Glossary27 2ndedvietnamese

T chc Di c Quc t (IOM) cam kt theo nguyn tc di c nhn o v trt t v li ch ca ngi di c v x hi.
L mt c quan lin chnh ph, IOM hot ng vi cc i tc trong cng ng quc t nhm: h tr gii quyt cc thch thc trong hot ng di c; nng cao hiu bit v cc vn di c; thc y pht trin kinh t v x hi thng qua di c; v cao nhn phm v phc li ca ngi di c.
Nh xut bn: a ch: in thoi: Fax: E-mail: Internet:
T chc Di c Quc t 17 ng Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Thy s +41-22-717 91 11 +41-22-798 6150 hq@iom.int www.iom.int
ISSN 2224-6460 2011 T chc Di c Quc t (IOM)
ng k bn quyn. Nu khng c s ng trc bng vn bn ca nh xut bn, bt c phn no ca n phm ny u khng c sao chp, lu trong h thng phc hi, hoc truyn pht di bt k hnh thc hay phng cch no nh in t, my mc, sao chp, ghi m hay cch khc.
45_11
Richard Perruchoud v Jillyanne Redpath-Cross, bin tp
Gii thch Thut ng v Di c
LI GII THIU
Di c quc t tr thnh mt trong nhng quan tm ln hin nay ca cng ng quc t. Trong bi cnh ton cu ha, di c quc t cng tr nn quan trng tc ng n s pht trin kinh t - x hi vn ha ca mi quc gia. Khng mt quc gia no ng ngoi vn di c v cng khng quc gia no c th t mnh gii quyt c vn ny. Nhiu c ch song phng v a phng c thit lp nhm tng cng hp tc quc t trong vic qun l di c v cc mc tiu pht trin. T chc Di c quc t (International Organization for Migration IOM) c tha nhn rng ri nh mt t chc quc t i u trong lnh vc di c. Vi mc ch tng cng s hiu bit v nng cao hiu qu hp tc quc t trong lnh vc di c, IOM xut bn cun Gii thch thut ng v di c nhm a ra cc nh ngha, khi nim chung ang c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc ny. Vi s ng ca IOM, Cc Lnh s - B Ngoi giao thc hin bin dch sang ting Vit cun Gii thch thut ng ny v y l sn phm ca d n Nng cao nng lc xy dng chnh sch di c vi s ti tr kinh ph ca Qu 1035 ca IOM v hp tc k thut ca Phi on i din IOM ti Vit Nam. T chc Di c Quc t ti Vit Nam mong mun cun sch s phc v hu ch cho cc nhu cu khc nhau ca bn c v thng qua gii thiu n bn c Vit Nam mt lnh vc mi trong quan h quc t hin nay: Di c quc t. Thay mt T chc Di c Quc t ti Vit Nam, ti xin trn trng cm n s hp tc v ng gp ca Cc Lnh s - B Ngoi giao trong qu trnh bin dch, bin son ra ting Vit cun sch n c tay bn c ngy hm nay. H Ni, H 2011 Florian G. Forster Trng phi on IOM Vietnam
LI NI U
Nhng n phm ca cun Gii thch Thut ng v Di c ca IOM c ph bin rng ri ngay ln xut bn u tin bng ting Anh vo nm 2004, v cho n nay cun sch c dch sang ting Nga, Tajik, -rp, Ty Ban Nha, X-l-ven, Php, An-ba-ni, Trung Quc, Th Nh K, Hy Lp, B o Nha, v Ma-x--ni. Cun sch tip tc p ng nhng mc tiu ca mnh nh l mt cng c quan trng cho cc nh thc hnh, cc quan chc di c chnh ph, sinh vin v nhng ngi khc, v c s dng mt cch hiu qu ti cc din n khu vc v quc t tho lun v cc vn di c. IOM rt vui mng vi s hng ng tch cc m cun sch to ra, v iu chng t rng cun sch r rng p ng c yu cu v hin ang c nhu cu cho vic dch sang cc ngn ng khc na. Tuy nhin, ngay ti thi im xut bn u tin chng ti nhn thy rng y mi l n lc u tin v vn cn s hon thin, xem xt li nhng nh ngha v b xung cc thut ng. Trong Li ni u ca ln xut bn nm 2004 chng ti c ni n kh nng ca vic xut bn tip theo y hn. Nay, chng ti rt vui mng l c th gii thiu ln xut bn th hai cun sch ca IOM Gii thch Thut ng v Di c ton din hn v tnh n nhng ng gp v gi ca nhng ngi s dng cun sch. Vic xem xt li v b xung cc thut ng c tin hnh mt cch ht sc thn trng, n lc tp hp cc nh ngha m bo tnh kin nh vi cc t chc i tc m cng, k t sau ln xut bn ca IOM, pht hnh nhng gii thch thut ng v di c v cc ch lin quan. Tuy nhin, chng ti coi cun Gii thch thut ng ny l mt ti liu sng cn tip tc c cp nht theo thi gian cng vi bn cht tin ha ca di c; v nh vy, chng ti tip tc hoan nghnh nhng kin phn hi ca ngi s dng. IOM hy vng ln xut bn c ci thin ny s tip tc hng cng ng quc t ti gn hn mt ngn ng chung khi tho lun cc vn di c. S ng nht trong vic s dng cc thut ng ng gp rt ln cho vic ci thin nghin cu v thu thp cc s liu thng k, v vic trao i thng tin gia cc quc gia. S hiu bit chung v cc thut ng then cht l mt bc quan trng u tin trong vic t c nhng p ng phi hp i vi nhng thch thc ca di c ton cu. kt thc, xin cng nhn s cng hin ca cc cn b IOM tham gia vo vic chnh sa ln ny, v nh vy, chng ti trn thnh cm n cc ng nghip: Shyla Vohra, Paola Pace, Cara Wulf, Anna Lillicrap v Ryszard Cholewinski v nhng ng gp ca h cho cun sch quan trng ny. Richard Perruchoud Jillyanne Redpath-Cross Bin tp
A
abduction bt cc Hnh vi a mt ngi i u bng v lc hoc d d, la o. Trong trng hp bt cc tr em, thut ng ny c ngha l vic di chuyn hoc gi mt a tr vi phm cc quyn trng nom, gim h i vi a tr . Xem thm child exploitation bc lt tr em, kidnapping - bt cc (tng tin), trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi Hnh vi m mt ngi ln trnh qu trnh t tng bng cch khng trnh din theo yu cu ca mt ta n. Ph chun, chp nhn, thng qua v gia nhp l mt hnh ng quc t theo mt quc gia xc lp s ng ca mnh rng buc vi mt iu c. (iu 2(1) (b) Cng c Vin v Lut iu c, 1969) Xem thm ratification ph chun, reservation to a treaty - bo lu mt iu c, treaty - iu c Xem thm holding centre - trung tm tm gi Theo ngha chung l s gp nhau v ngh. Trong lut cng php quc t, n l mt thut ng ng ngha vi iu c hoc cng c. Xem thm agreement tha thun, convention cng c, covenant tha c, instrument vn kin, treaty iu c Quc gia tip nhn mt vin chc ngoi giao. Xem thm accrediting State quc gia b nhim
absconding
vng mt c
accession
gia nhp/tham gia
accommodation centre accord
trung tm n ngh hip nh
accredited State
quc gia chp thun
accrediting State
quc gia b nhim Quc gia b nhim mt vin chc ngoi giao. Xem thm accredited State quc gia chp thun
Lut Di c quc t
acculturation
tip bin v vn ho
Mt lot thay i v tp tc vn ha ( tng, ngn t, gi tr, khi nim, hnh vi, th ch) do tc ng ca s giao thoa trc tip v lin tc gia cc nhm c nn vn ha khc nhau, c th thng qua hot ng di c v giao lu kinh t. Tip bin v vn ha c th xy ra khi mt nhm tip nhn nhng nt tiu biu ca mt nn vn ha tri hn trong khi vn gi bn sc vn ha ring ca mnh. Tip bin v vn ha cng c th dn n vic to ra mt nn vn ha mi kt hp cc nhn t ca hai nn vn ha. Xem thm assimilation ng ha, culture vn ha, integration hi nhp Vic mt ngi c quc tch ca mt quc gia m ngi khng phi l cng dn khi sinh ra, bt k ngi c n ngh hay khng, sau khi c s thay i v quy ch ca ngi , hoc do kt qu ca vic chuyn nhng lnh th t quc gia ny sang quc gia khc. Xem thm denationalization tc quc tch, loss of nationality mt quc tch, nationality quc tch Trong bi cnh di c, l quyt nh v vic liu mt ng n c iu kin c cp th thc, quy ch t nn, hay cc quy ch nhp c khc m ngi ang tm kim hay khng. Trong bi cnh di c, l mt c nhn c y quyn theo lut ra quyt nh liu mt ng n c iu kin c cp th thc, quy ch t nn hoc quy ch nhp c khc m ngi ang tm kim hay khng. Xem thm interview phng vn
acquisition of nationality
c c quc tch
adjudication
quyt nh xt duyt
adjudicator
ngi xt duyt
adjustment of status administative detention
iu chnh quy ch Xem thm change of status - thay i quy ch giam gi hnh chnh Mt bin php ca c quan c thm quyn ca mt quc gia tc i quyn t do ca mt ngi. Php lut ti nhiu nc quy nh giam gi hnh chnh nhng ngi di c trong tnh trng tri php khi h n lnh th ca quc gia hoc y ui ra khi lnh th quc gia .
8
Xem thm detention giam gi, migrant in an irregular situation ngi di c trong tnh trng tri php admission chp thun cho nhp cnh Vic cp php nhp cnh vo mt quc gia. Mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn c chp thun nu ngi i qua ca khu (ng khng, ng b hay ng thy) v c cc quan chc ca khu cho php nhp cnh. Mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc nhp cnh mt cch ln lt khng c coi l c chp thun cho nhp cnh. Xem thm border official - quan chc ca khu, checkpoint - ca khu, entry - nhp cnh, non-admission - khng chp thun cho nhp cnh Quy trnh theo lut nh chm dt quyn v ngha v php l gia a tr vi cha m v thay th cc quyn v ngha v tng t gia a tr vi cha m nui. Trong lut cng php quc t, thut ng ny c s dng cp n cc hnh ng chnh thc qua cc bn m phn kin lp th thc v ni dung ca mt iu c. iu c c thng qua bi nhng hnh ng c th by t mong mun ca cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t tham gia m phn iu c ny (qua vic b phiu. k tt, k kt). Vic thng qua cn c th l c ch c s dng kin lp th thc v ni dung ca nhng b sung, sa i i vi mt iu c, hoc quy tc di mt iu c. Xem thm child adoption (international) nhn con nui (quc t) Mt vn bn php l c chng thc c ni dung bao hm bng chng di hnh thc tuyn th trc mt c quan c thm quyn. Trong bi cnh di c, mt tuyn th thng thng c k bi ngi bo tr, m bo chi ph ton b duy tr cuc sng ca mt ngi di c nhm gip ngi c th c nhp cnh vo mt quc gia, thng c yu cu vi nhng ngi di c c tui, nhng
adoption
nui con nui/ thng qua (mt iu c)
affidavit (of support)
tuyn th (bo lnh)
Lut Di c quc t
ngi m au v khng th nui sng bn thn h. Xem thm guarantee bo m; sponsorship ti tr agreement tha thun S hiu bit ln nhau (bng vn bn hay khng bng vn bn) gia hai hay nhiu bn nhm rng buc ln nhau v php l. Xem thm accord hip nh, convention cng c, covenant tha c, instrument vn kin, treaty - iu c Mt ngi khng phi l cng dn ca mt quc gia nht nh. Xem thm foreigner - ngi nc ngoi, nonnational - ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t Nhng bin php c th v c cc quc gia p dng khi cn kim sot ngi di c v ngi xin t nn trn lnh th nc mnh, bao gm t m hnh khng giam gi trn c s cng ng v nh hng theo nhm c th n nhng la chn hn ch hn nh qun l c tr trong nhng trung tm bn m. Nhng bin php thay th ny phi c xem xt trc khi p dng bin php giam gi. Mt s tha th chung, l vic hp thc ha hoc hp php ha p dng i vi nhng ngi c th chng minh vic c tr ca h ti mt quc gia ban hnh n x, d trn thc t vic c tr ny l bt hp php. Xem thm legalization - hp php ha, regularization hp thc ha Ngi nc ngoi c chp thun vo mt quc gia m h khng c quc tch do cc mi lin h lch s, tc ngi hay cc mi lin h khc ca h vi nc , qua cc mi quan h trn nhng ngi ny ngay lp tc c trao quyn c tr di hn, hoc c quyn c quc tch v tr thnh cng dn nc mt thi gian ngn sau khi nhp cnh.
alien
ngi ngoi quc
alternatives to immigration detention
nhng bin php thay th cho giam gi ngi nhp c
amnesty
n x
ancestry-based settlers
ngi nh c da trn yu t t tin/ dng di
10
Xem thm foreigner ngi ngoi quc, national cng dn, nationality quc tch, non-national ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn, permanent settlers ngi nh c di hn appeal khng n Mt th tc xem xt li mt quyt nh qua vic trnh ln cp thm quyn cao hn, thng l trnh phn quyt ca ta n cp thp ln mt ta n cp cao hn xem xt li v c th c quyt nh o ngc. Xem thm judicial review quyn xem xt li ca c quan t php Trong lnh vc di c, l mt ngi chnh thc yu cu mt hnh ng ca chnh ph hay mt hnh ng php l, nh vic cp quy ch t nn, th thc hay giy php lm vic. Xem thm bona fide trung thc, bona fide applicant ng n trung thc, refugee ngi t nn, visa - th thc, withdrawal of an application rt n, work permit - giy php lm vic Trong lnh vc di c, l mt yu cu (thng bng vn bn) do mt ngi hay mt t chc np cho chnh quyn nhm tm kim hnh ng ca chnh ph hoc mt hnh ng php l. Xem claim - yu cu. Theo cch bt hp l, lin quan n cc khi nim khng cng bng, khng th d on, khng hp l v tht thng. Tt c cc trng hp chin tranh c tuyn b hay bt k xung t v trang no khc, c th ny sinh gia hai hay nhiu quc gia, thm ch tnh trng chin tranh khng c cng nhn bi mt bn lin quan (iu 2, Cng c Geneva I IV, 1949). Mt xung t v trang tn ti bt k khi no c s dng lc lng v trang gia cc quc gia hay bo lc v trang ko di gia cc c quan chnh ph
applicant
ng n
application
n ngh
arbitrary
ty tin
armed conflict
xung t v trang
11
Lut Di c quc t
v cc nhm v trang c t chc hoc gia cc nhm v trang trong mt quc gia (Cng t vin v Dusco Tadic No. IT -94-1-AR 72, Ta n hnh s quc t trong v cu lnh o Nam T c). Xem thm law of armed conflict (international) lut xung t v trang (quc t) arrival/ departure phiu nhp cnh/ card xut cnh Mt t khai do c nhn in y trc hay vo thi im nhp cnh mt quc gia v xut trnh (cng vi h chiu, v th thc nu c yu cu) cho cc quan chc ti ca khu. Ti mt s quc gia, quan chc ca khu thu phiu ny khi nhp cnh, trong khi ti mt s quc gia, phiu ny hoc mt phn phiu c tr li cho hnh khch v phi xut trnh khi xut cnh khi nc . Tiu chun quc t ca phiu ny c nh r bi T chc hng khng dn dng quc t (ICAO) ti Ph lc 9, Cng c hng khng dn dng quc t, 1944. Xem thm checkpoint - ca khu, identity documents giy t ty thn, passport - h chiu, visa - th thc Vic chnh ph thu gi ti sn v s lin quan ca ti sn hay ca ch s hu ti sn n cc hot ng ti phm, nh vic tch thu phng tin c s dng bun bn hay a ngi nhp cnh tri php vo mt quc gia. Xem thm smuggling (of migrants) a ngi tri php, trafficking in persons bun bn ngi S thch nghi ca mt nhm x hi hay sc tc - thng l mt nhm thiu s - vi mt nhm khc. S ng ho lin quan n vic gp vo ngn ng, truyn thng, cc gi tr, tp tc v thi quen hay thm ch cc li ch sng cn c bn. Mc d nhng thi quen vn ha truyn thng ca nhm khng hon ton b mt i, s ng ha ton din s dn n vic khng th phn bit c mt nhm vi nhng thnh vin khc ca x hi. ng ho l hnh thc cao nht ca tip bin v vn ho.
assets forfeiture
tch thu ti sn
assimilation
s ng ho
12
Xem thm acculturation - tip bin v vn ho, culture vn ha, inclusion s bao gm/gp vo, integration - hi nhp assisted migration di c c h tr Vic di chuyn ca nhng ngi di c c s h tr ca mt hay nhiu chnh ph hoc mt t chc quc t, ngc li vi di c t pht, khng c tr gip. Xem thm assissted voluntary return tr v t nguyn c tr gip, spontaneous migration - di c t pht, spontaneous return tr v t pht S tr gip hnh chnh, ti chnh, hu cn v ti ha nhp cho nhng ngi xin t nn b t chi, nn nhn ca bun bn ngi, ngi di c lm vo cnh kh khn, cng dn c trnh v nhng ngi di c khc khng th hoc khng sn sng li nc tip nhn, v t nguyn quay li nc gc ca h. Xem thm repatriation - hi hng, return tr v, spontaneous migration - di c t pht, spontaneous return tr v t pht, voluntary repatriation hi hng t nguyn, voluntary return tr v t nguyn Mt hnh thc bo h do mt quc gia cung cp trong lnh th ca mnh da trn nguyn tc khng y tr li v cc quyn t nn c quc gia v quc t cng nhn. Quy ch t nn c cp cho mt ngi khng th tm kim s bo v ca nc m ngi mang quc tch hoc thng tr do mi lo s b ngc i v cc l do chng tc, tn gio, dn tc, thnh vin ca nhm x hi hoc chnh kin ring bit. Xem thm asylum seeker ngi xin t nn, non-refoulement khng y tr li, refugee status determination quyt nh quy ch t nn, State of refuge quc gia n nu
assisted voluntary tr v t nguyn return c tr gip
asylum
t nn
asylum (diplomatic)
t nn (ngoi giao) Ni n nu, nm ngoi lnh th ca mt quc gia, c hng quyn min tr ti phn m quc gia c th trao cho mt ngi tm kim s bo h khi ngi ny b chnh quyn nc no truy bc hoc yu cu trao tr.
13
Lut Di c quc t
Tr s c quan i din ngoi giao v ni ca cc Trng c quan i din ngoi giao, tu chin hay my bay c th c s dng lm ni t nn ngoi giao, nhng tr s ca cc t chc quc t hay c quan lnh s khng c s dng lm ni t nn ngoi giao. Khng c quyn ng nhin no cho php mt c nhn c hng quy ch t nn ngoi giao v khng c ngha v ng nhin no quy nh mt quc gia phi cp quy ch t nn ngoi giao. Xem thm asylum (territorial) - t nn (lnh th), asylum seeker - ngi xin t nn, nonrefoulement - khng y tr li, right of asylum - quyn t nn asylum (territorial) t nn (lnh th) S bo h m mt quc gia dnh cho mt ngi khng phi l cng dn mnh trn lnh th ca quc gia chng li vic thc thi quyn ti phn ca nc gc ca ngi , da trn nguyn tc khng y tr li, dn n ngi ny c hng mt s quyn c lut php quc t cng nhn. Xem thm asylum (diplomatic) - t nn (ngoi giao), asylum seeker ngi xin t nn, non-refoulement - khng y tr li, right of asylum - quyn t nn, State of refuge quc gia n nu Mt ngi tm kim s an ton ti mt nc khng phi l nc gc ca ngi trnh s ngc i v bc hi, v ang ch quyt nh v n xin quy ch t nn ca mnh theo cc quy nh ca quc gia v quc t lin quan. Trng hp b t chi, h phi ri quc gia v c th b trc xut nh bt k ai khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn trong tnh trng tri php hoc bt hp php, tr khi ngi c php li v l do nhn o hay cc l do lin quan khc. Xem thm application n ngh, nonnational ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn, refugee ngi t nn, right of asylum - quyn t nn
asylum seeker
ngi xin t nn
14
B
best (effective) practices thc tin (hiu qu) Cc bin php thc y vic ng dng cc quy tc v nguyn tc ang tn ti, c cp tt quc gia v quc t. M hnh thc tin tt c th chuyn ho thnh cc hng dn hot ng, quy tc ng x hay cc biu hin khc ca lut mm, nhng khng c lm suy yu hay si mn lut thc chng (positive law - lut do con ngi lm ra, cn gi l lut nhn nh). Thc tin tt c c im: c th i mi, pht trin cc gii php sng to, th hin tc ng tch cc i vi mc thc hin quyn ca ngi di c, c tc dng bn vng, c bit lin quan n bn thn ngi di c, v c kh nng p dng li. Xem thm capacity building xy dng nng lc, regional consultative processes cc tin trnh t vn khu vc, soft law lut mm, technical cooperation hp tc k thut song phng Lin quan n hai bn hay hai quc gia. Xem thm extradition dn , multilateral - a phng, treaty iu c Cc c ch chnh thc c k kt gia cc quc gia bao gm nhng cam kt rng buc v php l ch yu lin quan n vic hp tc lin quc gia v di c lao ng. Thut ng ny cn c s dng m t nhng dn xp t chnh thc hn iu tit vic di chuyn lao ng gia cc nc vi s tham gia ca cc quc gia, cng nh ring tng B, ngnh, cc t chc gii ch Xem thm bilateral song phng, labour migration di c lao ng, treaty iu c Ngnh nghin cu cc c tnh sinh hc c th o lng c. Thnh phn nhn dng sinh hc (BIs) l nhng thng tin m ho s cu to sinh hc c nht ca mt ngi (v d: vn tay, qut vng mc hay qut ging
bilateral
bilateral labour migration agreements
cc tha thun di c lao ng song phng
biometrics
sinh trc hc
15
Lut Di c quc t
ni). Mt s chnh ph a vo s dng sinh trc hc nh mt bin php an ninh tin b trong vic cp h chiu, th thc hay giy php c tr. Xem thm lookout system h thng kim sot, passport h chiu, visa th thc birth certificate giy khai sinh Mt loi giy t gc, thng c cp bi c quan c thm quyn ca chnh ph hoc nh chc trch tn gio, xc nhn, khng k n nhng yu t khc, thi gian v a im sinh ra ca mt c nhn. Xem thm identity document giy t ty thn Ngay thng; khng gi di hay la gt; chn thnh, chn tht. Trong lut cng php quc t, n bao hm ngha v quc t m cc ch th ca lut quc t phi tn trng. iu ny bao gm vic thc thi cc iu c theo ng cch m khng lm mt i ci ct li ca n, din gii iu c theo ng tinh thn m n c xy dng, nghim cm vic lm dng lut v nghim cm s bi c trong lut php quc t v xung t v trang. Xem thm bona fide applicant ng n trung thc, good faith thin , legitimate chn chnh, mala fide - bt tn Trong lnh vc di c, l mt ngi thc s c nguyn vng nhp cnh vo mt quc gia vi mc ch hp php, v theo quan im ca vin chc lnh s hoc quan chc nhp c, l mt ngi khng c nh li bt hp php hay vi phm cc iu kin nhp cnh. Xem thm applicant ng n, bona fide trung thc, burden of proof ngha v chng minh Trong lnh vc di c, l mt khon tin do mt quc gia thu nh mt s m bo mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc s thc hin mt s hnh ng c yu cu, thng l xut cnh khi quc gia . Khon tin t cc bo m vic xut cnh c th c thu khi cp th thc hoc khi nhp cnh. Khon
bona fide
s trung thc
bona fide applicant
ng n trung thc
bond
tin t cc
16
tin t cc ny c bn s c hon tr da trn bng chng v vic xut cnh khi nc , nh vic ng s xut trnh ti c quan lnh s ca quc gia ti nc gc ca ngi ny. Tin t cc cng c th c ng th khng b giam gi. Xem thm guarantee bo m bondage tnh trng l thuc Tnh trng b t di s kim sot ca mt ngi khc. Xem thm bonded labour - lao ng l thuc, debt bondage - l thuc v n S phc v do mt ngi lao ng phi thc hin trong iu kin b l thuc xut pht t cc l do kinh t, nht l vic mc n mt khon vay hay mt khon ng trc. Khi vay n l nguyn nhn gc r ca vic b l thuc, ngi lao ng (hay ngi ph thuc, ngi tha k) b rng buc vi ngi ch n trong mt khong thi gian xc nh hoc khng xc nh cho n khi khon n c hon tr. Xem thm bondage tnh trng l thuc, debt bondage l thuc v n, migrant worker ngi lao ng di c, trafficking bun bn ngi ng chia ct lnh th trn t lin hay trn bin ca hai quc gia hoc cc phn lnh th ca quc gia. Bin gii cng c th cp n mt khu vc c tm thy bn ra vng lnh th c khai thc hoc dn xp vi quc gia khc. Xem thm green border bin gii xanh
bonded labour
lao ng l thuc
border
bin gii
border control
kim sot bin gii Quy nh ca mt quc gia v vic nhp cnh v xut cnh ca cc c nhn vo v ra khi lnh th nc , nhm thc hin ch quyn ca mnh, bt k n c thc hin ti bin gii t nhin hoc ti mt i s quan hay lnh s qun bn ngoi lnh th. Xem thm border management - qun l bin gii, border officials quan chc ca khu, checkpoint ca khu, sovereignty ch quyn
17
Lut Di c quc t
border crossing
qua li bin gii
Hnh ng qua li bin gii k c ti ca khu c thit lp hay ni no khc dc theo bin gii. Xem thm border bin gii, border control kim sot bin gii, border officials quan chc ca khu, checkpoint ca khu Vic to iu kin cho cc dng ngi qua li bin gii mt cch hp php bao gm thng nhn, khch du lch, ngi di c v ngi t nn; v pht hin, ngn chn vic nhp cnh bt hp php ca ngi khng phi l cng dn vo mt quc gia no . Cc bin php qun l bin gii bao gm vic p t yu cu v th thc; cc bin php ch ti i vi cc nh vn chuyn chuyn ch ngi ngoi quc nhp cnh tri php vo lnh th ca quc gia ; ngn cm nhp cnh qua ng bin. Cc tiu chun quc t yu cu c s cn bng gia vic to thun li cho vic nhp cnh i vi nhng ngi hp php v vic ngn chn nhng ngi nhp cnh vi nhng l do khng thch hp hay vi giy t khng hp l. Xem thm border control kim sot bin gii, carrier liability law lut trch nhim vn chuyn, sovereignty ch quyn Thut ng ph bin miu t nhng quan chc m nhim v chnh ca h l bo v bin gii v thc thi lut nhp c (v c th l lut hi quan) ca mt quc gia. Cn c thut ng border guards - b i bin phng, border police - cnh st ca khu hay alien police - cnh st ngoi kiu. Xem thm admission chp thun cho nhp cnh, border control kim sot bin gii, border management qun l bin gii, checkpoint ca khu, non-admission khng chp thun cho nhp cnh Xem thm border - bin gii
border management
qun l bin gii
border officials
quan chc ca khu
boundary
bin gii
18
brain drain
chy mu cht xm Vic xut c ca nhng c nhn xut sc v c o to t nc gc n nc khc dn n s suy yu v ngun k nng ca nc gc. Xem thm brain gain - thu ht cht xm, emigration - xut c, qualified national cng dn c trnh , reverse brain drain - chy mu cht xm ngc thu ht cht xm Vic nhp c ca cc c nhn xut sc v c o to vo nc tip nhn. Cn c gi l chy mu cht xm ngc. Xem thm brain drain - chy mu cht xm, immigration nhp c, reintegration (economic) ti ha nhp (kinh t) Ngha v ca mt bn chng minh mt xc nhn hay buc ti gy tranh ci. Trong bi cnh di c, mt ngi khng phi l cng dn mt nc xin nhp cnh vo nc thng c ngha v chng minh rng h tiu chun nhp cnh v khng b t chi theo lut php ca quc gia . Trong th tc xin quy ch t nn, ng n phi a ra bng chng c s v mt mi lo s b ngc i. Xem thm bona fide applicant ng n trung thc Mt ngi c php nhp cnh trong mt thi hn nht nh nm gi mt v tr c c trc vi s bo lnh ca ch s dng lao ng bn a, thng vi mt cng v chuyn gia hay qun l. Mt ngi c cp php nhp cnh vi mt th thc thng mi hoc vi mc ch thng mi.
brain gain
burden of proof
ngha v chng minh
business migrant
ngi di c cng vic
busines visitor
du khch thng mi
19
Lut Di c quc t
C
capacity building xy dng nng lc Xy dng nng lc ca cc chnh ph v x hi dn s thng qua vic nng cao kin thc v tng cng k nng. Xy dng nng lc c th di hnh thc thit k v thc hin d n trc tip vi mt chnh ph i tc, cc c hi o to, hoc trong iu kin c th c th thc y cc chng trnh pht trin i thoi song phng hoc a phng do cc c quan chc nng lin quan thc hin. Trong tt c cc trng hp, xy dng nng lc nhm hng ti cc tiu chun c chp nhn chung v thc tin qun l. Xem thm best (effective) practices Thc tin (hiu qu) tt, technical cooperation hp tc k thut Thit b (c nh hoc xch tay) c s dng xc nh i--xt cc-bon trong cng-tenn ng kn, nh trong toa tu ha hay thng xe ti. Thit b ny c s dng xc nh vic vn chuyn ngi ln lt qua bin gii. Xem thm sensors - b cm ng Nh chuyn ch lin quan n vn chuyn l ch s hu hoc ngi thu phng tin vn chuyn . Nh chuyn ch thng cp n mt hng hng khng, cng ty tu ha v xe but hoc hng tu bin. Theo lut php ca mt s nc, thut ng ny bao gm bt k ch s hu mt phng tin vn chuyn no chuyn ch mt ngi vo lnh th nc . Xem thm conveyance - vn chuyn, transportation vn ti Trong lnh vc di c, l mt lut p t mt lot cc hnh pht hnh chnh v hnh s, k c mc pht v hnh pht, i vi cc nh chuyn ch vn chuyn ngi khng giy t hp l vo lnh th mt quc gia. Xem thm border management qun l bin gii, passenger hnh khch, traveller - l khch
20
carbon dioxide sensors
thit b cm ng i--xt cc-bon
carrier
nh chuyn ch
carrier liability law
lut trch nhim vn chuyn
certificate of identity
giy chng minh nhn thn
Mt loi giy t (khc vi h chiu) c chnh ph cp cho mt c nhn to iu kin cho vic xut nhp cnh nc . Xem thm temporary travel documents giy t i li tm thi, travel documents - giy t i li, travel documents (Convention) giy t i li (Cng c), visa th thc
cessation clauses
iu khon nh ch Cc iu khon php l trong mt vn kin quy nh iu kin m theo quy ch t nn ca mt ngi kt thc v khng cn cn thit na, nh quy nh ti iu 1(c) Cng c 1951 v quy ch ngi t nn v iu 1(4) Cng c v nhng kha cnh c th trong vn t nn ti chu Phi ca T chc thng nht chu Phi (OAU) nm 1969. Xem thm exclusion clauses iu khon loi tr thay i/chuyn quy ch Th tc php l m mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn ang hin din trong mt quc gia c th tm kim quy ch nhp c khc. V d, c th c quy nh mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn vi th thc sinh vin, sau khi kt thc kho hc, ngi ny c th xin thay i quy ch theo th thc sinh vin c thay bng th thc lm vic. Xem thm immigration status - quy ch nhp c, non-national ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn, visa - th thc Mt a im (trn bin gii t lin hoc ti cng hng khng hoc cng bin) ni mi ngi c yu cu dng li quan chc ca khu kim tra v cp php cho h nhp cnh vo quc gia . Xem thm arrival/departure card phiu nhp/xut cnh, border - bin gii, border control - kim sot bin gii, border crossing qua li bin gii, border officials - quan chc ca khu
change/switching of status
checkpoint
ca khu
21
Lut Di c quc t
child
tr em
Mt c nhn di 18 tui, tr trng hp a s lut p dng quy nh tui thnh nin sm hn. (iu 1, Cng c Lin Hp quc v quyn tr em) Xem thm minor - v thnh nin, separated children tr em b ly tn, unaccompanied children tr em khng c ngi i km Vic nhn nui mt tr em nc ngoi, ng l vic di chuyn a tr t nc gc n nc ca gia nh nhn nui. Xem thm adoption - nui con nui/thng qua (mt iu c) Theo Cng c nm 1989 v quyn tr em v Cng c nm 1999 v ngn cm v hnh ng khn cp xo b cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht, bc lt tr em bao gm: bc lt v kinh t (bt k hnh thc lao ng no gy hi hoc nh hng n vic hc tp ca tr, hoc c hi cho sc kho hoc s pht trin th cht, tr tu, tinh thn, o c v x hi ca tr), bc lt tnh dc (lm dng tnh dc, mi dm tr em) v bt cc, bn hoc bun bn tr em hoc bt k hnh thc bc lt tr em no khc. Xem thm abduction - bt cc, child labour lao ng tr em, exploitation - bc lt, kidnapping bt cc (tng tin), trafficking - bun bn ngi, worst forms of child labour cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht Bt k mt cng vic no do mt a tr thc hin m ly i tui th, kh nng, nhn phm v c hi cho sc kho, hc tp, s pht trin v th cht, tinh thn, tr tu, o c v x hi ca a tr . (Cng c nm 1989 v quyn tr em) Xem thm child exploitation - bc lt tr em, slavery - n l, worst forms of child labour cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht S di chuyn linh hot ca con ngi gia cc nc, bao gm c tm thi hay di hn, c th lm li cho tt c cc bn lin quan nu din ra mt cch t nguyn v lin quan n nhu cu lao ng ca nc gc v nc tip nhn. Xem thm labour migration di c lao ng
22
child adoption (international)
nhn con nui (quc t)
child exploitation
bc lt tr em
child labour
lao ng tr em
circular migration di c xoay vng
citizen citizenship civil and political rights
cng dn quyn cng dn cc quyn dn s v chnh tr
Xem national - cng dn Xem nationality - quc tch Thng c s dng m t cc quyn khc nhau trong Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr (nh quyn t quyt; t do nh ot ti nguyn thin nhin; khng phn bit i x, bnh ng nam n, quyn sng; khng b tra tn, i x tn bo hoc trng pht phi nhn tnh; quyn c khng b n l v kh sai; quyn khng b bt b hoc giam gi ty tin; quyn t do i li trong mt nc; quyn t do v an ninh con ngi; quyn bnh ng trc to; quyn c xt x cng khai v cng bng lin quan n ti hnh s; cm hi t trch nhim hnh s; quyn t do ring t v gia nh, nh , th tn; t do t tng, tn ngng, tn gio, pht ngn; quyn t tp mt cch ho bnh, quyn tham gia hi v cc vn x hi khc). Xem thm economic, social and cultural rights cc quyn kinh t, vn ha v x hi, human rights quyn con ngi, non-derogable rights cc quyn khng th hn ch Trong lut v xung t v trang quc t, l nhng ngi c bo v, hoc i khi l nhng thng dn trung lp b giam gi bi mt quc gia tham chin v nhng l do an ninh cp bch. Xem thm law of armed conflict (international) lut xung t v trang (quc t), protected persons ngi c bo v Mt vn bn gi mt c quan chnh quyn hay to n yu cu mt hnh ng hay quyt nh v mt quyn hay li ch, nh quy ch t nn hoc quyn c bi thng hoc n b hp php trong cc v kin dn s. Xem application - n ngh
civil detainees
ngi b giam gi dn s
claim
yu cu
23
Lut Di c quc t
clandestine migration
di c ln lt
Vic di c b mt hoc che y vi phm cc yu cu v nhp c. Vic ny xy ra khi mt ngi khng phi cng dn nc tip nhn vi phm cc quy nh v nhp cnh vo nc ; hoc sau khi vo mt nc mt cch hp php nhng li qu hn vi phm cc quy nh v nhp c. Thut ng chung di c tri php thng c s dng. Xem thm documented migrant ngi di c giy t, illegal entry nhp cnh bt hp php, irregular migrant - ngi di c tri php, irregular migration - di c tri php, regular migration - di c c php, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t Xem environmental migrant - ngi di c mi trng, environmentally displaced persons ngi lnh nn do mi trng S cng p bng v lc hay e da bng v lc, d c chnh ng hay khng. S p buc cng c th mang tnh kinh t khi mt ngi s dng u th kim sot mt ngun lc c th no tc ng n cch x s ca ngi khc. Xem thm forced/compulsory labour lao ng cng bc/bt buc, forced migration di c cng bc Vic cho php chnh thc mt ngi cn s bo v quc t, nhng khng tiu chun t nn theo Cng c 1951, c c tr ti mt nc ph hp vi lut php hoc thng l ca nc . Xem thm protection bo v L lut t chc c bn ca mt quc gia quy nh th ch, c tnh v t chc b my ca chnh ph , ng thi quy nh phm vi quyn ch quyn v cch thc thc hin ch quyn ca nh nc . Trong lut cng php quc t, hin chng l mt iu c thnh lp mt t chc quc t v xc nh chc nng v nhim v ca t chc .
climate refugee
ngi t nn do thay i kh hu s p buc
coercion
complementary protection
bo v c cch
constitution
hin php/hin chng
24
consular functions chc nng lnh s
Bao gm vic bo v cc quyn li ca quc gia phi c v cng dn ca h ti quc gia tip nhn; tng cng pht trin quan h thng mi, kinh t, vn ho, khoa hc k thut gia quc gia phi c v quc gia tip nhn. (iu 5 Cng c Vin v quan h lnh s). Xem thm consular officers vin chc lnh s, consular protection bo h lnh s Cc quan chc chnh ph i din cho quc gia nc ngoi v cc vn th thc v c tr. (iu 1(d) Cng c Vin nm 1963 v quan h lnh s quy nh mt vin chc lnh s l bt k ngi no, k c ngi ng u mt c quan lnh s, c y quyn thc hin cc chc nng lnh s. Xem thm consular functions chc nng lnh s, consular protection bo h lnh s Cc chc nng lnh s nhm gip cng dn nc ngoi, h tr bo v quyn v li ch ca h ti to n a phng, c bit i vi nhng ngi di c b bt hay b kt n t, b tm giam ch xt x hay b giam gi di bt c hnh thc no. Nhng ngi di c phi c thng bo khng chm tr v quyn ca h c lin lc vi cc nh chc trch lnh s. Xem thm consular functions chc nng lnh s, consular officers vin chc lnh s, consular registration ng k lnh s Vic ghi vo s ng k lnh s nhng chi tit c bn ca mt cng dn ca quc gia (chi tit nhn thn, hon cnh gia nh, ni c tr). Mc ch ca ng k lnh s nhm to thun li cho hot ng ca c quan lnh s, c bit l vic thc hin bo h lnh s. Xem thm consular functions chc nng lnh s, consular protection bo h lnh s Dch v tr gip chnh ph v ngi di c trc khi np n xin th thc, bao gm: h tr hon thnh v in n xin th thc; h tr thu thp ti liu cn thit xin th thc;
consular officers
vin chc lnh s
consular protection
bo h lnh s
consular registration
ng k lnh s
pre-consular support services
dch v tr gip lnh s (ban u)
25
Lut Di c quc t
xc minh tnh xc thc ca cc giy t lin quan n ngh nghip, hc vn v php lut; dch cc ti liu. contiguous zone khu vc tip gip Vng bin tip ni lnh hi ca mt quc gia ven bin. Trong khu vc tip gip, mt quc gia c th thc hin vic kim sot cn thit nhm ngn chn cc vi phm v lut hi quan, nh bt c, nhp c, v sinh hoc quy nh trong phm vi lnh th v lnh hi, hoc trng pht i vi nhng vi phm php lut nu trn trong phm vi lnh th hoc lnh hi. (iu 33 Cng c Lin hp quc nm 1982 v Lut bin) Xem thm high seas bin c, territorial sea lnh hi Lao ng cung cp cho mt mc ch c th trong khong thi gian c n nh qua mt hp ng. Xem treaty iu c Bt k hnh thc no ca my bay, tu bin, tu ho, t v cc phng tin khc c kh nng s dng chuyn ch mt ngi n hoc i t mt nc. Xem thm carrier - nh chuyn ch Nc l ni n ca cc dng di c (hp php hoc bt hp php). Xem thm host country nc ch nh, receiving country nc tip nhn, third country nc th ba
contractual labour lao ng theo hp ng convention conveyance cng c vn chuyn
country of destination
nc n
country of habitual/usual residence
nc c tr thng Mt quc gia m ti mt ngi sinh sng, c ngha l, mt quc gia m ngi c mt xuyn ch v sinh hot hng ngy. Vic ra nc ngoi tm thi v cc mc ch gii tr, ngh ngi, thm ving bn b, thn nhn, iu tr y t hay hnh hng tn gio khng thay i t nc c tr thng xuyn ca mt ngi. Xem thm habitual/usual residence ni c tr thng xuyn, residence - c tr
26
country of origin
nc gc
Nc l ni xut pht ca cc dng di c (hp php hay bt hp php). Xem thm safe country of origin nc gc an ton, sending country nc phi c, source country nc ngun, State of origin quc gia gc, third country nc th ba Nc ni dng di c i qua (hp php hoc bt hp php). Xem thm State of transit - quc gia qu cnh, transit qu cnh Xem treaty iu c
country of transit
nc qu cnh
covenant credibility assessment
tha c
nh gi tnh trung Bc c thc hin trong vic xem xt mt n xin th thc hay cc quy ch nhp c khc thc nhm xc nh thng tin do cc ng n cung cp l nht qun v ng tin cy. ti c, quc t Hnh ng vi phm php lut hnh s hi iu kin ca mt quy chun lut quc t. Khng c nh ngha c th v ti c quc t, nhng lut php quc t cng nhn rng ri nhng ti c sau l ti c quc t: ti c chng nhn loi; ti c chin tranh, ti dit chng, phn bit chng tc, khng b, n l v cc hnh thc i x mt cch tn bo, phi nhn tnh, h thp phm gi; bun bn ma ty; cp bin, bun bn v a ngi tri php, bt cc con tinMi quc gia c trch nhim truy t hoc dn nhng c nhn phm nhng ti c ; trch nhim c nhn i vi nhng ti c ny cn c thc thi cp quc t (To n hnh s quc t, To n hnh s quc t i vi Nam T c v Ru-an-a). Xem thm crimes against humanity ti c chng nhn loi, genocide - dit chng, terrorism - khng b, torture tra tn, universal jurisdiction quyn ti phn ph qut, war crimes ti c chin tranh Nh c nu c th ti iu 7 Quy ch Rome nm 1998 ca Ta hnh s quc t, ti c chng nhn loi l cc ti c c thc hin nh mt phn ca mt cuc tn cng trn din
crime, international
crimes against humanity
ti c chng nhn loi
27
Lut Di c quc t
rng v c h thng vo bt k cng ng dn s no, vi s hiu bit v cuc tn cng . Ti c di nh ngha ny bao gm vic git hi; hy dit; n dch; trc xut hoc chuyn giao cng bc dn c; tng giam hoc tc i quyn t do thn th vi phm cc nguyn tc c bn ca lut php quc t; tra tn; cng dm, n l tnh dc, mi dm p buc, mang thai cng bc, trit sn p buc, hoc bt k hnh thc bo lc tnh dc nghim trng no; ngc i chng li bt k mt nhm hay tp th c th no v nhng l do chnh tr, chng tc, dn tc, sc tc, vn ha, tn gio, gii tnh (nh nu c th ti phn 3 ca iu 7), hoc nhng nguyn c khc c tha nhn rng ri l khng c php theo lut php quc t, lin quan n bt k hnh ng no c cp trong khon ny hoc bt k ti c no thuc quyn xt x ca ta n; a ngi i bit tch, ti c phn bit chng tc, nhng hnh ng phi nhn tnh c c im tng t nhm gy au n, tn thng nghim trng cho c th hoc sc khe tinh thn v vt cht. Xem thm crime, international ti c, quc t, genocide dit chng, terrorism khng b, universal jurisdiction quyn ti phn ph qut, war crimes ti c chin tranh crimes against peace ti c chng ha bnh Nhng hnh ng ln k hoch, chun b, khi xng v tin hnh mt cuc chin tranh xm lc hoc mt cuc chin tranh vi phm cc cng c, tha thun v m bo quc t. Xem thm crime, international ti c, quc t, crimes against humanity ti c chng nhn loi, war crimes ti c chin tranh
cross-border migration cultural orientation
