn n phi c nhng chun ha
ring. Cc t chc v din n quc t OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum),
IETF v ITU u ang n lc gp rt thit lp nn cc phng php xc nh
vic iu khin v kt ni gia mng WDM v IP.
n tt nghip

33
2.1.2. Cc th h WDM
a) Th h WDM th nht
Th h WDM u tin c s dng trong mng WAN. Cu hnh mng
WAN/WDM c ci t nhn cng hoc c nh. ng truyn WDM cung
cp cc im kt ni im ni im vi tc thp. K thut chnh trong WDM
th h u tin l thit k v pht trin cc Laser WDM, cc k thut khuch i
quang, cc giao thc truy nhp v nh tuyn tnh. Cc thit b xen, r bc sng
quang WADM cng c s dng trong mng MAN. Cc thit b u ni cho
quang OXC c s dng kt ni cc vng Ring WADM. Cc kt ni ny c
th l bng thng rng hoc bng thng hp. ng dng ca cc h thng WDM
th h u tin l cc trung k chuyn mch cho tn hiu thoi, cc ng truyn
E1, T1 (hin nay vn cn rt nhiu ng dng trong vin thng, c bit l trong
thng tin lin lc).
b) Th h WDM th hai
Th h WDM th hai c kh nng thit lp cc kt ni t u cui n
u cui trn lp quang bng cch s dng WXSC. Cc ng quang ny c
cu trc (topology) o trn topology vt l ca cp si quang. Cu hnh cc bc
sng o ny c ci t mm do hn theo yu cu s dng. K thut chnh
ca th h WDM th hai l xen, r bc sng quang, cc thit b u ni cho,
b bin i bc sng quang ti cc b u ni cho, nh tuyn ng v phn
b bc sng quang, cc giao din kt ni vi cc mng khc.
c) Th h WDM th ba
Th h WDM th ba pht trin theo hng mng chuyn mch gi quang
khng c kt ni. Trong mng ny, cc nhn hoc mo u quang c gn
km vi s liu, c truyn cng vi ti v c x l ti cc b chuyn mch
quang WDM quang. Cn c vo t s ca thi gian x l gi tin mo u v
thi gian x l ton b gi tin, cc b chuyn mch quang WDM c th chia
thnh hai loi: chuyn mch nhn (OLS) hoc chuyn mch nhm (OBS). Mt
s v d thit b WDM th h ba l: b nh tuyn (Router) quang chuyn mch
nhn, Router quang Gigabit, chuyn mch quang nhanh.
Kh nng kt hp vi nhau trong vn hnh gia mng WDM v mng IP
l vn trng tm trong mng WDM th h ba. Kt hp nh tuyn v phn b
bc sng trn c s chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut (Generalized
MPLS) th hin nhiu u im vt tri. Nhiu k thut phn mm quan trng
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34
nh qun l bng thng, t cu hnh, khi phc, h tr cht lng dch v cng
c thc hin.
WADM
WAMP
DXC
Th h th nht
Th h th hai
WSXC (OXC)
nh tuyn quang
Th h th ba
OBS
OLS
OPR
Chuyn mch knh WDM
Chuyn mch
nhm quang
Chuyn mch
gi quang

Hnh 2.2. Mng WDM qua cc th h.
2.1.3. Cc u im ca mng IP over WDM
IP/WDM tha k tt c s mm do v kh nng tng thch
ca giao thc iu khin IP.
IP/WDM thay i bng thng ng theo yu cu trong mng
cp quang (Cung cp cc dch v p ng thi gian thc).
Cng vi s h tr giao thc IP, IP/WDM s p ng c s cng
hot ng vi nhau, cung cp dch v cc nh cung cp thit b, dch v.
IP/WDM c th thc hin khi phc ng bng k thut iu
khin phn phi trong mng (y chnh l k thut lu lng trong mng
IP/WDM m chng ta s nghin cu c th trong chng tip theo).
ng trn quan im dch v, mng IP/WDM c cc u im v
qun l cht lng, cc chnh sch v cc k thut d kin s s dng v
pht trin trong mng IP.
2.1.4. Cc gii php pht trin mng IP over WDM
Mng IP/WDM c thit k truyn lu lng IP trong mng cp quang
khai thc ti a u im v kh nng u ni a nng i vi mng IP v
dung lng bng thng rng ca mng WDM.
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35
Hnh 2.3 m t ba gii php IP over WDM l: Truyn IP trn ATM (IP
over ATM), IP/MPLS over SONET/SDH v WDM, v IP/WDM s dng
IP/MPLS trn WDM.
IP
IP/MPLS
SONET/SDH
WDM
IP/MPLS
ATM
SONET/SDH
WDM WDM

Hnh 2.3. Ba gii php IP over WDM (Mt phng s liu)
a) Gii php truyn IP trn ATM (IP over ATM)
Gii php th nht l truyn IP trn ATM (IP over ATM), sau trn
SONET/SDH v mng quang WDM. i vi gii php ny, WDM c s
dng nh cng ngh truyn song cng trn lp vt l. u im ca gii php
ny l s dng ATM c kh nng truyn nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau trong
cng ng truyn vi yu cu cht lng dch v khc nhau. Mt u im
khc khi s dng ATM l tnh mm do khi cung cp dch v mng. Tuy nhin,
gii php ny rt phc tp, qun l v iu khin IP over ATM phc tp hn so
vi qun l v iu khin IP qua mng thu ring (IP Leased line).
ATM s dng cng ngh chuyn mch t bo. T bo ATM c di c
nh 53 byte, trong c 5 byte mo u v 48 byte s liu. S liu c gi
ha thnh cc t bo truyn v ti hp ch. Lp ph (Sublayer) ATM SAR
(Phn mnh v ti hp) thc hin chc nng ng gi ny. T byte 48 tr ln
thc hin SAR rt kh khn. Lp ATM gia lp IP v WDM dng nh
khng cn thit. Quan im ny c khng nh bng k thut MPLS ca lp
IP. Cc c im chnh ca MPLS l:
S dng nhn n gin, c di c nh nhn dng ng
dn (flows/paths).
Tch bit ng iu khin v ng truyn s liu, ng iu
khin c s dng khi to ng dn, cc gi tin c chuyn ti
cc nt mng (hop) k tip theo nhn trong bng chuyn tip.
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36
Nhn n gin v duy nht, mo u IP c x l v kim tra
ti bin ca mng MPLS, sau cc gi tin MPLS c chuyn tip da
vo nhn (thay v phn tch mo u gi tin IP).
MPLS cung cp a dch v. V d, mng ring o VPN c
thit lp bi MPLS c mc u tin c xc nh bi nhm chuyn tip
tng ng (FEC).
Phn loi cc gi tin da theo quy lut, cc gi tin c tp hp
vo nhm chuyn tip tng ng da vo nhn. Sp xp cc gi tin vo
FEC c thc hin ti bin, v d da theo nhm ca dch v hoc a
ch ch trong mo u gi tin.
Cung cp kh nng iu khin lu lng, nh c th s dng
cn bng ti bng cch gim st lu lng v iu khin lung trc
tip hoc theo tin trnh nh trc. Trong mng IP hin ti, k thut iu
khin lu lng rt kh khn nh trc. Trong mng IP hin ti, k thut
iu khin lu lng rt kh khn nu khng mun ni l khng th thc
hin c bi v nh tuyn li khng hiu qu bng iu chnh nh
tuyn gin tip v n c th l nguyn nhn gy tc nghn ti mt ni
khc trong mng. MPLS cung cp nh tuyn ngun (explicit path
routing).V vy n c tnh hi t cao v c kh nng chuyn tip theo
nhm. Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c mt s cng c khc nh to knh an ton
(Tunneling), ngn nga, trnh vng lp (Loop), hp nht cc lung
iu khin lu lng.
b) Gii php IP/ MPLS over SONET/SDH v WDM
Gii php th hai l IP/MPLS over SONET/SDH v WDM. SONET/SDH
c mt s u im sau:
Th nht, SONET/SDH c cu trc tch ghp tn hiu quang tiu chun,
nh tn hiu tc thp c th ghp, tch thnh tn hiu c tc cao.
Th hai, SONET/SDH cung cp khung truyn chun.
Th ba, mng SONET/SDH c kh nng bo v, khi phc, nh tn
hiu c truyn trong sut ti lp cao hn (nh lp IP).
Mng SONET/SDH thng s dng cu hnh mng vng (Ring). Mt s
cu hnh bo v c th s dng l:
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37
Cu hnh 1+1 c ngha l s liu c truyn trn hai ng
trong hai hng ngc chiu nhau, tn hiu c cht lng tt hn s c
chn ch.
Cu hnh 1:1 c ngha l ng d phng tch bit i vi
ng hot ng.
Cu hnh n:1 c ngha l n ng hot ng s dng chung mt
ng d phng.
Khai thc, qun l, bo dng OAM&P l tnh nng ni bt ca mng
SONET/SDH truyn cnh bo, iu khin, cc thng tin v cht lng c
mc h thng v mc mng. Tuy nhin SONET/SDH mang s lng thng tin
mo u ng k, thng tin mo u ny c m ha nhiu mc. Mo u
on POH c truyn t u cui ti u cui. mo u ng LOH c s
dng cho tn hiu gia cc thit b u cui nh cc b phn tch ghp knh OC-
n (STM-n). Mo u nhn on SOH c s dng thng tin gia cc phn
t mng ln cn nh cc b lp. i vi tn hiu OC-1 c tc truyn
51.84Mb/s, ti ca n l ng truyn DS-3 ch c tc 44.736Mb/s.
c) IP/WDM s dng IP/MPLS trn WDM
Gii php th ba IP/WDM s dng IP/MPLS trn WDM. y l gii php
hiu qu nht trong ba gii php. Tuy nhin n yu cu lp IP phi kim tra
ng bo v v khi phc. N cng cn dng khung n gin x l li
ng truyn. C nhiu dng khung IP over WDM. Mt s hng trn th gii
pht trin tiu chun khung mi nh Slim SONET/SDH. Dng khung ny c
chc nng tng t nh SONET/SDH nhng vi k thut mi hn khi thay th
mo u v tng thch kch thc khung vi kch thc gi. Mt v d khc l
thc hin dng khung Gigabit Ethernet. 10 Gigabit Ethernet c thit k c
bit cho h thng ghp bc sng quang mt cao DWDM. S dng dng
khung Ethernet, kt ni Ethernet khng cn thit phi ghp tn hiu sang dng
giao thc khc (nh ATM) truyn dn.
Mng IP truyn thng s dng bo hiu trong bng (In band), trong
phng thc bo hiu ny lu lng d liu v lu lng iu khin c
truyn cng nhau trn cng ng ni. Mng quang WDM c mng truyn s
liu ring cho bn tin iu khin. V vy, n s dng bo hiu ngoi bng (Out
of band) nh trn hnh 2.3.
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38
Lu lng d liu
Bo hiu ngoi bng
Bo hiu trong bng
Lu lng d liu
v iu khin
(a) Mng WDM
(b) Mng IP truyn thng

Hnh 2.3. Bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng
Trong mt phng iu khin, IP over WDM c th cung cp nhiu kiu
kin trc mng. Kin trc mng c la chn ph thuc vo mng hin ti,
ngi qun l v ngi s hu.
2.1.5. Cc chun ca mng IP/WDM
Hai t chc a ra tiu chun IP/WDM l nhm c trch k thut
Internet IETF( Internet Engineering Task Force) (www.ietf.org) v nhm tiu
chun ha vin thng, T chc vin thng quc t ITU-T (Internation
Telecommunication Union).
Cc nh k thut lm vic theo nhm, mi nhm gii quyt mt lnh vc.
Nhm gii quyt lnh vc IP/WDM thuc IETF nghin cu cc vn sau:
MPLS/MP S (Chuyn mch bc sng a giao thc)/ GMPLS
(Generalized MPLS).
Chc nng lp 2 v lp 3 trong mng quang.
Cc tiu chun kt ni mng NNI quang (Network to Network
Interface).
Nhm gii quyt lnh vc IP/WDM thuc ITU-T nghin cu cc vn :
c im lp 1 trong m hnh OSI, Kin trc v cc giao thc mng quang th
h sau (OTN), Kin trc ca mng quang chuyn mch t ng.
Vi cc u im ca mng quang ny, ngy 20/04/1998, Cisco Systems
v Ciena Coporation a ra din n kt ni mng quang (Optical
Internetworking Forum OIF) (www.oiforum.org). y l din n m, quan
tm n vic thc y nhanh vic trin khai mng Internet quang. Cc thnh
vin ca din n l: AT&T, Bellcore (Nay l Telcordia Technologies), Ciena
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39
Corporation, Cisco Systems, Hewlett-packard, Qwest, Sprint v Worldcom (Nay
l MCI Worldcom). OIF l ni gp g ca cc nh sn xut thit b, ngi s
dng, ngi cung cp dch v cng nhau a ra cc gii php v cc vn khc
nhau m bo s cng hot ng ca cc mng quang. Hin ti, c 5 nhm
lm vic trong OIF: Kin trc (Architecture), truyn dn (Carrier), khai thc,
bo dng (OAM&P), lp vt l v kt ni (Physical and link layer), bo hiu
(Signalling). OIF ang trin khai cc cng vic thuc lnh vc: Giao din quang
vi ngi s dng (Optical UNI User to Network Interface), Giao din quang
gia cc mng (Optical NNI Network to Network Interface).
2.1.6. Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM
Hin nay c hai xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp lin mng
IP/WDM. l m hnh xp chng (Overlay) hay cn gi l m hnh khch
ch (Client-Server), tc l t ton b s iu khin cho lp quang chnh lp
quang. Xu hng th hai l m hnh ngang hng (Peer), tc l dch chuyn mt
phn iu khin ln b nh tuyn IP.
Hnh 2.4 minh ha hai m hnh tch hp IP vo mng WDM ang c
cc t chc chun ha theo i. M hnh ngang hng da trn gi thit l vic
iu khin lp quang c chuyn sang thc hin lp IP. M hnh ny xem
xt kin trc mng di quan im nh tuyn gi. Trong khi m hnh xp
chng da trn gi thit iu khin lp quang l c lp v lp quang to nn
mt nn m cho kt ni ng ca nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau bao gm c IP.
M hnh ny xem xt kin trc mng trn quan im chuyn mch knh.
C hai m hnh u gi nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c tp
dng mt li vi nn iu khin IP da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPLS. ng dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp chng cn gi l chuyn
mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu khin GMPLS cung cp
mt tp cc giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng IP p ng cho
mng th h sau. Qu trnh iu khin thng nht xuyn sut cc lp s liu v
quang s n gin qu trnh qun l mng c nhiu lp v ci thin hiu qu s
dng ti nguyn thng qua k thut lu lng gia cc lp. Trong bi cnh ny,
cc giao thc nh tuyn IP lm n by cho vic nhn bit tp mng v cc
giao thc bo hiu MPLS c s dng cho thit lp t ng. Ngoi ra, s dng
cc giao thc ny cho iu khin lp quang s gip cc nh sn xut thit b m
bo tnh tng thch nh c cc tiu chun rt ph bin. Do vy xu hng chung
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40
l s dng IP cho c ba mt phng chc nng ca mng: d liu, iu khin v
qun l.

