Chng IV: Chuyn ha protein

1. i cng v protein 2. Trnh t s phn gii protein trong h tiu ha 3. S tng hp protein 4. Cc bin i protein trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun thc phm

1. i cng v protein
SV c mt protein l c th c nhng phn ng, c th chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn. Protein i vo thc n th phi c phn gii thnh cc n v thnh phn. Protein a.a protein c hiu cho c th (ch s dng 1 phn cc a.a) Qu trnh phn gii cc a.a c thc hin nh E-protease. Nhm E ni mch: (endo-peptidase): phn gii ct bn trong mch. VD: pepsin, trypsin, papain, bromeline Nhm E ngoi mch (exo-peptidase) l cc E ct 2 u cui cng ca 1 u C, 1 u N t do. Hai E ch yu l carboxy-peptidase (ct u COOH t do) Amino-peptidase (-NH2 t do) Dipeptidase (ct gia i) Lu : cc E protease ni mch u c tnh c hiu ring bit cho tng E c ngha l ct lin kt CO-NH- cnh nhm, gc no m n yu cu

2.Trnh t s phn gii protit trong h tiu ha

2.1. Ming: Hu nh khng c s phn gii protein do khng c E, Ch tc dng c hc phn gii protein. 2.2. D dy: S phn gii protein bt u xy ra d dy, E ch yu ca d dy l pepsin, hot ng trong mi trng acid,pH rt acid 1,5-2,2 xp pepsin vo E acid tnh in hnh. HCl (0.4-0.5%) i vi cc v cn non th trong d dy c renin cng l 1 E acid tnh, pHop 3-4. Nhim v phn gii casein c trong sa m. Khi v pht trin pepsin tng, renin gim. Renin c 2 chc nng:+ thy phn v ng t. Pepsin tit ra hng ngy t dch d dy, c nim mc d dy (mng nhy d dy)

2.3. Rut non

Qu trnh phn gii protein hon ton c xy ra rut non. S phn gii ny nh s xc tc ca cc E c trong dch ty (pancrease). Trypsin Chymotrypsin Peptidase Carboxyl-peptidase Amino-peptidase T ty tng vo rut non cng l tin E vi cc tn trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen Dung dch c t trypsin chuyn trypsinogen trypsin hot ng chit nim mc rut non c cha y protease. Nhm E kim tnh in hnh pHop 8-9 c th cung cp bng cch trong dch ty, rut non c NaHCO3. Sn phm cui ca qu trnh phn gii protein rut non l cc acid amin t do, a.a ny i qua mao dn thnh rut non vo thnh tun hon c quan, m.

Tnh cht c hiu ca cc E rt khc nhau Trypsin (ct lin kt CO-NH- peptid) k ct cnh lk peptid phi c a.a kim tnh nh Lys, Arg (s gc amin >1) S hot ha:
Trypsinogen Trypsin hot ng + peptid (6a.a) S hot ha nh E trypsin l t hot ha Hoc nh Enterokinase pH hot ng 8-9 NaHCO3

 Chymotrypsin: c hiu ct lk CO-NH- nhng yu cu lk CONH- phi c gc a.a c vng thm nh phe, Tryp, Tyr. S hot ha: Chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsin hot ng Mt phn nh trypsin hot ha, pHop 8-9 E carboxyl-peptidase ct u mch peptid E amino-peptidase -- Dipeptidase ct dipeptid

2.4. Phn gii v chuyn ha tip theo a.a Cc a.a t do trong rut c qua mao mch vo vng tun hon cc c quan. Gan, 1 s m s c s tng hp protein c hiu cho c th. Cn li mt lng a.a s i theo ng phn gii tip tc 1 s sn phm o thi nh NH3, Ure, khung C ca a.a c th tham gia vo vic tng hp cc cht thi. Kh CO2

S phn gii cc a.a

C th i theo cc ng hng sau:
Kh amin (mt NH2) sp trung gian NH3 Kh carboxyl (- CO2) sp trung gian CO2 Kh ng thi NH2 v CO2. Sp trung gian l CO2 + NH3 Chuyn amin: khi c th c yu cu A.a 1+ acetoacid a.a 2 + aceto acid mi (E aminoferase)

VD1. Desamin kh trong trng hp c H+ VD2. +H2O oxy acid VD3. ceto acid VD4. decarboxyl (- CO2) VD5. kh ng thi NH2 v CO2 thng xy ra vi cc acid c mch vng (phe, Tryp, Tyr). Cc sn phm cui thng l phenol, Indol, Scatol gy mi v kh chu cho thc phm.

