NGUYN L HO T

NG C A I N TH AI DI
B n d ch ti ng Vi t b i

NG

ng Quang Duy K2003

D a theo b n ti ng Anh t www.HowStuffWorks.com

Hng tri u ng i dn M v trn ton th gi i s d ng i n tho i di hnh tinh ny.

ng. Chng qu l m t u trn

dng th t tuy t v i-- v i m t chi c DTDD b n c th ni chuy n v i b t c ai t b t c

Ngy nay, TD cung c p nh ng ch c nng khng th tin c v nh ng ch c nng m i v n ang c thm vo v i t c c c nhanh. V i m t chi c TD b n c th :

Ghi nh cc thng tin lin l c. T o list cc cng vi c. Ghi l ch c a cc cu c h n v s p G i v nh n Email. L y thng tin ( tin t c, gi i tr, Chi nh ng game n gi n. K t n i v i cc thi t b khc nh PDAs, My nghe nh c MP3 v My thu GPS(Global Positioning System) t ch ng khon) t Internet. t ch c nng nh c nh . Tnh ton nh ng php ton n gi n v i ch c nng my tnh i km.

Th nhng b n bao gi th c m c xem TD

ho t

ng ra sao? Ci g lm cho n khc so ng sau chi c TD va gip

v i i n tho i bnh th ng? Nh ng c m t ph c t p nh PCS, GSM, CDMA v TDMA ngha l g? Trong bi ny chng ti s gi i thi u s qua nh ng cng ngh b n c th th y c s k di u c a chng. N u b n ang ngh Phone Works By gi hy b t n vi c mua m t chi c TD , hy xem qua ph n How Buying a Cell h c t t c nh ng th b n nn bi t tr c khi mua. u v i ph n c b n: V b n ch t TD l m t chi c Radio

Khi ni m v cc

(The Cell Approach) The Approach ch)

Vi i u th v v

M t trong nh ng i u th v nh t c a TD l chng th c s l m t chi c radiom t chi c radio c c k tinh vi. i n tho i c pht minh b i nh bc h c Alexander Graham Bell vo nm 1876, v lin l c khng dy i theo cn nguyn c a n i n pht minh Radio c a Nikolai Tesla vo 1880s ( chnh th c c cng b nm 1894 b i m t ng i tn l Guglielmo Marconi ). ch l i u t nhin khi 2 pht minh v i ny c k t h p v i nhau sau ny.

TD

H u h t nh ng chi c i n tho i KTS gi i tr t sc s c im i u c vi chng trnh tr chi n x p hnh.

Kho ng 20% thanh nin M ( n nhi u hn nam) c TD .

Trong th i k en t i tr c khi c TD , nh ng ng i th c s c nhu c u dng lin l c di ng t nh ng chi c my

TD ph bi n hn Chu u v Chu hn l 90% dn M kho ng cc n c

truy n tin ( radio Telephones) trn xe t c a h . Trong h th ng my truy n tin ny, c m t c t ng ten trung tm cho m i thnh ph , v kho ng ch ng 25 knh c th dng trn c t ng ten . Vi c dng ng ten trung tm ny yu c u chi c i n tho i trong t c a b n c n m t my pht m nhc kh nng truy n tn hi u v i kho ng cch 40 n 50 d m ( kho ng khng 70 km). i u cng c ngha l khng c nhi u ng i c kh nng s d ng lo i my truy nh tin nyb i v knh s d ng.

chu u v chu c TD trong khi con s M ch l 50%.

M u ch t c a h th ng l chia nh thnh ph ra thnh cc nh . trong cng m t lc. Ph n ti p theo chng ta ti p c n m t cch g n hn

i u cho php m n nh ng ny.

r ng vi c s d ng l i t n s ra ton thnh ph , do v y hng tri u ng i c th s d ng TD

K thu t (Cell Engineering) Cell Engineering)

Trong h th ng TD analog c trng M, carrier nh n kho ng 800 t n s c th s d ng l n kho ng 10 trong m t ci trong kh p thnh ph . Carrier chia thnh ph ra lm nhi u . M i th ng c d m vung ( kho ng 26 km vung ). th ng c xem nh l cc hnh 6 c nh v 6 c nh l n(hexagonal grid ) (l m t carrier) nh hnh sau : hexagonal B i v TD v tr m c s (base station ) ch s d ng my pht cng su t th p, nn base cng m t t n s c th d ng cng m t t n s c s d ng l i cho cc khng g n k . 2 mu tm c th s