NNI
UNI
M hnh xp chng
NNI
UNI
M hnh ngang bng
Thng tin
topo bo hiu,
iu khin

Hnh 2.4. Hai cu trc tch hp mng quang
Mc d cc m hnh tch hp u s dng kin trc theo kiu IP, nhng
chng qun l cc ng dng khc nhau. Chng hn, mt phng iu khin quang
s iu khin qu trnh thit lp bc sng quang ng nh cc Router bin
c ni vi mng quang. Khi ti Router xy ra tc nghn th h thng qun l
mng hay chnh Router s yu cu thit lp lung quang ng. Sau cc
chuyn mch quang s to knh quang mi p ng nhu cu ca Router. V
vy, thit lp bc sng ng c th thch nghi c vi nhu cu lu lng.
Vi m hnh xp chng th cho php mi Router giao tip trc tip vi
mng thng qua giao din UNI. Giao din gia cc mng con c thc hin
thng qua giao din NNI. M hnh giao din UNI tng t nh m hnh trong
mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh mng ISDN. Trong m hnh ny, mi
mng con s tin trin c lp, nh cho php cc nh khai thc mng a cc
cng ngh mi m khng b gnh nng ca cc cng ngh c. Cc nh khai thc
cn c th p ng c cc c s h tng k tha hin c. Quan trng hn l
cc nh khai thc c th tm thy c trong mi trng mng quang nhiu nh
cung cp, n cho php thc hin c tnh tng thch trong tng lai gn nh
cc giao din UNI v NNI.
Vi m hnh ngang hng cng h tr cho thit lp lung ng bng cch
s dng cc lung u cui bin mng quang v cho php qun l chng t xa.
M hnh ngang hng gi nh rng cc Router iu khin lp mng quang. Mi
quan h gia IP Router v OXC l bnh ng v mt iu khin. V vy v mt
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41
bo hiu v nh tuyn s khng c s phn bit no gia UNI, NNI v giao
din gia cc Router. Trong m hnh ny cn mt khi lng ln thng tin trng
thi v iu khin chuyn qua li gia lp IP v quang. Do s kh hn cho
vic kt ni trong mi trng c nhiu nh khai thc so vi m hnh xp chng.
Mi m hnh c u im ring, c bit m hnh xp chng c u im
ni tri l kh nng tng thch d dng. V kin trc th m hnh xp chng
trc tip v n gin hn. Vi kin trc ngang hng cn c thm cc thng tin
gia lp IP v quang qun l cc lung u cui chuyn ln lung quang.
Khi lng ln thng tin trng thi v iu khin ny bao gm s truyn thng
trc tip gia cc Router bin ca mng quang v s truyn thng tin trong bn
thn mng quang.
M hnh xp chng cho php i mi ti lp quang c lp vi lp IP
trong khi vn cung cp kh nng kt ni tng thch cn thit cho cc dch v
nhanh m vn duy tr tnh ton vn thng tin ca nh khai thc mng quang. Tuy
nhin, m hnh ngang hng cho php tch hp hon ton IP/quang to nn mng
Internet quang thng nht. Do vic s dng v qun l mng tr nn hiu qu
hn, ph hp vi cc ISP hn. Ngoi ra m hnh ngang hng gn hn vi xu
hng chuyn mch gi quang trong tng lai.
2.2. Tng quan cu trc mng IP/WDM
2.2.1. Kin trc tng qut mng IP/WDM
Kin trc tng qut ca cc mng quang IP over WDM (Internet quang)
c m t nh hnh 2.5. Hnh 2.5 th hin nhiu mng quang tn ti trong min
quang, trong giao din ENNI (External Network-to-Network Interface) c
s dng bo hiu gia cc mng quang vi nhau. Mt mng quang ring l
bao gm cc mng quang nh hn v bo hiu gia chng s dng giao din
INNI (Internal Network-to-Network Interface). V mt mng quang nh hn
gm nhiu nt mng quang (cc b OXC) c ni vi nhau bi si quang. Cc
mng khch hng nh IP, ATM, SONET giao tip vi mng quang thng qua giao
din UNI (User-to-Network Interface). Cc k thut chuyn mch quang quyt
nh loi dch v m mng quang c th cung cp cho cc mng khch hng.

n tt nghip

42
IP Network
IP NetWork
IP Network
IP Network
OXC
OXC
OXC
Optical
subnetwork
Optical
subnetwork
UNI
UNI UNI
UNI
INNI
INNI
INNI
Optical Network
Other client
networks
(e.g.ATM)
Other client
networks
(e.g.ATM)
ENNI ENNI
INNI
UNI UNI
Optical network
Optical subnetwork

Hnh 2.5. Kin trc tng qut ca mng IP over WDM
2.2.2. Cc kiu kin trc ca mng IP/WDM
Nh ta bit IP tr thnh mt lp khng th thiu trong cc my tnh
v mng truyn thng. Nhim v quan trng l tm ra kt qu ca vic truyn ti
lu lng IP trong mng IP/WDM.
a) IP over point-to-point WDM
Theo kiu kin trc ny, mng WDM cho php lin kt quang im
im c s dng cung cp, phc v cho vic truyn ti lu lng IP. Cc
thit ca mng WDM nh OADM khng to thnh mt mng li ring. Thay
vo , h cung cp mt lp lin kt vt l gia cc b nh tuyn IP. SONET
c th s dng lm khung truyn trn cc knh WDM. Cc gi tin IP c ng
gi trong khung SONET s dng h thng Packet-over-SONET. Nhiu b nh
tuyn IP v cc nh cung cp thit b, sn phm WDM ngy nay c th h tr
tch cc cho mng IP over point-to-point. H thng mng IP over point-to-point
WDM hin nay trin khai mt cch rng ri trong cc mng ng di v cc
mng a truy cp.
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43

Hnh 2.6. IP over point-to-point WDM

i vi IP over point-to-point WDM, tp mng c c nh v tt c
cu hnh mng l tnh. Nh vy vic qun l h thng mng thng tp trung v
tng tc gia cc lp IP v WDM l ti thiu.
b) IP over reconfigurable WDM
IP over reconfigurable WDM l kiu kin trc thit lp li cu hnh mng
IP/WDM. i vi kiu kin trc ny th cc giao din nh tuyn t b nh
tuyn IP c kt ni n giao din ch ca mng WDM. Hnh 2.7 minh ha
kiu kin trc ca mng IP over reconfigurable WDM. Trong kiu kin trc ny,
mng WDM c kt ni cho v giao din ca b ghp knh xen/r t kt ni
vi nhau to thnh mng WDM l cc lin kt si a bc sng. Do , bn
thn mng WDM l mt dng tp vt l v tp dng ng i nh sng. Tp
vt l WDM bao gm cc Nes c kt ni vi nhau bng si quang Nes, tp
dng ng i nh sng c hnh thnh t s kt ni ca cc knh bc sng.
Cu hnh WDM l mt cng ngh chuyn mch thit lp nn cc knh bc
sng v lm t on cc kt ni k trn duy tr trong mt giai on c th no
. iu quan trng l phi ch ra c rng lu lng IP chuyn i v bc
sng chuyn i khng cng hot ng trong mt lp ca mng IP over
reconfigurable WDM. iu ny c th to ra mt mng ph kn.
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44
ng i ca nh sng trong mng IP over reconfigurable WDM c
thit k sao cho ph hp vi cc tp IP. Bng cch tch hp cu hnh cc b kt
ni cho, khi mt giao din ca b nh tuyn c th c kt ni vi bt k
giao din ca b nh tuyn no ti mt b nh tuyn bt k. Kt qu l, cc b
nh tuyn ln cn cng c cu hnh giao din theo kiu kin trc ny. iu ny
i n kt lun rng cc mng vt l c th h tr mt s tp o chu s rng
buc ca cng mt ti nguyn mng.

OXC
OXC
OXC OADM
OADM
OADM OADM
OADM

IP
Router

IP
Router

IP
Router

IP
Router
IP
Router
Client Interface
Multiwavelength
Fibre
Access link (single
wavelength Fibre)

Hnh 2.7. IP over reconfigurable WDM

c) IP over Swiched WDM
Trong kiu kin trc ny, mng WDM trc tip h tr kh nng chuyn
i cho mi gi, tri ngc vi vic ch n gin l cung cp ng i nh sng
ti ng vo v ng ra. Nh vy, n cho php chia s nhiu kt cu nh hn cu
hnh WDM. Cc phng php tip cn WDM c xut bao gm:
Optical Burst Switching (OBS): chuyn mch nhm quang
Optical Label Switching (OLS): chuyn mch nhn quang
Optical Packet Routing (OPR) : nh tuyn gi quang

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OBS v OLS s dng m hnh chuyn i gi nhanh/chm (fat-
packet/flow), l s khc nhau so vi vic nh tuyn cc gi tin IP thng
thng. Chnh bn thn IPv4 t nh tuyn da trn mt im n nht nh. IP
gii thiu mng MPLS nh l mt dch v gi tr gia tng chuyn i
thnh cc dng ng dng. OLS cng tng t nh MPLS nhng thng thng
n khng h tr a ch IP ch da trn vic chuyn tip gi tin. Ni cch khc,
OBS v OLS (tc l cc thit b chuyn mch li) khng hiu cc tiu gi tin
IP v do khng th chuyn tip gi tin IP. Ngoi ra, thc t th OBS v OLS
thng a ra lu lng trung bnh mt cch chi tit thay v chia nh lu lng
nh hin ti trong gi tin IP.
OPR i din cho vic truyn dn quang ca nh tuyn IP truyn thng,
n c th h tr y cc chc nng IP. K t khi vic nghin cu, tm hiu
v logic quang hc v cng ngh d liu m quang cn cha pht trin th khi
chuyn sang h thng WDM c cc b m in hnh hn. Mc d, nhng d n
lin quan n chuyn mch gi quang c a ra c gng thit k cc b
m quang, nhng nhng mu thit k ny cn rt phc tp. V vy hu ht cc
nghin cu h thng WDM chuyn sang thit k mt b m mu. Dng quang
tr c s dng m phng cc b m. Nhng dng quang tr ny li t
nhiu phc tp hn so vi b nh truy cp ngu nhin.
Tng t nh vy, h thng WDM da trn qu trnh x l in t ca
mo u gi tin iu khin, kim sot hot ng h thng. Ta c th hiu
rng, OPR khng pht trin bng OBS v OLS. Ngoi cc b m quang, cc
yu t nh hng n tnh thng mi ca OPR bao gm tc chuyn i,
tin cy v s suy gim ca tn hiu cn chuyn i.
Hnh 2.8 cho chng ta thy m hnh mng IP over Switched WDM. OBS
v OLS c m t nh OLSR. im khc bit chnh gia OBS v OLS l OBS
s dng chuyn mch gi nhanh cn OLS s dng chuyn mch gi chm. Thng
thng OBS s dng vic suy gim ca cc bc sng mang thng tin iu
khin, v d nh mo u dng. Nh ch ra trn hnh v, OLSR thng trin
khai trong mt nhm. Trong mt nhm, OLSR k tip s yu cu hon thnh vic
thc hin giao thc IP. Cc OLSR k tip cng cung cp cc b m in t
n cc gi tin IP v c th phi ch trong trng hp thit lp LSP ng.

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46

Hnh 2.8. IP over Switched WDM

OLSRs c kt ni vi nhau bng si h tr nhiu knh bc
sng. OLSRs ch c th c trin khai nh cc b nh tuyn IP in tr khi
OPR c mt s giao din (tc l c nhiu hn s giao din b nh tuyn IP
thng thng). Trong thc t, vic tit kim giao din l mt trong nhng trnh
iu khin chnh pha sau OPR trn mt b nh tuyn IP in.
Ba kiu kin trc trnh by trn c lin quan khc nhau n vic
qun l phn cng, phn mm v iu khin. Kin trc IP over point-to-point
WDM s dn c thay th bng kin trc IP over Reconfigurable WDM. K t
kin trc th hai c th cung cp nhiu tnh nng hn so vi kin trc u tin.
Mt khc, kin trc th hai c tnh linh hot hn. Thng qua phn mm thit k
cho php kim sot mng v k thut lu lng mt cch cn thn, kin trc th
hai c th s dng nhiu hn ngun ti nguyn mng v gim chi ph hot ng
hn kiu kin trc u tin.

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47
CHNG 3:
CC GIAO THC NH TUYN TRONG MNG IP/WDM

3.1. IP v giao thc nh tuyn
3.1.1. IPv4 v IPv6
IP address l a ch giao thc mng hay a ch IP. a ch IPv4 gm c
32 bit, chia thnh bn octet, mi octet l mt byte. a ch IP c chia thnh
nm lp A, B, C, D v E. Gi s Net_ID v Host_ID ln lt l phn nh danh
mng v trm. a ch IP c biu din di dng <Net_ID><Host_ID>. C
th biu din a ch IP di dng nh phn v thp phn. Gi s n v h ln lt
l bit ch mng v trm. a ch IP c phn lp, vi bit lp ca lp A, B, C, D,
E ln lt l 0, 10, 110, 1110, 11110.
Vi IPv4 chng ta c 2
32
(4,3 t) a ch. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
hin nay, hu nh tt c cc thit b in t trong tng lai s tch hp dch v
IP, v th khng gian a ch ca IPv4 tr nn cht hp.
IPv6 l s m rng ca IPv4, trong n dng 64 bit cho phn nh danh
mng v 64 bit cho phn nh danh trm. Nh vy vi IPv6 chng ta s c 2
128

