The Diary, Correspondence, and Papers of Robert "King" Carter of Virginia, 1701-1732 Page 1 of 12

Transcribed and Edited by Edmund Berkeley, Jr.

This site includes transcriptions of the diary, correspondence, and papers of the richest and
most important man of his day in Virginia, who owned at his death at least 300,000 acres
containing many farms and plantations that produced tobacco and other crops for sale, some
1,000 slaves to work those plantations, and large sums of money invested in Virginia and in
England. Robert Carter was a member of the Council of Virginia, acting governor, a
political power in the colony, and acquired land at a notable rate even in a time when such
greedy acquisiton was common among his class. He had received a classical education in
England, and corresponded widely both within the colony and with merchants in England.

 This site includes (as of January 16, 2007) transcripts of all the extant Robert Carter texts of
which I am presently aware other than the inventory of his estate on which I am working. Because
of the length of that document, I shall add new sections of it to the site from time to time.
 I am unable to respond to genealogical inquiries about Robert Carter.
 I would very much appreciate messages about errors found on the site. See "Contact the Editor" in
the "Site Directory" below.
 This screen revised August 19, 2004, and April, July 27, and January 16, 2007.

Site Directory

 Project History, Support, and Acknowledgements

 The Extant Texts
 Policies for Transcription, Dates, and Display
 A Brief Life of Robert Carter
 Brief Notes on Often-cited Persons, Places,
and Things in Robert Carter's Diary and Letters
 Robert Carter and the Ralph Wormeley Estate

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 Robert Carter and the Northern Neck Proprietary

 Brent Town Within the Proprietary
 Project Bibliography
 Contact the editor

Read and Search The Transcribed Texts

Project History, Support, and Acknowledgements

While interest in making Robert Carter's letters generally available to scholars and the public began in
1938 with the publication of Louis B. Wright's edition of a letter book of Carter's that had strayed west
from Virginia to the Huntington Library in California, the present project traces itself to the late 1940's.
At that time, more letter books and a diary of Carter's were discovered. Three of the letter books were
acquired by the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, and four letter books and the diary by the
University of Virginia Library, They are now held in the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections
Library, University of Virginia. Charlottesville. Francis L. Berkeley, Jr., then curator of manuscripts at
the University of Virginia Library, began work immediately on a project to publish these texts.
Transcripts were prepared according to the editing principles of the time: punctuation and capital letters
were added to sentences, abbreviations expanded, and the like. Mr. Berkeley continued to work on the
project until he left the Library to become executive assistant to the president of the University in 1961.
One of his plans for retirement was to resume the editorial work which he did after 1974 for several
years. Sadly, a progressive eye disease put an end to his dream, and he was forced to turn over to the
current editor all of the material he had accumulated over the years.

I worked on the project sporadically during a busy career as curator of manuscripts, and later, as the first
director of special collections at the University of Virginia Library. As I had written my master's thesis
on "King" Carter, and had read all the letters and the diary for that work, I was familiar with the texts.

My work has been supported by the University of Virginia Library Faculty Research Committee which
provided a number of grants of released time as well as funds for the employment of student assistants.
My thanks go to the Committee for its support, and to Sherry Armstrong, Milly Fife, and Susan
Garrahan for their cheerful and invaluable assistance. Most important of all was a 1988 grant from the
Virginia Foundation for History and Public Policy, to which I also extend my thanks, that grant enabled
me to take a semester's leave from my duties at the Library during which I completed new transcripts of
the letters to the literal style of today's editorial work, and wrote footnotes for many of the letters. My
intent remained book publication for the texts, and I prepared an initial manuscript for the early letters.

My interest in computer work and the early development of electronic texts at the University of Virginia
Library exposed me to this process, and to HTML and SGML tagging. My membership in the
Association for Documentary Editing kept me aware of the work of the Model Editions Partnership
whose reports have been particularly helpful. As I approached my own retirement, I decided that I would
work immediately on an electronic edition of the Carter texts making use of the facilities and interest of
the Electronic Text Center of the University of Virginia Library and its director, David Seaman.

After spending some time tagging texts with SGML, David Seaman convinced me to convert to XML,
the tagging scheme of the future. It has advantages for me because it allows me to review and correct
"finished" texts on my home computer screen without first transferring them to the Electronic Text
Center.

