1

CCH VN DNG TCXD 205:1998 D BO SC CHU TI GII HN CA CC CHU LC DC TRC NG THNG NG QUA LP ST YU DY TRN MT
Ts. Phan Dng

1. t vn
1.1 Rt nhiu im cng nc ta c xy dng ni c tr a cht cng trnh gm lp t yu trn mt v cc lp t tt nm di su. Bng 1 l nhng thng tin trung bnh v tr a cht nh th mt s khu cng thuc vng kinh t trng im pha Nam. Bng 1: Cc c trng ca tr a cht.
Lp t yu trn mt: Bn st S lng h khoan Chiu dy, Trng lng n v, H s Ch s rng, st

Khu cng

H y
(m)

Lp t tt pha di

(kN/m ) 15,26 15,15 15,20 15,10 15,13 1,837 2,141 1,895 2,127 2,022 1,01 1,13 1,10 1,11 1,01 St do-Ct st-St cng Ct st-St cng St do cng-Ct trung cht Ct trung cht va-St cng St ct na cng-Ct trung cht va

e0

IL

Ci Mp Th Vi Nhn Trch Hip Phc Ct Li

85 97 39 30 27

16,5 - 43,6 8,0 - 32,4 4,0 - 17,0 10,6 - 24,4 2,4 - 19,4

Vi cc tr a cht nh bng 1, nu dng cc th phn mi phi t vo lp 1.2 chu lc di su. Khi , vic xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo iu kin t nn cn phi ch n hai c im sau: 1. Cc c ng trong nn phn lp (xem s hnh 1): - Phn mi nm trong cc lp t tt, bao gm c lp chu lc. - Mt phn thn (c chiu di nhiu khi rt ng k) xuyn qua lp st yu dy trn mt. 2. Cc c chiu di ln, thm ch rt ln.

Hnh 1: S cc t 1.3 cc: Trong TCXD 205:1998 nu hai cch tnh ton d bo sc chu ti ca

- Cch da trn cc ch tiu c l ca t (Ph lc A), v c bn l Tiu chun thit k ca Lin X c. - Cch da trn ch tiu cng ca t (Ph lc B), v c bn c ng dng rng ri cc nc phng Ty. Theo , sc chu ti gii hn ca cc l tng ca cc sc chu ti gii hn mi, Q u -m v trn mt bn, Q u -b ; ngha l: Q u = Q u m + Q u b (1)

i vi trng hp nn phn lp biu din hnh 1 th theo [1], [3] v [9], sc chu ti ca cc s bng: Q u = Q u b 2 + Q u t y: Q u b 2 = Sc chu ti gii hn ca mt bn thuc phn thn cc nm trong lp st yu dy. Q u t = Sc chu ti gii hn ca phn mi cc nm trong lp t tt, tnh theo (1). Mc tiu ca bi vit ny l trnh by cch vn dng hai ph lc A v B trong TCXD 205:1998 d bo sc chu ti ca cc c xt n hai c im ca h cc t ni trn. (2)

2. Cch vn dng Ph Lc A:
2.1 c im chung: D bo sc chu ti gii hn ca cc theo cc ch tiu c l ca t nn nh m t trn hnh 2 vi sc chng ca t mi cc q p v ma st bn ca cc f s c cho

trong cc bn lp sn, ph thuc vo ba thng tin sau: - Chiu su im tnh Z k t mt t tnh ton, - Tn lp t, v - Trng thi vt l ca t (vi t ri: cht, vi t dnh: ch s st I L ).

Hnh 2: S d bo sc chu ti gii hn ca cc theo Ph Lc A. 2.2 Sc chu ti gii hn ca phn mi cc nm trong lp t tt, Q u t : 1. Sc chu ti gii hn Q u t c tnh theo (1), trong sc chng ca t mi qp tra bng A.1, ma st bn f s : bng A.2 cn cc h s m R v m f cho bng A.3. Hai bng u tin c lp vi su im tnh ln nht Z max = 35m. 2. cc cc di hoc rt di, chiu su im tnh Z c th vt qu 35m. Khi c th dng php ngoi suy gi tr cc bng A.1 v A.2 theo khuyn ngh trong [12] nh sau: - i vi sc chng ca t mi su Z > 35m:

q p = k 1q p35
Vi: k1 = 1 - i vi ma st bn ti im tnh c su Z > 35m: f S = k 2 f S35 100kPa y: k 2 l h s, ph thuc ch s st I L I L 0.4 :