di c qua bin gii L mt qu trnh di chuyn ca con ngi qua bin gii quc t. nh hng vn ha Cc kha o to dnh cho ngi di c nhm ph bin nhng kin thc lin quan n nc ch nh, v c th bao gm lch s, a l, ngn ng... Xem thm culture vn ha, integration hi nhp
28
culture
vn ha
Thut ng dng m t t chc c trng ca mt nhm x hi t la chn cc gi tr ca ring mnh so vi cc nhm khc. N cng c th cp n vic tp hp cc phong tc tp qun, nim tin, ngn ng, tng, thm m, kin thc chuyn mn, cc h thng gi tr v phong cch sng. Xem thm acculturation tip bin v vn ha, cultural orientation nh hng vn ha Trch nhim chm sc v kim sot mt c nhn. Mt to n c th ch nh vic gim h mt ngi v thnh nin cho mt ngi h hng hay mt ngi gim h khc. Trong bi cnh di c, mt ngi b gi bi chnh quyn l trong tnh trng b qun thc. Xem thm administrative detention giam gi hnh chnh, detention giam gi
custody
gim h/qun thc
customary law, international
lut tp qun, quc Mt ngun ca lut quc t. Hai tiu chun mt quy tc c coi l lut tp qun l thc t tin quc gia v opinion juris (mt khi nim m thc tin phi nht qun hay theo quy nh ca lut hin hnh). Xem thm general principles of international law nhng nguyn tc chung ca lut quc t, international law (public) lut quc t (cng php), subjects of international law ch th ca lut quc t
29
Lut Di c quc t
D
data protection bo v thng tin d ng dng c tnh h thng bao gm mt lot cc bin php bo v mang tnh t chc, k liu thut v vt cht nhm bo m quyn ring t trong vic thu thp, lu gi, s dng v cung cp d liu c nhn. Xem thm data subjects ch th d liu, personal data d liu c nhn ch th d liu Cc c nhn c th c trc tip hoc gin tip nhn dng bng vic tham kho mt hoc nhiu yu t c th. Nhng yu t ny c th bao gm mt ci tn, mt con s nhn dng, nhng s kin quan trng v nhng c im v hnh th, tinh thn, vn ha, kinh t v x hi. Xem thm data protection bo v thng tin d liu, personal data d liu c nhn Tn ti trn thc t; c hiu lc mc d khng c cng nhn mt cch chnh thc hay hp php. Xem thm de jure - trn php l
data subjects
de facto
trn thc t
de facto partner
bn i trn thc t Hn nhn tn ti trn thc t. Ngy cng nhiu nc khng ch ghi nhn quan h v/chng m c cc quan h xc thc ca nhng cp khng kt hn, vi mc ch trao quy ch thng tr hoc cc quy ch nhp c khc. V d bn i trn thc t bao gm nhng bn i trong nhng mi quan h cng gii hoc khc gii cng chung sng n nh v xc thc trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Xem thm dependant ngi ph thuc S bo v do mt t chc cung cp nh h qu hoc tc ng ca vic thc hin mc ch ca t chc . Xem thm protection - bo v
de facto protection bo v trn thc t
30
de facto refugees
ngi t nn trn thc t
Nhng ngi khng c cng nhn l ngi t nn theo Cng c 1951 v Ngh nh th 1967 v quy ch ngi t nn, v l nhng ngi khng th hoc, v nhng l do c cng nhn l c gi tr, khng mun quay tr li nc m h mang quc tch, hoc nu h khng c quc tch, quay tr li nc m h c tr thng xuyn. Xem thm displaced person ngi lnh nn, externally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn ra nc ngoi, internally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn trong nc, refugee - ngi t nn
de facto statelessness
Tnh trng ca nhng c nhn mang quc tnh trng khng quc tch trn thc tch ca mt quc gia nhng, sau khi ri khi quc gia , khng nhn c s bo h ca t quc gia ny, hoc c th do h t chi yu cu s bo h , hoc c th do quc gia ny t chi bo h h. Tnh trng khng quc tch trn thc t l mt khi nim thng lin quan n ngi xin t nn v nhng ngi t nn c cng nhn. Xem thm nationality - quc tch, statelessness - tnh trng khng quc tch trn php l Tn ti trn c s quyn hoc nh mt vn php lut. Xem thm de facto - trn thc t Tnh trng hoc iu kin xut pht t vic ngi mang n phc dch ch n hoc ngi khc di s kim sot ca ch n nh mt hnh thc th chp cho khon n, nu nh gi tr ca s phc dch d c c c nh l ph hp cho vic tr n cng khng c p dng cho vic thanh ton n v vic phc dch khng gii hn v khng c xc nh r rng (Cng c b sung ca Lin hp quc nm 1956 v xa b ch n l). Xem thm bondage tnh trng l thuc, bonded labour lao ng l thuc, exploitation - bc lt, servitude n dch, slavery - n l, trafficking in persons bun bn ngi, worst forms of child labour - cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht
de jure
debt bondage
l thuc v n
31
Lut Di c quc t
deception
la o
Trong bi cnh di c, khi nim ny khng ch cp n thng tin gi hoc sai, m cn c vic c lm dng kim li do s thiu thng tin ca ngi di c. Xem thm fraud s gian ln, fraudulent document - giy t gi mo, trafficking in persons bun bn ngi Ngi b kin trong t tng dn s hoc b buc ti trong t tng hnh s. Mn khoa hc v cc cng ng dn c, c bit lin quan n quy m, tp trung, phn b v cc thng k sinh t v gi th. Xem loss of nationality - mt quc tch Trong s dng thng thng, l mt ngi phi da vo s h tr ca ngi khc. Trong lnh vc di c, v/chng v con ci v thnh nin nhn chung c coi l ngi ph thuc, k c khi ngi v/chng khng ph thuc v mt ti chnh. Xem thm child - tr em, de facto partner - bn i trn thc t, derivative applicant - ng n ph, members of the family - cc thnh vin gia nh, minor - v thnh nin Hnh ng thc hin ch quyn ca mt quc gia qua vic a mt ngi khng phi l cng dn ra khi lnh th quc gia ny v nc gc ca ngi hoc nc th ba sau khi t chi cho nhp cnh hoc chm dt vic cho php ngi li trn lnh th. Xem thm expulsion - y ui, refoulement - y tr li, removal chuyn i L mt quyt nh hay hnh ng hnh chnh hoc t php ra lnh vic chuyn i. Xem thm deportation trc xut, expulsion y ui
defendant demography
b n nhn khu hc
denationalization dependant
tc quc tch ngi ph thuc
deportation
trc xut
deportation order lnh trc xut
32
derivative applicant
ng n ph
Mt ngi, nht l v/chng hoc con ci v thnh nin, c th c nhn quy ch nhp c trn c s n ngh ca ngi kia. Xem thm child - tr em, de facto partner - bn i trn thc t, dependant ngi ph thuc, members of the family thnh vin gia nh minor v thnh nin, principal applicant ng n chnh Vic hn ch hoc nh ch cc quyn trong mt s tnh hung xc nh. V d Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr cho php mt quc gia c th gii hn hoc tm dng cc ngha v ca mnh theo Cng c ny trong thi gian xy ra tnh hung khn cp cng cng e da s tn vong ca quc gia dn tc v s tn ti ca tnh hung phi c cng b chnh thc. Quc gia thnh vin Cng c c th p dng cc bin php nhm gii hn cc ngha v ca mnh theo Cng c ny ti mc c quy nh nghim ngt do s cp thit ca tnh hnh, vi iu kin cc bin php khng tri vi cc ngha v khc theo lut quc t v hon ton khng lin quan n s phn bit i x trn c s chng tc, mu da, gii tnh, ngn ng, tn gio hoc ngun gc x hi. Vic gii hn cng cp n vic hy b mt phn hoc bi b hon ton mt lut bng mt hnh ng sau nhm hn ch phm vi p dng hoc lm suy yu kh nng p dng v hiu lc ca lut . Xem thm human rights quyn con ngi, non-derogable human rights cc quyn con ngi khng th hn ch Mt ngi b gi trong nh giam. Xem thm detention - vic giam gi Vic hn ch t do i li ca mt c nhn qua vic cng ch t giam theo lnh ca c quan hnh chnh hay t php. C hai hnh thc giam gi. Giam gi hnh s vi mc ch trng pht mt ti hnh s phm phi; v giam gi hnh chnh m bo cc bin php hnh chnh khc (nh trc xut hoc y ui) c
derogation
vic gii hn (c ch nh)
detainee detention
t nhn vic giam gi
33
Lut Di c quc t
th c thc hin. Ti a s cc quc gia, nhng ngi di c tri php l i tng ca giam gi hnh chnh, v h vi phm php lut v quy nh v di c, iu khng c coi l mt ti hnh s. Ti nhiu quc gia, mt ngi khng phi l cng dn c th b giam gi hnh chnh trong khi ch mt quyt nh v quy ch t nn hoc v vic chp nhn cho li hoc trc xut khi quc gia . Xem thm administrative detention giam gi hnh chnh, custody gim h/qun thc, detainee t nhn determination development quyt nh pht trin Xem adjudication quyt nh xt duyt Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin hp quc (UNDP) nh ngha pht trin l mt qu trnh to mi trng trong con ngi c th pht trin nng lc ton din v hng ti cuc sng sng to v hu ch ph hp vi nhu cu v s thch ca h v m rng s la chn ca con ngi hng ti cuc sng m h coi trng. nh ngha ny nh du mt bc chuyn t vic qu nhn mnh vo pht trin kinh t c o bng cc ch s tng trng hoc thu nhp v a kha cnh con ngi vo trong qu trnh. Cng ng di c c nh ngha mt cch rng ri nh nhng c nhn v thnh vin, hay nhng mng li, hip hi v cng ng nhng ngi ri b nc gc ca mnh nhng vn gi lin h vi qu hng. Khi nim ny bao hm rng hn gm nhng cng ng nh c nc ngoi, lao ng di c lm vic tm thi nc ngoi, nhng ngi c quc tch nc ch nh, ngi hai quc tch v ngi di c th h hai/ba. Xem exodus di tn, qualified national cng dn c trnh Xem asylum (diplomatic) - t nn (ngoi giao)
diasporas
cng ng ngi di c
diplomatic asylum t nn ngoi giao
34
diplomatic protection
bo v ngoi giao
Mt nguyn tc c bn ca lut php quc t theo mt quc gia c quyn bo v cng dn ca mnh khi ngi b tn hi bi nhng hnh vi tri vi lut php quc t do mt quc gia khc gy ra, m qua cc knh thng thng ngi khng th c c s p ng thch ng t quc gia gy ra hnh vi . Bng vic cp n trng hp ca mt trong nhng cng dn mnh v thng qua vic s dng cc hnh ng ngoi giao hoc thay mt ngi thc hin cc th tc t tng quc t, mt quc gia trn thc t ang khng nh cc quyn ca chnh mnh - l quyn bo m s tn trng i vi cc nguyn tc ca lut php quc t, thng qua chnh nhng cng dn ca mnh. (V nhng a Mavrommatis Palestine (Ti phn) P.C.I.J 1924). Xem thm international law (public) lut quc t (cng php) Vic khng i x mt cch bnh ng vi mi ngi trong khi khng c l do xc ng phn bit gia nhng ngi c u i v nhng ngi khng c u i. S phn bit i x b nghim cm lin quan ti chng tc, gii tnh, ngn ng hoc tn gio(iu 1 (3), Hin chng LHQ; 1945) hoc bt c hnh thc no, nh chng tc, mu da, gii tnh, ngn ng, tn gio, chnh kin, ngun gc dn tc hoc x hi, ti sn, ngun gc xut thn hoc cc a v khc (iu 2, Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi). Xem thm non-discrimination - khng phn bit i x, persecution ngc i, racial discrimination phn bit chng tc, racism ch ngha phn bit chng tc, xenophobia s bi ngoi Mt quyn hay quyn lc ca cng chc thc thi nhim v trong nhng tnh hung nht nh theo s nh gi v lng tm c nhn, thng trn cng v chnh thc hoc i din.
discrimination
phn bit i x
discretion
t quyt nh
35
Lut Di c quc t
displacement
lnh nn
Vit di di bt buc ca mt ngi khi nh hoc t nc ca mnh, thng do xung t v trang hoc cc thm ha thin nhin. Xem thm displaced person - ngi lnh nn Mt ngi chy khi quc gia hoc cng ng ca mnh do mi lo s hoc cc mi him ha t cc l do khc ngoi cc l do khin ngi ny tr thnh mt ngi t nn. Mt ngi lnh nn thng b buc phi chy khi quc gia hoc cng ng do xung t trong nc hoc cc thm ha do thin nhin hoc con ngi gy ra. Xem thm de facto refugees - ngi t nn trn thc t, environmentally displaced persons ngi lnh nn do mi trng, externally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn ra nc ngoi, forced displacement lnh nn cng bc, internally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn trong nc, refugees - ngi t nn Mt ngi di c nhp cnh hp php vo mt quc gia v li quc gia ny ph hp vi cc tiu chun tip nhn i vi ngi . Xem thm documented migrant worker ngi lao ng di c giy t, migrant worker ngi lao ng di c, irregular migrant ngi di c tri php, undocumented migrant ngi di c khng giy t, undocumented migrant workers/migrant workers in an irregular situation ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php Mt ngi lao ng di c hoc cc thnh vin gia nh ca ngi c php nhp cnh, li v c tham gia vo cc hot ng c tr cng ti mt quc gia ph hp vi lut php ca quc gia v cc tha thun quc t m quc gia l thnh vin (Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm documented migrant - ngi di c giy t, migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t, undocumented migrant
displaced person
ngi lnh nn
documented migrant
ngi di c giy t
documented migrant worker
ngi lao ng di c giy t
36
workers/migrant workers in an irregular situation - ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php domicile nguyn qun Ni m mt ngi c mt thc t v c ngi coi l nh; l nh thc t, c nh, ch yu v thng xuyn, ni m ngi d nh tr v v d hin ang c tr bt c u. Xem thm habitual/usual residence ni c tr thng xuyn, residence - c tr Mt ngi ng thi c quc tch ca hai hay nhiu nc. Xem thm nationality quc tch Quy tc Hi ng (Cng ng chu u) s 343/2003 ngy 18/3/2003 quy nh cc tiu ch v c ch quyt nh quc gia thnh vin chu trch nhim xem xt n xin t nn do mt cng dn nc th ba np ti mt trong nhng quc gia thnh vin (OJ 2003 L 50/1), gi l Quy tc Dublin II, thay cho nhng iu khon ti Cng c Dublin (Cng c quyt nh quc gia chu trch nhim xem xt n xin t nn np ti mt trong nhng nc thnh vin ca Cng ng chu u, k ti Dublin ngy 15/6/1990). Theo Quy tc Dublin II, cc nc thnh vin, trn c s khch quan v theo th t, phi n nh quc gia thnh vin no c trch nhim xem xt n xin t nn np ti lnh th nc . H thng ny nhm ngn chn vic mt ngi xin t nn np nhiu n ti nhiu nc thnh vin trong cng thi gian, v bo m tng trng hp ng n xin t nn c x l bi mt quc gia thnh vin duy nht. Xem thm asylum (territorial) t nn (lnh th), asylum seekers ngi xin t nn, right of asylum quyn t nn, refugees in orbit - ngi t nn v tha nhn, Schengen Agreement and Convention Tha thun v Cng c Schengen
dual/multiple nationality Dublin II Regulation
hai/a quc tch
quy tc Dublin II
37
Lut Di c quc t
due process
quy trnh ph hp vi php lut
Vic tin hnh cc th tc php l theo cc quy tc v nguyn tc c chp nhn rng ri mang li s bo v v thc thi cc quyn ring t, bao gm vic thng bo v quyn iu trn cng bng trc ta hoc c quan hnh chnh c thm quyn quyt nh v vic. Bt k bin php no c th gii quyt tha ng v lu bn tnh trng ca ngi t nn nhm gip h c cuc sng bnh thng. Theo truyn thng, vic ny lin quan n hi hng t nguyn, hi nhp vo nc s ti hoc ti nh c. Xem thm integration hi nhp, repatriation hi hng, resettlement ti nh c, voluntary repatriation hi hng t nguyn
durable solution
gii php lu bn
38
E
economic migrant ngi di c kinh t Mt ngi ri ni c tr thng xuyn n nh c bn ngoi nc gc ca mnh nhm ci thin cht lng cuc sng. Thut ng ny c th c s dng mt cch lng lo phn bit vi nhng ngi t nn chy trn khi s bc hi, v cng c th dng ch nhng ngi tm cch nhp cnh vo mt nc m khng c php v/hoc s dng cc th tc t nn m khng c l do trung thc (bona fide). Khi nim ny cng p dng cho nhng ngi ri b nc gc ca h vi mc ch tm vic lm. Xem thm frontier worker - ngi lao ng vng bin; migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c; seasonal migrant worker/migration ngi lao ng thi v/ di c lao ng thi v economic, social and cultural rights cc quyn kinh t, vn ha v x hi Theo cc nguyn tc cng bng v khng phn bit i x, l nhng quyn nhm bo m mang li s thnh vng tha ng v kinh t, x hi, vn ha, vt cht v tri thc ca con ngi. Vic thc hin hiu qu cc quyn kinh t, vn ha, x hi thng yu cu s can thip tch cc ca quc gia. Trong lut cng php quc t, nhng quyn ny c lit k ti Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn kinh t, vn ha v x hi: quyn c lm vic; iu kin lm vic cng bng v thun li; c lp v tham gia cng on; c nh cng; c tip cn an sinh x hi; c bo v gia nh; tiu chun sng tng xng; quyn v nh ; sc khe; gio dc. Xem thm civil and political rights quyn dn s v chnh tr, human rights quyn con ngi Mt ngi thc hin vic xut c. Xem thm emigration xut c, immigrant ngi nhp c
emigrant
ngi xut c
39
Lut Di c quc t
emigration
xut c
Hnh ng ri i hoc thot khi mt quc gia vi mc ch nh c mt quc gia khc. Xem thm brain drain chy mu cht xm, immigration nhp c, re-emigration ti xut c, right to leave quyn ra i Mt quy trnh cho php con ngi kim sot tt hn nhng quyt nh, ca ci vt cht, ng li chnh sch, cch thc v th ch c tc ng n cuc sng ca h. Trao quyn nhm pht trin cc kh nng ca c nhn v cng ng a ra nhng la chn sng sut v hnh ng thay mt h. Vic trao quyn m ch mt cch tip cn t di ln, ngc li vi vic bo v thng m ch cch tip cn t trn xung. Xem thm human security an ninh con ngi, protection bo v Vic vo mt nc ca mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc , d t nguyn hay khng t nguyn, c php hay khng c php. Xem thm admission - chp thun cho nhp cnh, non-admission - khng chp thun cho nhp cnh Mt quyt nh hnh chnh hoc t php ngn chn vic nhp cnh v li trn lnh th ca quc gia ban hnh lnh, vi mt thi gian c th. Thi im m tt c cc iu khon ca mt iu c c gi tr rng buc v php l vi cc thnh vin ca n. Theo iu 24 Cng c Vin nm 1969 v Lut iu c quc t, mt iu c c hiu lc theo cch v vo ngy c quy nh ti iu c hoc trn c s cc quc gia m phn ng , hoc nu khng c bt c iu khon hay tha thun no nh vy, th iu c c hiu lc ngay khi tt c cc quc gia m phn ng thun chp nhn. Khi mt quc gia tham gia vo mt iu c c hiu lc, tr khi iu c quy nh khc, th iu c c hiu lc vi quc gia vo ng ngy tham gia. Vic p dng tm thi c th c php theo cc
empowerment
trao quyn
entry
nhp cnh
entry ban
cm nhp cnh
entry into force
c hiu lc
40
iu khon ca mt iu c, v d, trong cc tha thun v hng ha, hoc khi mt s bn k kt mt iu c (m iu c ny cha c hiu lc) quyt nh p dng iu c ny nh n c hiu lc (iu 25(1) Cng c Vin nm 1969 v Lut iu c). Xem thm treaty iu c entry stamp du nhp cnh Mt du c quan chc ca khu ng ln giy t i li ca mt ngi nu ngy v ni m ngi nhp cnh vo quc gia ny. Xem thm exit stamp du xut cnh L nhng ngi hoc nhm ngi b buc phi ri b ni thng xuyn, hoc la chn ra i trong phm vi quc gia hoc ra nc ngoi, k c tm thi hay lu di, ch yu do nguyn nhn mi trng thay i mt cch t ngt hoc ngy cng tng tc ng tiu cc n cuc sng v iu kin sng ca h. Xem thm environmentally displaced person ngi lnh nn do mi trng Nhng ngi lnh nn trong phm vi quc gia c tr thng xuyn hoc vt qua bin gii quc t vi nguyn nhn ch yu l do mi trng b xung cp, b h hi hay tn ph, mc d khng phi l nguyn nhn duy nht. Thut ng ny c s dng nh l mt la chn t tranh ci hn cho ngi t nn mi trng hay t nn do bin i kh hu v khng c c s php l no hoc l do no tn ti trong lut quc t. Thut ng ny cp n mt loi hnh di c mi l ngi di c mi trng m s di chuyn ca h r rng do thin nhin p buc. Xem thm environmental migrant ngi di c mi trng Vic chnh thc t chi cho mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nhp cnh vo mt quc gia. Ti mt s quc gia, cc quan chc ca khu hoc cc c quan chc nng khc c quyn ngn chn khng cho ngi khng phi l cng dn nc mnh nhp cnh; mt s
environmental migrant
ngi di c mi trng
environmentally displaced person
ngi lnh nn do mi trng
exclusion
khng cho nhp cnh
41
Lut Di c quc t
quc gia khc, vic khng cho nhp cnh c quyt nh bi mt thm phn v nhp c sau khi c iu trn. exclusion clauses iu khon loi tr Nhng iu khon php l t chi cc li ch bo h t nn quc t i vi nhng ngi bng cch khc p ng tiu ch ca quy ch t nn. Ti Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn, nhng iu khon loi tr c quy nh ti iu 1D, 1E v 1F. Xem thm cessation clauses iu khon nh ch, war crimes ti c chin tranh du xut cnh Mt du c quan chc ca khu ng ln giy t i li ca mt ngi nu ngy v ni m ngi ri khi lnh th ca quc gia . Xem thm entry stamp du nhp cnh Th thc c cp cho cc c nhn c th thc ht hn m cn phi gia hn trc khi ri khi quc gia . Mt s quc gia cp n loi th thc ny nh th thc bc cu. Xem thm visa th thc Vic di chuyn theo cc nhm (bit lp v khng thng xuyn) ra khi nc gc. Di tn hng lot l mt cuc di chuyn vi s lng ln ngi hoc ca mt b phn cng ng trong mt thi gian c th. Mt ngi sng nc ngoi. Xem thm expatriation t b quc tch, loss of nationality mt quc tch Mt ngi t nguyn rt quyn c tr hoc bn phn ca mnh i vi qu hng t nc ca ngi ; ngi b nc gc ra i sng nc khc. Nu vic ra i vi nh thay i bn phn cng dn ca quc gia ny sang quc gia khc th l s chm dt hon ton cc quyn dn s v chnh tr vo ngy thc hin hnh ng . Xem thm expatriate ngi xa x, loss of nationality mt quc tch
exit stamp
exit visa
th thc xut cnh
exodus
di tn
expatriate
ngi xa x
expatriation
t b quc tch
42
exploitation
bc lt
Hnh vi li dng ai hoc ci g , nh vic li dng mt cch bt cng mt ngi khc cho li ch ring ca mt ngi (v d, bc lt tnh dc, lao ng hoc dch v cng bc, n l hoc cc hnh thc n dch tng t, kh sai hoc vic ct b cc b phn c th). Xem thm bonded labour lao ng l thuc, child exploitation - bc lt tr em, debt bondage l thuc v n, forced/compulsory labour - lao ng cng bc/bt buc, servitude n dch, slavery n l, trafficker, human k bun bn, ngi, trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi Hnh ng ca mt c quan c thm quyn ca mt quc gia nhm m bo a mt hoc nhiu ngi (ngi khng c quc tch nc hoc ngi khng quc tch) ra khi lnh th quc gia tri vi nguyn ca h. Xem thm deportation trc xut, expulsion en masse y ui hng lot, expulsion order lnh y ui, refoulement y tr li, removal chuyn i
expulsion
y ui
expulsion en masse
y ui hng lot Cn gi l y ui tp th vi s lng ln. Vic y ui tp th ngi khng phi l cng dn b cm trong nhiu vn kin lut quc t (iu 4, Ngh nh th 4 ca Cng c chu u nm 1950 v quyn con ngi; iu 12-4, Hin chng chu Phi nm 1981 v cc quyn con ngi v dn tc; iu 22-9, Cng c chu M nm 1969 v quyn con ngi). Theo Ta n nhn quyn chu u, y ui tp th l bt c bin php no p buc mt nhm ngi khng phi l cng dn mt nc phi ri khi t nc , tr khi bin php nh vy c thc hin trn c s xem xt tng trng hp c th mt cch hp l v khch quan i vi tng ngi trong nhm . (Andric v. Sweden, No. 45917/99, 23/02/1999 v Conka v. Belgium, No. 51564/99, 5/02/2002 ti chng 59). y ui hng lot cng c th xy ra khi cc thnh vin ca mt nhm sc tc b a ra khi mt quc gia bt chp vn quc tch. Xem thm expulsion - y ui, expulsion order lnh y ui
43
Lut Di c quc t
expulsion order
lnh y ui
Lnh ca c quan hnh chnh hoc t php ca mt quc gia buc mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc phi ri khi lnh th quc gia . Xem thm deportation - trc xut, expulsion y ui, expulsion en masse y ui hng lot, refoulement y tr li Vic tip tc ko di thi hn mt th thc hay mt quy ch nhp c ngoi thi hn gi tr gc ca n. Nhng ngi chy khi t nc ca h do s bc hi, bo lc, cc tnh hung xung t v trang hoc cc thm ha do thin nhin hoc con ngi gy nn. Nhng ngi ny thng chy nn vi s lng ln. i khi h cng c xem nh ngi t nn trn thc t. Xem thm de facto refugees - ngi t nn trn thc t, displaced person - ngi lnh nn, internally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn trong nc, uprooted people ngi tha hng Vic chuyn giao chnh thc t quc gia ny cho quc gia khc mt ngi b buc ti hoc b kt n v ti danh phm phi ngoi lnh th ca quc gia ny v trong phm vi ti phn ca quc gia kia nhm mc ch xt x v trng pht. Quy trnh dn thng trn c s s kt hp gia lut quc gia, tha thun song phng v trong mt s trng hp theo cng c a phng (nh Cng c chu u nm 1957 v dn ). Xem thm refoulement - y tr li
extension
gia hn
externally ngi lnh nn ra displaced persons nc ngoi
extradition
dn
44
F
facilitated migration di c c to iu thc y hoc khuyn khch di c hp php qua vic to thun li cho i li d dng hn. kin Vic ny c th bng bin php t chc tt quy trnh xt duyt n xin th thc, hoc th tc kim tra hnh khch hiu qu vi i ng nhn vin c o to tt. xt x cng bng mt v xt x bi mt ta n theo nhng nguyn tc th ch (theo lut nh, v t v khng v li) v trnh t th tc (nh tranh tng, xt x cng khai, xt x nhanh chng, trnh vic t buc ti trong cc v n hnh s, tuyn n cng khai v trnh s trng lp). Mi ngi c quyn c xt x cng bng trc php lut. Xem thm due process quy trnh ph hp vi php lut, judgment bn n
fair trial
family members family migration
thnh vin gia nh Xem members of the family - thnh vin gia nh di c gia nh Mt khi nim chung bao gm vic on t gia nh v vic di c ca ton b mt gia nh. Xem thm family reunification/reunion on t gia nh, family unity thng nht gia nh, right to - quyn, members of the family thnh vin gia nh Quy trnh theo cc thnh vin gia nh trc b chia ct qua vic di c cng bc hay t nguyn, c ti hp li ti mt nc m khng phi nc gc ca h. Xem thm dependants - ngi ph thuc, family migration di c gia nh, family unity thng nht gia nh, right to quyn
family reunification/ reunion
on t gia nh
45
Lut Di c quc t
family unity, right quyn thng nht to gia nh
Quyn ca mt gia nh c sinh sng cng nhau v, nh mt n v c bn ca mt x hi, c tn trng, bo v, h tr v gip . Quyn ny khng b gii hn i vi cng dn sinh sng ti quc gia ca h v c bo v bi lut php quc t. (iu 16, Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi; iu 8, Cng c chu u nm 1950 v bo v quyn con ngi v cc quyn t do c bn; iu 16, Hin chng x hi chu u, 1961; iu 17 v 23, Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr; iu 1, Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn kinh t, x hi v vn ha; iu 17, Cng c chu M nm 1969 v quyn con ngi; iu 18 Hin chng chu Phi nm 1981 v con ngi v cc quyn con ngi). N khng bao gm quyn on t gia nh, hoc cng khng l quyn tuyt i chung sng nh mt gia nh ti mt nc do mt ngi la chn, c bit khi cc thnh vin gia nh c th c tr mt nc khc. Xem thm human rights quyn con ngi, family reunification/reunion on t gia nh, members of the family thnh vin gia nh
female genital vic ct b b phn Vic ct b b phn sinh dc khng v l do mutilation (FGM) sinh dc ph n y t, thng c thc hin ngi nh tui. N c th bao gm vic ct b ton b hoc mt phn, ly i cc b phn sinh dc v khu ghp li v cc l do vn ha hoc khng v mc ch cha bnh khc. feminization of migration n gii ha di c S tham gia ngy cng tng ca ph n trong di c (khong 49% ngi di c trn th gii l ph n). Trong khi t l ngi di c l ph n khng thay i nhiu trong nhng thp k qua, nhng vai tr v v tr ca h thay i ng k. Ph n ngy nay dng nh di c c lp hn so vi vic nh l thnh vin ca h gia nh, v h tham gia tch cc vo lnh vc vic lm.
46
S gia tng ca ph n di c a n cc hnh thc di c d b tn thng c trng v gii, bao gm vic di c b thng mi ha ca lao ng gip vic gia nh v chm sc ngi cao tui, vic di c v bun bn ph n cho cng nghip tnh dc, di c c t chc cho kt hn qua mi gii. Do c im khng th iu tit c ca mt s loi hnh vic lm ny, nn ph n thng c nguy c b bc lt cao hn. first country of asylum nc t nn u tin Nc u tin ngoi nc gc m mt ngi t nn hoc mt ngi lnh nn c hng hoc c kh nng c hng s bo v. Khi nim nc t nn u tin thng c s dng nh mt iu kin tip cn cc th tc quyt nh quy ch t nn. Xem thm asylum (territorial) t nn (lnh th), Dublin II Regulation Quy tc Dulin II, refugee ngi t nn, right of asylum quyn t nn, safe third country nc th ba an ton L quc gia m mt tu thuyn mang quc tch. Quc gia m tu thuyn mang c c trch nhim bo m rng tu thuyn mang c ca quc gia phi tn trng cc ngha v theo lut tp qun quc t. Xem thm high seas bin c, rescue at sea cu h trn bin, vessel tu thuyn Tt c cc cng vic hoc dch v m mt ngi b p buc phi lm di s e da bng bt k hnh pht no v l cc cng vic v dch v m ngi khng t nguyn (iu 2(1), Cng c ILO s 29 nm 1930 v lao ng cng bc). Xem thm child labour lao ng tr em, coercion s p buc Trong lut xung t v trang, l s di chuyn ca c nhn hay tp th thng dn bn trong mt lnh th b chim ng. Trong thut ng ca iu 49, Cng c Geneva nm 1949 v bo v thng dn trong thi gian chin tranh v iu 85, Ngh nh th nm 1977 b sung
flag State
quc gia m tu thuyn mang c
forced/compulsory lao ng cng labour bc/bt buc
forced displacement
lnh nn cng bc
47
Lut Di c quc t
cho Cng c Geneva ngy 12/8/1949 lin quan n vic bo v nn nhn ca cc cuc xung t v trang, cng bc lnh nn to thnh mt ti c chin tranh, tr khi n c chng minh bi nhng l do qun s cp bch. Trong ngha chung hn, lnh nn cng bc hoc lnh nn l vic di chuyn khng t nguyn, ca c nhn hay tp th, nhng ngi ra khi t nc hoc cng ng ca h, ch yu vi nhng l do xung t v trang, bt n x hi, hoc cc thm ha do thin nhin hoc con ngi to nn. Xem thm displaced person ngi lnh nn, displacement lnh nn, externally displaced persons ngi lnh nn ra nc ngoi, internally displaced persons ngi lnh nn trong nc forced marriage kt hn cng bc Cuc kt hn b dn xp tri vi mong mun ca mt ngi. Thng thng mt khon hi mn c tr cho gia nh; v thng c nhng hu qu v s lm dng hay bo lc khi t chi. Xem thm coercion p buc Hot ng di c trong c tn ti yu t p buc, bao gm cc mi e da i vi mng sng v ngun sng xut pht t cc nguyn nhn t nhin hoc do con ngi (v d, s di chuyn ca ngi t nn v ngi lnh nn trong nc cng nh nhng ngi b buc phi di di do cc thm ha thin nhin hoc mi trng, thm ha ha hc hoc ht nhn, nn i hoc cc d n pht trin). Xem thm coercion p buc, internally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn trong nc, refugee - ngi t nn Xem involuntary repatriation - hi hng khng t nguyn Vic di di khng t nguyn nhng c nhn hoc nhng nhm ngi trong phm vi ti phn ca mt quc gia ra khi ni thng tr ca h nh mt phn chnh sch ca chnh ph.
forced migration
di c cng bc
forced repatriation forced resettlement/ relocation
hi hng cng bc ti nh c/ ti b tr cng bc
48
forced return
tr v cng bc
Vic bt buc mt c nhn tr v nc gc, nc qu cnh hoc mt nc th ba, trn c s mt hnh ng hnh chnh hoc t php. Xem thm deportation - trc xut, expulsion - y ui, involuntary repatriation - hi hng khng t nguyn, refoulement - y tr li, repatriation - hi hng, return - tr v, voluntary repatriation - hi hng t nguyn, voluntary return - tr v t nguyn Mt ngi thuc v, hoc c ngha v, bn phn i vi mt quc gia khc. Xem thm non-national ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn, third-country national cng dn nc th ba Vic phn nh sai s tht hoc che du mt thc t quan trng nhm t li ch no . Bt c giy t i li hoc giy t nhn thn no c ngy to hoc sa i bi bt c ai khng phi l ngi hoc c quan c thm quyn php l thay mt mt quc gia lp ra hoc cp cc giy t ; hoc l cc giy t c cp khng ng quy nh hoc giy t c c thng qua khai sai s tht, tham nhng hoc cng p hoc qua bt c hnh thc phi php no khc, hoc c s dng bi ngi khng phi chnh ngi c cp giy t (iu 3(c), Ngh nh th LHQ chng vic a ngi di c bt hp php qua ng b, ng bin v ng khng; b sung Cng c LHQ nm 2000 v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia). Trong bi cnh di c rng hn, nhng giy t ny cn bao gm nhng chng ch o to gi mo lin quan n vic cng nhn bng cp v chng ch chuyn mn cng nh giy t gi mo lin quan n vic tuyn dng nh s yu l lch v giy gii thiu ca ch s dng lao ng. Xem thm deception la o, identity document - giy t ty thn, travel documents - giy t i li
foreigner
ngi nc ngoi
fraud fraudulent document
s gian ln giy t gi mo
49
Lut Di c quc t
freedom of movement
t do i li
mt quyn con ngi c to nn bi ba yu t c bn: t do di chuyn trong lnh th mt nc (iu 13(1), Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi: Mi ngi c quyn t do i li v c tr trong bin gii ca mi quc gia.); quyn ri bt c nc no v quyn c tr v t nc mnh (iu 13 (2), Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi: Mi ngi c quyn ri bt c nc no, k c nc mnh, v tr v nc mnh.). Cng c th tm thy ti iu 12, Cng c quc t v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr. Quyn t do i li cng c cp trong cc tha thun gia cc quc gia cp khu vc (Lin minh chu u). Xem thm human rights quyn con ngi, right to leave - quyn ra i, right to return - quyn tr v, Schengen Agreement and Convention Cng c v Tha thun Schengen Xem border - bin gii Mt ngi lao ng nhp c vn duy tr ni thng tr ca mnh ti mt quc gia lng ging m ngi c th tr v hng ngy hoc t nht mi tun mt ln (iu 2(2) (a), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca lao ng nhp c v cc thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm economic migrant ngi di c kinh t, itinerant worker ngi lao ng lu ng, migrant worker ngi lao ng nhp c Quan im cho rng trong phm vi rng ca quyn con ngi, mt s quyn c khng nh l c ngha c bit khi xem xt n phm gi v gi tr ca con ngi, cc quyn bnh ng nam n, thc y cc tin b x hi v nng cao mc sng. Quan im ny xut pht t tnh khng th hn ch ca mt s quyn. Do vy, iu 4 (1) Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr cho php c s hn ch mt s quyn trong thi im c tnh hung khn cp cng cng e da s tn vong ca dn tc nhng nghim
50
frontier frontier worker
bin gii ngi lao ng vng bin
fundamental human rights
cc quyn con ngi c bn
cm bt c s hn ch no i vi cc quyn nu ti iu 6 (quyn c sng), iu 7 (tra tn), 8 (1) v (2) (n l v n dch), 11 (tng giam do vi phm ngha v hp ng), 15 (khng hi t trch nhim hnh s), 16 (c cng nhn bt c u nh l mt th nhn trc php lut) v 18 (t do t tng, lng tm v tn gio). Xu hng coi tt c cc quyn con ngi l ph bin, khng th chia tch, ph thuc ln nhau v lin quan vi nhau, cn c xem xt mt cch hp l v cng bng, trn cng mt nn tng v c coi trng nh nhau. Xem thm human rights - cc quyn con ngi, non-derogable human rights cc quyn con ngi khng th hn ch, prohibition of torture - cm tra tn, slavery - n l, torture - tra tn
51
Lut Di c quc t
G
gender gii cp n hng lot cc vai tr, trch nhim, hn ch, c hi v c quyn c li ca nam v n trong bt k bi cnh no. Nhng thuc tnh ny c bit n v do x hi xy dng ln, c th thay i theo thi gian v khc nhau trong v gia cc nn vn ha. Khi nim v gii c tnh quan h v khng ch cp mt cch gin n n nam hoc n m c quan h gia nam v n. Bt k hnh ng no gy ra, hoc c th gy ra, s tn hi v th cht, sinh l hay tm l, hoc gy au kh cho mt ngi do gii tnh ca h, bao gm s e da, p buc hoc tc quyn t do mt cch ty tin, bt k xy ra ni cng cng hay trong cuc sng ring t. Xem iu 1 Tuyn ngn nm 1993 v xa b bo lc i vi ph n. Xem thm violence against women - bo lc chng li ph n Ngun ca lut quc t bao gm nhng nguyn tc p dng chung cho cc h thng php lut quc gia khc nhau v c chuyn i vo trong trt t lut php quc t. Xem thm customary law, international lut tp qun, quc t, international law (public) lut quc t (cng php) Bt c hnh ng no sau y c thc hin vi hy dit, ton b hoc mt phn, mt cng ng dn tc, sc tc, chng tc hoc tn gio, nh: git hi cc thnh vin ca cng ng , gy nhng nguy hi nghim trng v th cht v tinh thn i vi cc thnh vin ca cng ng ; c tn cng cc iu kin sng ca cng ng vi mc ch hy dit trn thc t c cng ng hoc tng b phn; p t cc bin php nhm ngn chn sinh sn trong cng ng ; cng p chuyn giao tr em trong cng ng cho mt cng ng
gender based violence
bo lc gii
general principles nhng nguyn tc of international chung ca lut law quc t
genocide
dit chng
52
khc. (iu II, Cng c, nm 1948 v ngn chn v trng pht ti c dit chng, iu 6 Quy ch Rome nm 1998 ca Ta n hnh s quc t). Xem thm crime, international tc c, quc t, crimes against humanity ti c chng nhn loi, universal jurisdiction quyn ti phn ph qut genuine and stable hn nhn xc thc marriage v n nh Mt cuc hn nhn c mt vin chc lnh s hoc di c kt lun l xc thc khi cuc hn nhn ny c cc bn xy dng vi nh duy tr trn c s lu di v ring bit, v s n nh do n s tn ti. Ti mt s quc gia, nu cc vin chc khng th kt lun liu mt cuc hn nhn c th c xy dng vi nh duy tr trn c s lu di v ring bit hay khng, th mc nh cuc hn nhn l xc thc, tr phi c bng chng ngc li. Mt qu trnh tng tc v hi nhp gia con ngi, cc tp on v chnh ph ca cc nc khc nhau; mt qu trnh c dn dt bi thng mi v u t quc t, v c h tr ca cng ngh thng tin. Qu trnh ton cu ha c nhng tc ng n mi trng, vn ha, h thng chnh tr, pht trin kinh t v thnh vng, hnh phc ca con ngi trong x hi. Mt trng thi tm l biu th s trung thc i vi nim tin hoc mc ch, khng c nh la gt hoc tm kim li th khng hp l. Xem thm bona fide s trung thc, legitimate chn chnh, mala fide bt tn H thng cc th ch, khung php l, c ch v thc tin nhm iu tit hot ng di c v bo v ngi di c. S dng gn nh ng ngha vi thut ng qun l di c, tuy nhin qun l di c cng c lc c s dng cp n nhng hnh ng hp hn nh vic iu tit di chuyn qua li bin gii ti cp quc gia. Xem thm migration management qun l di c, orderly migration di c trt t
globalization
ton cu ha
good faith
thin
governance of migration
iu tit di c
53
Lut Di c quc t
green border
bin gii xanh
Thut ng dng ch bin gii trn b ca mt quc gia nm gia cc trm kim sot. ng bin gii thy (sng hoc b bin) cng c th c ch bng khi nim bin gii xanh. Xem thm border - bin gii, checkpoint ca khu Mt loi th chng minh nhn thn do Chnh ph Hoa K cp cho nhng ngi khng phi l cng dn Hoa K c hng quy ch thng tr nhn Hoa K. Th ny cng c gi l Th thng tr, v l bng chng ca mt ngi khng c quc tch Hoa K thng tr hp php c quyn sng v lm vic lu di ti Hoa K. Mt ngi c th tiu chun c Th xanh qua tuyn dng vic lm hoc s bo lnh ca thnh vin gia nh l cng dn hoc thng tr nhn. Ngoi quyn c sng v lm vic ti Hoa K, ngi mang Th xanh cn c php ra nc ngoi trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh, c quyn xin nhp quc tch Hoa K sau mt thi gian, v quyn n xin mt th nh vy cho v/ chng v con di 21 tui cha kt hn. Xem thm permanent residence thng tr Cc nh ngha c nu trong lut hoc cc quy nh v di c a ra cc l do m nhng ngi khng phi l cng dn c th b cm nhp cnh vo quc gia . Thm ch khi mt ngi theo cch no c iu kin c cp th thc hoc cc quy ch nhp cnh khc, nhng nu ngi ri vo mt trong nhng c s khng chp thun cho nhp cnh, th th thc hoc quy ch s b ph nhn. Cc c s khng chp thun cho nhp cnh c xy dng ch yu ngn vic nhp cnh ca nhng ngi nc ngoi khng c hoan nghnh nh nhng ngi khng c giy t i li hp l, nhng ngi b kt n hnh s, nhng ngi c cho l mi nguy him i vi sc khe hoc an ninh cng cng, nhng ngi b trc xut trc . Xem thm rejected applicant ng n b t chi, waiver - min
green card
th xanh
grounds of inadmissibility
c s khng chp thun cho nhp cnh
54
guarantee
bo m