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This electronic edition will place Carter's texts before those interested much more rapidly than
otherwise, and will add to the body of sources readily available to researchers interested in early
eighteenth-century Virginia.

The Extant Texts

The texts consist chiefly of nine volumes of copies of outgoing letters, 1701-1710, and 1720-1732,
drafted by one or another of several clerks or occasionally by one of his sons, from Carter's dictation or
general directions. In addition there are: a one-volume diary, 1722-1727 with a few days in January
1728, in Carter's hand; a dozen or more recipients' copies of letters; a larger number of nineteenth-
century transcripts for letters dated between 1717 and 1719 copied from a letter book not extant as well
as for later letters found in the extant letter books; and a few letters addressed to Carter. No texts have
been found for 1711-1714, and there are only a few recipient's copies of letters in 1725-1726. Thus, this
project deals with texts written out at Carter's direction by a variety of persons in addition to the text of
his diary in his hand.

Approximately 800 letters survive, and of these, some 750 are drafts found in the letter books. These
texts are reasonably easy to read, the major problems coming from the variety of handwritings and styles
of punctuation and capitalization of the various clerks with the additional complication of a number of
texts available only in nineteenth-century transcripts. The disorder in chronology of the letters is
considerable in some of the letter books because the clerks apparently would pick up the nearest book
when Carter was ready to dictate. If there is more than one letter with the same date, the letters are in
order alphabetically by the recipients' last names.

Of the surviving recipients' copies of his letters (generally written out by clerks and signed by Carter),
perhaps three or four are duplicated in the letter books. Many of the extant letters are addressed to
merchants or other persons in Britain, and Carter followed the colonial practice of sending duplicate
letters by different ships. Only one such example survives. The Huntington Library has two recipient's
texts of the letter of June 30, 1724, to Colonel William Cage, both of them written by clerks, signed by
Carter and sealed with his arms, one sent "per the Princess Carolina, Captain Holladay," and the other
"per the Spotswood, Captain Bagnell."

The diary covers the years 1722-1727 with a few days in January 1728, and is in very bad physical
condition, the edges of many pages having flaked off. It is difficult to read at times due to Carter's
carelessness and his habit of abbreviating words. Frank Berkeley wrote of the diary that it is "highly
telegraphic in style, almost as terse as shorthand at times in its frugality of expression, and almost totally
lacking in punctuation." Carter's spelling was inconsistent at best, and entirely freewheeling at its worst.
He was voluble only in regard to his health in this diary, and often frustratingly refers to his "other
book" where details of happenings apparently were recorded. The poor physical condition of the diary
with its numerous holes and tears in the text have made the use of large numbers of square brackets in
the transcript necessary.

Policies for Transcription, Dates, and Display

The following rules for transcription, dates, and display on computer browser screens have been used:

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 Two texts are available. In the "Original Spelling" text, the spelling, grammar, capitalization, and
punctuation of the original texts have been followed insofar as possible, given the extreme
difficulty of duplicating some of the conventions of eighteenth-century handwriting on a computer
screen. For "Modern Spelling," software at the Electronic Text Center replaces the original
spelling with the modern when that has been indicated in a tag.

 Superior letters are generally lowered to the line.

 Clear abbreviations are retained in the "Original Spelling" text, and are expanded in the "Modern
Spelling" text..

 Square brackets are used to indicate editorial additions such as an expansion of an unclear
abbreviation, or a conjectural reading of unclear or missing text.

 An elipsis inside square brackets is used to indicate text that is present but illegible.

 The thorn is expanded to "th" in all instances.

 The various "tailed P" symbols used for "per," "pro," etc., are silently expanded as appropriate.

 The ampersand is retained throughout.

 In most cases it has proved possible to read text that was struck through in the draft letters. It has
been entered into the transcribed text but tagged so that it shows in red with the word or words
lined through. If the deleted text is illegible, it shows in read with the word "illegible" struck
through.

 Dashes used as flourishes and punctuation at the end of sentences are retained.

 In writing out the drafts of the letters, Carter's clerks frequently placed a dash at a 45 degree angle
under the salutation that Carter dictated. These dashes have been converted into dashes following
whatever salutation is given.