(3)

(4)

4 k 2 = 0.5 + 0.0143Z i 0.4 < I L 0.5 : k 2 = 0.55 + 0.0125Z i I L > 0.5 : k 2 = 0.65 + 0.01Z i 2.3 (7) (6) (5)

Sc chu ti gii hn ca mt bn thuc phn thn cc nm trong lp t st yu, Q u b 2 : Nh bit TCXD 205:1998, gi tr ma st bn f s i vi t dnh trong bng

A.2 ch cho i vi ch s st I L ln nht bng 1. Trong khi , Dalmatov v cc cng s x l s liu th nghim cc hin trng trong t st Leningrad (c) nay l Sanhpetecbua (Lin Bang Nga) m rng bng tra f s vi ch s st I L = 0.6 1.2 v cho bit kim tra, i chng vi hn 200 th nghim nn tnh cc th sai s khng vt qu 2% [13]. Tuy nhin c th do tnh cht a phng nn gi tr f s ca cc tc gi ny so vi bng A.2 ( I L = 0.6 1.0) u ln hn. Nu chp nhn quy lut gim gi tr f s khi I L v Z tng ca cc nh a k thut Sanhpetecbua m rng bng A.2 th c th nhn c kt qu nh bng 2. Bng 2: Sc khng ma st f s ca cc ng trong t st yu ( kN / m 2 ) su trung bnh ca lp t Z (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 35

Ch s st I L 1.0
2 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7

1.1
2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6

1.2
1 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

Khi tnh ton s b, c th dng s liu bng ny nh gi Q u b 2 theo cch tnh sc chu ti Ph Lc A.

3. Cch vn dng Ph Lc B:
3.1 c im chung: D bo sc chu ti ca cc theo cc ch tiu cng ca t c biu din trn hnh 3 vi sc chng ca t mi cc q p v ma st bn ca cc f s c tnh theo cc tham s bn ca t: gc ma st trong, lc dnh n v, sc chng ct khng thot nc, ... nh cc cng thc l thuyt, cc tng quan bn thc nghim hoc thc nghim.

Hnh 3: S d bo sc chu ti gii hn ca cc theo ph lc B a- Lp t tt gm lp t dnh nm trn lp t ri. b- Lp t tt gm lp t ri nm trn lp t dnh. 3.2 Sc chu ti gii hn ca phn mi cc nm trong lp t tt, Q u t :

1. ph lc B, Tiu chun thit k mng cc cho cng thc tnh sc chu ti gii hn ca cc trong nn ng nht, i vi t dnh: (B.5) cn t ri: (B.6), c vit li vi k hiu tng trng tng ng nh sau: Q u t = Q u b.d + Q u m.d = (B.5-1) + (B.5-2) Q u t = Q u b.r + Q u m.r = (B.6-1) + (B.6-2) (8) (9)

2. Tuy nhin, trong thc t c th gp phn nn t tt khng ng nht: gm nhiu lp t dnh, t ri khc nhau. Khi , vn dng c cc cng thc nu trn ta phi quy i nn nhiu lp v nn hai lp: t dnh v t ri, sp xp nh s hnh 3a hoc 3b vi gi tr trung bnh ca cc tham s tnh ton ca t, k hiu A theo khuyn ngh ca Tshinker [3]:

A=

Ai h i hi

(10)

y: h = chiu dy lp t, i = s th t ca n.

6 3. Nu cng tng i v bn ca hai lp tng ng nhau nh hnh 3a th theo tng ca [3], sc chu ti gii hn ca cc trong phn t tt c tnh bi: Q u t = (B.5-1) + (B.6-2) (11)

Trong trng hp ngc li, phn thn cc ch yu xuyn qua lp t ri cn mi t va vn vo lp t dnh (hnh 3b) th sc chu ti ca cc trong phn t tt s l: Q u t = (B.6-1) + (B.5-2) (12) 4. i vi lp t ri (ct), sc chu ti gii hn ca cc tnh theo (B.6). Tuy vy, cc tham s chnh c th dng theo API cho bng 3. Tn t
Ct Ct bi Bi Ct Ct bi Bi Ct Ct bi Ct Ct bi Si sn Ct