Mt tha thun chu trch nhim v ngha v hay khon n ca ngi khc khi ngi khng th tr n hoc thc hin ngha v. Trong bi cnh di c, mt quc gia c th yu cu ngi khng phi l cng dn xin nhp cnh vo quc gia phi bo m rng s xut cnh khi ht thi gian lu tr. Xem thm affidavit (of support) - tuyn th bo lnh, bond tin t cc, sponsorship ti tr Ngi c thm quyn v trch nhim php l i vi vic trng nom mt con ngi hoc qun l ti sn ca mt ngi khc, thng l do ngi b thiu nng, khuyt tt hoc hin l v thnh nin. Ngi gim h cng c th c ch nh cho tt c cc mc ch hoc ch cho mt mc ch c th. Nhn chung c xem l ngi di c v mc ch kinh t c tuyn dng vi thi gian cht ch v c tr v lm vic. Thut ng ny t nhiu cp mt cch hn ch i vi cc dng di c trong nhng thp k 50 v 60 ca th k trc, v nay khng cn s dng. Xem thm economic migrant ngi di c kinh t, migrant worker ngi lao ng di c
guardian
ngi gim h
guest worker
ngi lao ng l khch mi
55
Lut Di c quc t
H
habeas corpus lnh nh quyn giam gi Hnh ng trc ta n nhm kim tra tnh hp php ca vic giam gi hoc b t. Ngoi vic s dng kim tra tnh hp php ca mt vic bt gi hay tng giam, lnh c th c s dng xem xt tnh hp thc ca mt quy trnh dn , quyn v s lng tin ng th ti ngoi, hoc thm quyn xt x ca mt ta n p t mt n pht hnh s. Mt a im trong mt t nc, ni m mt ngi sng v l ni m ngi thng dnh thi gian ngh ngi hng ngy. Xem thm country of habitual/usual residence - nc c tr thng xuyn, domicile - nguyn qun, internal migration di c trong nc Theo Li ni u ca Hin chng T chc Y t th gii (1946), sc khe l tnh trng ton din v th cht, tinh thn v x hi, khng ch l tnh trng khng c bnh hoc m yu. Trong lnh vc di c, cng vic ny nhm gim thiu v qun l tt hn nhng tc ng y t ca vic di chuyn dn c i vi cc nc tip nhn cng nh to iu kin ha nhp ca ngi nhp c thng qua vic pht hin v qun l vi chi ph hiu qu i vi cc iu kin sc khe v h s y t. Vic nh gi y t trc khi xut cnh mang li c hi ci thin sc khe ca nhng ngi di c c tr gip nhm to c hi bt u cc bin php can thip phng v cha bnh v nu khng c iu tr th s c tc ng tiu cc i vi tnh trng sc khe ca ngi di c v/hoc y t cng cng ca cng ng nc tip nhn. C hi mt bn trnh by hoc nghe v mt v vic trc mt phin ta.
habitual/usual residence
ni c tr thng xuyn
health
sc khe
health assessment nh gi y t
hearing
iu trn
56
high seas
bin c
Tt c cc phn ca bin khng nm trong vng c quyn kinh t, vng tip gip, lnh hi v ni thy ca mt quc gia, hoc khng nm trong vng nc gia cc o ca mt quc gia qun o. Vng bin trong khi nim bin c khng thuc ch quyn lnh th ca bt k quc gia no. Vic kim sot c thc hin trn bin c l nhng cuc kim tra trn tu ca quc gia m tu mang c hoc cc cuc kim tra trong cuc chin chng cc hot ng b nghim cm ngoi bin c (nh chuyn ch n l, bun bn ngi, cp bin, vn chuyn bt hp php ma ty, cht gy nghin, truy ui st, bun lu). Xem contiguous zone khu vc tip gip, flag State quc gia m tu thuyn mang c, immigration zone khu vc nhp c, territorial sea lnh hi Trong khi cha c nh ngha c chp thun chung cp quc t, c hai cch hiu trng khp nhau. Thut ng chung nht ch ngi di c tay ngh cao l ngi c trnh hc vn i hc hoc cao ng, thng l ngi trng thnh hon thnh t nht 2 nm sau gio dc trung hc. Theo mt cch hiu c th hn, ngi di c tay ngh cao l ngi c c chuyn mn cn thit lm mt ngh, k c qua gio dc i hc hay cao ng hoc qua kinh nghim ngh nghip. Xem thm skilled migrant ngi di c lnh ngh, qualified national cng dn c trnh Mt c s cho nhng ngi xin t nn hoc ngi di c tri php tm thi ngay khi h ti mt quc gia tip nhn trong thi gian xem xt quy ch ca h. Trn thc t, nhng c s ny thng l mt trung tm giam gi. Cn c bit n nh mt trung tm tip nhn. Xem country of destination nc n, receiving country - nc tip nhn, State of employment quc gia lm vic
highly skilled/ qualified migrant
ngi di c c trnh /tay ngh cao
holding centre
trung tm tm gi
host country
nc ch nh
57
Lut Di c quc t
human rights
cc quyn con ngi
Theo cc gi tr ng i c chp nhn, l s t do v li ch da trn phm gi ca con ngi m mi ngi c th i hi nh quyn trong x hi m h sng. Cc quyn ny c ghi trong Lut quc t v quyn con ngi, bao gm Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi v cc Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn kinh t, x hi v vn ha; v Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr v c pht trin bi cc iu c khc t cc iu c ct li ny (nh Cng c nm 1990 v bo v ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm civil and political rights quyn dn s v chnh tr, economic, social and cultural rights quyn kinh t, vn ha v x hi, fundamental human rights cc quyn con ngi c bn, protection of minorities bo v nhm thiu s, sovereignty ch quyn Khi nim lin quan n an ninh c nhn nhm tng cng vic bo v nhn phm, s thnh vng v kinh t v x hi, an ton v th cht v cc quyn con ngi. Cc nc thnh vin Lin hp quc ra tuyn b v tm quan trng ca vn an ninh con ngi ti Hi ngh thng nh tri t nm 2005 nh sau: Chng ta nhn mnh quyn ca con ngi c sng trong t do v nhn phm, khng b ngho i v tuyt vng. Chng ta cng nhn rng mi c nhn, c bit l nhng ngi d b tn thng, c quyn khng s hi v khng thiu thn, c c hi nh nhau tha hng tt c cc quyn v pht trin ton din nhng kh nng ca mnh. Xem thm empowerment trao quyn, protection bo v Xem trafficker, human - k bun bn ngi S tr gip gii quyt cc nhu cu ca cc c nhn do tc ng ca khng hong. Trch nhim u tin thuc v quc gia nhng c s gip ca cc t chc quc t, t chc phi chnh ph (NGOs) v T chc Ch thp , Li lim . S gip ny c cung
human security
an ninh con ngi
human trafficker humanitarian assistance
k bun ngi gip nhn o
58
cp ph hp vi cc nguyn tc nhn o, c bit l nhng nguyn tc v con ngi (nhng ngi chu au kh phi c gip bt c u, vi s quan tm c bit i vi nhng ngi d b tn thng nht trong cng ng nh tr em, ph n, ngi cao tui; nhn phm v cc quyn ca nn nhn phi c tn trng v bo v); nguyn tc trung lp (tr gip nhn o khng lin quan n tnh trng th ch, hoc ng v mt bn trong cc tranh chp v chnh tr, tn gio hay t tng); v nguyn tc khng thin v (tr gip nhn o phi c cung cp khng c s phn bit i vi ngun gc dn tc, gii tnh, quc tch, chnh kin, chng tc hoc tn gio. Vic tr gip nhng ngi chu au kh ch c hng n nhng ngi c nhu cu v u tin nhng trng hp him ngho khn cp nht). Xem thm humanitarian law (international) lut nhn o (quc t), humanitarian principles - cc nguyn tc nhn o humanitarian law lut nhn o (international) (quc t) Vi ngha hn ch nht, l nhng quy tc ca lut php quc t c xy dng ch yu nhm bo v cc c nhn trong thi gian xung t v trang. Vi ngha chung hn, n l mt t ng ngha vi lut xung t v trang. Bn Cng c Geneva nm 1949 v hai Ngh nh th b sung nm 1977 l nhng ngun chnh ca lut nhn o quc t. Xem thm humanitarian assistance gip nhn o, humanitarian principles cc nguyn tc nhn o Cc tiu chun o c p dng cho tt c cc nh hot ng nhn o m nn mng hot ng ca h da trn lut quc t v nhn o v nhn quyn v mu cu bo v tnh ton vn ca hot ng nhn o . Tuyn b r rng u tin v cc nguyn tc nhn o c th tm thy trong Cc nguyn tc c bn ca Hi Ch thp v Li lim thng qua nm 1965.
humanitarian principles
cc nguyn tc nhn o
59
Lut Di c quc t
Xem thm human rights quyn con ngi, humanitarian assistance gip nhn o, humanitarian law (international) lut nhn o (quc t), non-discrimination khng phn bit i x
60
I
identity document giy t ty thn Mt loi giy t do nh chc trch c thm quyn ca mt quc gia cp xc nhn nhn thn ca ngi mang n. Xem thm arrival/departure card phiu nhp/xut cnh, birth certificate giy khai sinh, passport - h chiu, travel documents giy t i li Xem irregular migrant - ngi di c tri php, undocumented migrant ngi di c khng giy t
illegal alien
ngi ngoi quc bt hp php
illegal entry
nhp cnh bt hp Hnh ng vt qua bin gii khng tun th cc yu cu cn thit cho vic nhp cnh hp php php vo quc gia tip nhn. (iu 3, Ngh nh th ca Lin hp quc v chng a ngi di c tri php qua ng b, ng bin v ng hng khng, b sung Cng c Lin hp quc nm 2000 v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia). Xem thm irregular migration - di c tri php, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t, smuggling a ngi tri php, unauthorized/unlawful entry/admission nhp cnh/chp thun cho nhp cnh tri php/khng ng thm quyn ngi di c bt hp Xem irregular migrant - ngi di c tri php, php undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t di c bt hp php Xem irregular migration - di c tri php ngi nhp c nhp c Mt ngi thc hin vic nhp c. Xem thm emigrant ngi xut c Qu trnh nhng ngi khng phi cng dn ca quc gia tip nhn di chuyn ti quc gia vi mc ch nh c. Xem thm brain drain chy mu cht xm, emigration - xut c
61
illegal migrant
illegal migration immigrant immigration
Lut Di c quc t
immigration liaison officer
s quan lin lc nhp c
L i din ca mt quc gia lm nhim v nc ngoi nhm gp phn vo vic ngn chn v u tranh vi di c tri php, v a tr li nhng ngi di c tri php.
immigration quota immigration status
hn ngch nhp c Hn ngch i vi vic nhp cnh ca ngi nhp c do mt quc gia thit lp, thng vi mc ch di c lao ng. quy ch nhp c Quy ch ca mt ngi di c theo lut nhp c ca nc ch nh. Xem thm change of status thay i quy ch, migration management qun l di c L khu vc bin c v lnh th t lin ca mt quc gia trong lut nhp c ca quc gia c p dng (cn c gi l khu vc di c). Xem thm high seas bin c, interception ngn chn Dng trong bi cnh nhn quyn, n biu th c tnh ca mt quyn ca c nhn khng th b ly i, hoc chuyn giao, chuyn nhng hoc t b. Mt qu trnh nhm cho php v t c s tham gia y ca mi ngi vo cuc sng kinh t, vn ha, x hi v chnh tr ca mt cng ng hay mt x hi nht nh. Mc d cha c nh ngha thng nht chung nhng tng v mt x hi bao gm tt c da trn c s tn trng quyn con ngi v cc quyn t do c bn, s a dng v vn ha v tn ngng, cng l x hi v nhng nhu cu c bit ca cc nhm d b tn thng v bt li, vic tham gia mt cch dn ch v tn trng lut php (Chng 4, im 66 Tuyn b ca Hi ngh thng nh Lin hp quc nm 1995 v pht trin x hi). Xem thm assimilation ng ha, integration hi nhp
immigration zone khu vc nhp c
inalienable
khng th chuyn giao
inclusion
s bao gm
62
individual migration
di c ring l
Trng hp nhng ngi di c theo c nhn hoc gia nh. Di c ring l thng l t tc, hoc c ngun ti tr t cc c nhn, t chc hay Chnh ph, ngc li vi cc chng trnh di c hng lot. Xem thm mass/collective migration - di c hng lot/tp th Vic n mt quc gia mt cch t ngt vi s lng ln nhng ngi khng phi cng dn ca quc gia . Xem thm mass/collective migration - di c hng lot/tp th Vic i x gy ra s au n nghim trng v th xc v tinh thn. Hnh ng ny vi phm cc quyn con ngi (iu 7, Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr,) v vi phm lut hnh s quc t (Cng c nm 1984 v chng tra tn, i x v trng pht mt cch tn c, phi nhn tnh hoc h thp nhn phm; Cng c Geneva 1949, iu 3). Xem thm torture tra tn Lnh ca ta n yu cu thc hin hay ngn chn mt hnh ng. c c lnh ny, ngi khiu ni phi chng minh khng c mt gii php n gin, thch hp v y no khc theo lut v iu s dn n s tn thng khng th b p tr khi c tr gip. Mt vn bn chnh thc hay mt vn bn quy phm php lut nh hp ng hay iu c. Trong trng hp ph chun, chp nhn, thng qua hay gia nhp mt iu c, vn kin l ti liu xc nhn s nht tr rng buc ca mt quc gia vi iu c . Xem thm ratification ph chun Mc d thut ng ny c s dng v hiu mt cch khc bit gia cc nc v trong cc bi cnh khc nhau, nhng hi nhp c th nh ngha l qu trnh ngi nhp c c chp nhn vo trong x hi, k c nh nhng c nhn hay nhng nhm ngi. N cp
influx
dng nhp c
inhumane treatment
i x phi nhn tnh
injunction
lnh ca ta
instrument
vn kin
integration
hi nhp
63
Lut Di c quc t
chung n mt quy trnh thch nghi 2 chiu ca ngi di c v x hi nc ch nh trong khi cc yu cu c th c chp nhn vo x hi nc ch nh khc nhau theo tng quc gia. Hi nhp khng hon ton c ngha l nh c di hn. Tuy nhin n bao hm vic xem xt cc quyn v ngha v ca ngi di c v x hi nc ch nh, vic tip cn cc dch v v th trng lao ng, vic tn trng mt lot gi tr c bn bt buc vi ngi di c v cng ng nc ch nh v mc ch chung. Hi nhp s ti l mt trong ba gii php lu bn gii quyt s phn nhng ngi t nn. Hi nhp cng c p dng i vi nn nhn ca bun bn ngi v tr em khng c ngi i km. Xm thm acculturation - tip bin vn ha, assimilation s ng ha, cultural orientation nh hng vn ha, culture vn ha, durable solution gii php lu bn, inclusion s bao gm, reintegration ti ha nhp, reintegration (cultural) ti ha nhp (vn ha), reintegration (economic) ti ha nhp (kinh t), reintegration (social) ti ha nhp (x hi), resettlement ti nh c, voluntary repatriation hi hng t nguyn interception ngn chn Mi bin php c mt quc gia p dng bn ngoi lnh th quc gia mnh ngn chn, lm gin on hoc dng vic di chuyn ca nhng ngi khng giy t qua bin gii ti quc gia theo ng b, ng bin hay ng hng khng. Xem thm country of destination - nc n Xem child adoption (international) nhn con nui (quc t) S di chuyn ngi t ni ny sang ni khc trong mt t nc nhm to lp mt ni c tr mi. Vic di c ny c th l tm thi hoc lu di. Ngi di c trong nc di chuyn nhng vn trong phm vi nc gc (v d t nng thn ra thnh th).
inter-country adoption
nui con nui lin quc gia
internal migration di c trong nc
64
Xem thm de facto refugees - ngi t nn trn thc t, habitual/usual residence ni c tr thng xuyn, internally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn trong nc, international migration - di c quc t, rural-rural migrants ngi di c nng thn nng thn, ruralurban migrants ngi di c nng thn - thnh th, urban-rural migrants ngi di c thnh th - nng thn v, urban-urban migrants ngi di c thnh th - thnh th internally ngi lnh nn displaced persons/ trong nc IDPs Nhng ngi hoc nhm ngi b buc phi chy trn hay ri b nh ca hoc ni c tr thng xuyn ca h do hu qu hoc trnh cc cuc xung t v trang, cc tnh trng bo lc gia tng, vi phm quyn con ngi, cc thm ha do thin nhin hoc con ngi gy ra, v nhng ngi ny cha vt qua bin gii ca mt quc gia c quc t cng nhn (Quy tc hng dn v lnh nn trong nc, Ti liu Lin Hp Quc E/CN.4/1998/53/ Add.2). Xem thm de facto refugees ngi t nn trn thc t, displaced person - ngi lnh nn, externally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn ra nc ngoi, uprooted people ngi tha hng Cng hng khng do quc gia ch nh trong lnh th ca mnh l ga n v i ca giao thng hng khng quc t, ni thc hin cc th tc lin quan n hi quan, nhp c, y t cng cng, kim dch ng, thc vt v cc th tc tng t khc. (Ph lc 9 ca Cng c nm 1944 v Hng khng dn dng quc t) H tr do cng ng quc t cung cp nh gip bng hin vt, ng gp ti chnh v cc dch v ca nhn vin c o to. Cc nguyn tc php l chi phi quan h gia cc ch th ca lut quc t. Lut quan h quc t hin hnh khng ch bao gm cc quc gia m cn c cc bn tham gia khc nh cc t chc quc t v thm ch cc c
international airport
cng hng khng quc t
international assistance international law (public)
h tr quc t
lut quc t (cng php)
65
Lut Di c quc t
nhn (nh nhng ngi ku gi nhn quyn hoc phm ti c chin tranh). Cn c gi l lut ca cc quc gia, lut cng php quc t, v trc y cn gi l jus gentium Lut quc t (La-tinh). Xem thm customary law, international lut tp qun, quc t, subject of international law ch th ca lut quc t international migration di c quc t S di chuyn ca nhng ngi ri nc gc hoc nc c tr thng xuyn to lp cuc sng mi ti nc khc, k c tm thi hoc lu di. V th h phi vt qua mt bin gii quc t. Xem thm internal migration - di c trong nc Cc tiu chun v nguyn tc quc t lin quan n di c bt ngun t ch quyn quc gia nh quyn chp thun, giam gi v trc xut ngi di c, quyn u tranh chng bun bn ngi v a ngi tri php, quyn bo v bin gii, quyn trao quc tch v t cc vn kin v quyn con ngi. Hai nhn t ny to nn nhng tr ct chnh ca lut di c quc t. Cc vn kin ca lut di c quc t tri rng trong nhiu nhnh ca lut, nh lut v quyn con ngi, lut nhn o, lut lao ng, lut t nn, lut lnh s, lut thng mi v lut hng hi. Xem thm international law (public) lut quc t (cng php), migration di c Tiu chun m nhng ngi khng phi l cng dn mt nc c hng li t mt lot cc quyn c quyt nh trc tip bi lut cng php quc t, hoc mt cch c lp t cc quyn theo quyt nh ring ca quc gia ni m ngi ang hin din. Mt quc gia c yu cu phi tun theo cc tiu chun ti thiu theo lut php quc t trong vic i x vi ngi khng phi l cng dn mnh trn lnh th quc gia (hoc ti sn ca h), (v d nh vic t chi s cng
international migration law
lut di c quc t
international minimum standard
tiu chun quc t ti thiu
66
bng, chm tr khng chnh ng hoc cn tr vic tip cn ta n l vi phm cc tiu chun quc t ti thiu theo quy nh ca lut quc t). Trong mt s trng hp, mc bo v theo tiu chun quc t ti thiu c th cao hn tiu chun m quc gia dnh cho cng dn ca mnh. Xem thm national treatment - i x quc gia, right to leave quyn ra i international protection interview bo v quc t phng vn Xem de facto protection - bo v trn thc t, protection - bo v Qu trnh thm vn v ni chuyn vi mt ngi thu thp thng tin hoc xc nh phm cht c nhn ca ngi . Phng vn l mt bc ph bin trong vic xt duyt cc n xin t nn hoc cc qui ch nhp c khc. Xem thm adjudicator - ngi xt duyt, application n ngh, primary inspection kim tra bc 1, secondary inspection - kim tra bc 2 Mt ngi lm cng cho mt cng ty c tm thi chuyn n chi nhnh ca cng ty nc ngoi (chi nhnh, cng ty con, vn phng, lin doanh).
intra-corporate transferee
ngi di chuyn trong cng ty
involuntary repatriation
hi hng khng t Vic hi hng nhng ngi t nn, t nhn chin tranh hoc nhng ngi b giam gi nguyn dn s v nc gc ca h gy ra nhng hu qu nhng khng c s la chn no khc. Do hi hng l mt quyn c nhn (khng ging nh y ui hay trc xut ch yu thuc quyn ch quyn ca quc gia), nn s l khng chnh ng i vi quc gia m ngi mang quc tch hay quc gia ngi c tr tm thi, hoc b giam gi, khi buc ngi c t cch phi hi hng tri vi nguyn ca h, bt k h l ngi t nn hay t nhn chin tranh hay ngi b giam gi dn s. Theo lut quc t hin hnh, cc t nhn chin tranh, ngi b giam gi dn s hay ngi t nn t chi hi hng, c bit v l do lo ngi n p chnh tr trong nc, cn
67
Lut Di c quc t
c bo v khng b y tr li v, nu c th, c thu xp ni c tr tm thi hoc lu di. Xem thm deportation - trc xut, expulsion - y ui, forced return - tr v cng bc, refoulement - y tr li, repatriation - hi hng, return - tr v, voluntary repatriation - hi hng t nguyn, voluntary return - tr v t nguyn irregular migrant ngi di c tri php L ngi, do nhp cnh bt hp php, vi phm mt iu kin nhp cnh hoc ht hn th thc, khng c quy ch hp php nc qu cnh hoc nc ch nh. nh ngha ny bao gm c nhng ngi nhp cnh hp php vo mt quc gia qu cnh hay nc ch nh nhng li qu thi hn cho php hoc lm vic khng c php (cn gi l ngi di c ln lt/khng giy t hoc ngi di c trong tnh trng tri php). Thut ng tri php c s dng nhiu hn l bt hp php v bt hp php mang mt ngha phm ti v c xem nh bc b quyn ca ngi di c. Xem thm clandestine migration - di c ln lt, documented migrant - ngi di c giy t, illegal entry - nhp cnh bt hp php, irregular migration - di c tri php, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t S di chuyn khng ph hp vi cc quy nh ca nc gc, nc qu cnh v nc tip nhn. Khng c nh ngha r rng c chp nhn rng ri v di c tri php. T gc nhn ca nc tip nhn, l vic nhp cnh, lu tr hoc lm vic ti mt quc gia m khng c giy php cn thit hoc giy t yu cu theo cc quy nh nhp c. T gc nhn ca nc gc, di c tri php c th c nhn nhn trong trng hp mt ngi vt bin m khng c h chiu hay giy t i li hp l hoc khng thc hin y cc yu cu v th tc hnh chnh ra khi t nc. Tuy nhin, khuynh hng hin nay hn ch s dng thut ng di c bt hp php illegal migration i vi cc trng hp a ngi di c tri php qua bin gii v bun bn ngi.
68
irregular migration
di c tri php
Xem thm clandestine migration - di c ln lt, irregular migrant - ngi di c tri php, regular migration - di c c php, unauthorized/unlawful entry/admission nhp cnh/chp thun cho nhp cnh tri php/khng ng thm quyn, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t, undocumented migrant workers/migrant workers workers in an irregular situation ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php itinerant worker ngi lao ng lu Ngi lao ng di c c ni thng tr mt quc gia nhng phi i n mt hoc nhiu ng quc gia khc trong khong thi gian ngn do tnh cht ngh nghip ca ngi (iu 2(2) (e), Cng c quc t nm 2000 v bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng di c v cc thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm frontier workers- ngi lao ng vng bin, migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c
69
Lut Di c quc t
J
judgement bn n l quyt nh cui cng ca ta n v cc quyn v ngha v ca cc bn trong mt v n. Xem thm fair trial xt x cng bng Mt quyn lc ca ta n c bi b hiu lc cc hnh ng lp php v hnh php tri vi hin php v php lut; vic ta n xem xt li nhng quyt nh ca mt ta n cp di hoc ca mt c quan hnh chnh. Xem thm appeal khng n Nhnh quyn lc ca nh nc chu trch nhim gii thch php lut v qun l h thng t php; h thng cc ta n; hi ng thm phn. Mt quyn nng ph bin ca mt chnh ph thc thi quyn lc i vi tt c mi ngi v mi vt trong phm vi lnh th ca mnh, hoc khu vc a l trong quyn lc trn c thc thi. C th hn, n cp n quyn lc php l hoc thm quyn nghe v quyt nh nguyn nhn ca mt hnh ng. Xem thm personal jurisdiction quyn ti phn nhn thn, sovereignty ch quyn Quy phm php lut c tnh bt buc khng ph thuc vo ch ca tng bn. Quy phm bt buc phi tun theo trong lut quc t chung (quy phm mnh lnh) c cng ng cc quc gia chp nhn v cng nhn l mt quy phm khng cho php vi phm v ch c th c sa i bi quy phm xut hin sau vi cng c im v tnh cht ca lut quc t chung (iu 53, Cng c Vin nm 1969 v Lut iu c quc t), v d nh vic cm tra tn. Xem thm prohibition of torture cm tra tn, torture tra tn
judicial review
quyn xem xt li ca c quan t php
judiciary
b my t php
jurisdiction
quyn ti phn
jus cogens
quy phm mnh lnh
70
jus sanguinis
nguyn tc huyt thng
Nguyn tc m quc tch ca tr em c xc nh theo quc tch cha m, khng tnh n ni a tr sinh ra. Xem thm jus soli - nguyn tc ni sinh
jus soli
nguyn tc ni sinh Nguyn tc m quc tch ca tr em c xc nh theo ni sinh ca a tr (mc d quc tch cng c th c truyn li theo cha m). Xem thm jus sanguinis nguyn tc huyt thng
71
Lut Di c quc t
K
kidnapping bt cc (tng tin) Vic bt cc hoc giam gi phi php bng v lc mt c nhn hoc mt nhm ngi, thng c thc hin vi mc ch tng tin hoc li ch chnh tr t cc nn nhn ca v bt cc hoc t mt bn th ba. Bt cc thng b quy vo ti hnh s theo lut ca mi nc; tuy nhin mt s hnh ng bt cc thuc vo lut quc t (v d nh cp bin). Xem thm abduction bt cc, trafficking in persons bun bn ngi
72
L
labour migration di c lao ng S di chuyn ngi t quc gia ny sang quc gia khc, hoc trong phm vi quc gia c tr ca h, vi mc ch lm vic. Phn ln cc quc gia u quy nh vn di c lao ng trong lut di c. Ngoi ra, mt s quc gia cn ng vai tr tch cc trong vic iu tit di c lao ng ra nc ngoi v tm kim c hi vic lm cho cng dn h nc ngoi. Xem thm bilateral labour migration agreements tha thun di c lao ng song phng, circular migration di c xoay vng Mt loi giy t i li do vin chc lnh s ca mt nc cp cho cng dn ca h trong nhng trng hp c bit (v d trong trng hp b mt, b mt cp h chiu), hoc cho mt ngi ngoi m quc gia phi bo v (cng dn ca cc quc gia c s bo h ca mt quc gia nht nh do khng c c quan i din ngoi giao hay vin chc lnh s trong trng hp b mt, b mt cp h chiu). N cng cp n giy t i li do cc t chc quc t cp cho nhn vin ca h. Trong iu khon ti iu VII, phn 24, Cng c nm 1946 v quyn u i v min tr ca Lin hp quc, Lin hp quc c th cp giy thng hnh cho nhn vin dn s ca mnh. Nhng giy thng hnh ny s c cc c quan thm quyn ca cc quc gia thnh vin cng nhn v chp nhn . Xem thm temporary travel documents giy t i li tm thi, travel documents giy t i li Khng tri vi php lut; ph hp hoc c php lut cho php. Vic nhp cnh hp php ca mt ngi khng phi l cng dn mt nc vo mt nc, bao gm c vic nhp cnh vi mt th thc hp l.
laissez-passer
giy thng hnh
lawful lawful admission
hp php nhp cnh hp php
73
Lut Di c quc t
law of armed conflict (international)
lut xung t v trang (quc t)
Phn chnh yu nhng quy tc ca lut quc t p dng trong cc tnh trng xung t v trang. Lut quc t v xung t v trang ch yu iu tit nhng xung t v trang mang tnh quc t. N iu tit cc xung t v trang phi quc t trong phm vi nh hn. Xem thm armed conflict xung t v trang, civil detainees ngi b giam gi dn s, humanitarian law (international) lut nhn o (quc t) Xem international law - lut quc t L vic lm cho hp php; vic cp php hoc chng minh bng s ph chun hp php. Xem thm amnesty n x, regularization hp thc ha L ci xc thc, hp l, hay hp php. V d, mt ngi nhp cnh vi nh chnh ng tun th cc quy nh php lut v di c v xut trnh giy t i li hp l. Xem thm bona fide - s trung thc, good faith thin
law of nations legalization
lut ca cc quc gia hp php ha
legitimate
chnh ng
less/low skilled and semi-skilled migrant worker
ngi lao ng di Cha c mt nh ngha chung c chp c tay ngh thp v nhn quc t v ngi lao ng di c tay ngh thp v bn lnh ngh. Trong nhng thut ng bn lnh ngh rng hn, ngi lao ng bn lnh ngh l ngi p ng mt mc o to hoc lm quen vi cng vic trc khi thao tc kh nng ti a/tt nht, mc d vic o to cha di hoc chuyn su yu cu cho th bc nh mt lao ng lnh ngh, c o bng tun hay ngy thay cho bng nm, hoc ch mc th ba. Nhiu ngi c gi l lao ng chn tay (lao ng trong lnh vc sn xut, xy dng) c th c xp loi bn lnh ngh. Bn cnh , mt ngi lao ng tay ngh thp c xem l mt ngi t c o to hn ngi lao ng bn lnh ngh, hoc khng c o to, nhng vn c c nng lc trong cng vic. Xem thm skilled migrant ngi di c lnh ngh
74
lineage local remedies, exhaustion of
dng tc nguyn tc s dng ht cc bin php theo quy nh ca ni lut
T tin v con chu; h gia nh, theo th t t trn xung hoc t di ln. mt nguyn tc ca lut tp qun quc t theo cc th tc php l quc t ch c th c s dng sau khi cc bin php theo quy nh ca ni lut c s dng ht. Nguyn tc ny c tn trng rng ri trong cc trng hp mt quc gia tip nhn v kin ca cng dn mnh m cc quyn ca ngi ny b b qua/coi nh ti mt quc gia khc do vi phm lut quc t. Trc khi a tranh chp ra ta n quc t, quc gia ni vi phm xy ra cn phi c c hi khc phc bng cc bin php ring trong khun kh h thng php lut ca mnh. (V Interhandel (Preliminary Objections (Nhng phn i ban u), ICJ 1959). Xem thm customary law, international lut tp qun, quc t, diplomatic protection bo h ngoi giao
long-term migrant ngi di c di hn Ngi chuyn ti mt nc khng phi nc c tr thng xuyn ca h trong khong thi gian t nht mt nm, do nc n tr thnh nc c tr thng xuyn mi ca h. Theo quan im ca nc gc, ngi ny l ngi xut c di hn v i vi nc n, ngi ny l ngi nhp c di hn. Xem thm permanent settlers - ngi nh c di hn, short-term migrant - ngi di c ngn hn lookout system h thng kim sot danh sch chnh thc ca mt quc gia c t ng ho, thng thng (nhng khng nht thit) bao gm nhng ngi phi b ngn chn nhp cnh hoc phi b bt gi khi n ca khu. H thng cnh gii (cn gi l danh sch theo di) l mt c ch phi hp lin ngnh in hnh qua vic tip nhn thng tin u vo t cc c quan thc thi php lut, tin tc tnh bo v cc c quan di tr. Danh sch ny c th c lu trn my tnh hoc in thnh quyn v c vin chc lnh s v cn b kim sot ca khu tra cu thng xuyn
75
Lut Di c quc t
khi quyt nh cp th thc hoc cho php mt ngi nhp cnh. Xem thm biometrics - sinh trc hc, primary inspection kim tra bc 1, secondary inspection kim tra bc 2 loss of nationality mt quc tch Mt quc tch c th l h qu hnh ng ca mt c nhn (t b quc tch, c khng nhn quc tch, hoc t ng mt quc tch khi nhp quc tch khc); hoc ca mt quc gia (tc quc tch). Tc quc tch l hnh ng n phng ca mt quc gia bng quyt nh ca c quan cng quyn hoc qua vic thc thi php lut ly i quc tch ca mt c nhn. Mc d khng c quy nh thng nht v tc quc tch, mt s nc t ra nhng c s php lut lm cn c cho vic tc quc tch, trong c vic tham gia lc lng qun s hoc dn s ca nc khc; nhn mt chc v quan trng ca nc khc; b kt n do phm nhng ti nghim trng. Mc d vic c hoc mt quc tch v nguyn tc c coi l thuc thm quyn ca quc gia, nhng quc gia vn phi tun th cc quy nh ca lut php quc t khi gii quyt nhng vn v quc tch, nh nu ti iu 15 (2), Tuyn ngn quc t v quyn con ngi: Khng ai b tc quc tch mt cch ty tin hoc b t chi quyn c thay i quc tch. Xem thm acquisition of nationality c c quc tch, denationalization tc quc tch, expatriate- ngi xa x, expatriation t b quc tch, nationality - quc tch, statelessness tnh trng khng quc tch
76
M
mala fide bt tn xu; nh la o hoc chim ot. Xem thm bona fide - s trung thc, treaty iu c
mandate refugee mass/collective migration members of the family
ngi t nn tiu Xem refugee (mandate) - ngi t nn ( chun tiu chun) di c hng lot/ tp th S di chuyn ngi t ngt vi s lng ln. Xem thm individual migration - di c ring l, influx dng nhp c
thnh vin gia nh Theo ngha rng nht, l nhm ngi ni di t mt t tin v rng buc vi nhau qua kt hn hoc quan h dng di. i vi mc ch ca Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h (iu 4), cm t ny cp n nhng ngi kt hn vi ngi lao ng di c hoc c mt quan h tng ng nh kt hn theo lut hin hnh, cng nh con ci ph thuc v nhng ngi ph thuc khc c cng nhn l thnh vin gia nh theo lut php hin hnh hoc cc tha thun song phng v a phng gia cc quc gia lin quan. Xem thm child tr em, dependant ngi ph thuc, derivative applicant ng n ph thnh vin ca mt Mt trong nhng c s ca nh ngha ngi t nhm x hi ring nn nu ti Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn, n cp n mt nhm gm nhng ngi cng bit chung mt c im ngoi nguy c b ngc i, hoc nhng ngi c x hi nhn nhn nh mt nhm. c im s thng l nhng ci c hu, khng th thay i, hoc l ci c bn cho bn sc hoc tinh thn. Xem refugee ngi t nn ngi di c Vn cha c mt nh ngha c chp nhn chung no trn cp quc t v ngi di c. Thut ng ngi di c thng c hiu bao hm mi trng hp di c do c nhn
77
membership of a particular social group
migrant
Lut Di c quc t
t quyt nh v l do tin ch c nhn m khng c s can thip ca nhn t bt buc bn ngoi. N cng c p dng i vi nhng ngi, v thnh vin gia nh, di chuyn ti mt nc hoc vng lnh th khc ci thin iu kin x hi v vt cht ca h v m tng lai cho h v gia nh. Lin hp quc nh ngha ngi di c l mt c nhn c tr ti mt nc hn mt nm, bt k ngi di c t nguyn hay khng, hay theo cch c php hay tri php. Vi mt nh ngha nh vy, nhng ngi i li vi thi gian ngn hn nh khch du lch, thng nhn khng c coi l ngi di c. Tuy nhin cch s dng chung bao gm c nhng nhm nht nh ch nhng ngi di c ngn hn, nh ngi lao ng nng nghip theo thi v, nhng ngi i li trong nhng thi gian ngn trng trt v thu hoch sn phm nng nghip. Xem thm documented migrant ngi di c giy t, migration di c, traveller - l khch migrant in an ngi di c trong Xem administrative detention giam gi irregular situation tnh trng tri php hnh chnh, irregular migrant - ngi di c tri php, undocumented migrant workers/ migrant workers in an irregular situation ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php migrant flow lu lng ngi di c thng k ngi di c ngi lao ng di c s lng ngi di c c tnh khi di chuyn hoc c php di chuyn, n hoc i t mt a im trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. s ngi di c c tr ti mt nc ti mt thi im c th. Mt ngi , ang v s tham gia mt hot ng c tr cng ti mt quc gia m ngi khng phi l cng dn. (iu 2 (1), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h).
migrant stock migrant worker
78
Xem thm documented migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c giy t, frontier worker ngi lao ng vng bin, itinerant worker ngi lao ng lu ng, project-tied worker - ngi lao ng lm vic theo d n, seafarer - thuyn vin, seasonal migrant worker/ migration - ngi lao ng thi v/ di c lao ng thi v, self-employed worker - ngi lao ng t lm ch, specified-employment worker - ngi lao ng theo vic lm c th, worker on an offshore installation - ngi lao ng xa b migrant worker in an irregular situation migrants for settlement ngi lao ng di Xem undocumented migrant workers/migrant c trong tnh trng workers in an irregular situation - ngi lao tri php ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php ngi di c vi mc ch nh c Ngi nc ngoi c cp php lu tr lu di hoc v thi hn v hu nh khng b hn ch hot ng v kinh t (v d ngi di c theo hp ng lm vic, ngi di c theo gia nh, ngi di c theo dng tc, ngi di c c quyn t do khi nghip hoc ngi nc ngoi ngh hu). s di chuyn ca mt ngi hay mt nhm ngi, k c qua mt bin gii quc t hay trong mt quc gia. L mt s di chuyn dn s, bao gm bt k loi di chuyn no ca con ngi, bt k di, thnh phn hay nguyn nhn; n bao gm di c ca ngi t nn, ngi lnh nn, ngi di c kinh t v nhng ngi di chuyn v nhng mc ch khc, trong c on t gia nh. Xem thm net migration - di c thun, total migration - di c tng, tourism du lch Mt thut ng c s dng bao gm cc chc nng ca chnh ph trong mt h thng quc gia qun l mt cch trt t v nhn o vic qua li bin gii, c bit l qun l vic nhp cnh v lu tr ca ngi nc ngoi trong phm vi bin gii ca quc gia cng nh vic bo v ngi t nn v ngi cn s
migration
di c
migration management
qun l di c
79
Lut Di c quc t
bo v. N cp n mt cch tip cn c k hoch cho vic xy dng chnh sch, nhng gii php hnh chnh v lut php v nhng vn di c trng yu. Xem thm governance of migration iu tit di c, orderly migration di c c trt t minimun standard tiu chun ti thiu Xem international minimun standard - tiu chun quc t ti thiu minor tr v thnh nin Mt ngi di tui trng thnh theo quy nh php lut ca nc lin quan, ngha l cha c thc hin mt s quyn dn s v chnh tr nht nh. Xem thm child - tr em, separated children tr em b ly tn, unaccompanied children tr em khng c ngi i km Mc d khng c nh ngha chung no v nhm thiu s trong lut quc t nhng c th coi nhm thiu s l nhm dn c c s dn v v tr nh hng thp hn so vi phn dn s cn li ca mt quc gia v khng a v chi phi. Thnh vin ca nhm ngi ny c c tnh dn tc, tn gio, ngn ng khc vi a s dn c cn li ca quc gia , v c hiu ngm rng cc thnh vin ny duy tr mt tinh thn on kt nhm bo tn vn ha, truyn thng, tn gio hoc ngn ng ca h. Xem thm protection of minorities bo v nhm thiu s, vulnerable groups nhm d b tn thng S di chuyn dn c phc hp bao gm ngi t nn, ngi xin t nn, ngi di c v mc ch kinh t v ngi di c v cc mc ch khc, ngc li vi s di chuyn dn s bao gm ton b mt loi ngi di c. Cch tip cn hi nhp qua vic cng nhn, qun l v ti a ha nhng li ch ca s a dng vn ha. Vn c th nhn ra ngi di c t a s dn qua ngn ng, vn ha, ng x x hi m khng lm mt i bn sc dn tc ca ngi di c.
minority
nhm thiu s
mixed flows
lung di c hn hp
multicuturalism
ch ngha a vn ha
80
multilateral
a phng
lin quan ti cc iu c v vic m phn, a phng (hoc nhiu bn) bao hm s tham gia t ba nc tr ln trong qu trnh . Xem thm bilateral - song phng, treaty iu c
81
Lut Di c quc t
N
national cng dn Mt ngi, bt k do sinh ra hoc nhp quc tch, l thnh vin ca mt cng ng chnh tr, c bn phn trung thnh vi cng ng v c hng tt c cc quyn dn s v chnh tr cng nh s bo v; l mt thnh vin ca quc gia v c hng mi c quyn ca quc gia . Mt ngi c hng quc tch ca mt quc gia nht nh. Xem thm nationality - quc tch, naturalization - nhp quc tch, third-country national cng dn nc th ba Nhng khu vc a l thuc hoc trong phm vi ti phn ca mt quc gia. Theo tiu chun ny, ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn khng hy vng nhn c s bo v php l tt hn s bo v m nc ch nh dnh cho cng dn h. Tuy nhin, chun mc quc gia ny khng th c s dng nh mt phng tin trn trnh cc ngha v quc t theo tiu chun ti thiu ca lut quc t. Xem thm international minimum standard tiu chun quc t ti thiu S rng buc v mt php l gia mt c nhn v mt quc gia. To n cng l quc t nh ngha quc tch trong v Nottebohm (nm 1955): ...l mt s rng buc php l vi nn tng l mt s gn b x hi, mt mi lin h thc s ca s tn ti, nhng li ch v tnh cm, cng vi cc quyn v ngha v hai chiu... ca c nhn, c iu chnh trc tip bi lut php hoc l kt qu hnh ng ca chnh quyn, trn thc t lin kt cht ch vi cng ng dn c ca quc gia trao quc tch hn bt k nc no
national territory
lnh th quc gia
national treatment i x quc gia
nationality
quc tch
82
khc. Theo iu 1, Cng c La Hay nm 1930 v mt s vn c th lin quan n xung t Lut quc tch " l trch nhim ca mi quc gia quyt nh theo lut php ca mnh ngi no l cng dn nc mnh. Lut ny s c cc quc gia khc cng nhn trong gii hn n ph hp vi cc iu c v tp qun quc t, v cc nguyn tc ca php lut v quc tch c cng nhn chung. S rng buc quc tch trao cho c nhn cc quyn v cc ngha v m mt quc gia dnh cho cng dn ca mnh. C th thy trong nguyn tc quyn ti phn nhn thn ca mt quc gia, quc tch mang theo n nhng h qu nht nh nh quyn ca mt quc gia c bo v cng dn ca mnh chng li s vi phm ca cc c quan chc nng nc ngoi i vi nhng quyn c nhn (c th bng bin php bo h ngoi giao), c trch nhim chp nhn cng dn ca mnh c vo lnh th, v nghim cm trc xut h. Xem thm acquisition of nationality c c quc tch, de facto statelessness tnh trng khng quc tch trn thc t, diplomatic protection bo h ngoi giao, dual/ multiple nationality hai/a quc tch, loss of nationality - mt quc tch, national - cng dn, naturalization nhp quc tch, personal jurisdiction quyn ti phn nhn thn, statelessness tnh trng khng quc tch naturalization nhp quc tch Vic mt quc gia cp quc tch ca quc gia cho mt ngi khng phi l cng dn mnh qua mt vic xem xt chnh thc n ngh ca c nhn . Lut php quc t khng a ra cc quy nh c th v vn nhp quc tch, nhng cng nhn thm quyn ca mi quc gia trong vic cho nhp quc tch nhng ngi khng phi l cng dn ca mnh v nhng ngi xin tr thnh cng dn nc mnh. Xem thm acquisition of nationality c c quc tch, national - cng dn, nationality quc tch
83
Lut Di c quc t
net migration
di c thun