 Contracted words over which the clerks placed a tilde or straight line to indicate an expansion was
to be made when writing the final draft (a convention of the time) have been silently expanded.
Carter's clerks used a stylized abbreviation -- "hhds" -- for the word "hogsheads" in which the tail
of the "d" was not only swept up and to the left, as was common at the time, but was then circled
down and back across the three letters and down to form the terminal "s." Because this
abbreviation seems to incorporate a tilde, the abbreviation "hhds" has been expanded silently
when the tilde is present.

 Carter often dictated postscripts to letters and they are not necessarily found in the letter books
beneath the letter to which they pertain. Postscripts are added to the foot of the letter to which they
pertain, and the date of the postscript is retained and added to the heading date of the letter.
Undated postscripts are added to the foot of the letter to which they pertain if that can be
determined. If the letter cannot be identified, the undated postscript is given a tentative date
determined by its place in the letter book.

 Occasionally, Carter wrote a draft of a letter into a letter book, or edited the texts that the clerks
had written from his dictation. Such changes from the clerk's to Robert Carter's hand are indicated
by the use of italics for Carter's handwriting, and a note is given to alert the reader.

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 All dates are given Old Style (Julian Calendar) but with the year beginning January 1st rather than
March 25th; the virgule and numbers for the old year are dropped silently in headings, but are
retained at the head of the transcript of the letter or diary entry.

 Words and phrases written above the line, in the margin, at the foot of the page, etc., that were
intended to be inserted in the text, are placed in the text where they belong, displaying in green. In
addition, such words or phrases written above or between lines, also display raised above the line.

 Links to footnotes, the "Brief Notes on Often-cited Persons, Places, and Things in Robert Carter's
Diary and Letters," and to the "Project Bibliography" are displayed in blue, and are underlined.
Clicking on them will take the viewer to the associated text.

A Brief Life of Robert Carter

Robert Carter lived his adult life in Lancaster County, Virginia, on the southern side of the Northern
Neck peninsula, not far from the point at which the Rappahannock empties into Chesapeake Bay, where
he was born in 1663 and died in 1732, at the home, "Corotoman," established there by his father. He was
educated in England by his father's direction, and acquired a life-long appreciation of books and reading,
and the value of a good education. He inherited property from his father, and a sizeable estate on the
death of his older half-brother John, but through his own business abilities and the opportunities that he
seized, he had acquired well over 300,000 acres of land, nearly 1,000 slaves, and a considerable cash
estate by the time of his death according to his obituary in London's Gentleman's Magazine. No other
Virginian of his generation was so successful in his political career, in the marriages made by his
children, and so ruthless in building his estate for the benefit of those children.

He was astute in business, politics, and land speculation, and his fortune, political successes, and estates,
vast even in a time of insatiability in land ownership, demonstrate his success. His acute sense of his
own importance, and knowledge of the power that his wealth and political acumen had brought him,
earned him the derisive nickname of "King,"

His political power was firmly based in the inheritances that he received from his father, Colonel John
Carter (c. 1613-1669), from his older half-brother, Lt. Col. John Carter (c. 1648-1690), and from family
connections. John Carter, the immigrant, made several voyages to Virginia before establishing himself
there permanently between May 1638 and January 1641. Apparently he brought with him useful
political connections and considerable money for he soon was chosen burgess for Nansemond River in
Upper Norfolk County. But his attention was further north; he acquired land by patent and purchase in
what was then Charles River County (to become Lancaster in 1751). Although he appears first in the
Lancaster County records in January 1652, he had apparently not yet "seated" his land and had to obtain
that April an act of the Assembly for an extension; he moved there soon afterwards.

Through his connections and his wealth, John Carter rose quickly to prominence in the colony, and by
1657 he was a member of the council. His five marriages produced only six children, several of whom
died in infancy. Most important to Robert was his older half-brother, John, who raised him after their
father died in 1669.

John Carter I followed the custom of the time in bequeathing most of his property to his eldest son, but
he made provision for Robert, leaving him 1,000 acres on a branch of Corotoman, one-third of his

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personal estate, "his mother's hoop ring & christall necklace," and a sixth part of his books. Most
important for Robert were the specific instructions that his father wrote concerning his education. Robert
was to have a tutor who would teach him both English and Latin.