S loi b NH3 ca c th
Lng NH3 to thnh do qu trnh desamin ca cc a.a hay thy phn cc hp cht amid hoc s phn gii cc hp cht c nit khc, NH3 tch t trong c th c th phi c c ch loi b NH3 trong mu <0.1mg% C ch t loi b NH3 c th c ng hng:
Tng hp ure thi theo nc tiu, ch yu ng vt bc cao v ngi. Tng hp acid uric o thi theo nhng ng khc nhau, thy 1 s loi chim, b st. Tham gia vo qu trnh amin ha (chuyn amin), cc cetoacid, thu nhn NH3 cc a.a, hoc to thnh cc dng amid.

VD 1 S amin ha hay to amid: 2 a.a: Glu v Asp c c tnh d dng kt hp vi NH3 ti 1 v tr 1 trong 2 gc COOH to thnh cc amid tng ng. Glu + NH3 Glutamin Asp + NH3 Asn S to amid c 2 ci li Loi NH3 To c amid mi c th tham gia trong qu trnh tng hp protein

S tng hp a.a
ng vt bc cao, ngi:
Ngun cung cp a.a ch yu l c phn gii t protein thc n. Nu thiu 1 s a.a th c th c th chuyn t a.a ny a.a khc. Chuyn amin vo ceto acid c 1 a.a tng ng (d hn) VD -cetoglutaric + NH3 Glu Cc sp trung gian ca qu trnh chuyn ha glucid v lipid c th tham gia trong qu trnh tng hp 1 s a.a. i vi cc v n c c kh nng bin dng cc m Nit v c Nit hu c nh h vsv ng rut.

TV.
C kh nng chuyn m v c m hu c. Ch yu ly t NH3 v cc mui nitrat. C tng hp c ton b cc a.a t m v c. Ngun C ly t CO2

3. S tng hp protein (sch GT)

4. Cc bin i protein trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun thc phm

Bin i do nhit

Bin i do enzym

S thy phn protein v ng dng trong CNTP

Phn ng thy phn protein sn xut nc chm Khi nim chung:
Nc chm ln men nc mm, tng chao v cc dng nc chm khc l mt thc phm c bit c tnh cht dn tc c truyn ca nhn dn v cc vng chu . L thc phm giu cht dinh dng, v cha cc a.a va c tnh cht gia v, Gip n ngon ming

V c s sinh ha: tt c cc loi nc chm u l sn phm thy phn nguyn liu giu protein t ng vt hay thc vt vi xc tc ca ha cht nh acid hoc base, hay bng enzym. Thnh phn chnh ca nc chm l a.a, mui n, nc v mt t peptid trng lng phn t nh. sn phm cung cp cht m cho c th. Nguyn liu sn xut nc chm rt phong ph, a dng:
T ng vt: ph ph liu l m nh xng, mng, sng, lng, ph tng, c. T thc vt: cc loi u giu m nh u nnh, u phng

 Tc nhn xc tc l:
Ha cht nh: HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH Enzym protease:
Thc vt ng vt Vsv.

c bit hin nay ngi ta s dng enzym vsv, nui cy trn mi trng ri a vo nguyn liu, hoc tn dng enzym ca h vsv c sn trong nguyn liu ban u nh trong sx nc mm. Nc chm ha gii (dng ha cht thy phn) Nc chm ln men (dng E vsv) Vi nguyn liu v thng dng pp ha gii Vi nguyn liu tv thng dng pp ln men (dng E)

So snh pp ln men v pp ha gii

Ln men (dng E vsv) Ha gii (dng ha cht)

Thit b n gin, d ch to, gi Thi gian, qui trnh sx rt ngn hn u ko cao, ph hp

Khng cn s dng thit b chu Hiu sut thy phn cao acid, kim, P, nhit. Sn phm giu a.a Khng c hi CNSX Hng v thm ngon. K sx n ha Khng tn hao a.a trong qu trnh sx.