M i c m t tr m c s g m m t c t v m t ta nh nh ch a cc d ng c radio ( s ni k v tr m c s cc ph n sau )

Cc T n S
M t n l m t h th ng analog s d ng 1/7 s kh nng s d ng c a knh m thanh kp(duplex voice channels Ngha l, m i ( trong 7 c a v l c gic ) th s d ng 1/7 s channels). duplex knh c th dng do n mang m t b t n s duy nh t v khng c s xung khc.

t v i cc

M t carrier th ng l y 832 t n s radio

s d ng trong thnh ph c trng cho m i carrier. n trang

M i TD s d ng 2 t n s cho m i cu c g im t knh kp(duplex duplex channel )nn c 395 knh m thanh(voice channels ) voice sau ) ( 42 t n s khc c dng cho knh i u khi n(control channels )ni control

V v y m i c kho ng 392:7=56 knh m thanh c th s d ng.

Ni m t cch khc, trong b t c no 56 ng i c th ni chuy n trn TD trong cng m t transmission), th i gian. V i phng th c chuy n giao k thu t s (KTS)( digital transmission s l ng c a cc knh c th dng tng ln. V d , s l ng cu c g i th c hi n trong cng m t th i gian c a h th ng KTS TDMA (TDMA-based digital system ) c th g p 3 so v i h th ng TDMATDMA analog, v v y m i c 168 knh c th dng ( xem trang ny TDMA, CDMA, GSM v cc cng ngh cho TD KTS khc ). c nhi u thng tin hn v

S chuy n giao (transmission)

TD c m t my pht cng su t th p(low-power transmitters ) trong chng. R t nhi u lowlow lo i TD mang 2 tn hi u c ng truy n th p c 2 l i i m:

: 0.6 Watt v 3 Watt (trong khi h u h t cc radio CB m c cng su t th p. S truy n cng su t

m c 4 Watt). Tr m c s cng truy n

S truy n(transmissions ) gi a tr m c s v nh ng chi c T trong cc c a n transmissions ngn khng cho TD m t s t n s c th i qu xa so v i nh ng . V v y, trong hnh v c s d ng l i r ng trn ton thnh ph . trn, c 2 mu h ng c th dng l i chung 56 t n s (reuse the same 56 frequencies). Cng reuse frequencies)

Cng su t tiu th (power consumption ) c a TD , ci c ngha l cng su t yu power consumption c u i v i pin s th p. Cng su t th p ngha l pin nh , v chnh l i u lm cho ng c m tay tr thnh hi n th c. chi c i n tho i di

Cng ngh di

ng yu c u m t s l ng r t l n c a cc tr m c s trong m t thnh ph b t k towers). c trng c th c hng trm c t pht(towers Nhng v towers

n to hay nh . M t thnh ph r ng

c qu nhi u ng i s d ng TD , cho nn gi thnh m m i ng i dng ph i tr v n r t r . M i carrier trong m i thnh ph cng ch y v n hnh m t c quan trung tm g i l MTSO(Mobile Telephone Switching Office). C quan ny x l m i k t n i i n tho i thnh h th ng i n tho i m t t c s bnh th ng, v i u khi n m i tr m c s trong vng.( khng bi t d ch th no ^_^) Trong ph n sau, b n s hi u c ci g s s y ra khi b n v chi c TD c a b n di chuy n t ny sang khc.

Cc code c a TD

Electronic Serial Number (ESN) m t s 32 bit duy nh t c l p chng trnh vo trong i n tho i trong qu trnh s n xu t.