a ch. iu ny c ngha l trung bnh mt c nhn trn th gii s c vo
khong 5x10
28
a ch IP (xem nh trn th gii vo khong 6,5 t ngi). Nh
vy vi IPv6 chng ta c th m bo khng gian a ch cho tt c cc thit
b in t tch hp dch v IP trong tng lai. iu ny lm tin cho s pht
trin lu lng s ngy cng mnh m v bn vng.
3.1.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP
a) Khi nim
nh tuyn IP l qu trnh chuyn lu lng ngi dng t ngun n
ch. Rt nhiu loi thng tin c th c nh tuyn nh th in t, cuc gi
thoi, Trong mng, b nh tuyn (router) l thit b c dng nh tuyn
cho lu lng. Router cn d vo bng nh tuyn tm ra tuyn ng chuyn
gi tin i. Bng nh tuyn thng gm ba thnh phn chnh l kiu giao thc
mng, a ch mng ch v giao din gi ra.
nh tuyn c ba chc nng chnh. Chc nng u tin l ng gi v
phn tn cc thng tin trng thi lu lng ngi dng v mng. Thng tin trng
thi ny bao gm v tr hin ti v cc yu cu dch v ngi dng; cc dch v
c cung cp v cc ti nguyn c sn trong mng; cc quyn v vic s dng
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48
cc dch v v ti nguyn ny. Cc thng tin trng thi c th bao gm gi tr
o t mng hay t cc ngun bn ngoi. Cc thng tin ny s c dng to
ra cc quyt nh chn ng.
Chc nng th hai l to ra v la chn cc ng thch hp (v c th l
ti u) da trn cc thng tin trng thi ca ngi dng v mng. ng ti u
l con ng thch hp tt nht ng vi tng giao thc nh tuyn c th.
Chc nng cui cng l chuyn tip lu lng ngi dng trn cc con
ng chn. Lu lng c th c chuyn tip theo hng kt ni hay
khng kt ni. Chuyn tip hng kt ni yu cu hng chuyn tip phi c
thit lp trc v sau d liu s c truyn i trn cc hng thit lp
ny. Chuyn tip khng kt ni cho lu lng ngi dng c chuyn i
da vo cc thng tin chuyn tip ca chnh n, cc gi d liu c th i theo
cc hng khc nhau n ch.
b) nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
Da vo cch thc cng nh tc phn hi li cc thay i v trng thi
ca mng hay trng thi ca lu lng ngi dng, nh tuyn c chia ra lm
hai loi l nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng.
nh tuyn tnh: H thng nh tuyn tnh l h thng m s nh tuyn
lun gi c nh, c lp vi trng thi hin thi ca mng cng nh cc lu
lng ngi dng. nh tuyn tnh c da trn s d on hn l da vo cc
hot ng thc t ca ngi dng v mng. Trong hu ht cc h thng nh
tuyn tnh, nh tuyn l mt phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh thit k mng.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh nh tuyn li xy ra khng thng xuyn.
nh tuyn ng: nh tuyn ng t ng cp nht v tr nh tuyn bng
cch p dng ngay nhn thc v s thay i trng thi ca ngi dng v mng.
S thay i khng ch l trng thi ca cc lin kt m cn l s dao ng gia
lu lng ngi dng v mng. Tuy nhin nh tuyn ng li i hi b nh v
ti nguyn tnh ton trong mng cho vic thu thp cc thng tin thi gian thc v
a ra cc quyt nh iu khin.
c) nh tuyn vct khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
Giao thc nh tuyn cung cp cu hnh nh tuyn ng. Hu ht cc
giao thc nh tuyn c th c phn thnh mt trong hai loi c bn: nh
tuyn vct khong cch (distance-vector) v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
(link-state). Giao thc nh tuyn vct khong cch xc nh mt ng i tt
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49
nht ti mt ch da trn hng (vector) v khong cch (distance) ti ch .
Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt tnh li cu hnh chnh xc ca lin
mng hin ti hay t nht l v tr ca cc router.
nh tuyn vct khong cch hot ng bng cch mi router duy tr mt
bng cho bit khong cch tt nht c bit ti mi ch n v lin kt no
c dng i n . Nhng bng ny c cp nht bng cch trao i
thng tin vi router lng ging. Mi bn tin thng gm cc thng tin c trong
ba trng (ch n, khong cch, hop k tip).
Trong khi thut ton vct khong cch khng c thng tin c bit g v
nhng mng xa th thut ton trng thi lin kt duy tr y thng tin v
nhng router xa v cch chng lin kt vi nhau. nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
dng thng ip qung co trng thi lin kt LSA (Link State Advertisements),
mt c s d liu cu hnh mng, thut ton SPF v mt bng nh tuyn gm
cc con ng cng ng ra tng ng n cc mng. Giao thc nh tuyn trng
thi lin kt trao i thng tin nh tuyn nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Tm tt nhng im c trng ca nh tuyn vc t
khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt.
VCT KHONG CCH TRNG THI LIN KT
n gin, d ci t. Phc tp.
Ly d liu cu hnh mng t thng tin
trong bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging.
Hiu cu hnh ca lin mng hin ti
bng cch tch ly tt c cc LSA.
Mi router xc nh con ng tt nht
bng cch cng nhng gi tr o
(metric), thng l s hop m n nhn
c khi thng tin nh tuyn c
chuyn t router ti router.
Mi router lm vic mt cch c lp
tnh con ng ngn nht ca n ti
mng ch.
Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn mt cch
nh k
Ch cp nht khi c s thay i v cu
hnh mng.
Thng ip cp nht thng tin nh
tuyn ln, do sao chp ton b bng
nh tuyn.
Ch gi nhng thng tin cp nht cn
thit, tc ch gi nhng thay i m
thi.
Thng tin nh tuyn ch c trao i
vi lng ging bng cch broastcast.
Thng tin nh tuyn c gi cho tt
c cc router bng cch flooding.
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50
d) Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt
trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng AS. RIP dng nh tuyn vct
khong cch nn chn hop count lm metric (ma trn) v dng thut ton
Bellman - Ford xy dng bng nh tuyn. RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn
vct khong cch, ch dng hop count khi thit lp quyt nh nh tuyn. Khi
mt gi d liu i qua mt router th RIP xem nh l mt hop. Nu tn ti hai
tuyn c tc hoc bng thng khng bng nhau n cng mt ch nhng
cng hop count, th RIP xem c hai tuyn cng l khong cch, y r rng l
mt hn ch ca giao thc nh tuyn ny.
Router s broadcast thng tin nh tuyn ca mnh sau mt chu k, chng
hn l 30s. Mi thng tin cp nht tuyn thng gm hai phn l a ch mng
v khong cch n c mng ny. ng thi, cc router s lng nghe cc
thng tin nh tuyn trn bng cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh da vo
khong cch ngn nht tc l s hop nh nht.
e) Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF
Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF (Open Shortest
Path First) l mt trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng h t tr AS.
OSPF dng nh tuyn trng thi lin kt nn dng metric da trn bng thng
v thut ton Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn. OSPF c dng nh
tuyn trong mt vng hay gia nhiu vng. OSPF c hi t nhanh.
f) Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vct khong cch DVMRP
Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vct khong cch DVMRP (Distance
Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn multicast u tin
c pht trin cho Internet. DVMRP c th thc thi trong mt mi trng
khng phi tt c cc router trong mng c kh nng chuyn tip v nh tuyn
multicast. iu ny t c bi DVMRP chy mt thut ton nh tuyn
unicast ring, tng t nh RIP, quyt nh cc con ng ngn nht gia tt
c cc router c kh nng multicast. DVMRP s dng k thut (flood-and-
prune) thit lp cc cy da trn ngun.
g) Multicast c lp giao thc ch tha tht PIM-SM
Multicast c lp giao thc PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) bao
gm hai ch l multicast c lp giao thc ch dy c PIM-DM
(Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode) v multicast c lp giao thc
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51
ch tha tht PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode). PIM
c th hot ng trn nh ca bt c giao thc nh tuyn no, v l do m
c tn giao thc multicast c lp. Nhng PIM yu cu tt c cc router trong
mng c kh nng multicast. PIM-DM v PIM-SM, theo th t, th c nhiu mt
tng t nh DVMRP v CBT. V th, phn ny ch trnh by PIM-SM.
PIM-SM s dng cy phn phi chia s phn phi cc lung d liu
multicast. Trong cy chia s c mt im hi t l RP chu trch nhim lin lc
vi cc ngun multicast v lin lc vi cc trm con nhm xy dng ng i
ngn nht t ngun n ch phn phi d liu multicast. C th c nhiu RP
nhng ch c mt RP duy nht cho mi nhm multicast.
3.2. MPLS, GMPLS v MP
S
3.2.1. MPLS
Mt khuyt im ca nh tuyn IP l kh nng km linh hot trong vic
thay i ng truyn d liu dn n tnh trng nghn nt c chai. Nguyn
nhn l do cc gi IP ch truyn theo mt ng c nh da theo qu trnh nh
tuyn ban u. Chnh v vy, vn cn bng traffic kh thc hin khi lu lng
tp trung vo mt tuyn no . Thm vo vic nh tuyn gia cc gi IP
c lp vi nhau mc d trong thc t nhiu gi IP c mi quan h vi nhau, v
d c cng ch n, cng mt loi lu lng, cng mt cp u tin v.v. Ngoi
ra, s khc bit gia k thut nh tuyn v chuyn mch bc l nhiu im
yu trong xu hng m rng v hi t ca mng my tnh ngy nay. Cc nhc
im bao gm: kh nng m rng, xy dng mng ring o, qun l cht
lng dch v, iu khin lu lng mng v.v
Chnh v l k thut MPLS (Multi-protocol Label Switching) chuyn
mch nhn a giao thc ra i vn chuyn cc gi IP qua cc mng bng
phng php chuyn mch gi o. MPLS l cng ngh kt hp nhng c im
tt nht gia nh tuyn linh hot lp ba v chuyn mch lp hai cho php
truyn gi nhanh trong mng li. Trc khi thm nhp vo mng MPLS th cc
gi IP s c cc thit b nh tuyn bin ca mng MPLS gn thm cc nhn
vn dng k thut ni-chuyn mch o. V trc khi ri khi mng MPLS,
cc nhn ny s b ct b tr li dng nguyn thy ca cc gi IP bi cc thit
b nh tuyn vng bin. Phng php ny dng vn chuyn d liu nhanh
vi bng thng ln (nh l m thanh, phim nh v.v.) v n c th hot ng
trong trng hp c s vn chuyn nhiu loi d liu trong cng mt mng.
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52
Chuyn mch knh o da vo nhn gip cho vic nh tuyn d liu din
ra mt cch nhanh chng so vi trng hp nh tuyn IP truyn thng, v n
khng phi x l cc mo u qu phc tp nh trong mng IP v ngoi ra n c
th thc hin qu trnh chuyn mch mm mt cch linh ng.
3.2.2. GMPLS v MP
S
Nh trnh by trn ng dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp
chng cn gi l chuyn mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu
khin GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch
vi mng IP p ng cho mng th h sau. Mng GMPL khng ch c kh nng
chuyn cc gi tin m cn c th chuyn mch cc d liu TDM, lamda quang
(nn cn c gi l MP S). Trong GMPLS, mt phng iu khin v mt
phng d liu c tch ring, ng thi cc lp s dng chung mt mt phng
iu khin gip cho GMPLS c kh nng thit lp cc ng quang (lightpath)
mt cch nhanh chng v chun xc theo yu cu ca lp IP.
3.3. nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM
3.3.1. Gii thiu bi ton
Hin c ba k thut chuyn mch quang trong mng IP: chuyn mch
knh quang (OCS Optical Circuit Switching), chuyn mch gi quang (OPS
Optical Packet Switching), chuyn mch khi quang (OBS Optical Burst
Switching), ng vi mi loi chuyn mch s c mt s k thut nh tuyn v
chn bc sng. Trong n ny, em ch cp n chuyn mch knh quang
(Optical Circuit Switching OCS), bi ton nh tuyn v chn bc sng ch
gii hn cho mng OCS. Trong mng OCS c s dng khi nim lightpath dng
ch knh bc sng ni nt ngun vi nt ch thng qua cc nt trung gian.
Cc d liu mun truyn t nt ny n nt khc trong mng chuyn mch knh
quang th cn thit lp lightpath trc. Qu trnh thit lp lightpath cn tha mn
hai rng buc:
Rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng (Wavelength Continuity
Constraint): mi kt ni chia s chung mt si phi s dng bc sng
khc nhau.
Rng buc v s gn knh tch bit nhau (Distinct Channal
Assignment Constraint): mi kt ni phi s dng cng mt bc sng
theo tuyn ca n.

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53
Cho mt tp cc yu cu kt ni, thit lp c cc kt ni quang,
trc ht chng ta cn tm mt ng i tt nht gia hai nt u cui (bi
ton nh tuyn Routing). Sau , ta cn xc nh chn bc sng no thit
lp lightpath (bi ton gn bc sng - Wavelength Assignment). C hai loi
yu cu kt ni tiu biu l yu cu tnh v yu cu ng. thit lp cc
lightpath vi mi loi yu cu ny, ta cng c hai loi bi ton nh tuyn v gn
bc sng tnh (Static RWA) v ng (Dynamic RWA).
3.3.2. Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA
Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA hay cn c gi l
bi ton Thit lp lightpath tnh (SLE Static Lightpath Establishment) c
khi qut nh sau:
c im:
- Cho trc tp vt l, tc l cc nt mng v cc lin kt vt
l c cho trc.
- Cho trc tp cc yu cu kt ni hoc ma trn lu lng tnh
t xc nh cc yu cu kt ni.
- Thch hp cho dng trng thi lu lng c bit trc v c
tnh n nh, s thay i ch din ra trong khong thi gian di (nh
trong cc mng ng trc).
- Trong bi ton S-RWA, ng dn v bc sng c xc
nh trc cho tng kt ni, khng ph thuc vo s thay i thng tin
trng thi ang din ra trn mng. Khi ng dn v bc sng
c xc nh, cc b OXC ti cc nt mng c lp trnh thit lp
cc lightpath c ch nh trc.
Mc tiu:
- Ti thiu ha s bc sng cn s dng.
- Hoc ti a s kt ni c th thit lp ng vi mt s lng
bc sng v mt tp kt ni cho trc.
Vi cng ngh hin i, ta lun c mt gii hn trn v s lng bc
sng c th c trong mt si quang (hay lin kt). V nu gii php tm c s
dng c nhiu bc sng hn gii hn ny th xem nh khng kh thi trong
thc t. V vy, vic gii bi ton S-RWA cng s tr li cu hi liu tp vt l
hin ti c th p ng c yu cu lu lng hay khng. Nu khng th ta
phi thm vo mng cc lin kt mi.
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54
Sau y, ta s xt n m hnh ton ca bo ton S-RWA. ng vi mi
mc tiu trong hai mc tiu trn, ta c mt m hnh tnh ton ring.
Trc ht ta xt cc phng trnh ton ca m hnh nhm tha mn mc
tiu ti thiu s lng bc sng s dng trn mt lin kt.
- t
sdw
l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s

n mt nt ch d s dng bc sng w. Ta gi s rng c th c hai hay
nhiu hn cc lightpath cn thit lp gia mi cp nt, nhng mi lightpath phi
s dng mt bc sng ring. Do .
1 s
sdw
.

- t
sdw
ij
F
n mt nt ch d i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w. Tng t, ta cng c
1 s
sdw
ij
F
v mt bc sng trn mt lin kt ch c php gn cho mt
lightpath.
- Cho trc mt tp mng vt l, mt tp cc bc sng v mt ma
trn lu lng A, trong mi phn t
sd
A
ch s kt ni cn thit lp gia
ngun s v ch d.
- Bi ton S-RWA c th c cng thc ha nh sau:
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha F
max

Sao cho:

>
w d s
sdw
ij
F F
, ,
max
j i,

=

0
sdw
sdw
k
sdw
jk
i
sdw
ij
F F

) (
) (
) (
j d j s
j d
j s
= . =
=
=

sd
ij
sdw
. =

1 , 0 =
sdw
ij
F

1 s
sd
sdw
ij
F

Cch tip cn ny c s dng t c s lng bc sng cn dng
nh nht. Hoc vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta c th gii m hnh ny xem
th c tm c li gii khng. Nu khng tm c li gii th th li vi mt
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55
tp bc sng ln hn v lp li cho n khi s bc sng nh nht c tm
thy.
Vi mc tiu th hai (ti a ha s lng kt ni c thit lp cho mt
tp bc sng c nh v mt tp cc yu cu kt ni cho trc), ta cng c th
c m hnh ton nh sau:
Trng hp khng c b chuyn i bc sng:
- N
sd
: s lng cp nt ngun ch.
- L : s lin kt c trong mng.
- W : s bc sng c th c trn mt lin kt.
- m={m
i
}, i=1,2,,N
sd
: s kt ni c thit lp cho mi cp ngun-
ch i.
- : ti yu cu (s yu cu kt ni).
- q= {q
i
}, i=1,2,,N
sd
: t l ti c p ng. Nh vy
i
q = s kt ni
c thit lp cho mi cp nt ngun ch i.
- P : tp cc ng m mt kt ni c th c nh tuyn trn .
- a = (a
ij
): l mt ma trn P x N
sd
, trong a
ij
= 1 nu ng I nm gia
cp ngun ch i v a
ij
= 0 nu tri li.
- b = (b
ij
): l mt ma trn P x L, trong b
ij
= 1 nu lin kt j nm trn
ng I, v b
ij
= 0 nu tri li.
- c = (c
ij
): ma trn nh tuyn v gn bc sng P xW, trong c
ij
= 1
nu bc sng j c gn vo ng I, ngc li th c
ij
= 0.
Mc tiu: cc i ha
=
=
sd
N
i
i
m q C
1
0
) , (

Sao cho:

0 >
i
m
(s nguyn, i=1,2,,N
sd
)

{ } 1 , 0 e
ij
c
W j P i ,..., 2 , 1 ; ,..., 2 , 1 = =

WxL
T
B C 1 s

A C m
T
W
1 s

i i
q m s

sd
N i ,..., 2 , 1 =

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56
) , (
0
q C l s kt ni c thit lp trong mng. Bt phng trnh
WxL
T
B C 1 s c ngha l mt bc sng ch c dng ti a mt ln trong mt
lin kt.
WxL
1 l ma trn W x L trong cc phn t u bng 1. Bt phng trnh
A C m
T
W
1 s v
i i
q m s m bo rng s kt ni c thit lp phi nh hn yu
cu kt ni. 1
W
l ma trn 1 x W trong cc phn t u bng 1.
Trng hp c chuyn i bc sng
Trong mng WDM nh tuyn theo bc sng, rng buc v tnh lin tc
bc sng c th c loi b nu nh ta c s dng cc b chuyn i bc
sng chuyn d liu n trn mt bc sng mt lin kt thnh mt bc
sng khc ti mt nt trung gian trc khi chuyn tip n cc lin kt k tip.
Cc mng nh tuyn theo bc sng nh vy c gi l wavelength-
convertible networks. Mt lightpath trong mng ny c th s dng cc bc
sng khc nhau dc theo ng i. Nh cp trn, s chuyn i bc
sng lm ci thin hiu sut ca mng bng vic gii quyt vn xung t
bc sng gia cc lightpath. Thng thng, vi mt gii thut nh tuyn cho
sn, s chuyn i bc sng cung cp mt gii hn di v xc sut tc nghn
c th t c ng vi mt gii thut gn bc sng.
Sau y l m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA khi b i cc rng buc v
tnh lin tc bc sng:
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha F
max

Sao cho:

>
w d s
sdw
ij
F F
, ,
max

j i,

=

0
sdw
sdw
k
sdw
ij
i
sdw
ij
F F

) (
) (
) (
j d j s
j d
j s
= . =
=
=

Trong
sdw

n mt nt ch d s dng bc sng w.
sdw
ij
F
l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt
ch d i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w.
n tt nghip

57
Thng thng, bi ton S-RWA c chia thnh hai bi ton ring r: bi
ton nh tuyn v bi ton gn bc sng.
Vn nh tuyn
Phng php truyn thng gii quyt vn nh tuyn trong bi ton
S-RWA l u tin phi xc nh ng cho ton b kt ni v sau gn bc
sng cho chng. Ngay c khi nhng cng on ny l khng c lp, ta cng thu
c mt cu hnh ngn nht tng i tt bng cch ny. Nhng kt ni
thng c gn mt ng ngn nht ni hai im u cui (bng cc thut
ton thng dng nh Dijkstra hay Floyd) v nhng ng di hn th s dng
nhiu ti nguyn mng v thng mang li mt cu hnh mng c hiu sut thp
hn. Nu c nhiu ng ngn nht gia hai im th vic chn ng s mang
tnh ngu nhin. Thng thng, cu hnh ti u thu c bng cch chn cc
ng ngn nht, tuy nhin khng nht thit kt ni no cng l ng ngn
nht (i khi dng ng di hn ta c th trnh nhng tc nghn khng ng
c trn mt lin kt no ).
Vn gn bc sng
Xt mng nh tuyn theo bc sng khng c kh nng chuyn i bc
sng. Nt c trng ca mng WDM l khng cho php hai ht ni s dng
bc sng ging nhau dng chung mt ng ni (s xung t bc sng). Khi
cc tuyn c c nh th vic cn li l gn bc sng kh thi cho chng
sao cho s lng bc sng c s dng trn mng l nh nht c th tha
mn cc yu cu cng ngh v s lng bc sng ti a trn mt si quang.
Bi ton gn bc sng tnh trong mt mng lin tc bc sng tng
ng vi bi ton t mu cho cc nt ca mt th v c thc hin bng
cch xy dng mt th G(V,E), trong V l tp cc nh, E l tp cc cnh.
Theo , bi ton gn bc sng tnh c thc hin nh sau:
- Xy dng mt th G(V,E), trong mi lightpath trong h
thng th hin bng mt nh trong th G v tn ti mt cnh v hng gia
hai nh trong th G nu cc lightpath tng ng cng i qua mt lin kt si
quang vt l.
- T mu cho cc nh ca th G sao cho khng c hai nh k
cn no c mu ging nhau v s mu s dng l t nht.
Hnh 3.2 minh ha cch chuyn t mt bi ton gn bc sng thnh mt
bi ton t mu th. Gi s c 5 lightpath cn thit lp l (0,5), (0,2), (1,3),
n tt nghip

58
(4,3), (4,5). Lightpath (0,5),(0,2) cng i qua lin kt vt l (0,1) v th c mt
cnh ni hai nh (0,5) v (0,2). Tng t, chng ta xy dng c th nh
trong hnh 3.2.
Cc thut ton t mu th s thc hin vic t mu cho cc nh V(G)=
{v
1
,v
2
,,
v
n
} ca th G theo mt th t no . Cc thut ton ny bao gm ba
bc c bn sau:
1. Sp xp cc nh
2. Chn nh k tip t mu
3. Chn mu
C nhiu thut ton t mu th khc nhau, vic chn la gii thut no ty
thuc vo quyt nh ca nh qun l da trn c im ca mng. Sau y l mt
s phng php t mu thng dng (mi mu tng ng vi mt bc sng).