S khc nhau gia s ngi nhp cnh vo mt quc gia v s ngi ra khi quc gia trong cng mt thi gian. Cn c gi l s d di c. S d c gi l nhp c thun khi lng nhp cnh vt lng xut cnh v xut c thun khi s lng xut cnh nhiu hn nhp cnh. Xem thm total migration di c tng Tnh trng ca mt quc gia trong thi k xung t v trang khng tham gia vo tranh chp nhng duy tr gii quyt ha bnh vi cc bn xung t. Xem thm armed conflicts xung t v trang Trong bi cnh xung t v trang quc t, l nhng khu vc c thit lp trong vng ang giao tranh trnh nhng hot ng qun s khu vc xung quanh nhm bo v ngi tham chin v ngi khng tham chin b thng v au m, cng nh tt c thnh vin dn s trong khu vc giao chin nhng khng tham gia vo giao tranh. Xem thm safe haven ni n tr an ton, vulnerable group nhm d b tn thng Mt hay nhiu ngi c quan h gn nht v mt huyt thng ti mt c nhn. Mt c nhn, thng l thnh vin ca mt nhm, ngi khng c mt ni c tr n nh v di c t ni ny n ni khc, thng l tm kim ngun nc, thc phm, hoc t chn th gia sc. Vic mt quc gia t chi cho php nhp cnh vo lnh th ca quc gia ny. Xem thm admission - chp thun cho nhp cnh, entry nhp cnh Cc quyn con ngi mang mt c tnh tuyt i phi c cng nhn v tn trng trong bt k hon cnh no. Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr quy nh nhng quyn sau y l khng th hn ch: quyn sng, khng b tra tn, i x
neutrality
trung lp
neutralized zones
khu vc trung lp
next of kin nomad
thn nhn du mc
non-admission
khng chp thun cho nhp cnh
non-derogable human rights
cc quyn con ngi khng th hn ch
84
hoc trng pht phi nhn tnh v h thp nhn phm, khng b n l, cm tng giam i vi vic khng c kh nng thc hin cc ngha v hp ng, khng hi t trch nhim hnh s, quyn c cng nhn nh mt th nhn trc php lut, quyn t do t tng, lng tm v tn gio. Mc d lit k cc quyn con ngi khng th hn ch, nhng xu hng trong cng ng quc t vn coi tt c cc quyn con ngi l ph bin, khng th tch ri, ph thuc ln nhau v phi c i x ngang nhau. Xem thm civil and political rights cc quyn dn s v chnh tr, derogation vic hn ch (c ch nh), fundamental human rights cc quyn con ngi c bn, human rights quyn con ngi, inalienable khng th chuyn giao nondiscrimination khng phn bit i x Vic t chi p dng nhng khc bit c th gy phng hi n con ngi n gin ch v h thuc v mt nhm ring bit. Lut php quc t nghim cm phn bit i x, v d iu 26, Cng c quc t nm 1966v quyn dn s v chnh tr khng nh: "Mi ngi u bnh ng trc php lut v c quyn c php lut bo v mt cch cng bng m khng c s phn bit i x no. Php lut nghim cm mi hnh thc phn bit i x v bo m cho mi ngi s bo v bnh ng v hiu qu chng li mi s phn bit i x v chng tc, mu da, gii tnh, ngn ng, tn gio, chnh kin, ngun gc dn tc hay x hi, ti sn, ngun gc xut thn hoc cc a v khc." Xem thm discrimination - phn bit i x, humanitarian principles - nguyn tc nhn o
non-documented migrant workers
ngi lao ng di Xem undocumented migrant workers/migrant c khng c giy t workers in an irregular situation - ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php
85
Lut Di c quc t
non-national
ngi khng phi Mt ngi khng phi l cng dn ca mt cng dn nc tip nc nht nh. Xem foreigner - ngi nc ngoi, thirdnhn country national - cng dn nc th ba khng y tr li Nguyn tc ca lut t nn quc t nghim cm cc quc gia tr li bng bt c cch no nhng ngi t nn v t nc hoc lnh th m ti cuc sng v t do ca h b e da. Nguyn tc khng y tr li c nhiu tc gi coi nh b phn ca lut tp qun quc t, trong khi nhiu tc gi khc cho rng nguyn tc ny cha p ng c hai yu cu tn ti nh mt quy phm tp qun. Xem thm asylum t nn, complementary protection bo v c cch, sovereignty ch quyn
non-refoulement
86
O
oath li tuyn th Mt li ha trang nghim v tnh trung thc, thng c hiu lc bng cch ni ra lin quan n mt ci g thing ling (nh cha tri, thn linh) hoc tn knh. Trong lnh vc php l, vic tuyn b bng li ni hoc vn bn di hnh thc tuyn th nh mt ngha v php l ni ln s tht. hu ht cc nc, mt ngi khng ni s tht trong khi tuyn th l phm ti hnh s. Xem thm witness nhn chng S chuyn dch cc hot ng kinh doanh ca mt php nhn sang mt nc khc. Xem thm outsourcing ly t bn ngoi Mt quan chc c lp c b nhim tip nhn, iu tra v bo co nhng khiu ni c nhn ca cng dn i vi s qun tr ca mt t chc phi chnh ph (nh cng ty hay trng i hc) hoc ca chnh ph (trong mt s quyn thc thi cng l quc gia, thanh tra vin cng m nhim nhng vn di c). S di chuyn ca mt ngi khi ni c tr thng xuyn n mt ni c tr mi tun th php lut v cc quy nh v xut cnh t nc gc v i li, qu cnh v nhp cnh vo nc ch nh. Xem thm governance of migration iu tit di c, migration management - qun l di c, regular migration di c c php
offshoring
chuyn ra ngoi nc thanh tra vin
ombudsman
orderly migration di c c trt t
organized crime
ti phm c t chc Thng cp n nhng hot ng ti phm phc hp v trn din rng do cc hi on c t chc cht ch hoc lng lo thc hin nhm thit lp, cung cp v bc lt nhng th trng bt hp php n bm theo x hi. Nhng hot ng thng c thc hin bt chp php lut, v thng lin quan n cc ti chng con ngi, bao gm cc mi e da, hm da v bo lc thn th.
87
Lut Di c quc t
Xem thm smuggling (of migrants) a ngi tri php, trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi orphan tr m ci Mt a tr m c b v m u cht. mt s nc, mt a tr mt b hoc m cng c gi l tr m ci. Xem thm child tr em Vic mt php nhn thc hin hp ng ph vi mt cng ty khc v nhng quy trnh lm n c th, nh vic thit k hoc sn xut. Cn cp nh vic ly t ngoi vo thay th trong nc trn phm vi ton cu. Xem thm offshoring chuyn ra nc ngoi Vic li mt nc qu thi hn c cp php khi nhp cnh. i khi s dng nh mt danh t, v d: "ngi nc ngoi khng c giy t hp l c chia u gia c tr qu hn v nhp cnh tri php. Xem thm irregular migrant - ngi di c tri php, residence permit giy php c tr, undocumented migrant - ngi di c khng giy t
outsourcing
ly t bn ngoi
overstay
c tr qu hn
88
P
Palermo Protocols cc ngh nh th Palermo Cc Ngh nh th b sung cho Cng c chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia (2000): Ngh nh th chng a ngi di c tri php qua ng bin, ng b v ng hng khng; Ngh nh th ngn nga, trn p v trng tr ti bun bn ngi, c bit l ph n v tr em; v Ngh nh th chng vic sn xut v bun bn sng, n dc v cc loi v kh bt hp php. Xem thm smuggling (of migrants) a ngi tri php, trafficking in persons bun bn ngi Mt ngi i trn mt phng tin (tu thu, xe but, xe hi, my bay, xe la v.v) m khng iu khin n. Xem thm carrier liability law lut trch nhim vn chuyn Mt loi giy t do c quan chc nng c thm quyn ca mt quc gia cp nhn dng mt ngi l cng dn ca nc mnh, l bng chng v quyn ca ngi mang giy t c tr li t nc ca h. Theo truyn thng phng Ty, h chiu c s dng cho mc ch i li nc ngoi, khng phi l giy t ty thn trong nc. H chiu l mt giy chng nhn hoc l bng chng v quc tch c quc t chp nhn, mc d gi tr bng chng ca n ch mang tnh nhn din ban u. Xem thm arrival/departure card Phiu nhp/xxut cnh, identity document - giy t ty thn, travel documents - giy t i li, travel documents (Convention) giy t i li (theo Cng c), visa th thc Mt s trng pht. Trong lnh vc di c, hnh pht thng l mt khon tin pht, nhng cng c th l mt lnh cm nhp cnh trong tng lai.
passenger
hnh khch
passport
h chiu
penalty
hnh pht
89
Lut Di c quc t
permanent residence permanent resident
thng tr
Quyn sng v lm vic lu di (khng gii hn hoc khng hn nh) c nc ch nh cp cho mt ngi khng l cng dn nc . Mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nc ch nh c hng quyn thng tr ti nc . Xem thm long-term migrant ngi di c di hn Ngi nhp c c nc tip nhn chp thun cho nh c mt cch hp php, bao gm c ngi c chp thun vi mc ch on t gia nh. Xem thm ancestry-based settlers ngi nh c theo dng tc, long-term migrant - ngi di c di hn, short-term migrant ngi di c ngn hn, visitor du khch L giy t, thng do c quan chc nng chnh ph cp, cho php iu g tn ti hoc mt ai c thc hin nhng hot ng hay dch v nht nh. Trong lnh vc di c, giy php thng cp n giy php c tr hoc giy php lao ng. Xem thm residence permit - giy php c tr, visa - th thc, work permit - giy php lao ng Trong lnh vc t nn, l s e da n cuc sng hoc t do v chng tc, tn gio, quc tch, chnh kin hoc thnh vin ca mt nhm x hi ring bit. S ngc i thng, nhng khng phi thng xuyn, bao gm s lm dng cc quyn con ngi hoc gy nhng tn hi nghim trng, c thc hin mt cch h thng v lp i lp li. S phn bit i x khng phi lc no cng c ngha l s ngc i, tuy nhin n c th nh vy nu nh hng n quyn c bn ca ngi lin quan, hoc tc ng ca nhiu bin php phn bit gy ra nhng tn hi ngy cng trm trng. Xem thm discrimination s phn bit i x, refugees sur place ngi t nn hu xut cnh, well founded fear (of persecution) mi lo s c c s (v s ngc i)
ngi thng tr
permanent settlers ngi nh c lu di
permit
giy php
persecution
s ngc i
90
persona non grata ngi khng c hoan nghnh personal data d liu c nhn
Ngi khng c mong mun. Trong lnh vc ngoi giao, mt ngi b nc ch nh t chi. Tt c thng tin c th c s dng nhn dng hoc gy tn hi n nhng ch th d liu. Xem data protection bo v thng tin d liu, data subjects ch th d liu Mt quyn lc ca ta n a mt ngi vo quy trnh xt x; quyn thc thi php l i vi nhng quyn c nhn ca mt b n hn l ch i vi nhng li ch vt cht. N c th cp n thm quyn ca mt quc gia c hnh ng i vi cng dn mnh ang mt nc khc, chi phi quy ch ca h v cung cp s bo v. Xem thm jurisdiction quyn ti phn, nationality quc tch, sovereignty ch quyn Xem sponsorship ti tr Xem country of habitual/usual residence nc c tr thng xuyn Mt bn theo ui mt v kin dn s (np n khiu ni) ti mt ta n lut php. Xem thm defendant - b n, respondent bn b Xem checkpoint ca khu Xem checkpoint ca khu Nhng nguyn tc chung nh hng cho mt chnh ph trong qun l cc vn cng. Mt trong nhng c s theo Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn, quan im chnh tr (chnh kin) c coi l mt c s ca s ngc i i vi mt ngi mang v/hoc cho l mang mt quan im, bt k c by t hay b quy cho l by t, v ngi ny ang b chnh
personal jurisdiction
quyn ti phn nhn thn
petition place of habitual residence plaintiff
thnh cu ni c tr thng xuyn nguyn n
point of entry point of exit policy political opinion
im nhp cnh im xut cnh chnh sch chnh kin
91
Lut Di c quc t
quyn ch . C s ny l thch ng k c gi nh rng quan im , d cha c by t, s c ni r v khi chnh quyn s khng b qua iu ny. Xem refugee ngi t nn population displacement prima facie di di dn c nhn din ban u Xem displacement lnh nn S din cm theo ting La-tinh ngha l ci nhn u tin , s xut hin u tin nhng phi ph thuc vo bng chng hoc thng tin r rng hn. N cung cp bng chng y khng nh mt s tht hoc a ra mt gi nh tr khi b bc b hoc chng minh l sai. Trong lnh vc di c, mt n xin quy ch nhp c c th phi tri qua xem xt s b xc nh liu vic nhn din ban u p ng tt c cc yu cu cn thit (thng l mt iu kin nhn h tr ti chnh hoc giy php lao ng). Xem refugee ngi t nn, refugee (mandate) ngi t nn ( tiu chun), refugee (prima facie) ngi t nn (nhn din ban u), screening sng lc trong thc tin quc t, vic xem xt li nhng ng n xin nhp cnh ti cc ca khu c chia thnh kim tra bc 1 v bc 2. Phn ln ng n xin nhp cnh ch qua mt ln kim tra ngn ti quy kim tra bc 1 trc khi nhp cnh. Bt k ng n no m cc quan chc nhp c nghi ng hoc b ghi ch trong h thng kim sot quc gia s c chuyn tip qua quy kim tra bc 2 phng vn hoc iu tra b sung. Vic s dng phng php hai bc ny c hiu qu hn v gim thiu s chm tr cho phn ln khch hp php. Xem thm admission chp thun cho nhp cnh, checkpoint ca khu, interview phng vn, lookout system h thng kim sot, secondary inspection - kim tra bc 2
primary inspection
kim tra bc 1
92
principal/ primary/ main applicant
ng n chnh
trong lnh vc di c, l ngi np n xin t nn hoc cc quy ch nhp c khc. Thc tin quc t chung l nhng ngi ph thuc (thng l v/chng v cc con v thnh nin) c xem xt l nhng ng n ph v nhn c quy ch nh ng n chnh c cp. Xem thm derivative applicant - ng n ph, migrant - ngi di c, refugee - ngi t nn Mt nhnh ca php lut trong nc x l cc trng hp c yu t nc ngoi, l lin h vi h thng php lut khc ngoi h thng php lut trong nc. Khng phi l mt nhnh ca lut cng php quc t. "V li ch cng cng", l hoc lin quan n nhng dch v php l khng c th lao c thc hin c bit v li ch cng. tra tn b cm bi nhiu vn bn quc t, nh iu 5 Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi, iu 7 Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr, iu 2 Cng c nm 1984 v chng tra tn v i x, trng pht tn c v phi nhn tnh, v nhiu Ngh quyt ca Lin hp quc ; iu 3 Cng c chu u nm 1950 v quyn con ngi, iu 26, Tuyn b ca nc M nm 1948 v cc quyn v ngha v ca con ngi. Tra tn l mt ti c quc t, vic bo v chng li s tra tn l ngha v ca mi quc gia v c coi nh mt quyn c bn ca con ngi. Cm tra tn nhn chung c xem nh t n mc bt buc jus cogens, mt tiu chun thit yu ca lut php quc t. Xem thm jus cogens - qui phm mnh lnh, fundamental human rights - cc quyn con ngi c bn, torture - tra tn Mt ngi lao ng di c c chp nhn vo mt quc gia trong mt thi gian xc nh ch lm vic cho mt d n c th do ngi ch s dng thc hin quc gia . (iu 2 (2) (f), Cng c quc t nam 1990 v bo
private international law
lut t php quc t
pro bono
lm thin nguyn
prohibition of torture
cm tra tn
project-tied worker
ngi lao ng theo d n
93
Lut Di c quc t
v cc quyn ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm migrant worker ngi lao ng di c prosecution truy t Mt hnh ng hay th tc t tng hnh s thng do mt chnh ph thc hin theo mt ngi b co buc b a ra xt x. Theo ngha rng hn l vic duy tr mt v kin hay t tng, k c dn s hay hnh s.
protected persons ngi c bo v Trong xung t v trang, l nhng cng dn khng phi l chin binh ca mt quc gia th ch c tm thy trong lnh th ca mt quc gia tham chin hoc trong vng chim ng ca quc gia . Nhng ngi c bo v c quyn ri lnh th khi s ra i khng ngc vi li ch dn tc ca quc gia tham chin ny. V nhng l do an ninh, quc gia tham chin c quyn hn ch t do di chuyn ca nhng ngi ny bng cc bin php nh cm thay i ch , cm vo mt s khu vc nht nh, cm i li, v trong nhng trng hp c th, cc bin php giam gi hay qun thc ti nh. Xem civil detainees ngi b giam gi dn s, freedom of movement t do i li, law of armed conflict (international) lut xung t v trang (quc t) protection bo v Khi nim bo v bao gm tt c cc hot ng nhm bo m s tn trng y cc quyn c nhn ph hp c ch ln ca cc lut lin quan, c th nh Lut v quyn con ngi, Lut nhn o quc t v Lut t nn. Nhng t chc hot ng v mc ch nhn o v quyn con ngi phi tin hnh cc hot ng ny mt cch v t (khng trn c s chng tc, dn tc hay ngun gc dn tc, ngn ng hay gii tnh) (y ban thng trc lin c quan ca Lin hp quc). S bo v trao cho mt ngi hoc mt nhm ngi do mt t chc thc hin tun th s y thc k c theo cc vn kin quc t p dng vi lut tp qun quc t, hoc thng qua cc hot ng ca t chc . S bo v ny nhm mc ch bo m vic tn trng cc quyn
94
nu ti cc vn kin nh : Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn, cc Cng c Geneva 1949 v cc Ngh nh th 1977, quyn hnh ng ca y ban Ch thp quc t, s bo v thc t bi T chc Di c quc t, cc Cng c ca T chc Lao ng quc t v cc vn kin v quyn con ngi. Xem thm complementary protection bo v c cch, de facto protection bo v trn thc t, empowerment trao quyn, human security an ninh con ngi protection of minorities bo v nhm thiu s Nhng nguyn tc php l bo v cc nhm thiu s v tng thnh vin ca nhng nhm , bo v nhng quyn nh quyn t do s dng ngn ng m , quyn t do hnh o C th thy cc iu khon trong iu 27 Cng c quc t nm 1966 v quyn dn s v chnh tr. Xem thm human rights quyn con ngi, minority thiu s, vulnerable group nhm d b tn thng Di c thng c phn tch trong nhng thut ng m hnh ko-y ", vi nhn t thc y a con ngi ri b nc h (nh nhng vn v kinh t, chnh tr v x hi) v nhn t li ko thu ht h n vi t nc mi.
push-pull factors
nhn t li kothc y
95
Lut Di c quc t
Q
qualified national cng dn c trnh Trong bi cnh di c, l cng dn mt nc sng nc ngoi vi cc k nng nghip v c th ph hp vi nhu cu trong nc hoc khu vc xut x. Xem thm brain drain chy mu cht xm, diasporas cng ng di c, highly skilled/ qualified migrant ngi di c c trnh / tay ngh cao, skilled migrant - ngi di c lnh ngh Nhng bin php y t cch ly tm thi ngi, ng vt, hng ha, phng tin chuyn ch mt t, tu thuyn hoc my bay b nh hng bi mt bnh truyn nhim hoc bnh d ly lan, hoc n t t nc c bnh nh vy. Lin quan n, hoc bao gm cc vic lm mang tnh phn x (cn gi l quyt nh hnh chnh) ca mt quan chc hnh chnh hoc hnh php. Nhng vic lm ny thng do c quan hnh chnh thc hin, hay ni mt cch khc, khng phi l phn quyt ca c quan t php. Nhng quyt nh hnh chnh ny thng quyt nh cc quyn c bn ca cng dn v c hiu lc nu khng c s lm dng quyn t quyt nh. Nhng quyt nh ny c th c to n xem xt li. Mt hn ch v s lng trong bi cnh di c hoc t nn. Nhiu quc gia thit lp hn ngch hoc mc trn v s lng ngi di c c tip nhn mi nm. Xem thm migration management qun l di c
quarantine
kim dch
quasi-judicial
gn nh c tnh php lut/mang tnh php lut
quota
ch tiu/hn ngch
96
R
race chng tc Mt trong nhng c s xt quy ch t nn theo Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn, chng tc c hiu theo ngha rng nht bao gm tt c cc nhm sc tc c coi l cc chng ngi theo cch s dng thng thng. Xem thm racism ch ngha phn bit chng tc, refugee ngi t nn, xenophobia s bi ngoi
racial discrimination
phn bit chng tc Phn bit chng tc l bt k s phn bit, loi tr, hn ch hoc u i no da trn c s chng tc, mu da, dng di hay ngun gc dn tc hoc sc tc vi mc ch hoc c tc dng v hiu ha hoc lm gim s tha nhn, s th hng hoc thc thi trn c s bnh ng cc quyn v t do c bn ca con ngi v chnh tr, kinh t, x hi, vn ho hoc bt k lnh vc no khc ca i sng cng cng (iu 1(1), Cng c quc t nm 1965 v loi b cc hnh thc phn bit chng tc). Xem thm discrimination phn bit i x, racism ch ngha phn bit chng tc, xenophobia - s bi ngoi ch ngha phn bit chng tc Mt h t tng n nh mt chng tc v/ hoc nhm thiu s ln mt a v quyn lc trn c s nhng thuc tnh vn ha v vt cht, cng nh s chi phi v kinh t v iu khin cc chng tc hay nhm khc. Ch ngha phn bit chng tc c th nh ngha nh l mt hc thuyt hoc nim tin vo u th chng tc. N bao gm nim tin rng chng tc quyt nh tr thng minh, c im vn ha v thi o c. Xem thm racial discrimination phn bit chng tc, xenophobia s bi ngoi S xm phm ln bt k phn thn th no ca nn nhn bng c quan sinh dc, hoc s cng bc m hu mn hoc b phn sinh dc ca nn nhn bng bt c vt th no hoc bt k b phn c th no bng v lc, e da
97
racism
rape
hip dm
Lut Di c quc t
dng v lc, p buc, li dng mi trng cng bc, hoc i vi mt ngi khng c kh nng a ra s ng thun ch thc. Xem thm sexual assault cng dm ratification s ph chun Ph chun cp n vic chp thun hoc thng qua mt iu c. Trong bi cnh quc t, ph chun l mt hnh ng quc t, nh va k trn, theo mt quc gia xc lp s ng ca mnh rng buc vi mt iu c (iu 2(1)(b) Cng c Vin nm 1969 v Lut iu c quc t). Vn kin ph chun xc lp s ng ca mt quc gia c hiu lc vo thi im trao i vn kin gia cc bn k kt, np lu chiu ti c quan lu chiu, hoc thng bo cho cc quc gia k kt hoc cho c quan lu chiu, nu c tha thun nh vy (iu 16). i vi trong nc, ph chun biu th qu trnh mt quc gia t mnh vo v tr chp thun cc ngha v ghi trong iu c. Mt s quc gia quy nh trong Hin php nhng th tc bt buc trc khi chnh ph chp nhn s rng buc vi mt iu c. Xem thm accession gia nhp, instrument vn kin, reservation to a treaty - bo lu mt iu c, treaty iu c Vic mt nc chp nhn cho ti nhp cnh mt c nhn (cng dn nc , cng dn nc th ba hoc ngi khng quc tch). Xem thm readmission agreement tha thun nhn tr li Tha thun quc t, trn c s c i c li, quy nh th tc i vi mt quc gia a tr li nhng ngi khng phi l cng dn nc trong tnh trng tri php v quc gia gc hoc quc gia m h i qua n quc gia ny. Xem thm agreement - tha thun, bilateral song phng, return - tr v Nc n hoc mt nc th ba. Trong trng hp tr v hoc hi hng, cn l nc gc. L quc gia ng tip nhn hng nm mt s lng nht nh ngi t nn v ngi di c theo quyt nh ca Tng thng, ca B trng hay ca Ngh vin.
98
readmission
nhn tr li
readmission agreement
tha thun nhn tr li
receiving country
nc tip nhn
Xem thm country of destination - nc n, country of origin - nc gc, host country nc ch nh, third country - nc th ba reception centre re-emigration trung tm tip nhn Xem holding centre - Trung tm tm gi ti xut c Vic mt ngi tip tc xut c sau khi tr v nc gc. Xem thm emigration - xut c, return - tr v Xem deportation - trc xut, expulsion y ui, forced return - tr v p buc, involuntary repatriation - hi hng khng t nguyn, non-refoulement - khng y tr li, persecution - ngc i, return - s tr v Mt ngi do mi lo s c c s v s ngc i v cc l do chng tc, tn gio, quc tch, thnh vin nhm x hi hoc chnh kin ring bit, ang bn ngoi quc gia m h mang quc tch, khng th hoc do mi lo s nh vy m khng mun nhn s bo h ca quc gia . (iu 1A(2), Cng c 1951 v Quy ch ca ngi t nn; iu 1A(2) c b sung bi Ngh nh th 1967). B sung thm vo nh ngha ngi t nn theo Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn, iu 1(2) Cng c nm 1969 ca T chc Thng nht chu Phi nh ngha ngi t nn l bt c ngi no phi trn chy khi nc mnh do s xm lc t bn ngoi, s chim ng, s thng tr ca nc ngoi, hoc cc bin c lm ri lon nghim trng trt t cng cng trn ton b hoc mt phn t nc h, hoc do vn ngun gc hoc quc tch. Tng t, Tuyn b Cartagena nm 1984 b sung ngi t nn cn l nhng ngi ri khi nc h v cuc sng, t do v an ton ca h b e da bi bo lc gia tng, xm lc nc ngoi, ni chin, s vi phm trn quy m ln quyn con ngi, hoc nhng tnh hung khc gy ri lon nghim trng trt t cng cng. Xem thm applicant ng n, de facto refugees - ngi t nn trn thc t, displaced
refoulement
y tr li
refugee
ngi t nn
99
Lut Di c quc t
person - ngi lnh nn, forced migration di c cng bc, prima facie nhn din ban u, refugees in orbit ngi t nn v tha nhn, refugee status determination xc nh quy ch t nn, refugees in transit ngi t nn qu cnh, refugees sur place ngi t nn hu xut cnh, uprooted people ngi tha hng refugee (mandate) ngi t nn ( tiu chun) Ngi p ng cc tiu ch theo quy ch ca UNHCR v iu kin nhn s bo h ca Lin hp quc theo quy nh ca Cao y v ngi t nn, bt k ngi ang nc l thnh vin Cng c 1951 hay Ngh nh th 1967 v quy ch ngi t nn hay khng; hoc bt k ngi c c nc ch nh cng nhn l ngi t nn hay khng theo cc tiu ch ca mt trong cc vn kin trn. Xem thm refugee - ngi t nn Ngi t nn, mc d khng trc tip b tr v nc m h c th b ngc i, nhng b t chi quy ch t nn hoc khng tm c mt quc gia no xem xt yu cu t nn ca h, di chuyn hoc b di chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc tm kim quy ch t nn. Xem thm asylum - t nn, refugee - ngi t nn Ngi c mt quc gia hoc UNHCR cng nhn l ngi t nn cn c vo nhng yu t khch quan lin quan n nhng hon cnh ti nc gc ca h. Nhng yu t ny chng minh cho suy on rng ngi ny p ng cc tiu ch c p dng xc nh ngi t nn. Mt quy trnh (c thc hin bi cc quc gia v/hoc Cao u Lin hp quc v ngi t nn (UNHCR) xc nh liu mt c nhn c c cng nhn l ngi t nn hay khng theo php lut hin hnh ca quc gia v quc t. Xem thm asylum tin nn, refugee ngi t nn
refugees in orbit
ngi t nn v tha nhn
refugee (prima facie)
ngi t nn (nhn din ban u/xt on)
refugee status determination
xc nh quy ch t nn
100
refugees in transit ngi t nn qu cnh
Ngi t nn c tm thi nhp cnh vo lnh th ca mt nc vi iu kin l h s c i ti nh c nc khc. Xem thm refugee - ngi t nn, resettlement - ti nh c, transit qu cnh
refugees in situ
ngi t nn ti ch Xem refugees sur place ngi t nn hu xut cnh Ngi khng phi ngi t nn khi h ri khi nc gc, nhng sau tr thnh ngi t nn (do mi lo s c c s v s ngc i). Ngi t nn loi ny c th lo s b ngc i do xy ra o chnh, hoc do vic ban hnh hoc tng cng chnh sch n p, ngc i t nc h sau khi h ra i. Yu cu xin t nn loi ny cng c th c da trn cc hot ng chnh tr thin c thc hin ti nc h ang c tr hoc n nu. Xem thm persecution - ngc i, refugee - ngi t nn Nhng din n t vn khng mang tnh rng buc cp khu vc to iu kin cho i din cc quc gia, x hi dn s (cc t chc phi chnh ph - NGOs) v cc t chc quc t gp nhau tho lun v cc vn di c trn tinh thn hp tc. Mt s tin trnh t vn khu vc (RCPs) cho php s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan khc (cc t chc phi chnh ph hoc cc i din x hi dn s khc). Xem thm migration management qun l di c Di c din ra theo nhng knh hp php v c cng nhn. Xem thm clandestine migration - di c ln lt, irregular migration - di c tri php, orderly migration di c trt t, undocumented migrant workers/migrant workers in an irregular situation - ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php
refugees sur place ngi t nn hu xut cnh
regional consultative processes
cc tin trnh t vn khu vc
regular migration di c c php
101
Lut Di c quc t
regularization
hp thc ha
L bt c quy trnh hoc chng trnh no ca cc c quan c thm quyn mt nc cho php ngi khng phi l cng dn nc trong tnh trng tri php hoc khng hp php, c li mt cch hp php. Nhng thc tin in hnh gm vic n x (cn c coi l hp php ha) i vi nhng ngi c tr tri php s ti trong mt thi gian di nht nh v khng c l do t chi cho c tr. Xem thm amnesty - n x, legalization - hp php ha S tham gia tr li hay s ti hp nht ca mt ngi vo mt nhm hoc mt qu trnh, v d: s tham gia tr li ca ngi di c vo cng ng x hi nc gc hoc ni c tr thng xuyn. Xem thm assimilation - ng ha, integration - hi nhp, reintegration (cultural) ti ha nhp v vn ha, reintegration (economic) ti ha nhp v kinh t, reintegration (social) ti ha nhp v x hi
reintegration
ti ha nhp
reintegration (cultural)
ti ha nhp v vn Trong bi cnh di c tr v, l s ti thch nghi ca ngi di c i vi nhng gi tr, li ha sng, ngn ng, quy tc o c, t tng v truyn thng ca x hi nc gc. Xem thm integration hi nhp, reintegration ti ha nhp, return tr v, return migration di c tr v ti ha nhp v kinh t Trong bi cnh di c tr v, l qu trnh ngi di ti gn kt vo h thng kinh t nc gc v t kim sng cho bn thn h. Trong thut ng pht trin, ti ha nhp v kinh t cn l vic s dng cc b quyt m ngi di c tip thu c t nc ngoi thc y pht trin kinh t v x hi ca nc gc. Xem thm brain gain thu ht cht xm, integration hi nhp, reintegration ti ha nhp, return tr v, return migration di c tr v
reintegration (economic)
102
reintegration (social)
ti ha nhp v x hi
Trong bi cnh di c tr v, l vic ti gn kt ngi di c vo cc cu trc x hi nc gc. N bao gm vic to cc mi lin kt c nhn (vi bn b, ngi thn, hng xm) cng nh s pht trin cc cu trc x hi (cc hip hi, cc nhm t lc v cc t chc khc). Xem thm integration hi nhp, reintegration ti ha nhp, return tr v, return migration di c tr v
rejected candidate ng vin b t chi Trong bi cnh di c, l mt ng n b mt c quan lnh s hoc i s qun t chi do khng p ng cc tiu chun di c ti nc . Xem thm grounds of inadmissibility c s khng chp thun cho nhp cnh religion tn gio Mt trong cc c s cng nhn ngi t nn nu ti Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn. n p tn gio c th hin di nhiu hnh thc, bao gm cm kt np thnh vin vo mt cng ng tn gio, cm th cng ni cng cng hay ring t, cm truyn o, hoc cc bin php phn bit i x nghim trng p t ln mt ngi v ngi thc hnh tn gio ca h hoc thuc v mt cng ng tn gio ring bit. Tin kim c hoc tit kim c bi ngi khng phi l cng dn nc tip nhn gi v nc gc ca h. Xem thm repatriation of funds chuyn tin v nc, social capital transfer chuyn giao vn x hi
remittances
kiu hi
103
Lut Di c quc t
removal
chuyn i
Vic bt buc thc hin ngha v tr v; p gii ra khi mt nc. Xem thm deportation - trc xut, expulsion y ui, refoulement y tr li Hnh ng m mt c nhn t nguyn t b quyn ca mnh v do vy, mt kh nng hng li t quyn . Xem thm statelessness tnh trng khng quc tch Quyn c nhn ca ngi t nn, t nhn chin tranh hoc ngi b giam gi dn s c tr v nc m h mang quc tch theo cc iu kin c th c quy nh trong nhiu vn kin quc t (Cng c Geneva nm 1949 v Ngh nh th nm 1977, Quy tc v lut php v tp qun chin tranh trn b, ph chng Cng c La Hay IV nm 1907, cc vn kin v quyn con ngi cng nh lut tp qun quc t). Vic la chn hi hng l quyn dnh cho ring c nhn v khng phi l quyn ca bn giam gi. Trong lut quc t v xung t v trang, vic hi hng ng thi i hi ngha v ca bn giam gi phi th nhng ngi thch hp (qun nhn v dn thng) v trch nhim ca quc gia gc trong vic nhn li cng dn mnh sau khi chin s chm dt. Ngay c khi lut iu c khng cha ng mt nguyn tc chung v vn ny, ngy nay, vic hi hng t nhn chin tranh v ngi b giam gi dn s l vn c cc bn lin quan mc nhin tha nhn. Hi hng cng l mt thut ng c p dng i vi cc c phi vin ngoi giao, quan chc quc t trong bi cnh c khng hong quc t, ng thi cng p dng i vi ngi xa x v ngi di c. Xem thm assisted voluntary return - tr v t nguyn c h tr, involuntary repartriation hi hng khng t nguyn, return - tr v, right to return - quyn tr v, voluntary return - tr v t nguyn
renunciation
s t b
repatriation
hi hng
104
repatriation of funds replacement migration
chuyn tin v nc di c thay th
Trong bi cnh di c, l vic chuyn giao ton b tin ca ngi di c v nc gc. Xem thm remittances kiu hi L hin tng di c ni a khi c mt lng cng nhn t ni khc n lp ch cho s cng nhn i sang nc khc. L hin tng di c quc t khi mt nc mun b p cho tnh trng dn s gim v gi i do kt qu ca t l sinh t thp. Tnh hung mt tu thuyn thc hin tr gip i vi ngi hoc tu thuyn khc gp nn trn bin. Trch nhim cu h ngi hoc tu thuyn gp nn trn bin c c lut iu c v lut tp qun quc t quy nh mt cch r rng. Quc gia c trch nhim trong vic phi hp cu h s thng thuyt mt a im cp bn an ton. Quc gia cung cp tr gip c th t chi vic d hng trn tu v yu cu thy th on ri khi lnh th ca mnh. Vic ln b cng c th t ra nhng iu kin m quc gia tu thuyn mang c, mt nc th ba, hoc mt t chc quc t phi p ng, v d vic ti nh c, sp xp phng vn, tr v v.v. Xem thm flag State quc gia m tu mang c, vessel tu thuyn Mt tuyn b n phng, bt k cch vit hoc cch gi nh th no, ca mt quc gia a ra khi k kt, ph chun, chp thun, thng qua hoc gia nhp mt iu c quc t, nhm qua loi tr hoc sa i hiu lc php l ca mt s iu khon ca iu c trong vic p dng i vi quc gia mnh (iu 2 (1) (d), Cng c Vin nm 1969 v Lut iu c quc t). Xem thm ratification ph chun, treaty iu c
rescue at sea
cu h trn bin
reservation to a treaty
bo lu mt iu c
105
Lut Di c quc t
resettlement
ti nh c
Vic di chuyn v ha nhp ngi t nn, ngi lnh nn trong nc v.v. ti mt khu vc a l v mi trng khc, thng l ti mt nc th ba. Trong bi cnh t nn, l vic di chuyn ngi t nn t quc gia m h xin n tr ti quc gia ng tip nhn. Ngi t nn thng s c cho php t nn hoc c php c tr di hn, v trong nhiu trng hp, s c c hi c nhp quc tch. Xem thm durable solution gii php lu bn, forced resettlement/relocation - ti nh c/ ti b tr cng bc, integration ti ha nhp, permanent settlers - ngi nh c lu di, refugee (mandate)- ngi t nn tiu chun, repatriation hi hng Vic sng mt ni nht nh trong mt khong thi gian no ; l ni mt ngi sng trn thc t phn bit vi nguyn qun. C tr thng ch vic hin din ca mt ngi vi t cch l mt c dn ti mt ni nht nh, trong khi nguyn qun thng i hi ngi hin din vi nhn thc coi ni l nh ca mnh. Mt ngi c th c tr nhiu ni khc nhau nhng ch c mt nguyn qun duy nht. Xem thm country of habitual/usual residence - nc c tr thng xuyn, domicile nguyn qun Mt loi giy t do c quan c thm quyn ca nc tip nhn cp cho mt ngi khng phi l cng dn, xc nhn ngi c quyn c sng nc trong thi hn gi tr ca giy php c tr. Xem thm overstay li qu hn, permit giy php, residence - c tr Ngi b buc phi tr li mt khiu ni trong mt v n dn s. Xem thm defendant - b n, plaintiff nguyn n
residence
c tr
residence permit
giy php c tr
respondent
bn b
106
restitution
bi thng
Vic tr li mt vt c th cho ch s hu hoc khi phc tnh trng hp php ban u ca n; vic n b tn tht, bi thng nhng mt mt gy ra cho ngi khc; bi thng li ch do mt vic lm sai i vi ngi khc. Vi ngha chung nht, l hnh ng hay qu trnh quay tr li im xut pht. S tr v c th din ra trong phm vi bin gii lnh th ca mt quc gia, v d nh vic tr v ca nhng ngi lnh nn trong nc v nhng ngi lnh xut ng; hoc gia nc ch nh (nc qu cnh hoc nc n) v nc gc trong trng hp i vi ngi di c lao ng, ngi t nn, ngi xin t nn, v cng dn c trnh . C nhiu loi hnh tr v v c th miu t qua cch thc thc hin: t nguyn, cng bc, c h tr hay t pht; hoc theo cch thc i tng tham gia, v d: hi hng (i vi ngi t nn). Xem thm assisted voluntary return - tr v t nguyn c tr gip, deportation - trc xut, expulsion - y ui, readmission agreement tha thun nhn tr li, reemigration ti xut c, refoulement y tr li, reintegration ti ha nhp, reintegration (cultural) ti ha nhp v vn ha, reintegration (economic) ti ha nhp v kinh t, reintegration (social) ti ha nhp v x hi, repatriation - hi hng, voluntary repatriation hi hng t nguyn, voluntary return tr v t nguyn Vic di chuyn ca mt ngi tr v nc gc hoc ni c tr thng xuyn sau khi sng mt nc khc vi thi gian t nht mt nm. Vic tr v ny c th l t nguyn hoc khng t nguyn; v bao gm c hi hng t nguyn. Xem thm circular migration di c xoay vng, forced return tr v cng bc, reintegration ti ha nhp, reintegration (cultural) ti ha nhp v vn ha, reintegration (economic) ti ha nhp v kinh t, reintegration (social) ti ha nhp v x hi, voluntary return tr v t nguyn
return
s tr v
return migration
di c tr v
107
Lut Di c quc t
reverse brain drain right of asylum
chy mu cht xm Xem brain gain thu ht cht xm ngc quyn t nn Mt thut ng chung c s dng theo hai ngha: quyn cp quy ch t nn (mt nc c th cp quy ch t nn cho bt k ai trn lnh th nc mnh theo quyt nh ca nc ); v quyn c t nn trong quc gia m ngi np n xin t nn lnh th hoc quc gia m ngi ang theo ui quy ch t nn. Xem thm refugee - t nn, first country of asylum nc t nn u tin, State of refuge quc gia n tr Ai cng c quyn ri b bt k nc no, k c nc mnh (iu 13 (2), Tuyn ngn ton cu nm 1948 v quyn con ngi). Quyn ny cn c quy nh trong cc vn kin php lut quc t khc, v d iu 12 (2), Cng c quc t nm 1966 v quyn dn s v chnh tr quy nh: Ai cng c t do ri khi bt k nc no, k c nc mnh. l mt kha cnh ca quyn t do i li, p dng khng phn bit cho tt c mi ngi. Tuy nhin theo lut quc t, khng c quyn ng nhin no c nhp cnh vo lnh th mt quc gia. Xem thm emigration xut c, freedom of movement - t do i li, human rights quyn con ngi, international minimum standard tiu chun quc t ti thiu, repatriation - hi hng, return - tr v L kha cnh khc ca quyn t do i li. Theo iu 13 (2) Tuyn ngn nm 1948 v quyn con ngi: Ai cng c quyn tr v nc mnh. iu 12 (2) Cng c nm 1966 v quyn dn s v chnh tr c nu: Khng ai c th b tc ot mt cch tu tin quyn tr v nc mnh. Tuy nhin, on 3 ca Cng c cng nu ra mt s hn ch c th: Cc quyn nu trn (quy nh ti iu 12 (2)) s khng b bt k hn ch no, tr nhng hn ch do lut php quy nh c cho l cn thit nhm bo v an ninh quc
right to leave
quyn ra i
right to return
quyn tr v
108
gia, trt t cng cng, y t cng ng, o c hay quyn hoc t do ca ngi khc v phi ph hp vi cc quyn khc c tha nhn trong Cng c ny. Xem thm freedom of movement t do i li, human rights quyn con ngi, repatriation hi hng, voluntary repatriation hi hng t nguyn rural-rural migrants ngi di c nng thn nng thn Nhng ngi di c trong nc t khu vc nng thn ny sang khu vc nng thn khc, bao gm c vic di chuyn khong cch ngn hoc di ca thng nhn, ngi lao ng nng nghip v chn nui gia sc. Xem thm internal migration - di c trong nc, rural-urban migrants di c nng thnthnh th, urban-rural migrants di c thnh th- nng thn, urban-urban migrants di c thnh th-thnh th Nhng ngi di c trong nc t khu vc nng thn n khu vc th, thng l do ngho i, thu nhp thp, nng sut thp, tng dn s, thiu thn, phn b t ai khng cng bng, manh mn, mi trng xung cp, v thiu cc c hi pht trin kinh t ti vng nng thn. Xem thm internal migration - ngi di c trong nc, rural-rural migrants ngi di c nng thn-nng thn, urban-rural migrants ngi di c thnh th - nng thn, urban-urban migrants ngi di c thnh th - thnh th
rural-urban migrants
ngi di c nng thn thnh th
109
Lut Di c quc t
S
safe country of origin nc gc an ton Nc gc ca ngi xin t nn c coi l an ton nu nc khng hoc khng thng xuyn sn sinh ra ngi t nn. Nc tip nhn c th s dng khi nim nc gc an ton nh mt c s t chi ngay lp tc (m khng cn xem xt) i vi nhng nhm hoc nhng loi hnh xin t nn c th. Xem thm country of origin - nc gc, safe third country - nc th ba an ton Vng trung lp c s dng vi mc ch lm ni n tr cho nhng thng binh, bnh binh hoc nhng ngi khng tham chin hoc dn thng khng tham gia chin s khi nhng nh hng ca chin tranh. (iu 15, Cng c Geneva nm 1949 v bo v thng dn trong thi gian chin tranh). Xem thm asylum t nn, neutralized zones vng trung lp L nc m ngi xin t nn c th tip cn mt ch t nn hiu qu, hoc nc m ngi ny c mt trc khi n nc ni ang xin t nn. Xem thm country of origin - nc gc, first country of asylum nc t nn u tin, reveiving country - nc tip nhn, safe country of origin nc gc an ton Theo Tha thun Schengen k ngy 14 thng 6 nm 1985, cc nc B, Php, c, Lcxm-bua v H Lan ng dn xa b vic kim sot ti cc ng bin gii gia cc nc ny v cho php cng dn ca cc nc thnh vin k kt cng nh cng dn cc nc thnh vin khc v cng dn nc th ba c t do i li. Cng c Schengen b sung cho Tha thun v a ra cc quy nh v sp xp v m bo thc thi cho vic t do i li. Tha thun v Cng c, cng vi cc quy tc c thng qua trn c s cc tha thun lin quan
safe haven
ni n tr an ton
safe third country nc th ba an ton
Schengen Agreement and Convention
Tha thun v Cng c Schengen
110