Cc Code c a

TD

(Cell Phone Codes) Cell Codes)

u c nh ng code ring lin k t v i nh n d ng i n

T t c cc lo i TD

chng. Nh ng code ny c s d ng

Mobile Identification Number (MIN) m t s 10 bit duy nh t b t ngu n t s my c a b n.

tho i, ng i ch c a i n tho i v nh cung c p d ch v Gi s b n c m t chi c TD , b n b t n ln v c ai mu n g i cho b n. Sau y l nh ng g s y ra g i:

i v i cu c

System Identification Code (SID) m t s 5 bit duy nh t c n nh cho m i carrier b i FCC

Khi b n l n theo m t SID

u tin b t my i n tho i, n s nghe trong knh i u khi n(control control ngoi vng ph

channel) channel). N u TD khng tm th y b t k knh i u khi n no, th n s hi u l

song(out of range ) v hi n th l No service. out Khi n nh n SID, i n tho i s so snh n v i SID Trong khi ESN c xem nh c chng trnh ha trong my. N u cc SID l m t ph n c nh c a chi c thch h p v i nhau chi c i n tho i hi u r ng n i n tho i th c cc code MIN ang lin k t thu c m t ph n c a h th ng ch c a v SID c l p chng trnh n(home system). home

vo trong i n tho i khi b n ng k d ch v v th c hi n cu c g i.

Cng v i SID, TD truy n m t yu c u ng k(registration request), v MTSO gi l i d u v t registration request) v tr c a chi c TD c a b n trong databaseb ng cch ny, khi MTSO mu n g i b n

n bi t c ph n t no b n ang . xem b n

MTSO nh n m t cu c g i v n c g ng tm b n. N nhn vo database ang no.

MTSO l y m t c p t n s m TD s s d ng trong

th c hi n cu c g i.

MTSO lin k t v i i n tho i c a b n thng qua qua knh i u khi n nh v y i n tho i c a b n bi t s s d ng t n s no, sau TD c a b n v c t angten chuy n sang t n s cu c g i c th c hi n.Cch ny g i l two-way radio n ra c a b n ang , tr m c s c a TD c a b n s thng bo r ng m b n ang

Khi b n ra

l n c a sng(signal strength ) ang gi m. Ng c l i, tr m c s signal nhau thng qua MTSO, v t i vi i m nh t knh i u khi n cho bi t c s thay m t m i. nh,

ti n t i th l i th y r ng c t sng c a b n ang tng. Hai tr m c s ny l ngang hng TD c a b n thu tn hi u t m t i t n s . Vi c ny chuy n i n tho i c a b n qua

Roaming
N u SID v i MTSO knh i u khi n khng kh p v i SID c chng trnh ha trong TD c a h thng ch c a b n, h th ng ny s ki m tra database xc nh SID no m b n, th TD s bi t ngha l roaming. MTSO c a cc m b n ang roaming s lin h my b n ang s d ng. H th ng ch c a b n xc minh v i MTSO hi n t i, sau n s ghi l i d u v t khi i n tho i c a b n i qua c a n. V i u k di u l t t c nh ng i u ch s y ra trong vi giy.

TD

v CB Radio(Cell Phones and CBs) CBs)

hi u s tinh vi c a m t chi c TD l so snh n v i m t chi c CB radio ho c

M t cch t t

l m t i n i xch tay.

Full-duplex vs. half-duplex C CB radio v i n i xch tay

u l thi t b

half-duplex . i u ngha l 2 ng i giao thi p trn m t CB radio s d ng cng m t t n s , nn trong m t th i i m th ch m t ng i c th ni.Trong khi m t chi c TD l m t thi t b full-duplex. i u ngha l b n s d ng m t t n s m t t n s ring bi t cng m t lc.

ni v

nghe. V do c hai ng i c th ni chuy n v i nhau trong

Channels(cc knh) M t chi c i n i xch tay th ng c m t knh, v m t chi c CB radio th c 40 knh. Trong khi m t chi c TD th c th giao thi p v i nhau thng qua 1,664 knh ho c nhi u hn n a.

Range(Vng) M t i n i xch tay c th truy n i v i c ly kho ng 1 d m(1.6 km) v dng m t my pht cng su t 0.25 watt. M t CB radio, v c cng su t l n hn c th truy n v i c ly kho ng 5 d m(8 km) v s d ng m t my pht 5 watt. Trong khi m t chi c TD khi ho t ng trong cc , v n c th chuy n gi a cc vng khi n di chuy n. Cc gip cho TD c bn knh s d ng khng th tin c. Nhi u

ng i s d ng TD c th ch y t xa hng 100 d m m v n c th duy tr cu c g i khng b t qung nh vo Cellular approach

half-duplex radio, c 2 my phat s d ng cng m t t n s . Trong cng m t th i i m ch c m t l c th ni.

full-duplex radio, 2 my pht s TD l m t full-duplex.

d ng 2 t n s khc nhau nn c 2 c th

cng ni trong cng m t th i i m.

ph n sau b n s tm hi u k hn v bn trong c a m t chi c my TD KTS.