John Carter II, who was about fifteen years older than his brother, obeyed their father's instructions, and
furthered them by sending Robert home to England for higher education. The custom of the time was
that boys were sent to England when they were nine or ten, and Robert probably sailed to England about
1673. From a letter of Robert's written late in his life when he was quarreling with his English factor,
William Dawkins, over the education of his own sons and grandsons, we know that he spent at least six
years in England, living in the home of merchant and family friend, Arthur Bailey, and learning from
him, and from the opportunities presented by living with the merchant, much of the tobacco trade and its
marketing end.

Robert's education in England undoubtedly included thorough grounding in the Christian religion. Most
of his schoolmasters would have been clergymen, and would have considered religious education a
fundamental requirement of their curricula. While Robert always considered himself "of the Church of
England way," he was not intolerant of dissenters, and Louis B. Wright has written in several places of
the books by Puritans and others in the libraries of both John Carters which Robert would have had
access to before and after his years in England. He would purchase titles on religious subjects for his
library, which included the books that he inherited from his brother and father, through the rest of his
life.

Robert returned to Virginia about 1680 to take up the life of a Virginia gentleman on the modest estates
he had been left by his father. He built a house on the home property at "Corotoman," however, a brick
story-and-a-half structure of three rooms. He lived in it until he moved into the larger two-story mansion
which dominated the Corotoman landscape for a decade beginning about 1720.

John Carter II continued much of the service and prominence that his father had established as the norm
for the family. He is referred to as captain at first, but by 1672, his rank is that of lieutenant colonel, a
title, presumably from his militia service, that he is accorded until his death.. He served as sheriff in
1673 and again in 1678, burgess, and at other times, he was collector of the levy.

Unlike his younger brother, John Carter II was not obsessed with the acquisition of land. Checks of the
land office records do not show that he took out any patents. Apparently running his farms successfully,
raising his brother, and being active in county affairs were sufficient for him. He married first Elizabeth
Hull prior to 1675 when he is named in the will of his father-in-law. This marriage produced one
daughter, Elizabeth, who was to marry John Lloyd in 1693. Elizabeth Hull Carter was dead by 1684
when Lancaster records mention a marriage between John Carter and Elizabeth Travers who outlived
him to marry Christopher Wormeley, dying herself in 1693.

By 1688 it was apparent that John Carter's principal heir was to be his brother, and this greatly improved
the latter's prospects. Robert was married in that year to Judith Armistead, daughter of John Armistead
of "Hesse," Gloucester County; their son, John, was born about 1689, and four other children followed,
Elizabeth in 1692, Judith and Sarah who died in infancy, and a second Judith in 1695. Because no letters
or other texts survive from this period of his life, little is known about his wife, or the early years of his
children, but presumably the traditional Virginia custom was followed in raising and educating the
Carter children. Having renounced the carefree life of the bachelor, Robert was considered ready for the
types of public service that his father and brother had undertaken.

Robert's first position was that of justice of the Lancaster Court, an office for which he took the required

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oaths on 10 June 1690. Election as a vestryman for Christ Church Parish followed on 8 November 1690;
about a year later he was chosen church warden, a position he retained until his death. And service to the
colony soon ensued with his election as burgess for the session beginning 1 April 1692. He was returned
to every session of the Burgesses until 1699 with the exception of the two sessions held in 1693.

As chairman of the Committee of Propositions and Grievances in 1695, Carter steered the members to
present a protest against the actions of the Northern Neck proprietary agents, and the proprietary itself.
This was his last effort of this sort because the appeal of acting as Virginia agent for the proprietors was
soon to bring him over to their side.

He took a leading role in the work of the House, and "in September 1696 Carter was elected Speaker
over five other nominees. Carter was not chosen as Speaker for the 1698 session, but was in April 1699.
Also at this session, the House chose Carter as Treasurer of the colony, an office which, as Jon Kukla
has observed, was one usually associated with the Speaker. However, the House took the most unusual
step of allowing Carter to retain the office of Treasurer even after his appointment to the Council was
confirmed in England by the Privy Council on 14 December 1699.