c hi vi CNSX NhHiu sut thy phn ko cao Ph hy 1 s a.a trong qu Thi gian, qt sx ko di hn c Thm cng on nui mc ging trnh thy phn nh Lys, Arg, Cys, Tryp

Phng php ha gii

C s ha sinh:
Thy phn protein v hoc tv a.a Tc nhn xc tc l acid mnh hay kim mnh Sau thy phn trung ha dd bng kim hay acid ty thuc vo tc nhn xc tc l acid hay base a v pH 6.5-7 B sung NaCl t 23-25%

Quy trnh sn xut nc chm ha gii t TV

Giu m Rang (mi thm, nu c) HCl 8-10N 120-130 OC 2.5 kg/cm2 Thi gian 5-6h 50-60 OC NaOH, NaHCO3 pH 6-6.5

Lu : 108-112 oC thi gian ko di 18-20h

Sn xut Magi bng pp ha gii

Magi l tn gi nc chm ha gii t nguyn liu v. Xng v nh tru, b, heo Sx Magi va tn dng c ngun m. Xng sau tch m sn xut bt canxi. Magi xng c v thm ngon, giu a.a, c bit y a.a khng thay th tp b v cn trong ch bin thc n hng ngy.

Qui trnh sn xut Magi xng tm tt

Xng Phn loi, ra Cn dp B m, ty, ra Hm c P Tch m NaOH Thy phn Trung ha Magi Tinh ch, c c Nc Xp Bt canxi Xng

Sn xut nc mm
C s sinh ha: L s thy phn protein ca c thnh acid amin, peptid nh E protease ca h sinh vt c trong rut c. sx nc mm n gin hn nc chm ln men. Nc mm l loi thc phm giu dinh dng v cha y cc a.a khng thay th v c v thm ngon c bit.

Quy trnh chung sn xut nc mm

Nguyn liu:
C nc ngt C nc mn (c nc, c cm, c thu nc mm ngon)

C cng ti cht lng cng cao. Dn gian:

C ra sch (khng b rut) Ro nc xp vo chum, khp, snh s (1 lp c, 1 lp mui theo t l 25-30 kg NaCl/100 kg c). Phi nng 6-9 thng, thnh thong o u. C ngu, mi thm tht nhuyn ta c chp chn. Song song cn lm nc mui (1:3-1:4: mui: nc) phi nng 3-4 thng (khuy u) nc mui chn dng chit nc mm. Chm chn chum khp c vi y ly sn phm ra.ct, l1,l2

Thnh phn ha hc nc mm ni chung:

m ton phn 13-30g/l m formol 12-18g/l m amoniac 4-6g/l

Phng php cho mui nhiu t v thm nc

Phng php lm nc mm ca Ct Hi- Hi Phng. C s khoa hc ca pp cho mui nhiu t l lm cho E protease khng b c ch bi nng mui cao, ngay t u nng mui thp, qu trnh thy phn xy ra vi tc cao hn. Cho thm nc vo khi c v mui p, lm khi c mm, long ra, d dng thy phn hn.(Bng GT). p t 1 C 100kg c ti dng 10-12kg mui. Ma lnh dng 6-8kg mui. C khng ti tng thm 2-5kg mui, trn u c vi mui, pha trn ph 1-2kg mui. Sau 24 h cho nc vo khuy u lm cho tht c mm, mui khuch tn u ra nc c, lm cho nng mui chung gim i, khi c long hn to iu kin cho s thy phn protein c ca E vsv. Thi gian ny cn theo di k- khi c ni ln b mt c bt kh, c mi kh H2Sn, NH3 mnh, mi hi chua c i mui th cho mui t 2, nu khng h khi chp c.

Mui t 2: 5-10kg NaCl/100kg c, trn u, b mt 1-2kg mui v theo di hin tng c i mui th cho mui t 3 vi lng mui 8-10kg/100kg v sau l t 4 vi lng mui cn li. Theo kinh nghim dn gian: thi gian cho mui gia ln 1 v ln 2 hay ln 2-3 l: Ma h 3-5 ngy hay 2-5 ngy Ma ng 5-7 ngy hay 4-7 ngy. S cho mui ln 2-3 ng thi gian rt quan trng, quyt nh cht lng nc mm thnh phm. Thi gian cho mui ln 1-4 l: 15-25 ngy (ma h) 20-30 ngy (ma ng) C p mui, c phi nng, khuy u lun, vi nhit m, s thy phn s nhanh hn. Sau thi gian tht c nhuyn, ngu mi thm ngon chp chn nc mui chit rt.

