Tm t t l thuy t

CHNG 3: KHNG GIAN VECT 1. Khng gian vect. Khng gian con c a khng gian vect nh ngha 1: Cho V l m t t p khng r ng, trong xc nh hai php ton: i) Php tnh c ng (k hi u +): u, v V , u + v V ii) Php nhn v h ng: u V , k R, ku V Cc ph n t c a R g i l cc v h ng (s th c) v cc ph n t c a V g i l cc vect. V c g i l khng gian vect trn tr ng s th c R n u th a mn cc i u ki n sau: i) Tnh giao hon c a php c ng: u, v V , u + v = v + u ii) Tnh k t h p c a php c ng: u, v, w V , (u + v ) + w = u + (v + w ) iii) T n t i m t ph n t khng, k hi u l 0, th a mn: u V , u + 0 = u iv) u V , t n t i m t ph n t i, k hi u l u , th a mn: u + (u ) = 0 v) u, v V , k R, k u + v = ku + kv vi) u V , k, h R, h + k u = hu + ku vii) u V , k, h R, h (ku ) = (hk ) u viii) u V ,1.u = u . Php tnh tr trong KGVT c nh ngha nh sau: u v = u + (v ) Tnh ch t: i) Ph n t 0 trong (iii) v ph n t u trong (iv) l duy nh t. ii) u V , 0.u = 0 , trong 0 trong v ph i l vect khng, cn 0 th c 0. iii) k R, 0 V , k .0 = 0 iv) N u ku = 0 th ho c k = 0 ho c u = 0 v) u = (1) u 2. Khng gian con c a khng gian vect nh ngha 2: Khng gian vect con c a khng gian vect V trn tr ng R (g i t t l khng gian con) l m t t p h p con W c a V th a hai tnh ch t sau: i) u, v W , u + v W ii) u W , k R, ku W Nh n xt: Cc tnh ch t (i) v (ii) c th c thay th b ng i u ki n d i y:

v tri l s

u, v W , k R, ku + v W
nh l 1: Giao c a m t h b t k cc khng gian con c a V l m t khng gian con c a V. 3. Ph thu c tuy n tnh v c l p tuy n tnh nh ngha 3: (T h p tuy n tnh) V l KGVT trn R. Cho v1, v2 ,..., vm V . Vect u V c d ng u = 1v1 + 2v2 + ... + m vm trong i R, i = 1, m , c g i l t h p tuy n tnh c a cc vect v1, v2,..., vm .

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nh ngha 4: (Ph thu c tuy n tnh v c l p tuy n tnh) H cc vect v1, v2,..., vm c a KGVT V c g i l ph thu c tuy n tnh, n u t n t i cc v h ng 1, 2,..., m , khng ph i t t c u b ng 0, sao cho (2) 1v1 + 2v2 + ... + mvm = 0 H vect khng ph thu c tuy n tnh c g i l c l p tuy n tnh. Nh n xt: N u cc vect v1, v2,..., vm ph thu c tuy n tnh th c t nh t m t vect l t h p tuy n tnh c a cc vect cn l i. Ch : i) Cc vect v1, v2,..., vm c l p tuy n tnh n u v ch n u
m

1,..., m R, ivi = 0 i = 0, i = 1,...m

i =1

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ii) M i h h u h n cc vect, trong c vect 0 u ph thu c tuy n tnh. iii) v V , m t h vect g m 1 vect, k hi u {v } c l p tuy n tnh khi v ch khi v 0. Bi t p: 3,6,8,11,12,14,17,18,20,21,26,27,29,31,35,39. 4. C s , s chi u v t a c a KGVT Rn Ta ni r ng h n vect B = {f1, f2,..., fn } c a KGVT Rn l p thnh m t h cc ph n t sinh c a Rn n u m i vect v Rn l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a cc vect f1, f2,..., fn t c l c th bi u di n v d i d ng: (4) v = 1 f1 + 2 f2 + ... + n fn trong 1, 2 ,..., n l cc v h ng. nh ngha 5: (C s c a KGVT) C s B = {f1, f2,..., fn } c a KGVT Rn l m t h cc ph n t sinh c l p tuy n tnh, t c l B th a hai i u ki n sau: i) v Rn c bi u di n d i d ng (5) v = 1 f1 + 2 f2 + ... + n fn (cng th c khai tri n vect v thnh cc thnh ph n) ii) Phng trnh 1 f1 + 2 f2 + ... + n fn = 0 ch th a mn khi (6) 1 = 2 = ... = n = 0

Cc v h ng 1, 2 ,..., n c g i l cc t a B = {f1, f2,..., fn } .

c a vect v trong c s

Ch : M i vect v Rn c khai tri n thnh cc thnh ph n m t cch duy nh t. Trong cc c s khc nhau, m t vect c khai tri n thnh cc thnh ph n khc nhau (tr vect 0 , t t c cc t a c a vect 0 trong m i c s u b ng 0) C s chnh t c trong KGVT Rn : k hi u l B0 = {e1, e2 ,..., en } e1 = [1, 0, 0,..., 0] e2 = [ 0,1, 0,..., 0] e3 = [ 0, 0,1,..., 0]

en = [0, 0, 0,...,1]
nh ngha 6: (chi u c a KGVT) N u t n t i s nguyn dng n sao cho KGVT V c m t c s g m n vect, s nguyn ny l duy nh t v c g i l s chi u c a KGVT V. K hi u: n = dimV Theo nh ngha, chi u l s cc vect c a m i c s c a V v cng l s t i i cc vect c l p tuy n tnh c a KGVT V. KGVT c s chi u h u h n g i l KGVT h u h n chi u. KGVT trong c th tm c v s vect c l p tuy n tnh c g i l KGVT v h n chi u. nh l 2: Trong KGVT Rn , h b t k g m n vect c l p tuy n tnh th t o thnh c s . nh l 3: H n vect c a KGVT Rn c l p tuy n tnh khi v ch khi nh th c c a ma tr n t o b i cc thnh ph n c a cc vect , khc khng. Bi t p: 40,44,45,46,54, 55,57,58,60,61,63,65,66,68,72,73,74,75,77. 5. H th c bi n i t a c a vect khi c s thay i. Ma tr n chuy n Cho B = {e1, e2 ,..., en } v B = {f1, f2 ,..., fn } l hai c s c a KGVT Rn . Ta quy c B l c s c, B l c s m i. T a c a cc vect c s m i B c bi u di n trong c s c B : f1 = 11e1 + 12e2 + ... + 1nen f2 = 21e1 + 22e2 + ... + 2nen fn = n 1e1 + n 2e2 + ... + nnen Ma tr n vung c p n:

 11 21 ... n 1 12 22 ... n 2 PB B = (7) 1n 2n ... nn c g i l ma tr n bi n i t c s c B = {ei } n c s m i B = {fi } ho c ma tr n chuy n. nh l 4: Gi s PB B l ma tr n chuy n t c s B = {ei } sang c s B = {fi } v QB B l ma tr n chuy n t c s B = {fi } sang c s B = {ei } . Khi PB B kh ngh ch v
1 QB B = PB B .

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nh l 5: Gi s PB B l ma tr n chuy n t c s B = {ei } sang c s B = {fi } trong KGVT V. Khi i v i vect b t k v V i) [v ]B = PB B [v ]B (9)

1 ii) [v ]B = PB B [v ]B . Bi t p: 78,81,82,83,85,88,89,92,97,100,101,102,108,109,111,114,115,116,117,119.

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6. H ng c a h cc vect v s lin h c a n v i h ng c a ma tr n (M c 3.5 trang 145-146)