There is no indication in the surviving records that Carter had any formal training in the law, but he was
interested in it. Most planters of his day found it necessary to learn something of the law because many
served as justices. Service in the House of Burgesses, particularly assignment in 1695 to serve on a
committee to revise the laws of the colony as the Board of Trade had ordered, may have spurred Robert
Carter's interest. By the time of his death, he had about 100 law books in his library, more than one-third
of its total. He never hesitated to include references to the law in his letters.

In colonial Virginia, one official post led quickly to others; a seat in the Council brought several posts
with it. Carter was appointed on 3 June 1699 as colonel and commander-in-chief of the Lancaster-
Northumberland counties militia; on November 11th of the same year the governor appointed him as
naval officer and receiver, a post of value because of the considerable income it generated, and because
of the power over one's neighbors that it meant

By 1701, when the first of the extant letters was written by Robert Carter, he was already one of the
most prominent men in the colony as a member of its council, and the significant events of the early
portion of his life had occurred, including the death of his first wife in 1699 and his second marriage (to
Elizabeth Landon Willis, by whom he would have ten children) in 1701. The letters dated between 1701
and 1710 included in this project reflect little of Carter's personal, political, and mercantile interests of
that time because they are ones he wrote as one of the trustees of the children of his friend, Ralph
Wormeley, and deal with their affairs rather than his own. There are a few that step outside his duties to
his friend, and they show his interest in land acquisition, a topic that would occupy him all of the rest of
his life.

There is little extant on his first term as Virginia agent for the proprietors of the Northern Neck, an
arrangement of importance to Carter because it gave him a taste of how profitable that office could be. A
separate section of this project concerns Carter's work as the proprietor's Virginia agent.

There are no extant texts for the years 1711-1714, one in 1715, none in 1716, and a few for the years
1717-1719 from various sources including some nineteenth-century copies made from a letter book no
longer extant. Beginning with the year 1720 and continuing until Carter's death in August 1732, the
record is fairly full, and a good picture of his management of his affairs, political interests, and daily
routines can be drawn.

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The most important events of the last twenty-two years of his life were to be his term as acting governor
of the colony after the death in July 1726 of Hugh Drysdale until the arrival of William Gooch in
September 1727, and his second term as agent for the proprietors of the Northern Neck. By the time that
Carter became acting governor, he was in his sixties and in poor health. His extant diary, kept between
1722 and 1728, gives information his concerns while tantalizing with references to his "other book" in
which he apparently wrote more detailed entries. His drive to acquire land for his children led him to
acquire in 1720 a lease of the propriety from Lord Fairfax, and to take patents on huge quantities of land
moving ever westward in Virginia with his acquisitions.

It is in his management of his highly successful agricultural operations and in his operation of the
proprietary that our interest in him lies. The hundreds of letters that he wrote in this period and the one
extant diary provide a wealth of information for those interested in Virginia in the early years of the
eighteenth century. Management of his farms occupies much of Carter's time and his writings. The
majority of his letters are written to British merchants consigning tobacco for sale, ordering goods for
his family, servants and slaves, and the like, but as many of the merchants were at least old friends, there
are frequent comments about Virginia events and people. Carter orders clothes, books, and newspapers
for himself, writes about his poor health, and seeks favors ranging from wine to offices for his sons.

Robert Carter was influential in his own day and left a family dynasty that continues to this day. At one
time, he was estimated to have over 50,000 descendants including six governors of Virginia, three
signers of the Declaration of Independence, and two presidents of the United States. Five sons and five
daughters survived to marry well and were themselves prolific. His letters and other writings reveal his
drive to establish this dynasty, and the skill and intelligence he brought to this effort.

Sources

There are two academic lives of Robert Carter that treat his life in detail: Carl F. Canon's masters thesis,
"Robert ( "King" ) Carter of "Corotoman" for Duke University, 1956; and "Robert King Carter," a
master's thesis at the University of Virginia by Edmund Berkeley, Jr., in 1961. A summary account of
Carter by Edmund Berkeley, Jr., may be found in Volume 3 of the Dictionary of Virginia Biography,
(Sara B. Bearss, John G. Deal, et al., eds. [Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006])

Details of the early Carter genealogy are to be found in Christine Jones, John Carter I of "Corotoman"
Lancaster County, Virginia. (Irvington, Virginia: Foundation for Historic Christ Church, Inc., 1977).
Details of Carter's wives, children, and descendants may be found in Florence Tyler Carleton, compiler.
A Genealogy of the Known Descendants of Robert Carter of Corotoman. (Irvington, Virginia:
Foundation for Historic Christ Church, Inc., 1983).

