TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSS I. II. Introduction Types of T&D System Loss a. Transmission Losses i.

Skin Effect ii. Line Models a. Short Lines b. Medium Lines c. Long Lines iii. Corona Loss b. Transformer Losses c. Power Distribution System Losses i. Losses in Distribution Lines ii. Losses in Distribution Transformers Improving Efficiency in Transmission & Distribution System a. HVDC b. FACTS Devices c. Gas Insulated Substations d. Superconductors Benefits of Improved Efficiency T&D System in the Philippines a. Republic Act 7832 Treatment of System Losses a. Principles of System Losses i. Transmission Losses ii. Distribution Losses 1. Methods of lowering distribution system losses Conclusion References

III.

IV. V.

VI.

VII. VIII.

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSS IX. X. Introduction Transmission Lines d. Transmission Losses i. Copper Losses i. Skin effect ii. Dielectric Heating and Radiation Losses i. Joule Effect iii. Radiation and Induction Losses e. Transformer Losses f. HVDC Transmission Systems i. HVDC transmission losses i. Advantages of HVDC over AC transmission ii. Line Models i. Short Lines ii. Medium Lines iii. Long Lines Distribution Lines a. Losses in Distribution Lines b. Losses in Distribution Transformers c. Methods of lowering Distribution System Losses

XI.

XII. XIII.

T&D System in the Philippines a. Republic Act 7832 Improving Efficiency in Transmission and Distribution System Losses a. HVDC b. FACTS devices c. Gas Insulated Substation d. Superconductors Treatment of System Losses a. Principles of System Losses i. Transmission Losses ii. Distribution Losses 1. Methods of lowering distribution system losses

XIV.

XV. XVI.

Conclusion References