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    10 views149 pages

    Brill James P - Mukherjee Hem

    Uploaded by

    federicomori

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 149
    Multiphase Flow in Wells James P. Brill Floyd M. Stevenson Endowed Presidential Chair in Petroleum Engineering Executive Director, Fluid Flow Projects U. of Tulsa and Hemanta Mukherjee Manager, Production Enhancement, West and South Africa Schlumberger Oilfield Services First Printing Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. Richardson, Texas 1999 I rc Table of Contents Chapter 1—Introduction .....s6.06++4+ LI Scope .. 1.2. Objectives of Monograph . 1.3 Organization of Monograph 14. Historical Background 1.5. Nomenclature and Units Chapter 2—Single-Phase-Flow Concepts . 2.1. Introduetion 2.2. Conservation of Mass . 2.3. Conservation of Momentum 24 Pressure-Gradient Equation 2.5 Flow inan Annulus ... 2.6 Conservation of Energy Chapter3—Multiphase Flow Concepts no Introduction _— 33 Definition of Variables 3.4. Pressure Gradient 3.5. Flow Patterns . 3.6 Liquid Holdup 3.7 Pressure-Traverse Computing Algorithm 3.8 Dimensional Analysis Chapter 4—Multiphase-Flow Presure-Gradient Prediction Introduction 42 Preste Grains reicon 7. occooceco 43. Evaluation of Wellbore Pressure-Gradient-Prediction Methods 56 44. Pressure-Gradient Prediction in Annli.....2..-0.ee00e00000001 vee 58 4.5. Evaluation of Annulus Liquid-Holdup and Pressure-Gradient-Prediction Methods... oo 66 4.6 General Observations ....... eee 6 Chapter S—Flow Through Restri 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Description of Restrictions . 53 Flow Through Chokes 54 Flow Through Piping Components ‘Chapter 6—Well Design Applications 6.1 Introduction. 62. Vertial-Flow Performance 63. Inflow Performance 6.4 Production-Systems Analysis. 65 Anificial Lift ...... 66 Gas-Well Loading 627 Erosional Velocity 68. Special Problems... Appendix A—Nomenclature and SI Metric Conversion Factors ...+.+++e++0++ Appendix B—Fluid and Rock Properties ... Appendix C—Vapor-/Liquid-Phase Equilibrium Appendix D—Tubing and Casing Properties . Author Index ions and Piping Components Subject Index .. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope The accurate design of ol and gas well ubing strings requires the ability to predic flow behaviorin the wells Wells normally produce ‘a mixture of gas and liquids, regardless of whether they are class: fied as oil wells or gas Wells This multiphase flow is significantly ‘more complex than Single-phase flow. However, the technology (0 ‘predict maltiphase-iow behavior has improved dramatically inthe past decade tis now possible to select ubing sizes, predict pressure ‘drops and calculate flow rates in wells with acceptable engineering accuracy. This chapter sets the stage forthe monograph by describ ing the nature and occurrence of multiphase flow, andby presenting important historical events that have impacted on the development ‘of modern multiphase-flow concepts ‘The common occurrence of multiphase flow in wells can be di ‘cussed with the simplified production system shown in Fig, 1 Fluids entering the wellbore from the reservoir can range from an tundersaturated ol toa single-phase ges. Free wate can accompany the Muids as a result of water coning, water looding, or production of interstitial water. Alteratively,a free gas saturation in an oil res- ervoir can result in a gasiquid mixture entering the well. Retro grade condensation can result in hydrocarbon liquids condensing ia gas condensate reservoir so that a gasliquid mixture again eners the wellbore. Even when single-phase gas or liquid flow exists near the bottom ofa well, multiphase low can oceur throughout most of ‘the wellbore This is a result of evolution of gas from oil or con-

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