One letter book of Carter's has been published: Louis B. Wright, Letters of Robert Carter 1720-1727:
The Commercial Interests of a Virginia Gentleman (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1940).
Wright also wrote of the Carters' libraries in "The "Gentleman's Library" in Early Virginia: The Literary
Interests of the First Carters," (Huntington Library Quarterly, I (1937), 3-61).

His schooling in England has been covered very well by Alan Simpson in "Robert Carter's Schooldays" ,
an article in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (94[April 1986]: 161-188).

And Jon Kukla in Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1643-1776 (Richmond:
Virginia State Library, 1981) gives the details of Carter's career as a burgess and council member.

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Fairfax Harrison's monumental study, Landmarks of Old Prince William (Berryville, Va.: Virginia Book
Company, 1964, a one-volume reprint of the 1924 two-volume edition) remains invaluable for its detail
about the development of that area of Virginia and the proprietary. There are numerous references to
Carter and others of his period in Earl G. Swem's Virginia Historical Index which indexes a half-dozen
publications on Virginia history and genealogy.

Robert Carter and the Northern Neck Proprietary

On September 18, 1649, British King Charles II gave a patent for a large section of Virginia between the
Rappahannock and Potomac rivers, extending west to the heads of these rivers, to seven of the loyal
followers who were in exile with him. The lands conveyed in this patent, known as the Northern Neck
Proprietary, were to involve Robert Carter heavily during two periods of his life, and the second of those
periods was to provide him with an opportunity to build the fortunes of his family in a way
unprecedented in Virginia.

There were problems with the Proprietary from the beginning. These included the actual scope of the
patent since Virginians and those in England defined the heads of rivers by different standards.
Collecting quit rents (taxes) from settlers in the Proprietary was very difficult as was the enforcement of
other rights exercised in such royally-granted areas. By the turn of the eighteenth century, control of the
Proprietary had come to one man, the fifth Lord Thomas Fairfax who also inherited a new patent issued
by King James II in 1688 which established the western limits of the Proprietary as the "first heads or
springs" of the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers, meshing it nicely with southern border of the
Maryland Proprietary to the north. While some of the original proprietors' rights had been lost, the
collecting of quit rents from settlers had been established through the efforts of their agent in Virginia,
William Fitzhugh, and through Lord Fairfax himself who persuaded "Richard Lee, a large and widely
respected Northern Neck landholder, to make quit rent payments to the Proprietors." (Brown, p. 37.)
This ensured that the proprietors received income from their property in Virginia, and made it extremely
valuable to them.

Robert Carter lived in the Proprietary as Lancaster County lies in it. He had therefore been well aware of
it from his youth. He had, as a member of the House of Burgesses, led a fight against the Proprietary in
the session of 1695 that had been brought on by the Proprietor's agents, George Brent and William
Fitzhugh, attempts to establish the proprietors rights to escheats, quit rents, and other matters. "Carter
made a savage attack on the agents. Under six heads he listed the 'abuses' practiced" and seems to have
overstated the case "by what were acknowledged to be in the main unfair accusations." (Davis, Fitzhugh,
p. 43.)

William Fitzhugh died in October 1701 and George Brent had died several years earlier. Lord Fairfax
approached the great London merchant, Micajah Perry, widely acknowledged to be extremely
knowledgeable about Virginia for which he had been agent, for advice about a new agent in the colony.
Perry recommened Robert Carter, and he was accepted.

He showed diligence in its interests--and to his own profit. He quickly increased the number
of those who followed the example of Richard Lee in settling for past-due quit rents.
Deputies promptly collected current accounts. More and more grants were issued in the
western, unoccupied parts of the Northern Neck. Carter did not deny himself what he
granted others. Soon after he became agent, he had two friends patent about 13,500 acres,
which were transferred to him. In 1709 he "took up" 912 acres of choice land on the
Occoquan in the name of a three-year-old son. (Freeman, Washington, p. 489.)