(0,2)
(0,5)
(4,5)
(4,3)
(1,3)

Hnh 3.2. Yu cu thit lp kt ni v th chuyn i tng ng

a) Thut ton Longest First
Phng php Longest First (tuyn di nht trc) ny kh n gin. Cc
lightpath s c sp xp theo th t t tuyn di nht n tuyn ngn nht. Mt
bc sng s c gn cho cc tuyn theo th t ny sao cho tha mn iu
kin v xung t bc sng. Sau , ta chuyn sang gn bc sng. Qu trnh
ny tip tc cho n khi ht s lightpath.
b) Thut ton Largest First
Trong phng php ny, cc nh ca th c gn li nhn l
v
1
,v
2
,,v
n
sao cho
) deg( ) deg(
1 +
>
i i
v v
vi i = 1,2,,n-1 (n l s nt ca
th G). Ti mi bc, nt c bc ln nht c gn mt mu v xa i nhng
ng ni ti n. V vy, sau mi bc s c mt nt b gim bc. iu ny
m bo rng s mu dng t th l t nht.
Ta c th tnh c s mu cn thit t th bng cng thc sau:
n tt nghip

59

{ } )) deg( 1 , min( max ) (
1
i
n i
v i G X + s
s s

r rng hn, ta hy xt mt v d sau: gn bc sng cho mng vi
yu cu kt ni nh trong hnh 3.3.
A
C
D
B
F E
1
4
2
5
3
Lightpath 1: A C
Lightpath 2: A E
Lightpath 3: F C
Lightpath 4: B D
Lightpath 5: B E

Hnh 3.3. Yu cu kt ni cho v d minh ha

u tin, ta chuyn i tp yu cu kt ni thnh mt th (hnh 3.4).

1 2
5 3
4

Hnh 3.4. th chuyn i t tp yu cu kt ni
Da vo bc ca cc nh, ta sp xp li theo th t <2,1,3,4,5>. Ta thc
hin gn bc sng (t mu) cho nh c bc cao nht, sau loi n ra khi
th. Sp xp li cc nt cn li trong th v tip tc qu trnh cho n khi tt
c cc nt u c gn bc sng (hnh 3.5). Cui cng ta c c kt qu gn
bc sng nh bc 5.

n tt nghip

60
2
3
1
5
4
2
1
3
5
4
1
5
2
4
3
1
5
2
3
4
1
2
5
3
4
Bc 1
Bc 5
Bc 2
Bc 4
Bc 3
0
<1,3,4,5>
<3,5,4>
<5,4>
<4>

Hnh 3.5. Minh ha thut ton Largest First

n tt nghip

61
3.4. nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA)
3.4.1. Gii thiu bi ton
Trong bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng D-RWA hay cn c gi
l bi ton thit lp lightpath ng (DLE Dynamic Lightpath Establishment), ta
xem xt lu lng mng l ng. Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin mt cch ngu
nhin ty theo nhu cu lin lc gia cc nt mng. Cc kt ni ny c yu cu
tn ti trong mt khong thi gian cng ngu nhin. V th, cc lightpath khng ch
c thit lp ng m cn phi c gii phng ng.
Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng
thi im yu cu kt ni xy ra. Mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin, cc thut
ton D-RWA phi thc hin xem xt ti nguyn mng c p ng yu
cu kt ni hay khng. Nu c th th thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn v gn
bc sng ti nt trung gian cn thit thit lp lightpath. Cn nu mt yu
cu kt ni khng c p ng do thiu ti nguyn th xem nh b nghn.
Khi qu trnh lin lc kt thc, kt ni c gii phng v v vy, bc
sng s dng c th c s dng li cho mt kt ni khc. Nh vy, ta thy
nh tuyn ng tn dng bc sng tt hn. V mt kinh t, iu ny s em li
li nhun nhiu hn cho cc nh kinh doanh mng, gin tip gim chi ph cho
cc thu bao.
Bi ton D-RWA c th c khi qut nh sau:
c im:
- Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin ngu nhin v tn ti trong mt
khong thi gian no .
- Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi mng
hin ti v phi c thc hin mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin.
Mc tiu:
- Tn dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng cc i ha xc sut thit
lp thnh cng lightpath hay ti thiu ha s yu cu b nghn.
V nhu cu phi p ng nhanh vi s thay i ca mng, cc gii thut
D-RWA i hi phi n gin, phc tp tnh ton cng nh cng tt. Vic kt
hp gia nh tuyn v gn bc sng l rt kh gii quyt cng mt lc. Do
, thng thng bi ton D-RWA cng c chia thnh hai bi ton ring r:
bi ton nh tuyn v bi ton gn bc sng.
n tt nghip

62
3.4.2. Bi ton nh tuyn ng trong IP/WDM
a) nh tuyn c nh (Fixed Routing)
Phng php n gin nht nh tuyn mt kt ni l lun chn cng
mt tuyn c nh cho mt cp ngun ch cho trc. Mt trong nhng v d
nh th l nh tuyn tm ng i ngn nht c nh (Fixed Shortest Path
Routing). ng i ngn nht c mt cp nt c tnh off-line, s dng cc
thut ton tm ng ngn nht thng dng nh Dijkstra hay Bellman-Ford. Bt
k kt ni no gia mt cp nt c th u c thit lp bng cch s dng
ng i c xc nh trc. Hnh 3.6 minh ha ng i ngn nht c nh t
nt 0 n nt 2.
Phng php nh tuyn ny rt n gin nhng c nhc im l nu
ngun ti nguyn (bc sng) dc theo ng i c s dng ht s dn n
xc sut tc nghn cao trong trng hp lu lng tnh. Ngoi ra, nh tuyn c
nh cng khng th x l cc tnh hung li khi mt hay nhiu lin kt trong
mng b hng. x l trng hp lin kt trong mng b hng, vic nh tuyn
cn phi xt n cc ng i thay th hoc phi c kh nng tm ra mt tuyn
mi mt cch linh ng. V d trong hnh 3.6, tt c cc yu cu t nt 0 n nt
2 s b tc nghn nu c mt trong hai lin kt (0,1),(1,2) b hng.

0
2
3
1
5 4

Hnh 3.6. ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2

Trong cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht, ngi ta quan tm nhiu n
chi ph (cost) hay cn gi l trng s (weight) ca lin kt gia cc nt. Ty theo
cch cc trng s ny c tnh ton nh th no m ngi ta c cc quan im
khc nhau v ng ngn nht. Cc cch tnh trng s thng da trn c im
v trng thi ca mng.
n tt nghip

63
Gi
ij
w
l trng s (chi ph) ca lin kt trc tip gia hai nt i v j, nu
gia i v j khng c lin kt trc tip th xem nh
ij
w
v cng ln,
a
ij
l s
lng bc sng ri trn lin kt ti thi im tp hp cc thng tin v trng thi
lin kt,
T
ij
l tng s bc sng c trong lin kt.

Hm trng s da trn chng (HW Hop-based Weight):
Trong hm ny,
ij
w =1. C ngha l cc ng c chn hon ton da
trn s lng chng (hop) nh nht. ng ngn nht s l ng c s chng
nh nht. Bng trc quan, ta c th nhn xt l khi c t chng hn th kh nng
tm c mt bc sng chung cho tt c cc lin kt trung gian l ln hn.
Hm trng s da trn khong cch (DW Distance-base Weight):
ij ij
d w = , vi
ij
d l khong cch vt l gia hai nt i v j.
ij
d c nh
gi bi tr truyn dn. Nh vy, vi hm trng s ny, ng ngn nht
chnh l ng c tr truyn dn nh nht.
Hm trng s da trn bc sng sn c (AW Available
wavelengths-base Weight):

=
1
)
1
1 log(
a
ij
ij
w

1
1
<
>
a
ij
a
i

a
ij
1
c ngha nh cn tr ca mt lin kt khi thit lp mt yu cu kt
ni, cng c nhiu bc sng ri trn lin kt th cn tr cng thp, tc l kh
nng thit lp kt ni trn lin kt cng cao. Do )
1
1 (
a
ij
l kh nng chp
nhn yu cu kt ni ca mt lin kt. V ta mong mun cc i ha tnh sn c
hoc tin cy ca ton b ng dn nn cn phi cc i ha cc gi tr ny
ca cc lin kt trung gian. Do bn cht ca thut ton Dijkstra l u tin cho
ng i no c trng s nh hn nn hm trng lng phi l ph nh m ca
hm log. Hm trng s ny ph thuc vo bc sng ri trn lin kt nn c ph
thuc vo trng thi mng.
n tt nghip

64
Hm trng s da trn s bc sng sn c v s chng (HWA
Hop count and Available wavelengths-base Weight):
+

=
| o

| o )
1
1 log(
a
ij
ij
w

1
1
<
>
q
ij
a
ij
) 0 , ( > | o
o v | ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng
sn c. Ty theo ta quan nim rng s chng hay s bc sng sn c l quan
trng hn m c cc gi tr | o, ph hp.
Hm da trn tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c (TAW
Total wavelengths and Available wavelength-based Weight):

=
1
) ) 1 ( 1 log(
a
ij
T
ij
a
ij
ij
w

T
ij
a
ij
T
ij
a
ij

=
<

Nu gi p l xc sut s dng mt bc sng, th
a
ij
p
(p m
a
ij
) l xc
sut m tt c cc bc sng s s dng cng mt thi im trong tng lai. T
trng thi hin ti ca mng, c th c lng xc sut ny bng ) 1 (
T
ij
a
ij
. Xc
sut ln nht c mt bc sng sn c trn lin kt trong tng lai l ) 1 (
a
ij
p
.
Do khi mt ng dn c nhiu lin kt, ta mong mun cc i ha cc gi
tr ) 1 (
a
ij
p
ca tt c cc lin kt thuc ng dn . Do thut ton Dijkstra

chn la ng i ti u theo trng s tng dn, nn hm trng s phi l ph
nh m ca hm log, ngha l ti thiu ha gi tr ny.
Hm trng s da trn s chng, tng s bc sng v s bc sng
sn c (HTAW Hop count and Total wavelengths and Available
wavelengths-based Weight):

+

=
| o

| o

) ) 1 ( 1 log(
a
ij
T
ij
a
ij
ij
w

T
ij
a
ij
T
ij
a
ij

=
<

) 0 , ( > | o

vi o v | ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng
sn c.
n tt nghip

65
V d minh ha:
Sau y, ta s xt mt v d thy s la chn hm trng s s dn n
cc kt qu nh tuyn theo ng dn ngn nht khc nhau. Xt mt tp c
cho trn hnh 3.7. Gi s mi cnh ca tp c gn mt nhn bao gm ba
tham s ) , , (
T
ij
a
ij ij
d tng ng vi tr lin kt ) , ( j i , s bc sng sn c (ri)
trn lin kt v tng s bc sng trn lin kt.

B
H
C
G
E
F
A
D
(10,4,10)
(10,4,10) (10,4,10)
(20,2,4) (20,2,4)
(20,2,4) (20,2,4)
(10,6,30)
(10,6,30) (10,6,30)

Hnh 3.7.Topo mng c s dng trong v d nh tuyn
vi cc hm trng s khc nhau

Ta cn xc nh ng i t nt A n nt D. Bng 3.2 cho thy cc
ng i c th t nt A n nt D v chi ph trn mi ng i c tnh bi
cc hm trng s khc nhau. Gi tr o v | c gi s bng 1.
Bng 3.2: Chi ph ca cc ng i khc nhau tnh theo cc hm
trng s khc nhau:
ng i

Chi ph ng vi cc hm trng s
HW DW AW HAW TAW HTAW
A-B-C-D 3 30 0.375 3.375 0.181 3.181
A-E-D 2 40 0.602 2.602 0.250 2.250
A-F-D 2 40 0.250 2.250 0.458 2.458
A-G-H-D 3 30 0.238 3.396 0.396 3.396

n tt nghip

66
T bng 3.1, ta thy rng s dng hm trng s HW c th chn mt trong
hai ng A-E-D hoc A-F-D. Trong khi s dng hm trng DW c th chn
ng i A-B-C-D hoc A-G-H-D. Nu s dng hm trng s l AW, ta s chn
ng i l A-G-H-D v ng ny c s lng bc sng sn c ln nht (6
trn tt c cc lin kt). Nu chn hm trng s l TAW th ng i c chn
l A-B-C-D, mc d ng i A-E-D c cc lin kt vi cc h s s dng thp
nht. Tng t, ng i c chn khi s dng hm trng s l HAW s l A-
F-D v ng ny c s bc sng ri nhiu hn ng A-E-D. Cui cng, nu
hm trng s l HTAW th ng i c chn l A-F-D (vi s chng thp
nht) bi v n c cc lin kt vi h s s dng thp nht (50%).
b) nh tuyn thay th c nh (Fixed Alternate Routing)
Phng php nh tuyn ny ci tin hn nh tuyn c nh bng cch
tm nhiu ng i gia mt cp nt ngun ch. Trong phng php ny, mi
nt trong mng phi duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cha danh sch c th t K
ng i c nh n mi nt. V d th t trong danh sch c th c sp xp
theo ng i ngn nht th nht, ng i ngn nht th hai, th ba ng
i ngn nht th nht s c chn lm ng i chnh thc gia mt cp nt
ngun ch, trong khi cc ng cn li c xem l cc ng i ph hay cc
ng thay th. Mt ng i thay th gia nt ngun v ch l ng i m
khng chia s bt k mt lin kt vt l no vi ng i ngn nht chnh thc.
Hnh 3.8 minh ha mt ng i thay th gia nt 0 v nt 2.