Phone) Ph n bn trong c a m t chi c TD (Inside a Cell Phone) n Inside

L m t c u trc r c r i trn nh ng kh i l p phng tnh b ng inch, TD l m t trong nh ng thi t b ph c t p nh t m con ng i ti p xc hng ngy. TD KTS ngy nay c th th c hi n c hng tri u php tnh trong vng m t giy lu ng m thanh. c th nn ho c gi i nn cc

Cc ph n c a m t chi c TD N u b n tho r i m t chi c TD , b n s th y n ch ch a vi ph n

c l p:

M t b ng m ch ph c t p ch a b no c a chi c my M t ng ten. M t mn hnh tinh th l ng (LCD). M t bn phm ( khng gi ng v i bn phm trn ci i u khi n TV) M t ci microphone M t ci loa M t c c pin

ph n ti p theo, b n s tm hi u su hn v b ng m ch v cc thnh ph n c a n.

Trn m t b ng m ch
B ng m ch l tri tim c a h th ng. V y l m t b ng m ch Nokia. c trng c a TD KTS c a

ng tr c c a b ng m ch

ng sau c a b ng m ch

Trong hnh v trn, b n c th th y c vi con chip my tnh. Hy ni qua v cng vi c m nh ng ci chip lm. Cc chip analog-to-digital v digital-to-analog d ch cc tn hi u m thanh ra t analog thnh digital v cc tn hi u vo t digital thnh analog. B n c th h c thm v s chuy n A-to-D v D-to-A v t m quan tr ng c a n t i cng ngh m thanh KTS t i How Compact Discs Work. - B s l tn hi u digital l m t b s l k thu t cao c thi t k tn hi u t c cao. th c hi n cc php ton

-B vi s l (microprocessor) s l m i cng vi c dng cho bn phm v mn hnh hi n th , ra l nh v i u khi n tn hi u v i tr m c s m ch. ng th i ph i h p nh ng ph n cn l i trn b ng

B vi x l Rom v Flash Memory c a cc chip(The ROM and Flash memory chips ) cung c p b nh cho h i u hnh c a TD v cc c tnh( v d nh ch d n i n tho i). T n s Radio v it n ph n nng l ng (radio frequency (RF) and power section )c ch c nng i u hnh cng su t, s c pin v t t nhin c giao d ch v i hng trm knh FM. Cu i cng, my khu ch s Radio(RF amplifiers ) x l tn hi u RF n v i t ng ten.

Mn hnh v b ng ti p xc bn phm

Mn hnh pht tri n ng k v kch c cng nh cc

c tnh c a

TD

tng ln. H u

h t i n tho i ngy nay a ra cc ch d n, my tnh ton v ngay c game g n li n. V r t nhi u lo i i n tho i sp nh p m t s lo i nh PDA v trnh duy t Web.

Sim card

trn b ng m ch

Sim Card khi c tho r i Vi lo i TD lu tr nhng thng tin ch xc no nh code c a SID v MIN, trong b

nh trong. Trong khi m t s khc s d ng card nh ngoi tng t nh SmartMedia Card.

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Loa, Mic v Pin c a TD TD s d ng nh ng chi c loa v mic r t nh v th t kh tin khi bi t c chng t o m thanh t t th no. Nh hnh chi c pin trn, chi c loa nh ch c m t ng xu v chi c Mic khng l n hn ng h bn trong con ng h c nh n l bao. V chi c pin , n c dng trong

chip c a TD (internal clock chip). T t c nh ng i u trn th t k di uci ch trong vng 30 nm tr c thi c th chi m di n tch c a c m t t ng c a m t ta nh cn ngy nay n c t o ra trn m t gi nh v n m g n trong lng bn tay c a b n.