C s khoa hc ca pp ny l: S cho thm nc vo chp

Tc dng lm long nng mui, lm long chp to:
iu kin cho E hot ng tt D khuy trn Tht c chng nt, nhuyn Nhit d phn phi u trong khi chp

Nhc im:
VSV gy thi d xm nhp, hot ng Cn theo di st sao qu trnh sx cc hin tng bt thng, to mi v xu.

b sung mui kp thi

Cho mui nhiu t

Mc ch cho mui l khng ch km hm hot ng ca VSV gy thi. Cho ngay u th nng mui cao s c ch E protease E protease ch hot ng tt khi khng c mui hoc mui lt Nng mui cao th tht c chc li kh thy phn chm tc thy phn protein c. Bo m c ch vsv gy thi m khng c ch E protease.

 Tc ng phi nng
To nhit thch hp cho E hot ng lm tng tc thy phn yu t iu chnh tc phn ng do E xc tc n gin m hiu qu. Chp cng phi nng nhiu nc mm cng ngon, cng rt ngn thi gian chp chn tng hiu sut thy phn.

Tc dng ca khuy trn, nh nhuyn:

Tc dng c hc lm cho tht c chng r Tng din tch tip xc E Nhit , nng mui, khi c c ng u, ng nht. To iu kin thy phn tt hn Gip pht hin hin tng c i mui b sung mui kp thi. B mm c v chp chn vo chp mi p mui. Lm tng lng E, bt 1 ln cho mui, Gip thy phn nhanh hn Gim v hp thu mi tanh.

Tc dng b sung:

Phng php sn xut nc mm ngn ngy t c nc ngt

Tng lng mui 25-27% C ti Thy phn (50-55 oC) Thy phn (45-43oC) 12h NaCl dn dn 20% so c Chp chn Chit rt nc mm loi 2,3 B + nc mui Lc chit rt nc mm

B mm thc n gia sc Nc mm loi 2,3 Nc mm ct cao m

Bin php rt ngn thi gian p chp (SX nc mm ngn ngy)

C s ca cc bin php ny l:
Tng lng protease To k ti u cho protease hot ng t vn tc thy phn cao.

Cc bin php ch yu hin nay c p dng rt ngn thi gian thy phn l:
Tng lng E: E b sung t bn ngoi vo. Yu t nhit Yu t xay nh nguyn liu Nng mui

Tng lng E, b sung E t ngoi vo

Ngun:
TV: bromelin thm V: pepsin, trypsin, E protease t chp c chn Hin nay ch phm protease VSV, nui cy mi trng bn ngoi b sung vo chp c.

C hiu qu trong vic tng tc thy phn v rt ngn ng k thi gian lm nc mm Khi s dng loi E no cn to cc iu kin ti u cho cho hot ng ca E . Thng thi gian SX l 6-9 thng, nu b sung E VSV th cn 30 ngy. Ngn ngy hm lng m ton phn kh cao, hng v thm ngon c trng km hn.

 Yu t nhit
L yu t quan trng quyt nh tc v hiu sut thy phn. Ti u rt ngn thi gian thy phn Theo kinh nghim nhit ph hp l 45oC + 2oC vi nng mui 5-10%. Nu khng c mui th nhit thch hp l > 45oC v < 55oC, nu > 55oC s c ch E. Phi nng lin tc gim ng k thi gian thy phn.

Yu t xay nh nguyn liu

Din tch tip xc khng kh v E tng tc thy phn tng (ch lng mui cho vo) C xay nh cn cho mui nhiu t Mn ngay t u s lm protein ng vn c ch E, hn ch thy phn chm qu trnh chp chn.

Nng mui
Cao s nh hng n tc thy phn lng va phi c ch VSV gy thi m khng c ch E. Cho mui nhiu t thich hp nn p dng rng ri