1 2
5 4
0 3

Hnh 3.8. ng i chnh thc (lin nt) v ng thay th (nt gch)
t nt 0 n nt 2
n tt nghip

67
Khi mt yu cu kt ni n, nt ngun c gng thit lp lightpath trn
mi ng i theo tun t trong bng nh tuyn, cho n khi mt ng i vi
mt bc sng xc nh c tm thy. Nu khng tm c ng no tha
mn t danh sch trong bng nh tuyn th yu cu kt ni xem nh b nghn v
mt i. Thng thng, bng nh tuyn c sp xp theo s chng (hop) m
mi ng phi i qua n c nt ch. Do , ng i ngn nht ti nt
ch l ng i qua t s chng nht. Trong gii thut tm ng ngn nht theo
s chng, chi ph cho mi lin kt u bng mt n v. Trng hp cc ng
i khc nhau c cng s chng th ng i ngn nht s c chn mt cch
ngu nhin.
nh tuyn thay th c nh n gin trong vic iu khin thit lp v
xa b cc ng quang v c th c s dng cung cp mt kh nng chu
ng s t lin kt trong mng mt mc no . Mt u im khc trong
nh tuyn thay th c nh l lm gim ng k xc sut tc nghn so vi nh
tuyn c nh.
c) nh tuyn thch nghi (Adaptive Routing)
nh tuyn thch nghi s dng thng tin trng thi mng ti thi im yu
cu kt ni n. Nh c ch n s thay i ca trng thi mng, nh tuyn
thch nghi lm tng kh nng thc hin thnh cng vic thit lp mt kt ni.
Da vo tnh cht thng tin v trng thi mng c s dng, nh tuyn thch
nghi c chia lm 2 loi: nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th
(Adaptive routing based on global information) v nh tuyn thch nghi da
trn thng tin cc b (Adaptive routing based on local information).
Cc quyt nh nh tuyn da trn thng tin tng th thng cho li gii
ti u nht. Tuy nhin, thng tin cn c cp nht thng xuyn v lng
thng tin cp nht thng rt ln. Khi lu lng trong mng quang ngy cng
tng v n mt lc no s b t bin th ti lp quang, yu cu v vic ghp
knh v tnh linh hot cng phi mc cao hn. V th bn cht vic thit lp
ng quang cng tr nn ng hn, s lng yu cu kt ni nhiu hn v cc
ng quang c duy tr trong khong thi gian ngn hn. Trong trng hp
ny, vic duy tr, cp nht thng tin tng th l rt kh khn. Cc gii quyt
nghing v nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b. u im ca vic
dng thng tin cc b l cc nt khng cn phi duy tr mt lng ln thng tin
n tt nghip

68
v trng thi mng. Sau y ta s xem xt ln lt hai loi nh tuyn ny v cc
gii thut nh tuyn thuc hai loi ny.
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th
- nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt (Link state routing): Trong phng
php nh tuyn ny, m nt mng phi duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi
mng. Mi nt c th tm mt ng i cho mi yu cu kt ni. Bt c khi no
trng thi mng thay i th phi thc hin vic thng bo cho tt c cc nt. V
th vic thit lp hay loi b cc lightpath u c th dn n vic qung b cc
thng tin cp nht cho tt c cc nt trong mng. Nhu cu qung b cc thng tin
ny c th dn n tng chi ph cho iu khin tng ln. Hn na, nu c mt
nt no c thng tin cha c cp nht cng s lm cho mt nt khc c
quyt nh nh tuyn sai.
- nh tuyn ng dn lun phin (Altenate path routing): Loi nh
tuyn ny cng ging nh nh tuyn lun phin c nh ni trn. Tuy nhin,
y, trng thi trng thi mng c cp nht thng xuyn v danh sch cc
ng ngn nht cng vy. Tiu chun chn ng i thng da trn chiu di
ng dn hoc tc nghn ca ng dn. Nguyn tc chn ng dn theo
tc nghn l xc nh cc ti nguyn (thng l bc sng) sn c trn mi ng
dn lun phin v chn ng dn no c s lng ti nguyn sn c nhiu nht.
Vic la chn ng i vi ng dn ngn nht thng dng t ti nguyn nht
nhng c th dn n lng ti cao trn mt vi lin kt trong mng. Cn vic la
chn ng i vi tc nghn thp nht s dn n vic s dng ng dn c
th di hn nhng ti c phn b u n trn mng hn.
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b
- nh tuyn theo khong cch vector (distance vector routing):
Phng php ny khng yu cu mi nt duy tr ton b thng tin trng
thi lin kt ca mi nt trong mng. Thay vo , mi nt c mt bng khong
cch (distance table). Mi bng khong cch ca mt nt c mt hng cho mi
ch n trong mng v mt ct cho cc nt c lin kt trc tip vi nt . Gi
) , ( Z Y D
X
l mt phn t trong bng khong cch ca nt X. ) , ( Z Y D
X
chnh l chi
ph i t nt X n nt ch Y qua nt Z. Gi ) , ( Z X c l chi ph i t nt X n
nt lng ging Z. Do vy ) , ( Z Y D
X
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
{ } ) , ( min ) , ( ) , ( W Y D Z X c Z Y D
Z
W
X
+ =
n tt nghip

69
Hnh 3.9 minh ha mt bng khong cch ca nt E trong mng nm k
bn. Cc phn t c khoanh trn chnh l chi ph nh nht i n nt ch.
Nh vy, t bng khong cch, ta c th d dng suy ra bng chuyn tip
(forwarding table), trong ch r cn s dng lin kt ra ng no n mt
nt ch tng ng.
A
B C
D
E
7
1
2
2
1
8
Chi ph qua nt
A B D ( )
E
D
A
B
C
Nt
ch
1 14 5
7
D
8 5
6 9 4
4 11
2

Hnh 3.9. Bng khong cch ca nt ngun E

- nh tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin cc b:
Xt tiu chun chn la ng i l xc sut tc nghn thp nht.
tng cng ging vi phng php nh tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng
tin tng th. im khc bit l ch ch phi tp trung thng tin v ti nguyn
mng (bc sng sn c) ch trn k chng u tin ca n.
V d, trong hnh 3.10, nu ta xt hai ng i lun phin t nt ngun A
n nt ch D, vi phng php da trn thng tin tng th th hai bc sng
1
v
3
sn c dc theo ton b chiu di ca ng 1, trong khi ch c bc sng
2
sn c dc theo ton b chiu di ca ng 2. Do , ng 1 s c chn.
Vi phng php da trn thng tin cc b, nu k = 2 th ng 2 s c
chn v trn hai chng u tin ca ng ny c ba bc sng
1
,
2
v
4
sn
c, trong khi trn hai chng u tin ca ng 1 th ch c hai bc sng
1
v
3
sn c.
Mc d thng tin cc b c th cung cp s c lng kh chnh xc v
tc nghn dc ng dn nhng khng m bo rng bt k bc sng no
sn c trn k chng u tin u sn c trn ton b ng dn.

n tt nghip

70
B C
F E
A D
ng 1
ng 2
3 1

3 1

3 2 1

3 2 1

3 2

4 3 2 1

Hnh 3.10. Minh ha nh tuyn lun phin

- nh tuyn chuyn hng (Deflection routing):
Mt phng php khc nh tuyn thch nghi vi thng tin b hn ch
l nh tuyn chuyn hng. Phng php nh tuyn ny chn ng i t cc
lin kt lun phin theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) hn l t cc ng i lun
phin gia hai im u cui (end-to-end). Vic nh tuyn c thc hin bng
cch mi nt phi duy tr bng nh tuyn c ch r mt hoc nhiu lin kt ng
ra lun phin i n tng nt ch. Cc lin kt lun phin ny c sp th
t sao cho u tin cc lin kt c ti nguyn (bc sng sn c) nhiu nht. Nh
vy, mi nt s ch duy tr thng tin v trng thi ca vic s dng bc sng
trn cc lin kt ng ra ring ca n. Khi chn mt lin kt ng ra lun phin
nh tuyn, vic quyt nh c th c xc nh da trn chn la s chng t
nht hoc xc sut nghn thp nht. Nu da trn tiu chun s chng t nht,
trc ht, gii thut nh tuyn ny s c gng chn mt lin kt ng ra no i
n nt ch vi s chng t nht. Nu lin kt va chn khng c sn bc sng
kh thi th gii thut nh tuyn s c gng chn mt lin kt ng ra lun phin
khc c ng dn c s chng t nht k tip. Gii thut tin hnh nh vy cho
n khi ti nt ch hoc kt ni b nghn. Hnh 3.11(a) minh ha phng php
nh tuyn chuyn hng theo tiu chun s chng t nht. ng dn u tin
c chn l D C B A . Tuy nhin khi yu cu n nt C, n khng th
tip tc qua lin kt CD v khng c mt bc sng chung no sn c trn ton
tuyn. V th yu cu c chuyn sang nt F. y n c th tip tc i n
nt ch dc theo lin kt FD.
n tt nghip

71
Nu da trn tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp nht, gii thut nh
tuyn s chn lin kt no c s bc sng kh thi ln nht trong s cc ng ra
lin kt lun phin. Tp bc sng kh thi bao gm cc bc sng sn c trn
tt c cc chng i qua v trn lin kt ng ra tip theo. Hnh 3.11(b) minh
ha cho phng php ny. Ta cng c yu cu kt ni t A n D. Trn chng
u tin, lin kt AB c chn v c ba bc sng sn c, trong khi lin kt AE
ch c hai bc sng sn c. Khi yu cu kt ni n nt B, n s c nh
tuyn n nt E v c n ba bc sng kh thi (
2 1
, v
4
) sn c trn lin kt
BE v ch c mt bc sng kh thi
1
sn c trn lin kt BC. Phng php nh
tuyn chuyn hng theo tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp nht thng to ra
ng dn di hn so vi phng php trn. Tuy nhin phng php ny gip
cn bng ti u trn cc lin kt ca mng, trnh tnh trng ti tp trung vo
mt s t lin kt gy tc nghn.
B
3 1

3 2

2 1

4 2 1

4 1

C
E F
B
F E
A
C
D A D
4 2 1

3 1

3 2

4 2 1

3 1

3 2

3 2

4 1

4 2 1

2 1

3 1

(a)
(b)

Hnh 3.11. Minh ha nh tuyn chuyn hng
C nhiu vn ny sinh khi thc hin nh tuyn chuyn hng. Mt
trong nhng vn l s lp vng (looping), tc l mt bn tin yu cu kt
ni tr v li nt no m n i qua ri. Vic chuyn hng lp vng c
khc phc bng cch mi bn tin yu cu kt ni phi duy tr mt vector ng
dn cha danh sch cc nt m n i qua. Nu mt nt no nhn bn
tin yu cu kt ni m ch r rng bn tin i qua nt ny ri th kt ni xem
nh b tc nghn. Mt gii php khc l tn dng trng time-to-live, tc thi
gian sng ca cc bn tin yu cu kt ni. Trng ny s gip cho cc bn tin
yu cu kt ni khng b lp vng v tn trong mng.
n tt nghip

72
Mt vn khc na l yu cu kt ni c th c chuyn hng nhiu
ln dn n mt ng dn qu di cho lightpath. Cc gii php khc phc vn
ny l gii hn v chiu di hoc s chng ln nht trong mt lightpath, hoc
gii hn v s ln chuyn hng c th c ca mt ng i.
3.4.3. Bi ton Gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM
Trc ht, ta cn nh ngha mt s k hiu sau:
- L: tng s lin kt trong mng.
- M
i
: s si quang c ti lin kt i (dnh cho cc mng a si (multi-fiber
networks)).
- M: s si quang trn mt lin kt nu tt c cc lin kt u c cng s
si .
- W: s bc sng c th c trn mt si quang.
- ) ( p t : tp cc lin kt ca ng p.
- S
p
: tp cc bc sng sn c dc theo ng p.
- D: ma trn L x W, trong
ij
D ch s si quang c bc sng j c
gn ti lin kt i. Ch l
1 1
0 M D
j
s s .
a) Gii thut Random
y l gii thut gn bc sng n gin nht, theo , nt ngun s tm
kim tt c cc bc sng xc nh tp bc sng ri trn ng i c
xc nh. Sau , mt bc sng s c chn ngu nhin (vi xc sut nh
nhau) gn bc sng cho lightpath . Trong trng hp thiu thng tin v
tnh trng bc sng trong mng th phng php ny s dn n kt qu cn
bng c s lng cc bc sng c s dng.
b) Gii thut First Fit
Trong gii thut ny, tt c cc bc sng u c nh s th t. Trong
tt c cc bc sng ri, bc sng c ch s thp hn s c xem xt trc
cc bc sng c ch s cao hn. Nh vy, bc sng ri u tin s c chn.
Thut ton ny khng cn thng tin tng th.
So snh vi gii thut Random th First Fit c chi ph tnh ton t hn do
khng cn phi duyt qua tt c cc bc sng cho mi tuyn. tng ca gii
thut ny l p tt c cc bc sng ang s dng v u cui ca danh sch cc
bc sng cc ng di hn c xu hng s dng cc bc sng pha trn
ca danh sch, do xc sut thit lp thnh cng cao hn. Gii thut ny cho
n tt nghip

73
kt qu kh tt v kha cnh xc sut nghn v thng c s dng trong thc
t do n gin.
Nhn chung, phng php First Fit s tt hn so vi phng php
Random khi c y thng tin v trng thi mng. Tuy nhin, trong trng
hp thng tin b hn ch hoc c cp nht khng kp thi th vic cp pht
bc sng theo phng php Random c th tt hn. L do l trong phng
php First Fit, nu cng mt lc c nhiu yu cu kt ni mun thit lp
lightpath, th hu nh chng s chn mt bc sng ging nhau dn n mt
hoc nhiu kt ni b nghn.
V d minh ha:
Gi s ta c 5 nt vi 4 lin kt. Mi lin kt c th c 3 bc sng.
1 ----------- 2 -----------3 ----------- 4 ----------- 5
Gi s cc yu cu lightpath l nh sau:
{1,3}, {1,2}, {4,5}, {3,5}, {2,4}, {3,4}
K hiu:
Cc bc sng c gn theo gii thut First Fit nh hnh 3.12.

1 2 3 4 5
a
b
c
d
e
f
0

Hnh 3.12. Cc bc sng c gn bi gii thut First Fit
c) Gii thut Least Used (LU)
Gii thut ny chn ra bc sng t c s dng nht trong mng nhm
c gng cn bng ti gia cc bc sng. So vi gii thut Random th LU km
hiu qu hn trong khi yu cu thng tin tng th v phc tp tnh ton cao
hn, do t c u chung trong thc t.
V d minh ha:
Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.13.
n tt nghip

74
1 2 3 4 5
0
6

Hnh 3.13. Trng thi s dng bc sng hin thi ca ng i
Gi s ta cn cp pht bc sng cho yu cu kt ni {4,5}. Ta thy
1
w
c s dng ba lin kt,
2
w dng mt lin kt,
3
w dng hai lin kt. Do
gii thut LU s gn bc sng
2
w cho yu cu ny.
d) Gii thut Most Used (MU)
Gii thut ny ngc li vi LU. N c gng chn ra bc sng c s
dng nhiu nht trong mng ti thi im nhm to ra nhiu bc sng rnh cho
cc yu cu v sau. phc tp tnh ton v hiu qu ca gii thut ny cng
tng t nh LU. Nh vy, ta thy trn hnh v 3.13 th gii thut MU s gn bc
sng
1
w cho yu cu kt ni {4,5} do
1
w c s dng nhiu lin kt nht.
e) Gii thut Min Product (MP)
Gii thut ny c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. Trong mng n
si, gii thut ny tng ng vi gii thut First Fit. Mc ch ca gii thut
ny l c gng gn cc bc sng vo cng cc si quang nhm hn ch s
lng si s dng trong mng. thc hin vic ny, gii thut MP tnh tch
lj
p l
D
) ( t e
H
cho mi bc sng j ( W j s s 1 ). MP s chn bc sng c tch nh
nht. Tuy nhin, c nghin cu chng t c rng gii thut MP khng hiu
qu bng gii thut First Fit phin bn cho mng a si (trong c si v
bc sng u c nh s). Mt khc, MP li c chi ph tnh ton cao hn.
V d minh ha:
Xt mt ng gm 5 lin kt. Mi lin kt c 3 bc sng v c gi
s c nhiu si quang. Bng ma trn D c cho nh sau:
n tt nghip

75
Bng 3.3. Ma trn D trong v d gii thut Min Product
Lin kt Bc sng 1 Bc sng 2 Bc sng 3
1 2 3 1
2 3 2 2
3 1 4 1
4 3 1 2
5 5 2 1

Cc tch c tnh cho mi bc sng:
Vi bc sng 1: 2*3*1*3*5 = 90.
Vi bc sng 2: 3*2*4*1*2 = 48.
Vi bc sng 3: 1*2*1*2*1 = 4.
Nh vy bc sng 3 s c gn. R rng khi bc sng 3 c gn th
ta ch s dng 3 si, trong khi nu bc sng 1 hoc 2 c gn th phi cn n
6 hoc 5 si quang.
f) Gii thut Least Loaded (LL)
Gii thut ny cng c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. LL s chn
bc sng c dung lng d ln nht (residual capacity), tc l t c s dng
trn cc si nht, ca lin kt c ti c ti nhiu nht trn ng p. Vi mng n
si, gi tr ca residual capacity l 0 hoc 1, do gii thut chn bc sng c ch
s thp nht vi residual capacity bng 1. Nh vy, gii thut LL cng tr thnh FF
trong mng n si. Tm li, LL s chn bc sng j no tha mn:
)} ( min { max
) (
lj l
p l S j
D M
p
e e t
. Gii thut LL c chng minh l hiu qu
hn MU v FF trong vic gim xc sut tc nghn trong mng a si.
V d minh ha:
Ta cng xt bng ma trn D c cho trong phn gii thut Min
Product. Gi s mi lin kt c ti a 7 si quang ( 5 ,....., 1 7
1
= = l M ). Gi s ta
cn thit lp mt lightpath qua hai lin kt 1 v 2.
Vi bc sng 1: min {(M
1
-D
11
),(M
1
-D
21
)}=min{(7-2),(7-3)} = 4.
2
-D
12
),(M
2
-D
22
)}=min{(7-3),(7-2)} = 4
3
-D
13
),(M
1
-D
21
)}=min{(7-1),(7-2)} = 5.
Vy ta chn bc sng 3.
n tt nghip

76
g) Gii thut Max Sum ) ( M
Gii thut ) ( M c xut cho cc mng a si nhng cng c th p
dng cho mng n si. Gii thut ny xem xt tt c cc ng c th v c
gng gn bc sng sao cho cc i ha dung lng ng cn li sau khi
lightpath c thit lp. Gii thut ny gi s rng ma trn lu lng c bit
trc v ng i cho mi kt ni c la chn trc. Yu cu ny c th t
c nu gi s ma trn lu lng l n nh trong mt khong thi gian no .
Gi l trng thi mng vi cc lightpath ang tn ti. Trong ) ( M ,
dung lng lin kt (link capacity) ca bc sng j ti lin kt l c nh ngha
l s lng si ti lin kt l m bc sng j cn ri trn .

lj l
D M j l r ) ( ) , , ( =

trong ) ( D l ma trn D trng thi .
Dung lng ng i (path capacity) ) , , ( j p r ca bc sng j l s si m
bc sng j khng c s dng ti lin kt b nghn nhiu nht trn ng p.