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AMPS
Vo nm 1983, chi c TD analog chu n c g i l AMPS c xc nh n b i FCC(Federal Communications Commission) v l n u tin c s d ng t i Chicago. AMPS s d ng m t vng t n s gi a 824MHz v 894 MHz. khuy n khch c nh tranh v gi gi thnh, chnh ph M yu c u s c m t c a 2 carrier t i m i th tr ng v c bi t v i ci tn carrier A v carrier B. M t trong nh ng Carrier th ng l Carrier trao cng ty i n tho i i a phng(local-exchange carrier -LEC), m t cch ni li l locallocal a phng.( a fancy way of saying the local phone company.) Carrier A v B m i ci u n nh l 832 t n s : 790 cho m t o nn m t knh. Cc t n s r ng

thanh v 42 cho d li u. M t c p t n s ( m t cho truy n v m t cho nh n ) c s d ng c s d ng trong knh m thanh analog th ng c i n tho i c dy n cho m t m thanh ch t l ng hn. S truy n v nh n t n s c a m i knh m thanh c tch bi t b i 45MHz ng k v g i. M t version c a AMPS l NAMPS(Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service Service) Narrowband c tch h p m t s cng ngh KTS cho php h thng c th mang g p 3 l n s cu c g i so v i version g c. M c d n s d ng cng ngh KTS, n v n c xem l analog. AMPS v NAMPS ch c th c hi n trn d i 800 MHz v khng ph c v r t nhi u nh ng c trng m TD KTS c nh E-mail v trnh duy t Web. gi chng khng xen l n ln nhau. M i Carrier c 395 knh m thanh, v 21 knh d li u

l 30kHz 30kHz c ch n l size chu n v so snh v i Photo courtesy Motorola, Inc. Old school: DynaTAC cell phone, 1983

th c hi n cc cng vi c th ng xuyn nh

Along Comes Digital

TD KTS cng s d ng cng ngh radio nh analog khng th b nn v thao tc d dng nh TD analog, nhng cch khc nhau. H ng tn hi u th ng analog khng th s d ng hon ton tn hi u gi a TD v m ng di

i v i m t tn hi u KTS th t s . l l do

t i sao r t nhi u cng ty v dy d n chuy n sang lm v k thu t s -- v do h c th tch

12

h p nhi u knh hn trong d i t n c cho tr c. Nh ng hi u qu c a h th ng k th t s th t ng kinh ng c. TD KTS (KTS) chuy n gi ng ni thnh thng tin nh phn (1s v 0s) v sau nn chng l i. Vi c nn cho php 3 analog. R t nhi u h th ng di ng KTS d a vo FSK(frequency-shift keying) g i d li u v v t i i m t cch nhanh i n 10 cu c g i KTS ch chi m m t khng gian b ng m t cu c g i

qua AMPS. FSK s d ng 2 t n s , m t cho 1s v m t n a cho 0s, thay chng gi a 2 thng tin KTS gi a c t di m c yu c u chuy n ng c l i trong khi v n d

ng v i n tho i. Module thng minh v cc l c i u c ngha l TD

i nh ng thng tin analog thnh digital, nn chng v chuy n c ch t l ng c a m thanh. T t c

KTS ph i c r t nhi u kh nng s l.

Cellular Access Technologies

C 3 cng ngh chung c dng trong m ng TD

truy n pht thng tin l:

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)

M c d nh ng cng ngh ny nghe c v r t cao siu, nhng b n c th d dng hi u c cch chng ho t Phng php ng b ng m t vi c n gi n l phn tch tn g i c a chng. u tin ni v i b n th no l phng th c access. T th 2, s phn chia, cho

b n bi t r ng n chia cu c g i d a trn phng th c access .

FDMA r

t m i cu c g i

nh ng t n s khc nhau nh c a th i gian trn m t t n s nh

TDMA xc nh n m i cu c g i l m t ph n xc CDMA d ng.

t 1 code duy nh t cho m i cu c g i v tr i di n trn nh ng t n s c th s

Ph n cu i c a m i tn l Multiple access. N n gi n ch c ngha l hn m t ng i dng c th s d ng trong m i .