Bng 3: Cc tham s thit k i vi t ct ca API [2] Sc khng mt bn Nq Sc khng mi cht () gii hn (kPa) gii hn (MPa)
Rt xp Xp Cht va Xp Cht va Cht Cht va Cht Cht Rt cht Cht Rt cht 15 20 25 30 35 47,8 67,0 81,3 95,7 114,8 8 12 20 40 50 1,9 2,9 4,8 9,6 12,0

Ghi ch: 1_ Cc tham s ny ch dng thit k s b. 2_ Ct bi l t c hm lng c ht ct ln ht bi ln. Gi tr bn tng nu hm lng ht ct tng v gim nu hm lng ht bi tng. 3_ Theo tiu chun hin hnh th kch thc (mm) cc nhm ht nh sau: Si sn: 75 4,75 Ct : 4,75 0,074 Bi : 0,074 0,002

4_ cht c th xc nh nh cc th nghim hin trng SPT, CPT v.v 3.3 Sc chu ti gii hn ca mt bn thuc phn thn cc nm trong lp t st yu, Q u b 2 : 1. Cng thc chung tnh sc khng ma st bn: i vi lp st yu, sc khng ma st f s theo (B.3) c ch n (B.5) s bng: f s = S u Trong : S u = Sc chng ct khng thot nc ca t st yu
= h s bm dnh khng th nguyn.

(13)

7 Cch tnh gi tr f s theo (13) cn c gi l phng php Alpha. 2. Sc chng ct khng thot nc ca lp t st yu, S u : xc nh sc chng ct khng thot nc ca st yu ngi ta thng dng mt trong hai cch sau: th nghim ct cnh hin trng hoc tnh t mt tng quan thc nghim. Trong [11] hng dn cch xc nh S u t p lc tin c kt p'c theo chiu su Z ca im tnh c th tm tt nh sau: Bc 1: Tm phn b ng sut c hiu thng ng theo chiu su ' v0 (z) (hnh 4a):

' v0 ( z ) = v 0 ( z ) u ( z )
y:
v0 (z) = ng sut thng ng tng,

(14)

u(z) = p lc nc l rng. Bc 2: v biu phn b ng sut tin c kt theo chiu su, p'c (z) (hnh 4b). Bc 3: Tnh v v biu phn b h s qu c kt theo chiu su (hnh 4c): (OCR ) = p' c ( z ) ' v 0 (15)

Bc 4: Tm t s

Su t tng quan sau: ' v 0 (16)

Su = 0.25(OCR ) 0.8 ' v 0 Bc 5: Tnh gi tr Su (hnh 4d): Su = Su ' v 0 ' v 0

(17)

Nh (17) ta thu c sc chng ct theo chiu su lp st yu ri dng phng php bnh phng cc tiu thit lp quan h gia Su v z dng: S u = a + bz (18)

Hnh 4: S m t cc bc nh gi Su theo pc

8 3. H s bm dnh khng th nguyn, : Bng 4 lit k cng thc ca nhiu tc gi khc nhau c th dng xc nh h s trong iu kin t st yu c chia thnh hai nhm: Nhm ch xt gi tr tuyt i ca Su bao gm: OCDI, ng kim Trung Quc, Dennis v Tomlinson. Nhm xt gi tr tng i ca Su theo h s l t s gia Su vi ng sut thng ng c hiu ' v0 nh Stemple, API v Nowacki v.v... 4. S dng cng thc (13) v mt s cch tnh h s ghi bng 4 nh gi sc chu ti ma st bn trn sut chiu dy lp t yu c sc chng ct khng thot nc khc nhau cho mt s im cng trn sng Th Vi (B Ra Vng Tu). Kt qu tnh ton ghi bng 5. Bng 5: Lc ma st bn ca cc trong t st yu (kN/m) Sc chng ct khng thot nc Su (kPa)
S u = 15 + 1,5z H y = 25m S u = 10 + 1,5z H y = 25m S u = 5 + 1,34z H y = 30m

Dawson (1983)

API (1994) 254,451 233,365 285,973

Stemple (1984)

OCDI (2002) 843,75 718,75 753,00

629,04 656,875 468,916

373,302 520,963 300,246

Bnh lun kt qu: a/. Mt s phng php khc na tnh h s khng c cp y v khng tin dng i vi t st yu; cn cch tnh ca ng kim Trung Quc th ging vi Dawson. b/. S liu bng 3 cho thy trong ba iu kin t khc nhau th cng thc ca API v Stemple cho gi tr nh hn c, c bit l API. c/. Theo hng ny, Nowacki v cc cng s (1992) cng x l cc kt qu th nghim hin trng v tin hnh so snh vi API (xem hnh 5), cho thy khi 0,7, kt qu tnh theo API nh hn.