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After Lord Fairfax died in January 1710, his son inherited the title and his five-sixths shares in the
Northern Neck. In May, his grandmother died leaving the new Lord Fairfax her one-sixth share.
However, because he was only sixteen years old, the affairs of the Proprietary fell to his mother, Lady
Fairfax. She had advisors, including merchant Thomas Corbin, who counseled her that the return from
the Virginia lands was too low and that she should try a new arrangement. A lease for a period of years
paying about £425 per year was negotiated in 1711 or 1712 with Virginia council member Edmund
Jenings (Corbin's brother-in-law), and Corbin's nephew Thomas Lee was appointed Jening's deputy. As
Jenings, deep in debt and poor in health, remained in London for some time, it was Lee who opened the
new Proprietor's office in Virginia.

Although Robert Carter complained about the management of the Virginia agency after he took it over
again, Thomas Lee proved a good steward for Lady Fairfax. "Where earlier agents had been content to
describe in the text of a grant the lets and bounds, Thomas Lee inserted the surveyor's plat in the Land
Books and by so doing clarified records that otherwise might have become confused beyond
comprehension." (Freeman, Washington, p. 494.)

Jenings returned to Virginia in the winter of 1716 and resumed his seat on the Council. His debts had
become severe, and his payments to Lady Fairfax for the lease of the Proprietary lagged badly. Thus,
when she died in 1719, leaving only a life interest to her five-sixths of the Proprietary to her twenty-six-
year old son, and naming a distant cousin, William Cage, as trustee of her estate. Cage, fortunately for
Robert Carter, consulted Micajah Perry about a new lessee for the Proprietary, and Carter and Perry
negotiated a lease on much the same terms as Jenings had had.

Douglas Southall Freeman wrote that Robert Carter achieved three major improvements in the
Proprietary while holding the lease. He quietly arranged to have the boundaries of the Brent Town tract
surveyed in order to avoid a promised conflict with its owners and those living there. This opened other
lands for settlement. He "renewed the dispute over the boundaries of the Northern Neck," and did much
to enable small farmers to take up lands on the frontier. (Freeman, Washington, p. 495-96 .)

The great benefit of holding either the agency of or a lease to the Proprietary was the opportunity of
learning where the best lands lay, and in taking out patents for them. It was quite legal for the agent or
lessee to do so as he paid fees and quit rents as any other applicant would. Jenings and Lee profited by
their years as agents and lessee, and Robert Carter profited enormously. At the beginning of his second
term with the Proprietary, he had five sons, and he was determined to provide handsome estates for each
of them. He had already acquired extensive land holdings, but the lease enabled him to acquire far more.
Many of his letters written over the twelve years that he held the lease show his iron determination to
make sure that he reached his goal. He was ruthless in his approach, and thus hypocritical at times,
writing to Thomas Lee December 14, 1728, "As to your picking and heaving out all the bad lands, I can
never agree to such a method," while instructing his surveyor a few years earlier, "Where you find the
Lands are barren for a considerable Quantity [ . . . ] ether there I would have them left out and new
surveys begun upon the better Lands." (Carter to Thomas Barber, April 13, 1724.)

Carl Cannon's thesis on Robert Carter includes appendices that detail Carter's land holdings and the
patents that he took out during both periods of connection with the Proprietary. Cannon was able to
account for over 295,000 acres at the time of Carter's death in 1732, with many tracts listed for which he
could not find acreages. (Cannon. Robert Carter, pp. 268-278.)

One cannot understand Robert Carter without knowing something of the Northern Neck Proprietary and
his relationship to it. Many of the letters written during the period 1720-1732 (that of the bulk of his
exatant papers), contain references to his interest in land and its acquisition.

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Sources

Brown, Stuart E.Virginia Baron; the Story of Thomas, 6th Lord Fairfax. (Berryville, Va.: Chesapeake
Book Co., 1965.)

Carl F. Canon. "Robert ( 'King' ) Carter of 'Corotoman.'" Duke University thesis, 1956.

Davis, Richard Beale. William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676-1701. The Fitzhugh Letters
and Other Documents. (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1963.)

Freeman, Douglas Southall, George Washington, A Biography. (New York: Scribner's, 1948). Vol. 1.
See Apprendix I, "The Northern Neck Proprietary to 1745," pp. 447-525, for an excellent discussion and
the text of the first patent (pp. 513-519) issued by Charles II.