)} , , ( { min ) , , (
) (
j l r j p r
p l

t e
=

Dung lng ng dn ca ng p ti trng thi l tng ca dung
lng ng dn ca tt c cc bc sng.
) , , ( ) , (
max
1
j p r p R
j

=
=

Gi ) ( ' j l trng thi k tip ca mng nu bc sng j c gn cho kt
ni. Gii thut ) ( M s chn bc sng no lm cc i gi tr:
) ), ( ' ( p j R
P p

Trong P l tp cc ng ca cc yu cu kt ni trng thi hin ti.
Mt khi lightpath c thit lp th trng thi mng s c cp nht
v n lt yu cu kt ni tip theo c xem xt.
V d minh ha:
Xt mt ng gm 6 nt c nh s t 0 n 6 lin tip. C mt s
bc sng c gn nh trn hinh 3.14.
n tt nghip

77
1 2 3 4 5
0
6
3
0

Hnh 3.14. V d minh ha cho gii thut Max Sum
n gin, ta gi s mi lin kt ch gm 1 si quang v 4 bc sng.
Gi s ta cn thit lp lightpath P1: {2,4}. Cc lightpath cn c thit lp sau
l P2: (1,5), P3: (3,6), v P4: (0,3). Bng 3.3 cho ta tn tht dung lng tng
cng khi chn ln lt cc bc sng thit lp lightpath P1.
Ta thy rng nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng
0
th s lm tc
nghn P4 trn
0
. Nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng
1
s lm tc nghn
P3. Thit lp P1 trn
2
s lm tc nghn c P2 v P3. Thit lp P1 trn
3
s
lm tc nghn P2. Nh vy chn bc sng
2
s khin cho tn tht dung lng
tng cng ln nht, tc l kh nng nghn mch ca cc kt ni tng lai cao
hn. Do , bt k trong ba bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng cng
nh nhau u c th c chn bi ) ( M .
Bng 3.4. Tn tht dung lng tng cng trong gii thut ) ( M :
Bc
sng
Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng Tn tht dung lng tng
cng cho mi bc sng
P2: (1,5) P3: (3,6) P4: (0,3)
3

1 0 0 1
2

1 1 0 2
1

0 1 0 1
0

0 0 1 1

h) Gii thut Relative Capacity Loss (RCL)
Gii thut ny da trn gii thut M . Gii thut M c th c nhn
theo quan im chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng trn
tt c cc bc sng.
n tt nghip

78

)) ), ( ' ( ) ), ( ( ( p j R p j R
P p

e

Do ch c dung lng ca bc sng j l thay i sau khi lightpath c
thit lp trn bc sng j nn c ngha l M s chn bc sng j no lm ti
thiu ha tn tht dung lng tng cng trn bc sng ny.

)) , , ' ( ) , , ( ( j p r j p r
P p

e

Gii thut RCL chn bc sng sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng
tng i ( Relative Capacity Loss), c tnh bi cng thc:

) , , (
)) , , ' ( ) , , ( (
j p r
j p r j p r
P p
e

Gii thut RLC da trn l lun l vic ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng
tng cng i khi cha a n mt s la chn bc sng tt nht. Chng hn
nh vic chn mt bc sng I no c th l tc nghn lightpath P1, trong
khi nu chn bc sng j khc c th lm gim dung lng P2 v P3 nhng
khng lm tc nghn chng. Do , bc sng j nn c chn la mc d tn
tht dung lng tng cng ca bc sng j cao hn l ca bc sng i. Trong a
s cc trng hp th gii thut RLC hiu qu hn M .
V d minh ha:
Ta hy tip tc xem xt tip v d trong phn gii thut M lm r
hn. Theo kt qu trn, bt k trong 3 bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung
lng tng cng nh nhau u c th c chn bi M . Tuy nhin, ch
rng, nu chn
0
th ng P4 s b tc nghn trn mi bc sng. Trong khi
, nu ta chn
1
hay
3
, mi ng cn li u c t nht mt bc sng m
chng khng b tc nghn trn . Do r rng khng nn chn bc sng
2
.
By gi ta s dng gii thut RLC. Ta quan st thy rng ng P2 c th
chn mt trong hai bc sng
2
v
3
. Do nu P1 c thit lp mt trong
hai bc sng ny th tn tht dung lng tng i cho P2 s l
2
1
. Tng t,
P3 c hai bc sng c th thit lp c, v tn tht dung lng tng i trn
cc bc sng ny cng bng
2
1
. P4 th ch c th thit lp c trn
0
, do
tn tht dung lng tng i l bng 1 cho bc sng
0
. Cc kt qu tnh ton
n tt nghip

79
c trnh by trong bng 3.5. Gii thut RLC chn bc sng vi tn tht dung
lng tng i nh nht, tc l chn bc sng
1
hoc
3
.
Bng 3.5. Tn tht dung lng tng i trong gii thut RLC
Bc
sng
Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng Tn tht dung lng tng
i cho mi bc sng
P2: (1,5) P3: (3,6) P4: (0,3)
3

0.5 0 0 0.5
2

0.5 0.5 0 1
1

0 0.5 0 0.5
0

0 0 1 1

3.5. S gii hn bc sng (WR Wavelength Reservation) trong IP/WDM
Phng php WR thng c s dng hai phng php quen thuc l
Forward Reservation hay cn gi l Source Initiated Reservation (SIR) v
Backward Reservation hay Destinnation Initiated Reservation (DIR).
3.5.1. Phng php SIR
Trong phng php SIR, nt ngun gi gi RESV (Reserve Packet) khi
xut hin yu cu thit lp lightpath. Gi RESV s dnh trc mt bc sng t
nt ngun n nt ch. Qu trnh dnh trc c thc hin ti nt trung gian.
u tin, nt ngun chn mt bc sng dnh trc t cc tp bc sng ri
bng gii thut gn bc sng v gi gi RESV v pha nt ch. Khi cc nt
trung gian nhn c gi RESV, n s xem bc sng cn c dnh trc c
ri hay khng cho lin kt k tip hay khng. Nu c th nt trung gian ny dnh
trc (kha) bc sng ny li v chuyn tip gi RESV n nt k tip. Qu
trnh thit lp lightpath hon tt khi gi RESV n c nt ch. Khi mt
gi ACK (Acknowledgment) c gi tr v nt ngun thng bo cho nt
ngun bit lightpath c thit lp. Khi khng cn d liu truyn trn
lightpath, nt ngun ch trong mt khong thi gian timeout ri sau gi gi
REL v pha nt ch gii phng lightpath.
Do nt ngun ch bit c bc sng no rnh cc lin kt ln cn nn
khng th m bo c bc sng c chn c rnh trn cc lin kt khc
hay khng. Nu khng, qu trnh dnh trc s tht bi v nt trung gian loi b
gi RESV, gi tr v nt ngun mt gi NACK (Negative ACK Packet) v mt gi
FAIL. Gi NACK thng bo cho nt ngun bit l qu trnh dnh trc tht bi
n tt nghip

80
ti mt nt trung gian no . Trong trng hp ny, khi nhn c gi NACK,
nt ngun s truyn li gi RESV th dnh trc mt bc sng khc.
Tnh hung tht bi va nu cho ta thy nhc im ca phng php
SIR. Nhc im ny c th khc phc c nu ta dnh trc nhiu bc sng
(over-reservation) thay v ch mt. Tuy nhin, nh vy th rt lng ph ti nguyn
mng v c th gy tc nghn cho cc yu cu khc.

Yu cu
kt ni
RESV
ACK
Truyn
d liu
REL
{
Time
out
(a) Thit lp thnh cng
Yu cu
kt ni
RESV
RESV
NACK &
FAIL
(b) Thit lp tht bi

Hnh 3.15. M t phng php SIR
3.5.2. Phng php DIR
Trong phng php ny, u tin nt ngun gi gi PROBE v pha nt
ch. Gi PROBE s thu thp cc thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti cc nt
trung gian m n i qua. Khi nt ch nhn c gi PROBE, n s c c tt
c thng tin v vic s dng bc sng ti cc kin kt trung gian. Da trn cc
thng tin ny, nt ch thc hin gii thut gn bc sng v quyt nh chn
mt bc sng dnh trc. Sau n n gi gi RESV tr ngc li v pha nt
ngun. Khi nt ngun nhn c gi RESV th ng ngha vi vic lightpath
c thit lp xong, nt ngun bt u truyn d liu. Khi kt thc vic truyn
du liu, nt ngun cng i mt khong thi gian timeout trc khi quyt nh
gi gi REL gii phng lightpath.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh dnh trc bc sng khng phi lc no cng thnh
cng. Vi phng php ny, c th c ba tnh hung tht bi.
n tt nghip

81
a) Tnh hung tht bi th nht
Tnh hung tht bi th nht, khi gi PROBE i qua mt nt trung gian,
nu ti nt khng cn bc sng no rnh th nt s loi b gi PROBE
v gi gi NACK v bo cho nt ngun bit qu trnh thit lp b tht bi.
Khi ny nt ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th v truyn li gi PROBE
trn ng mi hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
b) Tnh hung tht bi th hai
Tnh hung tht bi th hai, gi PROBE n c nt ch, tuy nhin
gii thut gn bc sng khng th tm c lightpath no cn rnh trong ton
b cc lin kt trn ng. Khi ny, nt ch s gi gi NACK v nt ngun.
Nt ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th v truyn li gi PROBE trn
ng mi hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
c) Tnh hung tht bi th ba
Tnh hung tht bi th ba, gii thut gn bc sng tm c bc
sng thch hp v nt ch gi gi RESV tr v. Tuy nhin ta hy ch l gia
thi im gi PROBE thu thp thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti mt nt
trung gian n thi im gi RESV n c nt trung gian ny l mt khong
thi gian c gi l vulnerable time. Trong khong thi gian ny, trng thi ca
nt c kh nng b thay i v bc sng sp c dnh trc th c th b
mt gi RESV khc n chim mt. Khi vic thit lp lightpath cng xem
nh b tht bi, nt trung gian s gi gi NACK v pha ngun v gi FAIL
v pha nt ch gii phng cc bc sng c dnh trc. Khi nt ngun
nhn c gi NACK trong trng hp ny, n s truyn li gi PROBE.
Nh vy, ta thy tnh hung tht bi th ba cho ta thy c nhc im
ca phng php DIR. l do khong thi gian vulnerable time m vic dnh
trc bc sng c th s dng cc thng tin c (outdated information). Gia
hai phng php DIR v SIR th DIR c nh gi cao hn do gii thut gn
bc sng c cung cp nhiu thng tin v trng thi ng truyn hn.
n tt nghip

82
Yu cu
kt ni
Yu cu
kt ni
Yu cu
kt ni
Yu cu
kt ni
PROBE
PROBE
PROBE
NACK
RESV
REL
(a) Tnh hung thit lp
thnh cng
{
Time
out
}
Chy gii
thut WA
}
Chy gii
thut WA
Khng
tn c
lightpath
(c) Tnh hung tht bi
th hai
PROBE
PROBE
NACK
(b) Tnh hung tht bi
th nht
PROBE
PROBE
NACK
RESV
FAIL
}
Chy
gii
thut
WA
(d) Tnh hung tht bi
th ba

Hnh 3.16. M t phng php DIR

n tt nghip

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CHNG 4:
K THUT LU LNG TRONG MNG IP/WDM

4.1. Khi nim k thut lu lng IP/WDM
K thut lu lng IP/WDM l k thut tn dng cc ti nguyn
IP/WDM (v d nh cc b nh tuyn IP, cc b m, cc chuyn mch WDM,
cc si quang v cc bc sng) mt cch hiu qu, truyn dn cc gi tin v
dng lu lng IP. K thut lu lng IP/WDM bao gm k thut lu lng
IP/MPLS v k thut lu lng WDM c ch ra trong hnh v 4.1.

nh x = T.E
n nh dng
Thit lp ng
M hnh IP
Thit lp m hnh
Ti cu hnh
Ti nguyn
IP/WDM
Lu lng IP
M hnh IP
WDM T.E.
MPLS T.E.

Hnh 4.1. M hnh k thut lu lng IP/WDM
K thut lu lng MPLS gii quyt cc vn v phn b dng v thit
k nhn ng. S dng k thut iu khin ng hiu MPLS, k thut lu
lng MPLS cho php cn bng ti trn m hnh IP hin c. Cc MPLS LSP
lm vic nh l cc tuyn o cng chia s mt m hnh IP c nh.
Trong khi k thut lu lng WDM li a ra cc gi nh v mt m
hnh IP tnh trn nn mng WDM. K thut lu lng WDM gii quyt cc vn
v thit k m hnh ng i ngn nht v dch chuyn m hnh IP. Trong
cc mng WDM c kh nng ti cu hnh, k thut lu lng MPLS v k thut
WDM lm vic cc tng khc nhau, ngha l mt tng IP v mt tng
WDM. Trong cc chuyn mch gi quang, cc k thut lu lng MPLS v
WDM c th c dng theo m hnh chng ln hoc theo m hnh tch hp. Xu
n tt nghip

84
hng u tng t nh IP chng ln trn nn cc mng WDM c kh nng ti
cu hnh (mt phng d liu), trong khi cc MPLS LSP (cc ng i o) c
n nh cho cc mng quang WDM c nh. Xu hng th hai xy dng cho cc
ng i ngn nht, n nh cc dng trn cc ng i ngn nht v chuyn
tip lu lng theo mt m hnh tch hp.
4.2. M hnh ha k thut lu lng IP/WDM
Nh trnh by trn k thut lu lng trong cc mng IP/WDM c
th thc hin theo hai phng php: k thut chng ln v k thut tch hp.
Vi k thut lu lng IP/WDM chng ln, mi tng IP v WDM c mt
khi k thut lu lng ring. S hot ng ca mi mng c th c lp vi
mng cn li. Cc gii php k thut lu lng c pht trin cho cc mng IP
hoc cc mng WDM c th c ng dng trc tip cho mi tng mt cch
tng ng. V mt tnh cht th mng khch ch chng ln l mt v d cho k
thut lu lng chng ln.
Vi k thut lu lng tch hp, s ti u ho hiu nng mng i vi
mt mc tiu nht nh t c nh s kt hp gia c hai thnh phn mng IP
v WDM. Vi s xut hin ca cc phn cng ngy cng tinh vi cho php tch
hp chc nng ca c IP v WDM ti mi thnh phn mng (NE) nn k thut
lu lng tch hp c th hot ng hiu qu hn.
4.2.1. K thut lu lng chng ln
Nguyn l ca k thut lu lng chng ln l s ti u ho t c
tng tng mt. iu ny c ngha l s ti u ho trong mt khng gian nhiu
chiu l kt qu ca mt qu trnh tm kim ln lt theo cc chiu khc nhau.
R rng l kt qu ti u ho ph thuc vo th t tm kim v khng m bo
l kt qu ti u ho ton cc. Chiu no cng xut hin sm trong chui tm
kim th cng t c s ti u ho tt hn. Mt li th ca k thut lu lng
chng ln l cc c ch c th c iu chnh p ng tt nht nhu cu ca
mt tng c th (IP hoc WDM) tu theo cc mc tiu c la chn. Hnh 4.2
m t k thut lu lng chng ln.
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IP T.E. (MPLS T.E)
WDM T.E
WADM
WADM
WADM
WADM
OXC
WADM
WADM
OXC
M hnh WDM
M hnh IP