9 Bng 4: Cng thc tnh gi tr h s bm dnh

Tc gi 1_ OCDI 2002 [1] 2_ T. Dawson 1983 [4] Cng thc = 1,0
= 1,0 = 1,25 0,01S u = 0,50

iu kin Su 100 kPa

S u 25 kPa 25 kPa < S u 75 kPa S u > 75 kPa
0 25

Ghi ch fgh = 100 kPa

1 0,5

= 1,0 = 1,25-0,01Su = 0,5

50

75

Su

3_ ng kim Trung Quc 1983 [8]

= 1,0 = 1,25 0,010417S u = 0,50

S u 24 kPa 25 kPa < S u 72 kPa S u > 72 kPa

1 0,5

= 1,0

= 1,25-0,010417Su = 0,5

24

50

72

Su

4_ Dennis 1983 [10] (C hiu chnh chiu di cc)

1,0 1,0 0,5 0,3

Fc S u (psf) 0 600 1200 5000

Fc = h s hiu chnh bn ca t. psf = 47,88 kPa.

5_ Tomlinson, 1980 [11,14] (C hiu chnh chiu di cc) (n v o ca Su: ksf)

1,2

=1,2 0,3Su = 0,25 = 1,0 = 1,5 0,4Su = 0,3

L < 20 D

<3 >3

= 1,2-0,3Su = 0,25
0 50 100 143 3 Su

0,25

L > 20 D

0 1,5 1,5 4,0

= 1,0 = 1,5-0,4Su = 0,3

0 71 1,5 100 191 4,0 Su

>4

0,3

6_ Stemple 1984 [5] (C hiu chnh chiu di cc)

= 1,0 = 1,389-1,111 = 0,5 1,0

1 0, 5 2 1 = 0, 25 2 =

0,35 0,35 < 0,80

1 0,5

= 1,0 = 1,389-1,111Su/v = 0,5

0,8

0,35

0,5

0,8

Su

v '

7_ API 1993 [2]

1,0 > 1,0

= Su 'v

1,0
8_Nowacki 1992 [6] (c hiu chnh chiu di cc)
= 0,5 0,5 = 0,56 1,0
0, 2

0,7 > 0,7

Su 'v

10

H s bm dnh

S = 0,56 u ' v

0 , 2

T s ca Su vi 'v : = S u '
0

v0

Hnh 5: So snh cc quan h gia ca Nowacki vi API [6]. d/. Cc phng php tnh h s dnh bm ca API, Stemple v Nowacki u da trn t s S u ' , phn nh y hn iu kin t vo trong h s bm dnh . v

Ngoi ra, Stemple v cc cng s [5], Tomlinson [11] cn ngh a thm h s

hiu chnh gi tr xt n kch thc cc: L D l rt c ngha thc t trong iu kin bi ton c t ra. T cc phn tch trn y, c th thy rng s dng phng php ca API d bo sc chu ti gii hn mt bn ca cc Q u b 2 theo ph lc B khi c lp t yu dy l hp l v tin cy.

4. Kt lun
4.1 i vi cc im cng c tr a cht c trng nh bng 1, nu thit k cng trnh bn di dng mng cc th buc phi dng cc c chiu di ln, c khi 50 60m hoc hn na vi mt phn ng k ca chiu di thn cc pha trn nm trong lp st yu. i vi nhng trng hp nh th, Tiu chun Thit k thng quy nh cn phi th nghim cc chu lc ng ln lc ngang ti hin trng xc nh sc chu ti ca cc.