Brent Town Within the Proprietary

Brent Town was a speculative land development put together by Nicholas Hayward (d. ante 1697) of
London, a notary public, merchant, and speculator. Hayward assembled a syndicate composed of
London merchants Robert Bristow (1643-1707) and Richard Foote (his brother-in-law), and George
Brent of "Woodstock," Stafford County. The syndicate purchased on January 10, 1686/87, from Lord
Culpeper, by then the controller of the Northern Neck Proprietary, 30,006 acres in Stafford County
"Between the Courses of the said Two Rivers, Rappahannock and Potowmack . . . upon and Between the
Southwest and Northeast Branches of Ocaquant Creek. . . ." Hayward obtained a dispensation from King
James II that would allow the Hugenots that he hoped to settle on the land to have "the full exercise of
their Religion."

The town that Hayward hoped to build on the tract was called Brenton, "but this was corrupted by local
[Virginia] usage into Brent Town, and that came to be the designation of the whole tract." Hayward was
not successful in persuading Hugenots to move to the lands, and, after flirting with other possibilities,
the tract remained unsettled and unsurveyed at the time of his death about 1697. The members of the
syndicate and their heirs bequeathed and sold their rights in the Brenton tract for generations. Robert
Carter was to have considerable trouble over the tract after becoming leasing the Proprietary in 1721. He
was pressed to grant lands in the area of Brenton, but it was very difficult to do so because the tract had
not been formally surveyed. Carter quietly had a survey made, and used it to grant lands outside what he
considered the Brent Town grant to be, but a formal survey was not made until 1737-1738.

Sources

Fairfax Harrison, in a chapter entitled "Brent Town, Ravensworth and the Hugenots," in his Landmarks
of Old Prince William (from which all quotations used here are taken) tells the story of Brent Town
extremely well. See also Davis, William Fitzhugh, p. 191, fn 2, and other sources.

LETTERS CONCERNING THE ESTATE OF RALPH WORMELEY

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The earliest letters of Robert Carter's that have been located -- fifty-three items dated between 1701 and
1710 -- concern the estate of his brother-in-law, Ralph Wormeley (1650-1701), member of the Council
and Secretary of State of Virginia, who lived in very grand style at "Rosegill" Middlesex County , on the
Rappahannock River. Carter had married Judith, and Wormeley Elizabeth, the daughters of John
Armistead of Gloucester County .

Wormeley, second of that name in Virginia, left two sons, Ralph (ca. 1681-1714) and John (1689-1727),
and named them his executors. Because his sons were minors at the time of his death, his "dear friends
and relations," Edmund Jenings , Robert Carter, Thomas and Gawin Corbin , and Edwin Thacker , who
were asked in Wormeley's will "to aid and assist" his sons in their duties, actually assumed control of the
estate. All the trustees were planters but Thomas Corbin who had become a merchant in London. Carter
was responsible for the Wormeley estates on the Rappahannock while Jenings supervised those on the
York River near his home, "Ripon Hall."

Personal relationships between Wormeley's "dear friends" were complicated. Wormeley and the Corbins
were first cousins as their mothers were sisters, Alice and Agatha Eltonhead. A third Eltonhead sister,
Eleanor, was Robert Carter's father's second (of five) wife. Gawin Corbin was also Wormeley's son-in-
law, having married his daughter Katherine. Edmund Jenings was married to another daughter, Frances.
Edwin Thacker was a cousin of Wormeley's through the Eltonheads.

Extracts from Carter's letters concerning the estate were published in the William and Mary Quarterly in
1909,and were mentioned in an earlier article in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Both
articles referred to the volume containing the originals as one used chiefly to record processioners'
returns for Christ Church Parish, Lancaster County; the volume was then in the Lancaster County
courthouse. Robert Carter was a vestryman of this parish and apparently had custody of the volume.
Care of his friend's family would have been a religious duty to Carter, and he had his clerks use the
volume to record copies of his letters concerning the Wormeley estate. The volume was located in
Archives Research Services, Library of Virginia, Richmond, where it is described as: Church Records,
Christ Church Parish, Lancaster County, Processioners' Returns, 1711-1783, and Wormeley Estate
Papers, 1701-1710 (Acc. No. 30126).

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