Hnh 4.2. K thut lu lng chng ln
K thut lu lng chng ln c th xy dng bng vic kt ni cc b
nh tuyn IP vi mng WDM da trn OXC thng qua mt OADM. Cc mng
IP/WDM c xy dng theo phng php ny th hin mt mng WDM da
trn OXC, tng ch c h tr bi mng vt l trong tng mng vt l ny
c to nn bi cc NE quang v cc si quang. Mi si quang mang nhiu
bc sng m vic nh tuyn chng l c kh nng ti cu hnh mt cch mm
do. Tng khch (ngha l mng o) hnh thnh bi cc b nh tuyn IP c
kt ni bi cc ng i ngn nht da trn mng vt l . M hnh ca mt
mng o c kh nng ti cu hnh c l nh kh nng ti cu hnh cc ng
i ngn nht trong tng my khch. Cc giao din ca mt b nh tuyn IP kt
ni vi OADM l cc giao din c kh nng ti cu hnh c. iu ny c
ngha l cc IP ln cn kt ni vi mt giao din c kh nng ti cu hnh nh
vy c th c thay i bng cch cp nht cu hnh ng i ngn nht c s.
Trong cc mng IP/WDM, iu khin tc nghn khng ch c thc hin
tng dng s dng cng mt m hnh m cn c th c thc hin tng m
hnh nh s dng ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht. Do , khng ch mt ngun
lu lng iu chnh dng cc gi tin ca n trc khi gi n vo mng m
n tt nghip

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chnh bn thn mng cng c kh nng thch ng trc mt kiu lu lng sau
mt thi gian tu chn. Trong tng IP, iu khin tc nghn cung cp nn tng
cho k thut lu lng, ngha l lm cch no truyn dn cc dng bit theo
ng i ca chng mt cch nhanh nht ti ch. Trong tng WDM, iu khin
n nh c s dng qun l cc ti nguyn mng (v d nh l bc sng) v
n nh chng cho cc kt ni IP o. iu khin n nh tng WDM c th l tnh,
ngha l c nh ti thi im bt u ca yu cu kt ni, hoc c th l ng v
c thay i trong thi gian kt ni. Chnh s mm do ny cho php tng
WDM cung cp cc kt ni cho tng pha trn vi cht lng dch v khc nhau.
4.2.2. K thut lu lng tch hp
Nguyn l ca k thut lu lng tch hp l s ti u ho c thc hin
ti c hai mng WDM v IP ng thi. iu ny c ngha l tm kim c
kt qu ti u ho ton cc trong mt khng gian nhiu chiu. K thut lu
lng tch hp c th ng dng cho cc mng trong chc nng ca c IP v
WDM c tch hp ti mi NE. Khi chc nng IP v WDM c tch hp, mt
mt phng iu khin tch hp cho c hai mng l kh thi. iu ny li cung cp
s ph hp t nhin cho mt m hnh k thut lu lng tch hp. Qun l lu
lng IP v qun l v iu khin ti nguyn WDM c xem xt cng nhau.
Hnh 4.3 ch ra k thut lu lng tch hp.
T.E IP/WDM tch hp
T.E IP/WDM tch hp
WDM
WDM WDM(OXC)
WDM(OXC)
WDM
WDM
M hnh IP/WDM tch hp
Si a bc sng

Hnh 4.3. K thut lu lng tch hp
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4.2.3. Nhn xt
S khc bit gia hai xu hng chng ln v tch hp th hin mi quan
h gia ti u ho hiu nng v n nh ti nguyn. Vi k thut lu lng
chng ln, ti u ho hiu nng, v d nh cn bng ti v nh tuyn lu lng,
c th c thc hin tng IP v hon ton tch bit khi n nh ti nguyn
vt l WDM, c thc hin tng WDM. Do vy, ti u ho hiu nng tng
IP c th s dng ti cu hnh v cc c ch truyn thng khng h lin quan ti
ti cu hnh. Khi khng s dng ti cu hnh th iu c ngha l ti u ho
hiu nng t c vi mt tp cc ti nguyn c nh (cho mt m hnh IP c
nh). Khi s dng ti cu hnh, ngha l s dng n nh ti nguyn ng cho
mt m hnh o. Sau ti u ho hiu nng ti tng IP s la chn da trn
lng ti nguyn m n mun xem xt trng thi ti nguyn ca tng WDM.
Chnh tng WDM l ni xy ra n nh ti nguyn vt l trong thc t. Mt
khc, ti u ho hiu nng v n nh ti nguyn mng c kt hp trong m
hnh k thut lu lng tch hp. Nu nh ti u ho hiu nng c lin quan ti
mt tp cc ti nguyn mng bin i th n nh ti nguyn s t ng iu
chnh trong qu trnh ti u ho.
Cc m hnh k thut lu lng c th c trin khai di dng tp
trung hay phn tn. Bng 4.1 th hin bn la chn cho trin khai cc m hnh
k thut lu lng. Theo trc gic th xu hng chng ln s thch hp vi dng
tp trung hoc phn cp, trong c mt TE tng IP v mt TE tng WDM v
hai TE ny s giao tip thng qua UNI bin gii WDM hoc cc giao din
gia IP NMS v WDM NMS. Trong m hnh chng ln tp trung, khi qun l
NC&M tng IP trung tm v khi qun l NC&M tng WDM trung tm s chia
s thng tin trng thi v tng ca n. Tuy nhin, xu hng ny khng c tnh
mm do v r rng l s xut hin cc tht c chai cc b qun l NC&M ti
c tng IP ln tng WDM. Xu hng tch hp ph hp mt cch t nhin vi m
hnh phn tn cho k thut lu lng. Ngha l mi im u c kh nng khai
thc iu khin tc nghn v thc hin n nh ti nguyn da trn thng tin
trng thi mng IP/WDM c lu tr cc b. M hnh phn tn ca k thut
lu lng nng cao tnh sn sng v tnh mm do nhng li phi i mt vi
kh khn l ng b ho phc tp gy ra bi bn cht ca quyt nh song song
c thc hin ti cc a im phn tn.
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Bng 4.1. Cc m hnh trin khai TE
M hnh chng ln M hnh tch hp
Trin khai tp trung TE chng ln tp trung TE tch hp tp trung
Trin khai phn tn TE chng ln phn tn TE tch hp phn tn

Tm li, xu hng chng ln s khng th thc hin mt cch hiu qu
khi kch c ca mng tng v cc my ch IP v WDM NMS u tr thnh cc
tht c chai tim tng. Xu hng tch hp s gp phi vn ln v phc tp
ca trin khai. ng b ho gia mt lng ln cc node IP/WDM v trng thi
mng v thng tin cu hnh i hi mt khong thi gian di hi t. La chn
k thut lu lng chng ln hay tch hp v m hnh trin khai tng ng ph
thuc vo lu lng ng dng v mng vn hnh. M hnh khi chc nng k
thut lu lng c trnh by trong n s bao qut c hai m hnh ca hai
dng thc trin khai. Cc thnh phn trong m hnh khi l chung cho cc ng
dng k thut lu lng trong mng IP/WDM.
4.3. M hnh chc nng ca k thut lu lng IP/WDM
C ch cho php c bn trong m hnh khi k thut lu lng l ng
i ngn nht v gim st ng i o theo nhu cu. Mt c tnh c nht v nh
trong mt mng WDM l kh nng ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht v m hnh
o. iu c ngha l i vi mt m hnh si quang vt l, mng WDM vt l
c th h tr mt s m hnh o c hnh thnh t cc ng i ngn nht.
Hnh 4.4 ch ra cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca mt m hnh khi k thut
lu lng c kh nng ti cu hnh v n bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Khi gim st lu lng: thnh phn ny c nhim v thu thp cc s liu
thng k lu lng ( y l lu lng IP) t cc b chuyn mch v nh tuyn
hay trn cc tuyn truyn dn. h tr tnh nng ny, cc mng IP/WDM s
gim st lu lng IP.
Khi phn tch lu lng: thnh phn ny s a ra cc quyt nh da
trn cc s liu thng k thu thp c. Mi khi c cp nht, b phn ny cng
a ra cc bo co phn tch.
Khi d on bng thng: thnh phn ny c s dng d on nhu
cu bng thng trong tng lai gn da trn cc c tnh lu lng v cc kt
qu o kim hin ti v trong qu kh.
n tt nghip

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Khi gim st hiu nng tn hiu: thnh phn ny c nhim v gim st
QoS tn hiu quang ng vi mi knh bc sng. QoS tn hiu l mt tp hp
phc tp ca cc yu t ng lin quan ti nh tuyn bc sng v qun l li.
Qun l li WDM khng phi l nhim v chnh ca TE nn QoS tn hiu ch
c s dng bi ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht.
Khi khi to ti cu hnh k thut lu lng: thnh phn ny bao gm
mt tp hp cc quy nh. Cc quy nh ny s quyt nh khi no s ti cu
hnh mc mng nn c thc hin. Quyt nh ny c th da trn cc iu
kin lu lng, cc d on v bng thng v cc yu t vn hnh khc nh l
gim thiu nh hng ca cc thng s chuyn tip v m bo thi gian hi t
mng ph hp.

Khi gim st lu
lng IP
Khi tham chiu nhu
cu bng thng
Khi phn tch lu
lng IP
IP/WDM t gii
hn di cha?
Ti cu hnh
m hnh o/ng i
ngn nht WDM
Khi gim
st hiu nng
tn hiu
Khi ti cu
hnh ng
i ngn nht
Dch chuyn
m hnh
Cn bng ti IP/
MPLS (OMP)
Thit k m hnh
ng i ngn nht
Thit lp mt m
hnh mi tt hn?
Khuyn ngh cp
nht dung lng
Cp nht
Cp nht
Cp nht
C
Cha
Ti cu hnh m hnh
nh gi
Phn hi
Khng thnh cng
Thnh cng
Ti cu hnh ng i
ngn nht
Bo co
QoS tn hiu
Ti cu hnh ng
i ngn nht
Thit lp QoS
tn hiu
Khi to

Hnh 4.4. M hnh khi chc nng k thut lu lng IP/WDM
Khi thit k m hnh ng i ngn nht: thnh phn ny s tnh ton
mt m hnh mng da trn cc d on v kt qu o kim lu lng. Vic ny
c th c coi nh vic ti u ho mt s (cc b nh tuyn IP c kt
ni bi cc ng i ngn nht trong tng WDM) cho nhng mc tiu nht nh
(v d nh l cc i ho thng lng), tu theo cc iu kin rng buc c th
(v d nh cp node, dung lng giao din), i vi mt ma trn nhu cu cho
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90
trc (ngha l ti lu lng trn mng). Tm kim mt s ti u yu cu
lng tnh ton rt ln. Do vic thay i kiu lu lng s khi to ti cu hnh
nn mt s ti u ho c th s khng cn l ti u ho na khi s ti cu
hnh ca n hon thnh trong thc t. Mt xu hng thc t hn l s dng cc
thut ton kinh nghim. Chng ch tp trung vo cc mc tiu c th chng hn
nh hiu qu v mt chi ph, tc hi t hoc gim thiu nh hng ln lu
lng ang truyn thay v tm kim ti u ho ton cc.
Khi dch chuyn cu hnh: thnh phn ny bao gm cc thut ton lp
thi gian biu cho vic chuyn i cu hnh mng t cu hnh c sang cu hnh
mi. Ngay c khi cc ti nguyn tng WDM l h tr bt c dch chuyn
no k tip (tt c cc kt ni mi u c th thm vo trc khi loi b cc kt
ni khng cn thit) th vn cn cc vn khc lin quan ti s dch chuyn. V
d nh khi ti cu hnh WDM i vi cc knh c dung lng ln (v d nh ln
ti OC-192 trn mt bc sng) th vic thay i n nh cc ti nguyn i vi
cc lng ln nh th s c nh hng ng k ln mt s lng ln lu lng
ngi s dng. Mt th tc dch chuyn bao gm mt chui cc thit lp v loi
b tng ng i ngn nht WDM ring r. Cc dng lu lng phi thch nghi
vi cc thay i v ng i ngn nht trong sut cng nh sau khi din ra mi
bc dch chuyn.
Khi ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht: thnh phn ny c s dng
ti cu hnh cc ng i ngn nht ring l, ngha l thit lp v hu b ng.
Thut ton nh tuyn ng i ngn nht: dng tnh ton ng i
ngn nht. Khi tuyn ng i ngn nht l cha xc nh, thnh phn ny s
tnh ton ng i nh tuyn hin c. Nu c sn mt giao thc nh tuyn
(v d nh giao thc OSPF vi cc m rng cho quang), ng i nh tuyn c
th ly ra t bng nh tuyn cc b .
C ch hu b/thit lp ng: dng thit lp hoc hu b mt tuyn
v n c th l mt giao thc bo hiu.
Qun l giao din: c nhim v giao din v cp nht cc thng tin lin
quan ti n. S ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht c th gn li cc giao din
khch WDM cho mt ng i ngn nht khc. iu s nh hng ti giao
din gia WDM v mng IP. nh tuyn IP i hi cc a ch IP v ch cho
php gi tin c chuyn tip trong mt mng con IP. V th mt m hnh IP
mi c th i hi cc thay i a ch giao din IP.
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4.4. Ti cu hnh trong k thut lu lng IP/WDM
4.4.1. Cc iu kin ti cu hnh mng IP/WDM
K thut lu lng da trn MPLS c th c ng dng cho ti cu hnh
LSP trong tng cao hn. Khi mt b nh tuyn bin vo cn thit lp mt LSP
ti mt b nh tuyn bin ra, LSP s c tnh ton trong m hnh d tha
c c bng cch p dng tt c cc iu kin rng buc c th p dng vo m
hnh ng i ngn nht. Nu nh LSP mi cn t trc mt bng thng B
nht nh, m hnh d tha c th c rt ra t m hnh ng i ngn nht.
Trong m hnh ny cc tuyn ni vi bng thng sn sng nh hn B s b loi
b. Da theo m hnh d tha, mt ng i ngn nht t b nh tuyn bin
vo ti b nh tuyn bin ra s c xc nh. Ni chung, ng i ny s khc
vi ng i ngn nht gia cng cp b nh tuyn trong m hnh ng i
ngn nht. C ch bo hiu MPLS m bo s thit lp ca ng i c tm
thy dc theo cc node trung gian mong mun. Bng cch kt hp nh tuyn
da trn iu kin rng buc v thit lp ng hin, MPLS ti tng ny c th
khai thc dung lng gia mt cp node bt k ti gii hn c xc nh bi
im ct gia hai node . Mt khi im ct nh nht t c nhng vn
cn cc LSP t b nh tuyn bin vo ti b nh tuyn bin ra th mt trong
cc hnh ng sau s xy ra:
Hnh ng 1: Mt s LSP hin c c loi b trc gii phng dung
lng ti tht c chai cha cc LSP mi nu nh chng c u tin
thit lp cao hn.
Hnh ng 2: Cc yu cu thit lp LSP mi s b t chi.
mt mc no , trng hp th nht c th xem nh mt kh khn
nh tuyn da trn cc iu kin rng buc c th. Trong khi trng hp th
hai yu cu cn bng ti MPLS t c gii hn ca n.
Vi cng ngh WDM hin nay, c mt lp k thut lu lng khc phc
v cho LSP lp trn. V m hnh ng i ngn nht c cu thnh t cc kt
ni knh vt l c kh nng ti cu hnh nn s tn ti cc trng hp trong
cc thnh phn khng kt ni c trong m hnh d tha c th ti kt ni. M
hnh ng i ngn nht mi ny cng lc c th tho mn cc yu cu kt ni
cho tt c cc LSP hin c.
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4.4.2. Ti cu hnh m hnh o ng i ngn nht
Trong cc mng WDM c kh nng ti cu hnh, lin kt IP c xy
dng trn cc ng i ngn nht WDM a hop. Mt li ch v mt chi ph ca
mng quang WDM l n c th hot ng m ch cn s h tr tng i nh
(c bit l trong mng ng trc). iu ny c ngha l nhiu kt ni IP khc
nhau c th chia s cng mt tuyn ni vt l chung v tuyn ni o IP s c
nh tuyn qua cc hop chuyn mch WDM.
Hnh 4.5 m t m hnh o v nh tuyn trong cc mng WDM ti cu
hnh c. C ba thnh phn chnh trong s :
nh tuyn lu lng
Thit lp cu hnh IP
nh tuyn ng i ngn nht
nh tuyn lu lng chnh l nh tuyn gi tin truyn thng, v d nh
OSPF. Thit lp cu hnh IP s c trnh by trong phn ny. Trong khi
nh tuyn ng i ngn nht cung cp kh nng nh x t m hnh IP o sang
m hnh WDM vt l. nh tuyn ng i ngn nht bao gm hai mt lin
quan mt thit vi nhau: chn ng i trong si v gn bc sng. nh tuyn
ng i ngn nht c th c trin khai theo mt trong hai cch sau:
nh tuyn ng i ngn nht tnh: phng php ny tnh ton trc v
lu tr cc ng i nh tuyn. Cc ng d phng thay th cho mi ng i
chnh cng c th c tnh ton v lu tr sn. Gn bc sng c thc hin
ngay khi c yu cu kt ni ng i ngn nht. Phng php ny s dng cc
c ch gn bc sng rt n gin. Gn bc sng c th thc hin theo c ch
ngu nhin hoc c ch chn knh sng ph hp u tin.
nh tuyn ng i ngn nht thch ng: phng php ny s dng thut
ton SPF (chn ng i ngn nht u tin) ng nh tuyn. Thut ton ny
i hi thng tin v trng thi tuyn ni phi c ph bin ti cc node. V s
xut hin ca cc c s d liu trng thi tuyn ni mang tnh cc b nn gn
bc sng c th tr nn phc tp hn. Mt s c ch gn bc sng l: chn
knh bc sng c ti t nht, c s dng nhiu nht hay c tc d liu kt
ni ph hp nht.
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nh tuyn lu lng
nh tuyn ng i
ngn nht
Thit k m hnh IP
WADM
WADM
WADM
WADM
OXC
WADM
WADM
OXC
Chn
ng si
Gn bc
sng
Cc gi tin IP
M hnh IP
M hnh WDM
vt l