to thnh quy nh Schengen tch hp. T nm 1999, n to thnh mt phn ca khung th ch v php l ca Lin minh chu u (EU) theo mt ngh nh th ca Hip c Amsterdam nm 1997. Xem thm Dublin II Regulation - Quy tc Dublin II screening sng lc Qu trnh kim tra mt c tnh hoc kh nng c th. Trong bi cnh di c, l s xem xt s b (thng l lt qua) xc nh xem mt ngi c iu kin c hng quy ch m h xin hay khng. Xem thm prima facie - nhn din ban u Trong lnh vc di c, l ngi lao ng di c lm vic trn tu thuyn ng k ti mt quc gia m ngi khng phi l cng dn. (iu 2 (2) (c), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v cc quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c Mt ngi lao ng di c, hoc hot ng di c vic lm, m c im cng vic ca h ph thuc vo iu kin ma v v ch c thc hin trong mt phn ca nm. (iu 2 (2) (b), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v cc quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm economic migrant ngi di c kinh t, migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c, temporary migrant workers ngi lao ng di c tm thi Khi c nghi ng ti kim tra bc 1 trong qu trnh lm th tc cho nhp cnh, hoc nu ng n c tn trong h thng kim sot, th ng n phi tri qua mt cuc phng vn hoc iu tra b sung. Xem thm interview phng vn, lookout system h thng kim sot, primary inspection - kim tra bc 1
seafarer
thuyn vin
seasonal migrant ngi lao ng worker/migration thi v/ di c lao ng thi v
secondary inspection
kim tra bc 2
111
Lut Di c quc t
secondary migration self-employed migrant worker
di c bc 2
S di chuyn ca mt ngi di c trong nc ch nh hoc ti nc th ba ra khi cng ng m ngi c tr ban u. Mt ngi lao ng di c tham gia vo mt hot ng c th lao nhng ngoi mt hp ng lao ng v kim sng bng hot ng ny, thng l lm mt mnh hoc cng vi cc thnh vin trong gia nh ca mnh, v cho bt k ngi lao ng di c no khc c cng nhn l ngi lao ng t lm ch chiu theo lut php ca nc ang lm vic hoc theo cc iu c song phng hoc a phng (iu 2 (2) (h), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v cc quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c Nc m ngi di c ra i to lp cuc sng nc ngoi, tm thi hoc di hn. Xem thm country of origin - nc gc, State of origin quc gia gc Thit b c thit k pht hin s di chuyn hoc hin din ca con ngi. N bao gm cc thit b cm ng chuyn ng v cm ng kh cc-bo-nic. C thit b cm bin yu cu ngi trc tip vn hnh, v c thit b c gn vo cc trm iu khin t xa dc theo bin gii v truyn thng tin n mt trm kim sot ca khu. Xem thm carbon dioxide sensors - thit b cm ng i--xt cc-bon Tr em b tch khi c b v m, hoc ngi chm sc ban u theo lut nh hoc theo thng l, nhng khng nht thit b tch khi nhng ngi h hng khc. Do tr em b ly tn c th bao gm tr em i cng vi cc thnh vin gia nh khc. Theo thut ng ca Bo co thc tin tt nm 2004 ca Chng trnh chu u v Tr em b ly tn (SCEP), tr em b ly tn l Tr em di 18 tui ang ngoi nc gc v b tch khi c b v m
ngi lao ng di c t lm ch
sending country
nc phi c
sensors
thit b cm bin
separated children tr em b ly tn
112
hoc ngi chm sc ban u theo lut nh hoc theo thng l. Chng trnh ny s dng thut ng b ly tn hn l thut ng khng c ngi di km v trong khi mt s tr em c cho l c ngi i km n chu u, nhng nhng ngi ln i km ny khng c kh nng cn thit hoc khng thch hp m nhn trch nhim chm sc a tr . Xem thm child tr em, minor tr v thnh nin, unaccompanied children tr em khng c ngi i km servitude n dch Tnh trng mt ngi b tc quyn t do v ph thuc vo ngi khc. Xem debt bondage - l thuc v n, exploitation bc lt, slavery n l, worst forms of child labour cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht Vic xm hi tnh dc, thc t hay e da, bng v lc hoc trong iu kin khng ngang sc hoc p buc. Xem thm rape hip dm L bt c s lm dng no hoc c tnh lm dng v th d b thng tn, khng ngang sc, hoc lng tin cho mc ch tnh dc, bao gm, nhng khng gii hn, vic thu li tin bc, li ch x hi hoc chnh tr t vic bc lt tnh dc ngi khc. Mt ngi di chuyn n mt nc khng phi l nc c tr thng xuyn ca mnh trong khong thi gian t nht ba thng nhng cha ti mt nm, tr trng hp di chuyn v mc ch gii tr, ngh l, thm bn b, h hng, i cng vic hoc cha bnh. phc v cho vic thng k di c quc t, quc gia c tr thng xuyn ca ngi di c ngn hn c coi l nc n trong khong thi gian h . Xem thm long-term migrant - ngi di c di hn, permanent settlers - ngi nh c lu di, temporary migrant workers - ngi lao ng di c tm thi
sexual assault
cng dm
sexual exploitation bc lt tnh dc
short-term migrant
ngi di c ngn hn
113
Lut Di c quc t
skilled migrant
ngi di c lnh ngh
Ngi lao ng di c, do k nng hoc c kinh nghim chuyn mn nghip v, thng c i x u i trong vic xin chp thun nhp cnh vo nc ch nh (v do t phi chu nhng hn ch v thi gian lu tr, thay i vic lm v on t gia nh). Xem thm highly skilled/qualified migrant ngi di c c trnh /tay ngh cao, less/low and semi skilled migrant worker ngi lao ng di c tay ngh thp v bn lnh ngh, qualified national - cng dn c trnh Tnh trng hoc hon cnh ca mt ngi m, thng qua ngi , bt k hoc tt c cc quyn gn vi quyn s hu c thc hin. (iu 1, Cng c nm 1926 v n l, c sa i, b sung ti Ngh nh th nm 1953). N l c xc nh bi yu t s hu hoc kim sot cuc sng ca ngi khc, p buc v hn ch i li i vi ngi khc, v bi thc t rng mt ngi khng c t do ri b hay thay i ch s dng (ch chim hu n l truyn thng, lao ng l thuc, nng n, lao ng cng bc v n l phc v mc ch nghi l hay tn gio). Xem thm bonded labour - lao ng l thuc, child labour - lao ng tr em, debt bondage l thuc v n, servitude n dch, worst forms of child labour - cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht
slavery
ch n l
smuggled person/ migrant
ngi/(ngi di c) Mt ngi di c, qua vic cung cp ti chnh c a tri php hoc li ch vt cht cho mt ngi khc c nhp cnh bt hp php vo mt quc gia m ngi khng phi l cng dn hoc thng tr nhn. k a ngi tri php Mt ngi trung gian thc hin vic a tri php mt ngi qua mt bin gii quc gia c quc t tha nhn, theo tha thun vi ngi . Xem thm smuggling (of migrants) - a ngi tri php, trafficking - bun bn ngi
smuggler (of people)
114
smuggling (of migrants)
a ngi tri php
Hot ng nhm kim li ch ti chnh hoc vt cht khc, trc tip hoc gin tip, qua vic a mt ngi nhp cnh bt hp php vo mt quc gia m ngi khng phi l cng dn hoc thng tr nhn (iu 3 (a), Ngh nh th ca Lin hp quc v chng a ngi di c tri php qua ng b, ng bin v ng khng, b sung cho Cng c ca Lin hp quc nm 2000 v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia). a ngi tri php khc vi bun bn ngi ch khng nht thit phi c yu t bc lt, p buc hoc vi phm quyn con ngi. Xem thm assets forfeiture tch thu ti sn, carbon dioxide sensors thit b cm ng i-xt cc-bon, illegal entry - nhp cnh bt hp php, organized crime ti phm c t chc, Palermo Protocols cc Ngh nh th Palermo, sensors thit b cm ng, smuggler (of migrants) k a ngi di c tri php, trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi Cc nng lc, k nng, kin thc, tng v thc tin do ngi di c chuyn v nc gc ca h. Xem thm remittances kiu hi Nhng tiu chun khng b rng buc v php l. Xem thm best (effective) practices thc tin (hiu qu) tt, capacity building xy dng nng lc, regional consultative processes tin trnh t vn khu vc Xem country of origin nc gc, sending country nc phi c Ch quyn nh mt khi nim ca php lut quc t gm ba yu t chnh: bn ngoi (i ngoi), bn trong (i ni) v lnh th. Yu t bn ngoi ca ch quyn l quyn ca quc gia t quyt nh quan h vi cc quc gia hoc cc ch th khc m khng chu s hn ch hoc kim sot ca quc gia no. Yu t ny ca ch quyn c hiu l s c lp. Yu t bn trong ca ch quyn l thm quyn tuyt i hoc quyn nng ca nh nc trong
115
social capital transfer
chuyn giao vn x hi
soft law
lut mm
source country sovereignty
nc ngun ch quyn
Lut Di c quc t
vic quyt nh c tnh ca cc th ch ca mnh, ban hnh lut php ca ring mnh v m bo vic tn trng lut php . Yu t lnh th ca ch quyn l thm quyn ca mt nh nc i vi mi ngi v mi vt trong, di v trn lnh th ca mnh. Trong bi cnh di c, iu ny c ngha l quyn ch quyn ca mt quc gia trong vic quyt nh ngi khng phi l cng dn no c php nhp cnh vo lnh th nc mnh, ty thuc vo nhng gii hn ca nguyn tc khng y tr li, quyn con ngi, cc iu khon trong cc tha thun song phng hay khu vc (cc tha thun v hi nhp hoc t do i li). Xem thm border management qun l bin gii, human rights quyn con ngi, jurisdiction quyn ti phn, non-refoulement khng y tr li, personal jurisdiction quyn ti phn nhn thn, State quc gia, territorial jurisdiction quyn ti phn lnh th, universal jurisdiction quyn ti phn ph qut specifiedemployment worker ngi lao ng theo vic lm c th Mt ngi lao ng: (i) c ch s dng c ti mt quc gia lm vic thc hin mt nhim v hoc bn phn c th trong thi hn hoc khong thi gian xc nh; hoc (ii) ngi tham gia trong khong thi gian hn ch hoc xc nh vo mt cng vic c th i hi s chuyn nghip, tnh thng mi, k thut hoc cc k nng cao; hoc (iii) ngi theo yu cu ca ch s dng ti quc gia h ang lm vic, tham gia c thi hn hoc trong khong thi gian xc nh vo mt cng vic m bn cht l qu , ngn hn; v ngi c yu cu ri khi quc gia ang lm vic khi ht thi hn c php lu tr, hoc sm hn nu khng cn thc hin nhim v hay bn phn hoc khng cn tham gia cng vic na. (iu 2 (2) (g), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v cc quyn ca lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c
116
sponsorship
ti tr
Vic bo m h tr, c bit l h tr v ti chnh, cho mt ngi khng phi l cng dn ca nc m ngi xin nhp cnh, lu tr, thng l trong mt thi gian xc nh. Mt s nc yu cu phi c ti tr hoc bng chng v mc thu nhp tha ng nh mt iu kin nhp cnh i vi mt s loi hnh di c nht nh cng nh du khch. Xem thm affidavit (of support) tuyn th (bo lnh), bond tin t cc, guarantee bo m Mt c nhn hoc nhm ngi t khi xng v tin hnh vic di c m khng c bt k s tr gip no t bn ngoi. Di c t pht thng do cc yu t ko y v c c th l thiu s h tr ca nh nc hoc bt c s tr gip no ca quc gia hoc quc t. Xem thm assisted migration - di c c tr gip, assisted voluntary return tr v t nguyn c tr gip, push-pull factors - cc nhn t ko-y, spontaneous return tr v t pht Vic tr v nc gc mt cch c lp, t nguyn ca mt c nhn hay nhm, bao gm ngi t nn, ngi lnh nn trong nc, hoc ngi xin t nn, thng khng c s tr gip ca cc quc gia hoc s tr gip ca trong nc hay quc t. Xem thm assisted voluntary return tr v t nguyn c tr gip, spontaneous migration di c t pht, voluntary return tr v t nguyn Cp hoc mc thuyt phc ca bng chng c yu cu trong mi trng hp c th. V d, trong bi cnh t nn, "wellfounded" c c s l mt tiu chun ca bng chng khi nh gi mi lo s b ngc i.
spontaneous migration
di c t pht
spontaneous return
tr v t pht
standard of proof
tiu chun bng chng
State
Nh nc/Quc gia Mt thc th chnh tr c quyn ti phn hp php v kim sot hiu qu i vi mt lnh th xc nh; c thm quyn quyt nh tp th i vi c dn thng tr; c quyn trong
117
Lut Di c quc t
vic s dng v lc; c mt chnh ph c quc t cng nhn tng tc hoc c kh nng tng tc trong quan h chnh thc vi cc thc th khc. Cc tiu ch ca mt nh nc theo lut php quc t thng c biu hin qua vic s hu mt cng ng dn c thng tr, mt vng lnh th c xc nh, mt chnh ph v nng lc tham gia vo quan h quc t vi cc Nh nc khc (iu 1, Cng c Montevideo nm 1933 v quyn v ngha v ca cc quc gia). Xem thm sovereignty ch quyn, subject of international law ch th ca lut quc t State of employment Quc gia lm vic L nc ngi lao ng di c , ang hoc s tham gia vo mt cng vic c tr cng. (iu 6 (b), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c Quc gia m ngi lin quan l mt cng dn (iu 6 (a), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm country of origin - nc gc, sending country nc phi c, third country nc th ba Quc gia cho php t nn lnh th. Xem thm asylum (territorial) t nn lnh th, right of asylum quyn t nn
State of origin
Quc gia gc
State of refuge
Quc gia n tr
State of transit
Quc gia qu cnh Theo ngha chung, l quc gia m mt c nhn i qua trong chuyn i ti mt nc n. Theo thut ng ca (iu 6 (c), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v cc thnh vin gia nh h, quc gia qu cnh l Bt k quc gia no m mt ngi lin quan i qua trong hnh trnh n quc gia lm vic hoc t quc gia lm vic tr v quc gia gc hoc quc gia c tr thng xuyn.
118
Xem thm country of transit - nc qu cnh, third country nc th ba, transit qu cnh, transit passengers khch qu cnh, transit visa th thc qu cnh stateless person ngi khng quc tch Mt ngi khng c coi l cng dn ca bt k nc no theo php lut nc (iu 1, Cng c ca Lin hp quc nm 1954 v quy ch ca ngi khng quc tch). Theo , mt ngi khng quc tch thiu cc quyn gn vi quc tch nh bo h ngoi giao ca mt quc gia, khng c quyn t do c tr ti mt quc gia v khng c quyn quay tr li trong trng hp i ra ngoi quc gia . Xem thm de facto statelessness - tnh trng khng quc tch trn thc t Tnh trng mt ngi khng c coi l cng dn ca bt k nc no theo ni lut ca nc . Tnh trng khng quc tch c th l h qu ca mt lot cc nguyn nhn bao gm xung t php lut, chuyn nhng lnh th, lut hn nhn gia nh, th tc hnh chnh, s phn bit i x, thiu ng k khai sinh, tc quc tch (khi mt quc gia hy b quc tch ca mt c nhn) v t b quc tch (khi mt c nhn t chi s bo h ca mt quc gia). Xem thm de facto statelessness tnh trng khng quc tch trn thc t, denationalization tc quc tch, loss of nationality mt quc tch, nationality quc tch, renunciation s t b Vic di chuyn ca mt ngi n mt hoc nhiu a im trong mt nc trc khi xut c sang mt nc khc, hoc di chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc trc khi ti nc n cui cng. Mt ngi theo mt kha hc ti mt c s o to c cng nhn.
statelessness
tnh trng khng quc tch
step migration
di c tng bc
student
sinh vin
119
Lut Di c quc t
stock (foreign)
thng k (ngi nc ngoi)
S lng cng dn nc ngoi ti mt khu vc c th trong mt ngy nht nh ca nm thng k (v d ngy 01/01 hoc 31/12). Xem thm migration flow Lu lng ngi di c Mt thc th c t cch php nhn quc t, v theo c cc quyn v ngha v theo lut php quc t. Ban u, cc quc gia l nhng ch th duy nht ca lut quc t. Nhng ch th khc ca lut quc t c xc nh sau ny theo thi gian, ch yu l nhng t chc quc t v cc th nhn. Vic m rng t cch php nhn ca cc ch th ny cng rt khc nhau, nhng thng hn ch hn so vi t cch ca cc quc gia. Xem thm international law (public) lut quc t (cng php), State nh nc/quc gia Bt k mt qu trnh khi kin do mt bn hoc nhiu bn tin hnh chng li bn khc ti ta n. Mt thng bo yu cu mt ngi c mt trc ta hoc ti mt c quan hnh chnh lm bi thm hoc nhn chng.
subject of international law
ch th ca lut quc t
suit
v kin
summons
giy triu tp
120
T
technical cooperation hp tc k thut Hot ng hp tc trong mt hay nhiu bn chia s thng tin v kinh nghim chuyn mn v mt ch nht nh, thng tp trung vo cc chc nng thuc lnh vc cng (nh vic xy dng quy phm php lut v trnh t th tc thc hin; gip thit k v xy dng c s h tng, nng cao cng ngh). Xem thm best (effective) practices thc tin (hiu qu) tt, capacity building - xy dng nng lc Vic di c ca ngi lao ng n mt nc trong mt khong thi gian hn ch c th trc khi tr v nc gc. Nhng ngi lao ng lnh ngh, bn lnh ngh hoc cha qua o to li nc tip nhn trong khong thi gian xc nh c ghi trong hp ng lao ng vi mt c nhn hoc hp ng dch v k kt vi mt doanh nghip. Cn c gi l ngi lao ng di c theo hp ng. Xem thm seasonal migrant worker/migration ngi lao ng thi v/ di c lao ng thi v, short-term migrant - ngi di c ngn hn S thu xp ca cc quc gia nhm cung cp s bo v mt cch tm thi cho nhng ngi n mt quc gia mt cch t trnh tnh trng xung t hoc bo lc gia tng, m khng phi qua th tc xt duyt trc v nhn thn. Mt loi giy t cp cho c nhn, thng l nhng ngi khng c h chiu, h s dng quay v nc gc. Thng thng, nhng giy t nh vy c cp vi thi hn ngn v ht gi tr vo thi im ngi mang giy t nhp cnh vo nc gc ca mnh.
temporary di c (lao ng) (labour) migration tm thi temporary migrant workers ngi lao ng di c tm thi
temporary protection
bo v tm thi
temporary travel document
giy t i li tm thi
121
Lut Di c quc t
Xem thm certificate of identity giy chng minh nhn thn, laissez-passer giy thng hnh, passport h chiu, travel document giy t i li, travel document (Convention) giy t i li (theo Cng c), visa th thc territorial asylum t nn lnh th territorial jurisdiction quyn ti phn lnh th Xem asylum (territorial) - t nn (lnh th) Quyn ti phn i vi nhng trng hp ny sinh trong mt lnh th nht nh hoc lin quan n ngi c tr trong lnh th . Cng c th hiu l mt lnh th m trong mt chnh ph hoc mt ta n hoc mt ta cp di ca chnh ph c quyn ti phn. Xem thm jurisdiction quyn ti phn, sovereignty ch quyn Ranh gii trn bin xc nh ch quyn ca mt quc gia ven bin. Lnh hi khng c ko di qu 12 hi l. Xem thm contiguous zone vng tip gip, high seas bin c Trong khi cha c mt nh ngha chung c chp nhn theo lut php quc t, khng b c th c nh ngha l vic s dng mt cch c ch nh v c h thng cc hnh ng nhm gy ra s khip s trong cng chng nh mt bin php nhm t c mc ch nht nh. Khng b c th l mt hnh ng ca mt c nhn hay mt nhm ngi tin hnh vi t cch c nhn hoc c s tr gip ca mt quc gia. N cng c th l mt hnh ng ca mt quc gia, k c chng li cng ng dn c (vi phm quyn con ngi nh lao ng cng bc, trc xut, dit chng) hoc chng li thng dn ca quc gia th ch trong bi cnh xung t v trang quc t. Cc loi hnh nht nh ca hnh vi khng b c nu c th ti cc iu c quc t ph lc cho Cng c quc t nm 1999 v cm ti tr cho khng b. Cng c ny ni r ch ngha khng b l Bt k hnh ng no c gy t vong hoc gy thng tch
territorial sea
lnh hi
terrorism
khng b
122
thn th nghim trng cho thng dn, hoc bt k ai khng tham chin trong tnh hung c xung t v trang, khi mc ch ca hnh ng , xt v bn cht v hon cnh, nhm e da mt cng ng dn c, hoc p buc mt chnh ph hoc mt t chc quc t thc hin hoc khng thc hin mt hnh ng. (iu 2 (1) (b), Cng c quc t nm 1999 v cm ti tr cho khng b). Xem thm crime, international ti c, quc t third country third-country national nc th ba Mt nc hoc vng lnh th khng nm trong Lin minh chu u.
cng dn nc th L bt k ngi no khng phi l cng dn ca Lin minh chu u trong phm vi iu ba 17(1) ca Hip c thnh lp Cng ng chu u, bao gm ngi khng quc tch. tra tn Bt k hnh vi no c gy au n nghim trng hoc qu sc chu ng v th xc hay tinh thn i vi mt ngi nhm khai thc thng tin lin quan n ngi hoc ngi th ba; hoc p buc nhn ti, trng pht ngi v hnh ng m ngi hoc ngi th ba thc hin hoc b nghi ng thc hin; hoc e da hay p buc ngi hoc ngi th ba; hoc v bt c l do no da trn s phn bit i x di bt k hnh thc no, v nhng hnh vi ny do hoc theo s xi gic hoc vi s cho php hoc ng tnh ca mt cng chc hoc ngi tha hnh cng v. Khng bao gm s au n v chu ng vn l, hoc xut pht, hoc ny sinh tnh c t cc hnh pht hp php. (iu 1, Cng c nm 1984 v chng tra tn v cc hnh thc trng pht hay i x tn c, phi nhn tnh hay h thp phm gi). Tra tn vi phm lut quc t (iu 7, Cng c quc t nm 1966 v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr, Cng c quc t nm 1984 v chng tra tn v cc hnh thc trng pht hay i x tn c, phi nhn tnh, h thp phm gi v Cng c Geneva 1949, iu khon chung 50/51/130/147).
torture
123
Lut Di c quc t
Xem thm crime, international ti c, quc t, fundamental human rights cc quyn con ngi c bn, inhuman treatment i x phi nhn tnh, jus cogens - quy phm mnh lnh, prohibition of torture - cm tra tn total migration di c tng Tng s ngi nhp cnh hoc lt nhp cnh, v tng s ngi xut cnh hoc lt xut cnh, to thnh tng s di c c gi l di c tng (total migration), phn bit vi di c thun (net migration) - hay s d di c - l chnh lch gia s lt nhp cnh v s lt xut cnh. Xem thm net migration di c thun S di chuyn ca mt ngi hay mt nhm ngi, trong mt nc hoc ra nc ngoi, vi mc ch gii tr, th thao hoc khm ph. i du lch khng c ngha l thay i ni c tr thng xuyn ca ngi tham gia v khng l mt loi hnh ca di c theo ngha hp, mc d vy thut ng di c du lch i khi vn c s dng. Xem thm migration di c, traveller l khch, visitor du khch Ngi trung gian lin quan vo vic di chuyn ngi nhm t c mt li ch kinh t hoc li ch khc bng cc hnh thc la gt, p buc v th cht v tm l nhm mc ch bc lt. nh ngay t u (ab initio) ca k bun bn ngi l nhm bc lt v thu li hoc trc li t vic bc lt ngi. Xem thm exploitation - bc lt, smuggler (of migrants) - k a ngi tri php, trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi, victims of human trafficking nn nhn bun bn ngi Vic tuyn m, vn chuyn, chuyn giao, cha chp hoc nhn ngi nhm mc ch bc lt bng cch e da hay s dng v lc hoc cc hnh thc p buc, bt cc, la gt, man tr, lm dng quyn lc hoc li dng v th d b thng tn, hoc bng vic cho hoc nhn tin hay li ch t c s ng ca mt ngi ang kim sot ngi khc, nhm
tourism
du lch
trafficker, human
k bun bn ngi
trafficking in persons
bun bn ngi
124
mc ch bc lt. (iu 3 (a), Ngh nh th ca Lin hp quc v phng nga, trn p v trng tr bun bn ngi, c bit l ph n v tr em, b sung Cng c ca Lin hp quc nm 2000 v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia). Bun bn ngi c th din ra trong phm vi mt quc gia hoc c yu t xuyn quc gia. Xem thm abduction - bt cc, coercion - p buc, assets forfeiture tch thu ti sn, carbon dioxide sensors thit b cm ng i-xt cc-bon, coercion p buc, deception la o, exploitation bc lt, fraud s gian ln, organized crime ti phm c t chc, Palermo Protocols cc Ngh nh th Palermo, sensors b cm ng, smuggler (of migrants) - a ngi tri php, trafficker, human - k bun bn ngi, victim of human trafficking nn nhn bun bn ngi, worst forms of child labour cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht transit qu cnh im dng chn, c di khc nhau, trong khi di chuyn gia hai hay nhiu quc gia Xem thm country of transit nc qu cnh, refugees in transit - ngi t nn qu cnh, State of transit - quc gia qu cnh, transit passengers khch qu cnh, transit visa th thc qu cnh Mt ngi t mt quc gia n sn bay hoc cng bin ca quc gia th hai bng ng khng hay ng thy vi mc ch duy nht l tip tc hnh trnh n quc gia th ba. Xem thm State of transit - quc gia qu cnh, transit - qu cnh Th thc cp cho ngi khng phi l cng dn i qua nc trn ng ti mt im th ba. Th thc qu cnh cho php ngi mang n c i qua lnh th ca nc cp hoc lu tr trong mt thi gian rt ngn, thng l 24 48 ting. Xem thm State of transit - quc gia qu cnh, transit - qu cnh, transit passengers - khch qu cnh, visa - th thc
transit passengers khch qu cnh
transit visa
th thc qu cnh
125
Lut Di c quc t
transnationalism
xuyn quc gia
L qu trnh con ngi thit lp v duy tr cc mi lin kt vn ha-x hi vt qua bin gii a l. Vic di chuyn ngi hoc hng ha t ni ny n ni khc bng bt k phng tin chuyn ch no. Xem thm carrier nh chuyn ch, conveyance - vn chuyn Thut ng chung dng bao gm tt c cc loi giy t do mt c quan c thm quyn cp, c chp nhn l bng chng v nhn thn nhp cnh nc khc. H chiu v th thc l cc loi giy t i li c s dng rng ri nht. Mt s nc cn chp nhn th cn cc hoc mt s loi giy t nht nh nh giy php c tr. Xem thm certificate of identity - giy chng minh nhn thn, fraudulent document giy t gi mo, laissez-passer giy thng hnh, passport - h chiu, travel documents (Convention) giy t i li (theo Cng c), visa - th thc Giy t i li do mt nc l thnh vin Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn cp cho ngi t nn thay th h chiu quc gia theo iu 28(1) ca Cng c ny, Cng c quy nh Cc quc gia k kt s cp giy t i li cho ngi t nn lu tr hp php trn lnh th ca mnh i ra nc ngoi, tr khi c l do thuyt phc v an ninh quc gia hay trt t cng cng, v cc iu khon ca K hoch thc hin Cng c ny s p dng i vi nhng giy t nh vy. Cc quc gia k kt c th cp mt loi giy t nh vy cho bt k ngi t nn no khc trn lnh th ca mnh. Xem thm certificate of identity giy chng minh nhn thn, passport h chiu, refugee ngi t nn, temporary travel documents giy t i li tm thi, travel documents giy t i li, visa th thc
transportation
vn ti
travel documents
giy t i li
travel documents (Convention)
giy t i li (theo cng c)
126
traveller
l khch
Mt ngi i t ni ny n ni khc vi bt k l do g. Xem thm carrier liability law lut trch nhim vn chuyn, migrant ngi di c, tourism du lch, visitor du khch L mt tha thun quc t c k kt bng vn bn gia cc quc gia v c iu chnh bi php lut quc t, khng ph thuc vo vic c th hin trong mt vn kin duy nht hay trong hai hay nhiu vn kin c lin quan vi nhau, cng nh khng ph thuc vo tn gi c th ca cc vn kin . (iu 2.1 (a) Cng c Vin nm 1969 v Lut iu c quc t). Xem thm accession gia nhp, accord hip c, agreement tha thun, bilateral song phng, bilateral labour migration agreements tha thun di c lao ng song phng, convention cng c, covenant tha c, instrument - vn kin, multilateral a phng, ratification ph chun, reservation to a treaty bo lu mt iu c
treaty
iu c
127
Lut Di c quc t
U
ultra vires unaccompanied children khng ng thm quyn tr em khng c ngi i km Tri php, vt qu quyn hn m lut php hoc iu l cho php. Ngi di tui trng thnh ang mt nc m ngi khng phi l cng dn v khng i cng vi cha/m, ngi gim h hoc nhng ngi ln khc c trch nhim chm sc theo lut nh hoc theo thng l. Tr em khng c ngi i km l thch thc c bit i vi cc quan chc ca khu, v vic giam gi v cc hnh pht khc c p dng i vi ngi nc ngoi trng thnh khng giy t c th khng thch hp vi tr em. Xem thm child - tr em, minor - tr v thnh nin, separated children tr em b ly tn Xem unaccompanied children tr em khng c ngi i km Hnh vi vt qua bin gii khng tun th cc quy nh cn thit ca vic nhp cnh hp php vo nc tip nhn. (iu 3(b) Ngh nh th v chng a ngi tri php qua ng b, ng bin v ng khng, b sung cho Cng c Lin hp quc nm 2000 v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia) Xem thm illegal entry nhp cnh bt hp php, irregular migration di c tri php, undocumented migrant ngi di c khng giy t Mt ngi khng phi l cng dn nhp cnh hoc lu tr ti mt nc m khng c giy t thch hp. S ny bao gm, nhng khng hn ch. nhng ngi: (a) khng c giy t hp php nhp cnh vo mt quc gia nhng nhp cnh ln lt; (b) s dng giy t gi mo; (c) sau khi nhp cnh bng giy t hp l, li qu thi hn c php hoc vi phm cc quy nh v nhp cnh v lu tr tri php.
unaccompanied minors unauthorized/ unlawful entry/ admission
tr v thnh nin khng c ngi i km nhp cnh/ chp thun cho nhp cnh tri php/ khng ng thm quyn
undocumented migrant
ngi di c khng giy t
128
Xem thm illegal entry - nhp cnh bt hp php, irregular migration - di c tri php, unauthorized/unlawful entry/admission - nhp cnh/chp thun cho nhp cnh tri php/ khng ng thm quyn undocumented migrant workers/ migrant workers in an irregular situation ngi lao ng di c khng giy t/ngi lao ng di c trong tnh trng tri php Ngi lao ng di c hoc cc thnh vin gia nh h khng c php nhp cnh, lu tr hoc lm vic ti mt nc. Xem thm documented migrant workers ngi lao ng di c giy t, irregular migrant ngi di c tri php, migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c, regular migration di c c php
universal jurisdiction
quyn ti phn ph Nguyn tc khng nh ta n quc gia c th iu tra v truy t bt k ni no trn th qut gii mt ngi b nghi phm mt ti hnh s, khng tnh n quc tch ca b co hoc ca nn nhn hoc i hi bt k mi lin h no vi quc gia ni t ta n. Quyn ti phn ph qut c coi l tuyt i. Li ni u ca Quy ch Rome nm 1999 v Ta n hnh s quc t ng h vic p dng quyn ti phn ph qut l ngha v ca cc quc gia thc hin thm quyn xt x hnh s i vi nhng c nhn chu trch nhim v cc ti c quc t. Mc tiu ca quyn ti phn ph qut l tng cng hiu lc ca lut quc t trong vic trng tr nhng vi phm nht nh, bao gm v c bit l cc ti c nghim trng nh ti dit chng, ti c chng nhn loi, ti c chin tranh, tra tn, hnh quyt v th tiu khng qua xt x. Quan im ca cng ng quc t coi nhng ti c nh vy l qu nghim trng ln n mc tr thnh ti c chng li ton nhn loi, do tt c cc quc gia c trch nhim a nhng ti phm ra trc cng l. Xem thm crime, international ti c, quc t, crimes against humanity ti c chng nhn loi, sovereignty ch quyn, war crmes ti c chin tranh
129
Lut Di c quc t
unlawful entry
nhp cnh tri php
Xem illegal entry - nhp cnh bt hp php, unauthorized/unlawful entry/admission - nhp cnh/chp thun cho nhp cnh tri php/ khng ng thm quyn Nhng ngi b buc phi ri khi cng ng ca h bao gm: nhng ngi chy trn do s ngc i v chin tranh; nhng ngi b buc di di do mi trng b tn ph; v nhng ngi buc phi kim sng ti mt cng ng khc hay nc ngoi do khng th tn ti c qu hng. Xem thm environmental migrant ngi di c mi trng, environmentally displaced persons- ngi lnh nn do mi trng, externally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn ra nc ngoi, internally displaced persons - ngi lnh nn trong nc, refugee - ngi t nn
uprooted people
ngi tha hng
urban-rural migrants
ngi di c th - Nhng ngi di c trong nc t thnh th v nng thn hoc v mc ch "cuc sng mi" nng thn hoc di c tr v ca nhng ngi di c t nng thn ra thnh th. Xem thm internal migration - di c trong nc, ruralrural migrants ngi di c nng thn nng thn, ruralurban migrants ngi di c nng thn thnh th, urban urban migrants ngi di c thnh th thnh th ngi di c thnh th - thnh th Nhng ngi di c trong nc t khu vc th ny n mt th khc, thng vi mc ch vic lm. Xem thm internal migration - di c trong nc, ruralrural migrants ngi di c nng thn nng thn, ruralurban migrants ngi di c nng thn thnh th, urban rural migrants ngi di c thnh th - nng thn
urban-urban migrants
130
V
vessel tu thuyn Theo ngha chung nht, t tu thuyn cp n tt c cc loi phng tin vn ti ng thy no, bao gm c tu khng ti v thy phi c, c s dng hoc c th s dng nh mt phng tin vn ti trn nc. (Cng c nm 1972 v cc quy tc quc t trnh va chm trn bin, quy tc 3). Song song vi nh ngha chung ny, cc Cng c quc t a ra nhiu nh ngha khc nhau ph thuc vo mc tiu ca tng cng c. Theo thut ng ti iu 3(d) Ngh nh th nm 2000 v chng a ngi tri php qua ng b, ng bin v ng khng, tu thuyn l bt k phng tin vn ti thy no, bao gm tu khng ti v thy phi c, c s dng v c th s dng nh phng tin vn ti trn nc, tr tu chin, thit b h tr hi qun hoc cc tu thuyn khc do mt Chnh ph s hu hoc iu hnh, v vo thi im ch c s dng vi mc ch phi thng mi ca chnh ph. Xem thm flag State quc gia tu mang c, high seas bin c, rescue at sea cu h trn bin
victim of human trafficking
nn nhn ca bun Bt k ngi no l i tng ca ti phm bun bn ngi. bn ngi Xem thm trafficker, human - k bun bn ngi, trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi bo hnh ph n Bt k hnh vi bo lc v gii no gy ra hoc c th gy ra tn hi hay au n cho ph n v th xc, gii tnh hay tm l, bao gm c cc mi e da s thc hin cc hnh vi ; vic cng p hay tc quyn t do mt cch ty tin, xy ra bt k ni cng cng hay trong cuc sng ring t (iu 1, Tuyn ngn nm 1993 v xo b nn bo hnh ph n). Xem thm gender based violence bo lc gii
violence against women
131
Lut Di c quc t
visa
th thc
L chng thc do nh chc trch c thm quyn ca mt nc cp trong h chiu hoc giy chng minh nhn thn ca mt ngi nc ngoi mun nhp cnh, xut cnh hay qu cnh lnh th nc . Vic cp th thc ch ra rng, ti thi im cp, nh chc trch chc chn rng ngi mang giy t nm trong din ngi nc ngoi c php nhp cnh, xut cnh hoc qu cnh theo lut php nc . Th thc th hin cc tiu chun c chp thun vo mt quc gia. Thc tin quc t ang hng ti vic pht hnh loi th thc c th c bng my theo tiu chun ca ICAO (T chc Hng khng dn dng quc t), c in bng tem dn vi nhng c tnh m bo an ninh. Xem thm applicant ng n, biometrics - sinh trc hc, business visitor du khch thng mi, certificate of identity - giy chng minh nhn thn, change of status thay i quy ch, exit visa th thc xut cnh, passport - h chiu, permit giy php, temporary travel document giy t i li tm thi, transit visa th thc qu cnh, travel documents (Convention) giy t i li (theo Cng c), visa refusal t chi cp th thc
visa refusal
t chi cp th thc Quyt nh ca c quan chc nng c thm quyn t chi mt n xin th thc. Vic t chi cp th thc c th bao gm cc l do trt t cng cng, y t cng cng, hoc do ng n khng iu kin Xem thm visa th thc du khch Trong bi cnh di c, l thut ng c s dng trong mt s quy nh php lut quc gia ch mt ngi khng phi l cng dn c php lu tr tm thi trong lnh th quc gia nhng khng tham gia vo cc hot ng chuyn mn. Xem thm permanent residence - thng tr, permanent settlers ngi nh c lu di, tourism du lch, traveler du khch
visitor
132
voluntary repatriation
hi hng t nguyn
Vic a tr li nc gc nhng ngi iu kin, trn c s h t do by t nguyn vng tr v. c s dng nhiu nht trong bi cnh ngi t nn, t nhn chin tranh v ngi b giam gi dn s. y cng l mt trong ba gii php lu bn gii quyt s phn ca ngi t nn. Xem thm assisted voluntary return tr v t nguyn c h tr, durable solution gii php lu bn, integration hi nhp, involuntary repatriation - hi hng khng t nguyn, repatriation - hi hng, resettlement ti nh c, return - tr v, right to return - quyn tr v S quay tr v nc gc, nc qu cnh hoc mt nc th ba khc, c h tr hoc c lp, theo nguyn vng ca ngi tr v. Xem thm assisted voluntary return - tr v t nguyn c h tr, forced return - tr v cng bc, involuntary repatriation - hi hng khng t nguyn, return - tr v, return migration di c tr v, repatriation - hi hng, spontaneous return tr v t pht, voluntary repatriation - hi hng t nguyn Bt k mt nhm hoc mt b phn x hi no trong mt quc gia c nguy c tr thnh i tng ca nn phn bit i x, bo lc, thm ha thin nhin v mi trng hoc kh khn v kinh t cao hn so vi cc nhm khc trong quc gia ; bt k nhm hoc mt b phn x hi no (ph n, tr em hoc ngi cao tui, ngi khuyt tt, ngi thiu s hay ngi di c) c nguy c cao hn trong thi k xung t v khng hong. Xem thm minority thiu s, protection of minorities bo v nhm thiu s
voluntary return
tr v t nguyn
vulnerable group
nhm d b tn thng
133
Lut Di c quc t
W
waiver min Vic t b hoc khc t t nguyn mt quyn hay li th hp php, d tuyn b hay ng . Lut di c c th quy nh khng p dng cc yu cu php l no hoc cc c s khng chp thun cho nhp cnh i vi mt s trng hp c th c tnh thuyt phc, cho php c quan chc nng quyt nh c c min yu cu ny hay khng i vi tng trng hp c th. Nhng vi phm v lut hay tp qun chin tranh. Nhng ti c ny bao gm, nhng khng gii hn, nhng vi phm nghim trng c nu ti bn Cng c Geneva 1949, nh git ngi c , tra tn, i x phi nhn tnh, giam gi hoc trc xut phi php nhng ngi khng cn tham chin, ph hy hoc chim ot ti sn c bn Cng c Geneva 1949 bo v. Thng dn hoc qun nhn u c th phm ti c chin tranh. Xem thm crime, international ti c, quc t, crimes against humanity ti c chng nhn loi, crimes against peace ti c chng ha bnh, exclusion clauses iu khon loi tr, universal jurisdiction quyn ti phn ph qut
war crimes
ti c chin tranh
watchlist well founded fear (of persecution)
danh sch theo di Xem lookout system - h thng kim sot s s hi c c s (b ngc i) Mt yu t c bn ca nh ngha ngi t nn theo Cng c 1951 v ngi t nn. C s ca s s hi bao gm c yu t ch quan (lo s b ngc i) v yu t khch quan (s s hi phi trn c s khch quan chnh ng). Theo Cng c 1951, s ngc i phi c lin quan n bt k mt trong nm cn c c th nh: chng tc, tn gio, dn tc, thnh vin ca nhm x hi v chnh kin ring bit. Xem thm persecution s ngc i, refugee ngi t nn
134
withdrawal, of an rt n application
Vic yu cu hy hoc tr li n np, hoc ch ra cho cc quan chc lin quan thy rng ngi np n khng cn theo ui quyn li hoc quy ch nh yu cu. Xem thm applicant ng n, application - n ngh Mt ngi bit r v nhng s kin hoc s vic c th do c chng kin trc tip. Trong ng cnh lut, mt ngi c hiu bit nh vy l ngi c nng lc php l trnh by s hiu bit trc mt to n lut php. Chng kin mt s kin hoc mt hnh ng. Trong ng cnh lut, chng kin vic k kt mt vn bn, chng hn nh mt tho thun hoc hp ng. Xem thm oath tuyn th
witness
nhn chng
worker on an offshore installation
ngi lao ng lm Mt lao ng di c c thu lm vic trn mt c s ngoi khi thuc quyn ti phn vic xa b ca mt nc m ngi khng mang quc tch. (iu 2 (2) (d), Cng c quc t nm 1990 v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h). Xem thm migrant worker - ngi lao ng di c giy php lm vic Mt loi giy t php l do c quan c thm quyn ca mt quc gia cho php ngi lao ng di c c lm vic nc ch nh trong thi hn gi tr ca giy php . Xem thm applicant ng n, permit giy php cc loi hnh lao ng tr em ti t nht Thnh ng ny cp n (a) Tt c cc loi hnh n l hay thc tin tng t nh vic bn v bun bn tr em, lao ng tr n, nng n, lao ng cng bc hoc bt buc, bao gm tuyn qun bt buc hoc cng ch tr em trong xung t v trang; (b) s dng, d d hoc li ko tr em vo hot ng mi dm, sn xut vn ha phm khiu dm hoc biu din khiu dm; (c) s dng, d d hoc li ko tr em tham gia cc hot ng bt hp php, c bit l vic sn xut v bun bn
work permit
worst forms of child labour
135
Lut Di c quc t
cht gy nghin nh c quy nh ti cc iu c quc t lin quan; (d) nhng cng vic m tnh cht v iu kin ca cng vic c th xm hi cho sc khe, an ton v o c ca tr em. (iu 3, Cng c s 182, nm 1999 ca T chc Lao ng quc t v nghim cm v hnh ng khn cp xa b cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht). Xem thm child exploitation - bc lt tr em, child labour - lao ng tr em, debt bondage l thuc v n, exploitation bc lt, servitude n dch, slavery ch n l, trafficking in persons - bun bn ngi
136
X
xenophobia s bi ngoi Cha c mt nh ngha no v thut ng bi ngoi c chp nhn rng ri trn phng din quc t. Cho d vy, thut ng ny c th c miu t l thi , nh kin v cch hnh x nhm bc b, loi b v thng l ph bng nhng ngi, da trn nhn thc rng h l ngi ngoi hay ngi nc ngoi i vi cng ng, x hi hay cc c tnh dn tc. Ch ngha phn bit chng tc v s bi ngoi" c mt mi lin h gn gi v rt kh phn bit gia hai thut ng ny. Xem thm discrimination phn bit i s, race chng tc, racial discrimination phn bit chng tc, racism ch ngha phn bit chng tc
137
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