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Cellular Access Technologies: FDMA

FDMA tch cc hnh nh/ph (spectrum ) thnh nh ng knh m thanh ring bi t b ng cch chia n thnh cc d i bng t n chu n(uniform chunks of bandwidth). FDMA, hy ngh n tr m Radio: m i tr m g i tn hi u c a n hi u r hn v nh ng t n s khc nhau trong

cc band s d ng. FDMA c s d ng ch y u cho s truy n t i tn hi u analog. M c d r rng c kh nng mang t i cc thng tin KTS, nhng FDMA khng c coi nh l m t phng php hi u qu cho s truy n tn hi u KTS.

Trong FDMA, m i

TD

d ng m t t n s

khc nhau.

Cellular Access Technologies: TDMA

TDMA l phng php thm nh p c s d ng b i Kh i lin minh cng nghi p i n t v T ch c cng nghi p vi n thng cho Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) v Interim Standard 136 (IS-136). S d ng TDMA, m t bng t n h p 30 kHz b r ng v 6.7milli giy b di c chia t time-wise thnh 3 time slots. Bng t n h p ngha l nh ng knh tr ng thi truy n th ng. M i o n h i tho i l y c a

radio 1/3 th i gian. i u l c th b i v d li u m thanh c chuy n thnh thng tin KTS th c nn sao cho n ng n t khng gian truy n pht nh t, m t i u r t quan tr ng. V

14

v y TDMA c g p 3 l n dung l ng c a m t h th ng analog s d ng cng 1 s knh. Cc h th ng TDMA i u hnh trn gi i t n s ho c l 800-MHz (IS-54) ho c l 1900-MHz (IS-136).

TDMA chia m t t n s thnh cc rnh th i gian

Cellular Access Technologies: TDMA/GSM

TDMA cng c s d ng nh l cng ngh Tuy nhin GMS th c hi n TDMA IS-136 nh 2 h encryption 1800 Mhz ng nh p cho GSM(h th ng nh v ton c u ). m t cch khc v xung kh c v i IS-136. Hy xem GSM v

i u hnh khc nhau m l i cng lm vi c trn m t b s l, gi ng nh c lm cc cu c g i b o m t hn. GSM i u hnh trn m t d i t 900 MHz v

Windows v Linux cng lm vi c trn m t Intel Pentium III. H th ng GSM s d ng chu u v chu , v d i 1900 MHz( i khi g i l 1.9-GHz) t i M. N c

s d ng trong TD KTS v h th ng PCS c s . GSM cng l y u t c b n cho IDEN(Integrated Digital Enhanced Network), m t h thng ph bi n c gi i thi u b i Motorola v s d ng b i Nextel. GSM l m t tiu chu n qu c t t i chu u v c v m t ph n l n chu v Chu Phi. vng bao ph , ng i s d ng TD c th mua m t chi c TD v s d ng tiu chu n ny c cng nh n. b tc trong u m

lin k t v i nh ng nh cung c p d ch v no , ng i dng

15

GSM ch c n chuy n(subscriber identification module ) SIM card. SIM card l m t ci a nh c th tch r i, n tho ra rt vo trong TD GSM. N lu tr m i d li u lin k t v ng nh t nh ng s m b n c n access vo m t nh cung c p dich v khng dy no . Khng may thay, i n tho i 1900-MHz c a GSM n u s d ng t i M s khng tng thch v i h th ng qu c t . N u b n sng t i M v c n m t chi c TD khi b n nh t l b n mua m t my TD GSM t i Planet Omni, 1 hng i n t online t i California. H qu c t . B n c th mua m t Sim Card tr tr c Telestial.com. Cool Facts

n c ngoi, cch d

900MHz/1800MHz. B n c th ki m c nh ng my a ra m t selection phong ph c a

cc loai i n tho i GSM Nokia, Motorola v Ericsson. Tuy nhin h l i khng bn SIM Card dng trong m t vng r ng c a cc n c t i

Chu n GSM cho TD KTS c thnh l p lc TD KTS thng d ng trong vn ha M.

chu

u vo gi a nh ng nm 1980tr c r t lu so v i

Ngy nay c th xc ang s d ng TD t ng met b tc u

nh c v tr c a m t ng i trong vng c chnh xc

i n tho i 3G trng gi ng m t chi c PDA, v i nh ng c trng nh th ng th c Video, l ch khoa h c, v chi multi-player game