Hnh 4.5. Thit k v nh tuyn m hnh o
Thit k m hnh IP v nh tuyn ng i ngn nht l cc chc nng
mt phng iu khin trong khi nh tuyn lu lng l thnh phn duy nht
c s dng chuyn tip gi tin cng nh nh tuyn gi tin.
V c thit k m hnh o v nh tuyn ng i ngn nht l cc chc
nng mt phng iu khin nn hai thnh phn ny c th c kt hp hoc kt
ni rt gn nhau. Phng php kt ni gn nhau dng cho gii php k thut lu
lng IP/WDM chng ln trong khi phng php kia dng cho gii php k
thut lu lng IP/WDM tch hp. Trong mt ng dng k thut lu lng
ring r th nh tuyn ng i ngn nht da trn cc iu kin rng buc c
th b sung nh l mt cng c nh gi cho thut ton thit k m hnh.
Phng php ny m bo rng m hnh c thit k c th tr thnh hin thc
trong tng WDM vi cc dung lng hin c.
Trong mng IP/WDM chng ln, tng ch c th do mt nh cung cp
dch v truyn dn cung cp. H cung cp cho nhiu khch hng dch v khc
nhau, chng hn nh cc khch hng VPN. Vi hnh thc nh th th mt khch
hng ti tng IP s thu cc dch v truyn dn t mng WDM. Trong hp ng
dch v, khch hng s ch r mt tp cc b nh tuyn IP c nh kt ni trc
tip vi mng WDM. Tng WDM cung cp cc kt ni ngn nht gia cc b
nh tuyn . Tuy nhin, khng ging cc kt ni ng dy thu ring trong
cc VPN hin nay, s sp xp ca cc kt ni ngn nht o y l khng c nh.
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94
Trong khi s lng cc kt ni ngn nht y l c nh hoc c gii hn th mi
kt ni ng i ngn nht c th c gn li kt ni mt cp b nh tuyn
khc nhau, p ng theo s thay i ng cc kiu yu cu lu lng khc nhau.
iu ny i hi mt thut ton thit k m hnh o ti tng IP. y, m hnh
o l mt s cha cc node v cc tuyn ni. Cc node ny l cc b nh
tuyn trong khi cc tuyn ni l cc kt ni ng i ngn nht WDM.
V d minh ha thc t:
Xt v d mt mng WDM dng ring c 6 node. Trong hnh, cc ng
biu din cc si quang, mi ng nh vy c h tr bi hai bc sng.
Hnh 4.6(b) m t m hnh ng i ngn nht tng ng.
A
F
E D
C
B
A
F
E D
C
B
(a) M hnh vt l (b) M hnh o
(c) M hnh d tha
A
F
E D
C
B
A
F
E D
C
B
(d) M hnh d tha sau ti
cu hnh

Hnh 4.6. S dng ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht to thm LSP
Ti mt thi im node C cn thit lp mt LSP mi ti node F, v m
hnh ng i ngn nht d tha m node C thy ti thi im n ang c gng
thit lp LSP mi c biu din trn hnh 4.6(c). R rng l, cc ti nguyn
hin c sn cho node C l khng h tr LSP ang yu cu. By gi cu
hi t ra l liu c kh nng ti cu hnh mt s ng i ngn nht cha
c LSP mi khng. Cu tr li l c th c. Tuy nhin, mt cu tr li chc
chn ch c sau mt vi cc bc kim tra. Bc kim tra u tin l xem liu
tn ti mt gii php ti cu hnh c th kt ni hai thnh phn cha c kt
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95
ni li vi nhau khng. Bc kim tra tip theo l kim tra xem liu cc LSP
ang tn ti c b tc ng v LSP ang c yu cu c th c p ng bi
gii php mi hay khng. Trong v d ny, mt gii php (v ch mt gii php)
c th vt qua c bc kim tra th nht ti cu hnh kt ni ng i
ngn nht gia node B v node D. Mt c tnh c lin quan quan trng ca
ng i ngn nht ny l cc u cui ca n thuc mt thnh phn v ng
i vt l ca ng i ngn nht ny vt qua thnh phn khc. Do vy, mt
gii php ti cu hnh mm do l ph v ng i ngn nht thnh phn th
hai. C th chn ph v ng i ngn nht ti node F ng i ngn nht
BD ban u tr thnh hai ng i ngn nht BF v FD. Khi m hnh ng
i ngn nht d tha sau khi ti cu hnh s nh hnh 4.6(d).
nh hng ln tt c cc LSP ang tn ti do s ti cu hnh ny gy ra l
rt nh. c bit ch cc LSP ang s dng ng i ngn nht BD trc khi ti
cu hnh l chu mt s tc ng nht nh. Sau khi ti cu hnh, mi mt trong
cc LSP s i thm mt node v khng LSP hin c no c nh tuyn li trn
mt tuyn i khc. Hn th, nhiu kh nng cc LSP hin c s vn i theo cc
tuyn ban u. iu ny s m bo cho bc kim tra th hai c tho mn.
By gi th vic thit lp LSP va c yu cu gia node C v node F c
tin hnh bnh thng. V d ny loi b tnh c hng ca cc LSP lm
gim tnh phc tp ca s gii thch. Nu xem xt n tnh hng th kt qu
cng hon ton khng thay i.
4.4.3. Ti cu hnh cho cc mng WDM chuyn mch gi
R rng l c s ging nhau gia cc mng WDM chuyn mch gi v
cc mng chuyn mch gi khc, chng hn nh cc b nh tuyn IP in. Tuy
nhin, cc gi quang s c khun dng bn tin khc. Cc khun dng bn tin ny
s tng t nh cc mo u nhn MPLS. Hn th, cc h thng chuyn mch
gi quang ph hp cho kch thc gi tin ln hn so vi lu lng u cui
ngi s dng c h tr bi cc b nh tuyn IP in.
Trong cc mng IP th nhu cu h tr l c chuyn mch gi ln chuyn
mch knh. Mt mng IP/OLS c th c thit k theo cch no sao cho bt
k bc sng no trong si quang tng WDM cng c th thit lp ng ch
knh hay ch gi. Trong ch gi, OLS lm vic ging nh chuyn
mch nhn MPLS lm vic trong cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn min
in. Nhng cc hot ng ca OLS xy ra min quang. Trong ch chuyn
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96
mch knh, OLS lm vic ging nh mng u ni cho quang. iu ny i
hi phi bo hiu ring thit lp knh lin lc.
Hnh 4.7 ch ra mt ti cu hnh mng WDM chuyn mch gi. Nh c
ch ra trn hnh, tn ti mt m hnh si IP/OLS tch hp ngay pha trn cc
MPLS LSP v cc ng i ngn nht. Ti cu hnh OLS c lin quan ti ti cu
hnh kt ni v ti cu hnh MPLS LSP. Hin nay cc mng OLS khng h tr
hon ton chuyn tip da trn IP ch, ngha l trong mt phng d liu, OLSR
khng c cng nh khng hiu mo u IP datagram.

nh tuyn lu
lng
Ti cu hnh ng
i ngn nht
Ti cu hnh MPLS
LSP
OLS
OLS
OLS
OLS
OLS
OLS OLS
OLS
OLS
OLS
OLS
Cc gi tin IP
LSP
LSP
ng i ngn nht
M hnh IP
M hnh si IP/OLS

Hnh 4.7. Ti cu hnh trong mng WDM chuyn mch gi

Thut ton ti cu hnh thc hin k thut tch hp tng IP v tng WDM
s c xem xt trong phn ny. Thut ton ny l ph hp nht cho cc mng
IP/WDM tch hp trong mt giao thc trung tm IP c s dng iu
khin cc giao din b nh tuyn vt l. Mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trng thi
tuyn, v d nh OSPF vi cc m rng hp l, c s dng gip cc thnh
phn mng pht hin ra m hnh vt l. Cc bc sng trong mt si quang
c iu khin nh s dng mt c ch da trn MPLS (ngha l chn bc
sng cc b). Thng tin lin quan ti kt ni ng i ngn nht v ch hot
ng ca mi mt bc sng trong tt c cc si cng c truyn thng qua
cc OSPF m rng. Mi thnh phn mng duy tr hai m hnh mng. Mt m
hnh l m hnh vt l m t cc thnh phn mng vt l v cc kt ni si
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97
quang gia chng. M hnh cn li l m hnh ng i ngn nht trong xc
nh cc kt ni ng i ngn nht. Khi mt thnh phn mng quyt nh thit
lp mt kt ni ng i ngn nht mi, u v cui ca ng i ngn nht
s c trch nhim nh tuyn ng i ngn nht thng qua m hnh vt l tho
mn cc iu kin rng buc ca mng. Khi mt node ngun mun gi d liu
ti mt node ch, c th tn ti hoc khng tn ti mt ng i ngn nht trc
tip gia chng. Hn th na, vic thit lp mt ng i ngn nht mi c th
hoc khng thc hin c tu theo kh dng knh v cc iu kin rng
buc khc. Trong MPLS in truyn thng, cc LSP l cc knh o do d chng
c th c thit lp h tr kt ni hnh li hon ton. Do vy, d liu
chuyn mch nhn trong MPLS c th c phn pht trong mt hop LSP.
Cho cc kt ni khng hon ton trong OLS, cn c nh tuyn d liu ti
mi thnh phn mng v khng gian nh tuyn tng ng l m hnh ng i
ngn nht. Do y tn ti hai tng nh tuyn. Cu trc xp tng ny l kt
qu t nhin ca vic gn mt m hnh gi (IP) trong mt min chuyn mch
knh (WDM u cho). Kt qu l k thut lu lng c th c thc hin
mi tng. Trong khi ti tng cao hn, ngha l m hnh ng i ngn nht, cc
gii php k thut lu lng MPLS in hin c c th c ng dng. Tng
thp hn cn mt thut ton l thuyt xc nh cu hnh v ti cu hnh ng
i ngn nht trong m hnh vt l ca mng WDM. Hn th, cng cn cc tng
tc kt hp ca hot ng k thut lu lng gia tng thp v tng cao.
C hai phng php thit lp mt ng mi. ng mi ny c th l
ng i ngn nht hoc LSP. Vi xu hng th nht, bt c khi no mt node
cn thit lp mt LSP ti mt node khc th u tin, node u cui s c
gng thit lp ng i ngn nht trc tip ti node u cui. Nu nh tng vt
l khng th h tr ng i ngn nht , node u cui s c gng nh
tuyn LSP thng qua m hnh ng i ngn nht hin ti, ngha l thit lp
mt LSP in. Nu qu trnh ny cng tht bi, ti cu hnh ng i ngn nht
s c s dng. Xu hng th hai c xu hng tn dng ti a cc ti nguyn
WDM c cu hnh trc khi thc hin cu hnh cc ti nguyn b sung.
Khi mt node cn phi thit lp mt LSP ti mt node khc, node u cui lun
lun c gng nh tuyn LSP thng qua m hnh ng i ngn nht hin c,
ngha l thit lp mt LSP in. Nu qu trnh ny tht bi, node u cui s
c gng thit lp mt ng i ngn nht trc tip ti node u cui, ngha l
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98
thit lp mt LSP quang. Nu qu trnh ny vn khng thnh cng th ti cu
hnh ng i ngn nht s c kch hot. Cc thut ton thit lp ng i
ngn nht v ti cu hnh c th c s dng c hai xu hng. tng c
bn l nh tuyn ng i ngn nht qua m hnh vt l p ng cc iu kin
rng buc nh l kh dng bc sng, tnh lin tc bc sng v cht lng
tn hiu quang.

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99
KT LUN

Nh vy, sau mt thi gian tm hiu, nghin cu em hon thnh n
Nghin cu mng IP/WDM . n a ra mt cch tng qut v h
thng thng tin quang, h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM, tng quan
mng IP/WDM: nguyn l, m hnh, cc giao thc nh tuyn, k thut lu
lng trong mng v nhiu vn lin quan.
Do tnh n gin v mt k thut v khng cn thay i nhiu v phn
cng khi p dng vo cc h thng hin c, chc chn mng IP/WDM s l gii
php cho mng Internet ang i hi tc cao v cung cp cc dch v phong
ph. Mng IP/WDM chnh l s kt hp u im ca cc mng truyn dn tc
cao vi cc giao thc iu khin, nh tuyn n gin. Do , mng IP/WDM
cn c th p dng c cho nhiu kiu mng khc nhau: t cc mng a truy
cp n cc mng li dung lng ln.
Tuy nhin, mng IP/WDM vn cn mt s hn ch, cng c nhiu l do
m mng IP/WDM cn cha c p dng rng ri. Mt trong nhng l do
l gi thnh v trong nhiu trng hp th vic nh tuyn trong mng IP/WDM
tn km hn nhiu so vi nh tuyn thng thng.
Nhng c th ni rng u im ca mng IP/WDM l khng th ph
nhn, n s l mt cng ngh mng mi cho tng lai. Mng IP/WDM ang l
im tp trung nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc v nhiu hng trn th gii
nhm a cc sn phm ng dng ca mng IP/WDM vo hot ng trong cc
mi trng mng khc nhau.
IP/WDM ni chung v cc k thut lin quan n mng ni ring l
nhng vn mi v rng, c bit l ti Vit Nam. Chnh v th cn rt nhiu
vn cn tip tc nghin cu su hn nh:
- Cc thut ton mi p dng cho tnh trng nghn mch trong mng
IP/WDM cng nh nhng nh hng ca chng ln hiu nng mng.
- Kiu nh tuyn, xu hng lu lng v tnh trng c th ca mng vin
thng Vit Nam. T , a ra cc ng dng ph hp iu ny s to ra nhng
li ch rt ln trong mng bng rng trong tng lai.
n Nghin cu mng IP/WDM mi ch l bc u xem xt
nghin cu v mt gii php mng mi. Do thi gian c hn, vic nghin cu li
ch yu da trn l thuyt nn n ca em chc chn s c nhiu thiu st. Em
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100
rt mong nhn c nhng kin nh gi, gp ca cc Thy C v cc bn
n ca em c hon thin hn.
Cui cng, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio ThS on Hu
Chc ngi trc tip hng dn v gip em hon thnh n tt ngip
ny. ng thi, em cng gi li cm n n ton th Thy C, cc bn v gia
nh gip , ng h em rt nhiu trong sut thi gian qua.
Em xin chn thnh cm n.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1- ThS Vn Vit Em, K thut thng tin quang 2, Hc vin cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2007.
2- Kevin H.Liu, IP over WDM, Qoptics Inc, Oregon, USA.
3- George N. Rouskas, Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical
WDM Networks, Department of Computer Science, 2000.
4- ThS Hong Vn Bnh, ThS V Long Oanh, La chn cng ngh
ph hp cho mng truy nhp c nh NGN, 2006.
5- Presented by Dr. Knut Ovsthus, Telenor R&D, IP optimised
network architectures and their evaluation, 2008.
6- ThS Nguyn B Hng, Chuyn mch gi quang v kh nng ng
dng trong mng vin thng Vit Nam, Theo tp san Nghin cu Khoa hc v
Cng ngh 2006, Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in.
7- Nguyn Th Cng, n K thut lu lng mng IP/WDM,
Hc vin Bu chnh Vin thng I, 2005.
8- Sudhir Dixit, IP Over WDM Building the Next Generation Optical
Internet, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England, 2008.
9- Mt s trang web:
http://www.2cool4u.ch/
http://HowStuffWork/HowRoutingAlgorithmsWork
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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n tt nghip

l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s

l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s

l tng s bc sng c trong lin kt.

ca tt c cc lin kt thuc ng dn . Do thut ton Dijkstra

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