Cc ti liu c bn Aleinikoff T.A., V. Chetail (Ed), 2003 Migration and International Legal Norms T.M.C Asser Press, The Hague Encyclopedia of Public International Law Instalment 8, Elsevier Science Publisher, B.V., Amsterdam International Migration Law: Developing Paradigms and Key Challenges T.M.C Asser Press Creation of a Charter of Intent on Clandestine Migration Report of the Rapporteur of the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography at http://assembly.coe.int/ Documents/WorkingDocs/ Doc02/EDOC9522.htm Proposal for a Return Action Programme, Annex 1: Indicative Definitions, Brussels at http://register. consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/02/ st14/14673en2.pdf Asylum and Migration Glossary Cc quy phm v lut quc t v di c quc t T.M.C Asser Press La Haye Bch khoa ton th v Lut cng php quc t K 8, Nh xut bn khoa hc Elsevier, BV, Amsterdam Lut Di c quc t: Xy dng m hnh pht trin v nhng thch thc c bn T.M.C Asser Press Xy dng mt tuyn b v vn di c ln lt Bo co ca y ban di c, t nn v nhn khu hc ti http://assembly.coe.int/ Documents/WorkingDocs/ Doc02/EDOC9522.htm xut v mt chng trnh hnh ng a tr li, Ph lc 1: nh ngha, Bru-xen, ti http://register.consilium. eu.int/pdf/en/02/ st14/14673en2.pdf T in thut ng t nn v di c
Bernhardt, R. (Ed.), 1985
Cholewinski R., R. Perruchoud, MacDonald, 2007 Council of Europe, 2002
Council of European Union, 2002
European Migration Network
139
Lut Di c quc t
Garner, B.A. (Ed), 1999
Blacks Law Dictionary (Seventh Edition) West Group, St. Paul Minnesota Huddled Masses and Uncertain Shores: Insights into Irregular Migration International Organization for Migration, Martinus Nijhoff Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (Second Edition) Oceana Publications, Inc. Dobbs Ferry, New York
T in Php lut Black (Ti bn ln 7) West Group, St. Paul Minnesota Chen chc, hn n v nhng bn b khng chc chn: Thc trng ca di c tri php T chc Di c quc t, Martinus Nijhoff Bch khoa ton th v lut php quc t ca Parry v Grant (Ti bn ln 2) Nh xut bn Oceana, Tp on Dobbs Ferry, New York Thng k di c quc t, Ph lc: Khi nim v thut ng v vn thng k lao ng di c ti http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/protection/migrant/ download/ilmdbqs.pdf. Bo co v chm dt lao ng cng bc Bo co ton cu v vic trin khai Tuyn ngn ca T chc Lao ng quc t v nguyn tc v quyn c bn trong lao ng, Hi ngh lao ng quc t , Phin hp ln th 89, Bo co I (B).
Ghosh, B., 1998
Grant, J.P, J.C. Barker (Ed), 2004
International Labour Organization: 1997 International Migration Statistics Annex: Labour Migration Statistics Questionnaires Terms and Concepts at http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/protection/migrant/ download/ilmdbqs.pdf. Report on Stopping Forced Labour Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, International Labour Conference, 89th Session, Report I (B)
2001
140
International Organization for Migration: 2008 World Migration 2008: Managing Labour Mobility in the Evolving Global Economy, Vol 4, IOM World Migration Report Series, Geneva World Migration 2005: Cost and Benefits of International Migration, Vol 3, IOM World Migration Report Series, Geneva World Migration 2003: Managing Migration, Challenges and Responses for People on the Move, Vol 2, IOM World Migration Report Series, Geneva The Role of Regional Consultative Processes in Managing International Migration, IOM Migration Research Series, No.3, Geneva Terminology and Typologies of Migration, IOM Overview of International Migration, Migartion Management Training Programme, IOM Geneva Glossary: Definitions and Explanations of Terms and Abbreviations Used in Migration Work Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration, Geneva Di c ton cu 2008: Qun l di c lao ng trong nn kinh t ang pht trin trn ton cu, Quyn 4, Bo co v Di c ton cu ca IOM, Geneva Di c ton cu 2005: Nhng gi phi tr v li ch ca di c quc t, Quyn 3, Bo co v Di c ton cu ca IOM, Geneva Di c ton cu 2003: Qun l di c, thch thc v nhng phn hi i vi ngi di c Quyn 2, Bo co v Di c ton cu ca IOM, Geneva Vai tr ca cc tin trnh t vn khu vc trong vn qun l di c quc t Nghin cu v di c ca IOM, S 3, Geneva Thut ng v cc loi hnh di c Tng quan v vn di c quc t ca IOM, Chng trnh o to v qun l di c, IOM Geneva T in thut ng: nh ngha v gii thch cc thut ng v ch vit tt c s dng trong lnh vc di c y ban lin Chnh ph v di c Chu u, Geneva
2005
2003
2001
1997
1970s
141
Lut Di c quc t
Perruchoud, R.: 1992 Persons falling under the Mandate of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and to Whom the Organization may Provide Migration Services International Journal of Refugee Law Vol. 4, No. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford Migration Terminology International Migration Policy and Law Courses Budapest, Hungary Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1, Glossary UN; also at http://unstats. un.org/unsd/publication/ SeriesM/SeriesM_58rev1E. pdf Concise report on world population monitoring, 1997 International Migration & Development UN, New York Glossary of Migration Related Terms http://portal.unesco. org/shs/en/ev.phpURL_ ID=1256&URL_ DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_ SECTION=201.html. Nhng ngi thuc din h tr ca T chc Di c quc t (IOM) v nhng ngi IOM c th cung cp dch v tr Tp san quc t v Lut v ngi t nn S 4, Tp 2, Nh xut bn i hc tng hp Oxford, Oxford Thut ng v di c Cc kha hc v lut v chnh sch di c quc t Budapest, Hungary Khuyn ngh v thng k di c quc t, Bn sa s 1, T in thut ng Lin hp quc Xem thm ti http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ publication/SeriesM/ SeriesM_58rev1E.pdf Bo co ngn v gim st dn s ton cu ( Di c v pht trin, 1997) Lin hp quc, New York T in cc thut ng lin quan n di c http://portal.unesco. org/shs/en/ev.phpURL_ ID=1256&URL_ DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_ SECTION=201.htm1.
1998
United Nations, 1998
United Nations Commission on Population and Development, 1998 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2010
142
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: 2006 Master Glossary of Terms Revision 1, UNHCR Geneva; also at http:// www.unhcr.org/refworld/ docid/42ce7d444.html Ch gii thut ng ch yu phin bn 1, UNHCR Geneva; Xem thm ti http://www.unhcr.org/ refworld/docid/42ce7d444. html S tay cc th tc v iu kin xc nh quy ch t nn theo Cng c 1951 v Ngh nh th nm 1967 v quy ch ngi t nn UNHCR Geneva
1979
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees UNHCR Geneva The Consolidated Asylum and Migration Acquis: The EU Directives in an Expanded Europe T.M.C. Asser Press, the Hague
Van Krieken, P. J. (Ed.), 2004
Quy nh v t nn v di c hp nht: Hng dn ca Lin minh chu u v mt chu u m rng. T.M.C. Asser Press, La Hay
Cc ngun ti liu1 Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on land, The Hague, 1907 (entry into force 26 January 1910) [187 Consol. T.S. 227] Slavery Convention (Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery), 1926 (entry into force 9 March 1927), [60LNTS 253], as amended by Protocol Amending the Slavery Convention, 1953 (entry into force 7 December, 1953) [182 U.N.T.S. 51] Cng c La Hay nm 1907 (IV) v lut v tp qun chin tranh trn b v cc ph lc: Quy nh lin quan n Lut v tp qun v chin tranh trn b, (c hiu lc t ngy 26/01/1910), [187 Consol. T.S. 227] Cng c nm 1926 v n l (Cng c v cm ch n l v bun bn n l), 1926 C hiu lc t ngy 09/3/1927, [60LNTS 253], c sa i bi Ngh nh th sa i b sung Cng c v n l, 1953 (c hiu lc ngy 7/12/1953) [182 U.N.T.S. 51]
c danh sch y v lut di c quc t, xem Perruchoud R., Tmlov K., eds, Compendium of International Migration Law Instruments, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007 (Tm tt cc vn bn php lut di c quc t)
143
Lut Di c quc t
Convention on Certain Questions Relating Cng c v mt s vn c th lin to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 quan n xung t lut quc tch, 1930 (entry into force 1 July 1937) (c hiu lc t ngy 01/07/1937) ILO Convention No.C29 Concerning Forced Labour, 1930 (entry into force 1 May 1932; abolished by Convention No.C105, 1957) Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1933 (entry into force 26 December 1934) Cng c s C29 ca T chc lao ng quc t v lao ng cng bc, 1930 (c hiu lc ngy 01/05/1932, ht hiu lc bi Cng c s C105 nm 1957) Cng c Montevideo v quyn v ngha v ca cc quc gia, 1933 (c hiu lc ngy 26/12/1934)
Charter of the United Nations, 1945 (entry Hin chng Lin hp quc, 1945 into force 24 October 1945) (c hiu lc ngy 24/10/1945) Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 (entry into force 17 September 1946) [1 U.N.T.S. 15] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 (G.A. res. 217A (III)] American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 1948 [O.A.S. Res XXX] Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 (entry into force 12 January 1951) [78 U.N.T.S. 227) IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949 (entry into force 21 October 1950) [75 U.N.T.S. 287] European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 (entry into force 3 September 1953) [213 U.N.T.S. 222] Cng c v quyn u i v min tr ca Lin hp quc, 1946 (c hiu lc ngy 17/09/1946) [1 U.N.T.S. 15] Tuyn ngn Quc t v nhn quyn nm 1948 (G.A. res. 217A (III)] Tuyn ngn chu M v quyn v ngha v ca con ngi, 1948 [O.A.S. Res XXX] Cng c v ngn chn v trng pht ti c dit chng, 1948 (c hiu lc t ngy 12/01/1951) [78 U.N.T.S. 227) Cng c Geneva IV v bo v dn thng trong thi gian chin tranh, 1949 (c hiu lc t ngy 21/10/1950) [75 U.N.T.S. 287] Cng c Chu u v bo v quyn con ngi v cc quyn t do c bn, 1950 (c hiu lc t ngy 03/9/1953) [213 U.N.T.S. 222]
144
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 (entry into force 22 April 1954) [189 U.N.T.S. 137] Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954 (entry into force 6 June 1960) [360 U.N.T.S. 117] Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956 (entry into force 30 April, 1957) [226 U.N.T.S. 3] European Social Charter, 1961 (entry into force 26 February 1965) [529 U.N.T.S. 89] Protocol IV to the 1950 European Convention of Human Rights, 1963 (entry into force 2 May 1968) [ E.T.S. No. 46] Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 (entry into force 19 March 1967) [596 U.N.T.S. 261] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965 (entry into force 4 January 1969) [ 660 U.N.T.S. 195] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966 (entry into force 23 March 1976) [999 U.N.T.S. 171]
Cng c v quy ch ngi t nn, 1951 (c hiu lc t ngy 22/4/1954) [189 U.N.T.S. 137] Cng c v quy ch ca ngi khng quc tch, 1954 (c hiu lc t ngy 06/06/1960) [360 U.N.T.S. 117] Cng c b sung v th tiu ch n l, mua bn n l v cc hnh vi tng t, 1956 (c hiu lc t ngy 30/4/1957 ) [226 U.N.T.S. 3] Hin chng x hi Chu u, 1961 (c hiu lc t 26/02/1965) [529 U.N.T.S. 89] Ngh nh th s IV hng dn Cng c Chu u nm 1950 v quyn con ngi, 1963 (c hiu lc t ngy 02/05/1968) [ E.T.S. No. 46] Cng c Vin v Quan h lnh s, 1963 (c hiu lc t ngy 19/03/1967) [596 U.N.T.S. 261] Cng c quc t v loi b cc hnh thc phn bit chng tc,1965 (c hiu lc t ngy 04/01/1969) [ 660 U.N.T.S. 195] Cng c quc t v cc quyn dn s v chnh tr, 1966 (c hiu lc t ngy 23/03/1976) [999 U.N.T.S. 171]
145
Lut Di c quc t
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 (entry into force 3 January 1976) [993 U.N.T.S. 3] Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967 (entry into force 4 October 1967) [606 U.N.T.S. 267] American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 (entry into force 18 July 1978) [1144 U.N.T.S. 123] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 (entry into force 27 January 1980) [1155 UNTS 331] American Convention on Human Rights, 1978 (entry into force 18 July 1978) [1144 U.N.T.S. 123] Convention for the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979 (entry into force 3 September 1981) [1249 U.N.T.S. 13] African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, 1981 (entry into force 21 October 1986) Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984 (entry into force 26 June 1987) [Doc. A/RES/39/46]
Cng c quc t v cc quyn vn ha, x hi v kinh t, 1966 (c hiu lc t ngy 03/01/1976) [993 U.N.T.S. 3] Ngh nh th v quy ch ngi t nn, 1967 (c hiu lc t ngy 04/10/1976) [606 U.N.T.S. 267] Cng c Chu M v nhn quyn, 1969 (c hiu lc t ngy 18/07/1978) [1144 U.N.T.S. 123] Cng c Vin v Lut iu c, 1969 (c hiu lc t ngy 27/01/1980) [1155 UNTS 331] Cng c Chu M v nhn quyn, 1978 (c hiu lc t ngy 18/07/1978) [1144 U.N.T.S. 123] Cng c quc t v loi b cc hnh thc phn bit i x i vi ph n, 1979 (c hiu lc t ngy 03/09/1981) [1249 U.N.T.S. 13] Hin chng Chu Phi (Banjul) nm 1981 v cc quyn dn tc v con ngi, 1981 (c hiu lc t ngy 21/10/1986) Cng c v chng tra tn v cc hnh thc trng pht hay i x tn c, phi nhn tnh hay h thp nhn phm , 1984 (c hiu lc t ngy 26/06/1987) [ Doc. A/RES/39/46]
146
Schengen Agreement, 1985 and the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement 1990 (entry into force on 1 September 1993) Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (entry into force 2 September 1990) [ Doc. A/RES/44/25] International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990 (entry into force 1 July 2003) [A/ RES/45/158] Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 1993 (A/ RES/48/104) Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 1998 [Un Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2]
Tha thun Schengen, 1985 v Cng c v thc hin Tha thun Schengen, 1990 (c hiu lc t ngy 01/09/1993) Cng c v quyn tr em, 1989 (c hiu lc t 02/09/1990) [ Doc. A/RES/44/25] Cng c quc t v bo v quyn ca ngi lao ng di c v thnh vin gia nh h,1990 (c hiu lc t ngy 01/07/2003) [A/ RES/45/158] Tuyn ngn v loi tr bo hnh i vi ph n, 1993 (A/RES/48/104) Cc nguyn tc hng dn v lnh nn trong nc, 1998 [Un Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2]
ILO Convention No.C182 Concerning Cng c s C.182 ca T chc Lao ng Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (entry quc t v cc hnh thc lao ng tr em into force 19 November 2000) ti t nht, nm 1999 (c hiu lc t ngy 129/11/2000) International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999 (entry into force 10 April 2002 [A/ RES/54/109] United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 (entry into force 29 September 2003) [G.A. res. A/RES/55/25] Cng c quc t v cm ti tr cho khng b, 1999 (c hiu lc t ngy 10/04/2002,) [A/RES/54/109] Cng c ca Lin Hp quc v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia, 2000 (c hiu lc t 29/09/2003.) [G.A. res. A/RES/55/25]
Lut Di c quc t
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Annex II, 2000 (G.A. res. A/RES/55/25] (entry into force 25 December 2003) Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Crime Annex III, 2000 [G.A. res. A/RES/55/25] (entry into force 28 January 2004)
Ngh nh th v ngn nga, trn p v trng tr ti bun bn ngi, c bit l bun bn ph n v tr em, b sung cho Cng c ca Lin Hp quc v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia, Ph lc II, nm 2000 [G.A. res. A/RES/55/25] (c hiu lc t 25/12/2003). Ngh nh th v chng a ngi di c tri php qua ng b, ng bin v ng khng, b sung cho Cng c ca Lin Hp quc v chng ti phm c t chc xuyn quc gia, Ph lc III, 2000 [G.A. res. A/RES/55/25] (c hiu lc t 28/01/2004)
148
Tn cc n phm cng lOI