Cellular Access Technologies: CDMA

CDMA l m t kha c nh hon ton khc so v i TDMA. CDMA, sau khi s ha d li u, chia n trn ton b bng t n c th s d ng. Nhi u cu c g i c ph l n nhau, v i duy nh t m t dy code. CDMA l m t d ng chia ph (spread spectrum ci n gi n ngha l d li u c g i spread spectrum), trong nh ng ph n nh qua m t s t n s ring bi t nh ng vng xc nh. s d ng trong b t c th i gian no trong

16

V i CDMA, d li u c a m i TD c m t code duy nh t T t c ng i dng chuy n giao trn cng m t bng t n gi ng nh m t khc ph (????). M i tn hi u c a ng i dng c tr i ton b bng t n b i m t code tr i duy nh t. nh ng code duy nh t c dng l y l i tn hi u. B i v h th ng CDMA c n d u th i gian chnh xc trn m i ph n c a tn hi u, n n n dng h th ng GPS ng i nh n, t m t con gi i quy t v n

. Gi a 8 v 10 cu c g i tch r i c th mang trn cng m t knh gi ng nh trn cu c g i AMPS analog. Cng ngh CDMA l c s cho Interim Standard 95B (IS-95) v i u hnh trn c 2 d i t n s 800 MHz v 900 MHz. M t cch l t ng r ng TDMA v CDMA l r rng hi u CDMA cng su t cao lm tng ti ng n nh n dng CDMA. ph n ti p theo, b n s h c v s khc nhau gi a d ch v di ng v d ch v PCS. i v i nhau. i v i th c hnh, nh ng tn i v i ng i

i v i ng i nh n dng TDMA, cn nh ng tn

hi u TDMA cng su t cao c th l nguyn nhn c a s qu t i v s ngh n m ch

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Di

ng v PCS.( Cellular vs. PCS)

i n ng, nhng v i m t s n i b t trong d ch v c nhn t trong d ch v

D ch v lin l c c nhn (Personal Communications Services -PCS) l m t d ch v tho i khng dy r t gi ng v i d ch v di v di chuy n r ng. C m t PCS th ng c dng khi ni v KTS, nhng PCS th c s ngha l cc d ch v khc nh paging, ID c a ng i g i v e-mail c Trong khi c ch t o v i m c ch trn m t t cho s c u s l ng ng ten l n hn

u tin l dng cho t, cn PCS th c thi t k ng. PCS c m t nh hn v v v y yu a l. i n tho i PCS s d ng t n

ng hn nh ng ng i dng di

c th ph sng m t vng n 1990 MHz).

s gi a 1.85 GHz v 1.99 GHz(1850 MHz V m t cng ngh , h th ng hnh d i 1850 MHz

M i u hnh

d i t n s t 824 MHz

n 894 MHz; PCS i u KTS.

n 1990 MHz. V khi n c b n d a trn TDMA, PCS c 200 kHz knh

khng gian v 8 khe th i gian thay v lo i 30 kHz knh khng gian v 3 khe th i gian By gi hy xem xt s phn bi t gi a cng ngh d i t n kp v ki u th c kp.

Dual Band vs. Dual Mode

N u b n l ng i du l ch nhi u, c th b n c n m t lo i TD c c 2 ch c nng trn. Hy xem chng l nh th no:

Dual band( giai t n kp) M t chi c i n tho i c kh nng dual-band th c th chuy n t n s . i u c ngha r ng n c th ho t 2 h th ng 800 MHz v 1900 MHz. ng trn c 2 d i 800 MHz v 1900 MHz. V d , m t chi c i n tho i TDMA v i dual-band c th s d ng d ch v TDMA trn c

Dual Mode Trong TD , mode m ch quan tr ng

n lo i cng ngh truy n pht c dng.

V v y, m t chi c i n tho i AMPS v TDMA c th chuy n l n cho nhau n u c n. N ch l m t trong nh ng mode l AMPS ci m cung c p cho b n d ch v trong vng khng cung c p d ch v digital analog khi b n

Dual band/Dual mode i u t t nh t c a 2 y u t ny l cho php b n chuy n gi a cc gi i t n s v cc mode truy n pht khi c n thi t.