Tuy vy, giai on u ca thit k, vic tnh ton d bo sc chu ti ca cc l rt cn thit. Khi , nu chp nhn mt s n gin ha nht nh, ta c th vn dng mt trong hai cch, hoc l ph lc A hoc l ph lc B ca TCXD 205: 1998 xc nh gn ng sc chu ti ca cc. 4.2 V chiu su ngm cc vo trong lp chu lc:

11 Nh bit, khi cc t ln c chng 5 10% ng knh tit din ngang th phn t di mi hnh thnh vng trt vi cc hnh dng v kch thc nht nh. Hnh 6 m t hnh dng vng trt ca Meyerhof i vi mng su. Di y AB l nm trt ABC, nm trong trng thi cn bng n hi v c xem nh l mt b phn ca mng. v hai phi cui vng ny c hai vng do ACD v BCE (cn gi l cc vng trt xuyn tm) v hai vng trt phng hoc trt hn hp: ADF v EBG. y, ta quan tm n kch thc ca vng trt theo chiu su ng cc:
L tr = L*n + L*d

(19)

Trong :

Ltr: chiu su vng trt,

L*n : chiu su vng trt nm trn mi cc,
L*d : chiu su vng trt nm di mi cc.

c th p dng ng n cng thc tnh sc khng mi n v ca t di mi cc th phn mi nm trong lp chu lc phi tha mn yu cu:
L n L*n L d L*d

(20)

Ty theo cc tng c bn ca cc tc gi khc nhau m hnh dng, kch thc ca vng trt khc nhau nhng theo [15] c th dng cc con s cho bng 6:

Hnh 6: Cc vng trt xung quanh phn mi cc theo Meyerhof (1951)

12 Bng 6: Kch thc chiu cao ca vng trt theo ng knh cc [15] t dnh t ct Kch thc chung
L*n L*d D D

2 2,5 2 2,5

6 10 3 3,5

28 2 3,5

4.3

vic d bo sc chu ti ca cc di, ng xuyn qua lp t st yu dy trn mt ngy cng chnh xc hn cn phi c chng trnh nghin cu, trong phn tch so snh nhiu hn na gia cc kt qu th nghim hin trng vi tnh ton. y l cch duy nht hp l nhm gp phn nng cao cht lng cc n thit k.

18-05-2009.

13

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Tiu chun k thut cng trnh Cng Nht Bn (Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbours Facilities in Japan OCDI, 2001)
Hi Cng ng thy v Thm lc a Vit Nam (VAPO) 2004.

[2]

American Petroleum Institude.

Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platform Working Street Design, API, 1993.

[3]

G. P. Tsinker:

Handbook of Port and Harbour Engineering. Geotechnical and Structural Aspects. Chapman & Hall, 1997. [4] T. Dawson: Offshore Structural Engineering. Prentice Hall INC, 1983. [5] R.M. Semple and W.J. Rigden (1984): Shaft capacity of driven piles in clay. proc. ASCE Symposium: Analysis and Design of pile foundations, San Francisco, 59-79. [6] F. Nowacki, K. Karlsrud and P.Sparrevik (1992): Comparison of recent tests on overconsolidatted clay and implications for design. Proc. of the Conference on Recent Large Scale Fully Instrumented pile Tests in clay, London, pp 22/1-22 [7] TCXD 205 : 1998 Mng cc Tiu chun thit k. Ph lc A Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo ch tiu c l ca t nn. Ph lc B Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo ch tiu cng ca t nn. [8] Register of Shiping of Poeples Republic of China: Rules for the Classification and Construction of Fixed Offchore Platform, Beijin, 1983. [9] Samsher Prakash Hari D. Sharma: Mng cc trong thc t xy dng. (Phm Ngc Khnh v cc cng s bin dch)

14 Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 1999. [10] Norman D. Dennis and Roy E. Olson (1983): Axial Capacity of steel pipe piles in clay. Proceedings of the Conference on Geotechnical Practice in Offshore Engineering, ASCE. pp. 370 388. [11] Technical Engineering and Design Guides as Adapted from th US Army Corps of Engineers, No 7. Bearing Capacity of Soils, ASCE, 1993. [12] Tiu chun Xy dng Nh nc: Thit k dn khoan bin c nh BCH 51.3 84 B Cng nghip kh t, 1984 (Ting Nga). [13] B.I.Dalmatov, F.K. Lapshin, U.V. Roxxikhin: Thit k mng cc trong iu kin t yu Nh xut bn xy dng, Leningrad, 1975 (Ting Nga). [14] UFC 3-220-01A 16 January 2004: Deep Foundations [15] V Cng Ng, Nguyn Thi: Mng cc Phn tch v thit k Nh xut bn: Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2000.