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N23 N24 N25 N26 N27 Glossary on Migration (2004) Glossary on Migration (Russian, 2005) Migrations et protection des droits de lhomme (2005) Migraciones y Proteccin de los Derechos Humanos (2005) Biometrics and International Migration (2005) Glossary on Migration (Arabic, 2006) Glosario sobre Migracin (2006) Glossary on Migration (Slovenian, 2006) Glossaire de la Migration (2006) Glossary on Migration (Albanian, 2007) Glossary on Migration (Bosnian, 2007) Migration and the Right to Health: A Review of European Community Law and Council of Europe Instruments (2007) Glossary on Migration (Chinese, 2008) Droit international de la migration: recueil dinstruments (2008) Human Rights of Migrant Children (2008) Laws for Legal Immigration in the 27 EU Member States (2009) Lgislations relatives limmigration lgale dans les 27 Etats membres de lUE (2009) Glossary on Migration (Turkish, 2009) Migration and the Right to Health: A Review of International Law (2009) Glossary on Migration (Greek, 2009) Glossary on Migration (Italian, 2009) Glossary on Migration (Portuguese, 2009) Glossary on Migration (Macedonian, 2010) Rights, Residence, Rehabilitation: a Comparative Study Assessing Residence Options for Trafficked Persons (2010) Glossary on Migration, Second Edition (2011) Glossary on Migration (Korean, 2011) Glossary on Migration (Vietnamese, 2011)