Thay c g ng

i cc d i t n v mode c th c hi n t c tnh c lin k t t i t n s , v i cng ngh

ng b i nh ng chi c TD c nh ng

c tnh

trn. Thng th ng TD c m t

nh s n tr c v d 1900 MHz TDMA, v s u tin. N u n cung c p dual band, n s

chuy n t i 800 MHz n u khng th connect t i 1900 MHz. V n u chi c TD cung c p hn 1 mode, n s th cc mode KTS u tin, v sau chuy n qua analog.

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i khi b n c th tm th y nh ng chi c i n tho i 3 mode(tri-mode ) . i u ny c th l m t tritri s l a b p. i u ny c th c ngha l chi c i n tho i cung c p 2 cng ngh KTS nh CDMA v TDMA, v 1 d ch v analog. Nhng n cng c th c ngha l n cung c p cng ngh KTS 2 d i t n v cng cung c p c d ch v analog. M t version ph bi n c a lo i i n tho i 3-mode ny dng cho nh ng ng i i du l ch r t nhi u v c d ch v GSM chu u, chu v d i t n 1900 MHz M, c thm d ch v analog. g p ph i TD . t n 900 MHz t i

Trong ph n ti p theo, chng ta s xem xt nh ng v n

Cc v n
n

v i

TD
i n bnh th ng khc cng c nh ng v n c a

M t chi c TD , cng gi ng nh cc thi t b

Ni chung, n u b n

i n tho i b t ho c dng tay t

n nt th s gy ra s

h ng hc khng th s a ch a trong m t vi ph n c a TD . Xem xt m t cch phng ng a. N u TD b t, hy ch c ch n r ng n hon ton kh ro tr c khi b n b t n v nh v y b n c th phng c nh ng h ng h c tho i.

cc ph n bn trong i n

S nng qu gian.

trong t c th lm h ng pin ho c cc ph n i n t c a TD . Ng c n vi c m t hi n th mn hnh trong m t th i

l i s qu l nh c th l nguyn nhn d n

TD analog ch u m t v n

g i l cloning. M t chi c i n tho i b cloned khi ai

nh c p s ID c a n v th c hi n nh ng cu c g i l u(fraudulent calls ) trn fraudulent account c a ng i ch c a chi c my. y l cch m cloning c th c hi n: khi TD c a b n th c hi n m t cu c g i, n truy n ESN v MIN t i m ng t i u c a cu c g i. C p MIN/ESN l tag duy nh t cho chi c TD c a b n l cch lm sao cc cng ty i n tho i bi t ai l ng i tr ti n cu c g i. Khi TD c a b n truy n MIN/ESN, i u b t chnh c th s y ra l nghe tr m ( v i m t ci scanner) v l y c p c p MIN/ESN ny. V i m t cng c chnh xc, kh l d dng trn account c a b n Xem ph n ti p theo ni v cc c t TD ! t o m t i n tho i khc m ch a c p MIN/ESN c a b n, v n cho php nh ng cu c g i b t chnh c th c hi n

19

C t TD
C t TD th ng l nh ng c t thp ho c l c u trc hng ro v cao hng trm feet. Chi c c t TD ny cng v i I-85 n m g n Greenville,SC, l lo i tiu bi u t i M.

y l lo i c t hi n

i v i 3 nh cung c p

TD

trn cng m t c u trc. N u b n nhn vo

ph n c b n c a chi c c t b n s th y m i nh cung cp c nh ng thi t b ring, v b n cng c th th y ngy ny r t t nh ng thi t b ph c t p( nh ng thi t b c th ng c m t ta nh nh t i m i c s )

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y l m t thi t b c a m t nh cung c p

Cc h p ch a cc my pht v nh n radio

bn tri c t v c n i v i cc i n tho i. Radio

lin k t v i ngten trn c t thng qua cc cap l n.

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N u b n nhn g n b n s th y l c t v t t c cap, thi t b t i c s c a c t cch n ng n . V d , t m b n b ng ng.

u c ti p

tm t t

trn hnh v i dy mu xanh n i cng l m t t m b n ti p

M t i u ch c ch n r ng nh ng nh cung c p d ch v dng chung m t thp c m t ci c ng 5 kha.M i ng i trong 5 ng i ny u khng th m c ng vo trong.

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M i m t c t TD l i c nh ng hnh dng v kch c khc nhau nhng ti tin chi c c t t i Morrisville,NC, ny l m t trong nh ng chi c l lng nh t.

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