Glossary27 2ndedvietnamese

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Glossary27 2ndedvietnamese

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

T chc Di c Quc t (IOM) cam kt theo nguyn tc di c nhn o v trt t v li ch ca ngi di c v x hi.

Nh xut bn: a ch: in thoi: Fax: E-mail: Internet:

ISSN 2224-6460 2011 T chc Di c Quc t (IOM)

Richard Perruchoud v Jillyanne Redpath-Cross, bin tp

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

gia nhp/tham gia

accommodation centre accord

trung tm n ngh hip nh

quc gia chp thun

adjustment of status administative detention

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

nui con nui/ thng qua (mt iu c)

affidavit (of support)

tuyn th (bo lnh)

ngi ngoi quc

alternatives to immigration detention

nhng bin php thay th cho giam gi ngi nhp c

ngi nh c da trn yu t t tin/ dng di

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

assisted voluntary tr v t nguyn return c tr gip

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

bilateral labour migration agreements

cc tha thun di c lao ng song phng

bona fide applicant

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

qua li bin gii

qun l bin gii

quan chc ca khu

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

ngha v chng minh

ngi di c cng vic

carbon dioxide sensors

thit b cm ng i--xt cc-bon

carrier liability law

lut trch nhim vn chuyn

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

giy chng minh nhn thn

child adoption (international)

nhn con nui (quc t)

circular migration di c xoay vng

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

citizen citizenship civil and political rights

cng dn quyn cng dn cc quyn dn s v chnh tr

ngi t nn do thay i kh hu s p buc

hin php/hin chng

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

consular functions chc nng lnh s

vin chc lnh s

pre-consular support services

dch v tr gip lnh s (ban u)

contractual labour lao ng theo hp ng convention conveyance cng c vn chuyn

country of habitual/usual residence

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

covenant credibility assessment

crimes against humanity

ti c chng nhn loi

cross-border migration cultural orientation

Gii thch Thut ng v Di c

gim h/qun thc

customary law, international