Translation Literature Vol 2

E-book is created by www.Shanyoma.
org
E-book is created by www.Shanyoma.org
E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org
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E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
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1
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1/ Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;ponfwkdYonf okwynmay;rsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf; pma&;olu ESvkH;

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3/ rGrf;rHzGJYEGJYjyefqkdjcif;3
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apmifhonfrSefaomfvnf; jrefrmpmzwfolrsm; em;vnfoabmaygufatmif jrefrmha&;&kd;
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aom rlvpma&;ol\tmabmfudk t&if;wkdif;wifjyrIudkum; xdcdkufjcif; r&Sdwwfyg/
zGJYEGJYrGrf;rH jyefqkdjcif;um; bmomjyefqkdjcif;tqifhxuf ydkvGefNyD; rSDjirf;jyKum
1/ Metaphrasing
2/ Proper Translating
3/ Moderating
ajymif;vJjyifqifa&;zGJYonfhtqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf/ odkYjyefqkdenf;udk &o

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vnf; jrefrmpmzwfolrsm; em;vnf&Sif;vif;atmif vkdtyfojzifh jyefqkd&jcif;rsKd;jzpfyg
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&uDEkdifiH tifum&mNrdKUawmf[k jznfhpGufjyefqkday;&ygonf/
Thousand miles away udk ]rkdifaxmifaygif; a0;uGm&mwGif}[k jyefqkdvQif wu,f
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qkdvQif jrefrmrsm; em;vnfNyD; rl&if;t"dyg,fudkvnf; jynfh0pGm &&SdEkdifygonf/
Man does not live by bread alone [laom pum;ykd'f bread ukdjyefqkd&mwGifaygif
rkefY[kjyefqkdygvQif a0g[m&rSefuefwdusaomfvnf; t"dyg,f]av;eufvSrnfr[kwfyg/
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aygifrkefYonf rkefYyJoGm;&nfpmom jzpfonf/ jrefrmwkdYtzkdY xrif;onfomvQif t"dut
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"dyg,fodkY ydkrkda&muf&SdEkdifygonf/
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]]cg;}} ]]*sKH}}ukd ]]pyg;}}[k ajymif;vJ jyefqkdcJhygonf/
odkYaomf O God ! Good God ! [laom tmar#dwfpum;rsm;ukd ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;}}?
4
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onf/ xkdYaMumifh ta&SUwkdif;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmwkdYu taemufwkdif;wGif tyg
t0ifjzpfaom t*Fvdyfbmom? jyifopfbmom? *smrefbmomponfwkdYudk jyefqkdaomt
cg tcuftcJrsm;pGm awGY&ygonf/ xkdYtjyif "avhxkH;wrf;ESifhvlrIqufqHa&;ykHpHwkdYrSm
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csif; jyefqkdonfrsm;xuf ykdrkdBuD;av;onfudk owdjyKoifhygonf/
bmomjyefqkdrIESifhpyfvsOf; a0g[m&wDxGifrIESifharG;pm;rIrsm;onf jrefrmwkdYt
wGuf rjzpfrae aqmif&Guf&onfhvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmwkdYu armfawmfum;? a&
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rmpum;vkH;rsm;ozG,f vufoifhcHcJhygonf/
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omjyef jrefrmhwDxGif tac:ta0:rsm;ukdvnf; zefwD;EkdifcJhygonf/
[dkuf'&kd*sif? tDvufx&Gefepf? uGefysLwm? wmAkdif;? 'DZ,f? trD;Am;ponfhtoH
vS,fpum;vkH;rsm;udkvnf; jznfhoGif;,lEkdifcJhygonf/
a'otrnf? yk*Kdvftrnfrsm;ESifhywfouf q&m,k'oefu jrefrmwkdYtac:
vG,fNyD; rlvtu&mudk jyefvnfaz:,lEkdif&efvnf; vG,fulatmif tu&mvS,fpepfukd
wDxGifcJhygonf/ xkdenf;jzifhJudson udk ,k'oef
John
udk a,m[ef
David udk 'g0dwf
Egypt udk tJ*kw
Israel udk oa&v
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John
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David udk a';Apf
Egypt udk tD*spf
Israel udk tpa&;
5
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wGuf jrefrmEkdifiHynma&;Xmeu OD;aqmif wuokdvftoD;oD;? tpkd;&XmetoD;oD;rS
ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhjyifyynm&Sifrsm; pka0;ndEIdif;um rl 12 &yf csrSwfMuzl;ygonf/
,if;wkdYrSm1/
jrefrmvkd ajymqkd&kd;pum;&SdvQif xkdpum;rsKd;udk okH;&ef
2/
rsKd;jcm;a0g[m&wpfcktwGuf t"dyg,ftjynfht0 rikHrdapumrl oifhwifaom
t"dyg,fay:&kHrQ? aygif;pyfzefwD;,l&ef
3/
teufjyefa0g[m&wGif &SdNyD;vQif &Sd&if;wkdif;udkyif okH;&ef
4/
toHvS,f&m t*FvdyftoHxGufudk rlwnf zvS,f&ef
5/
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6/
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7/
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8/
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9/
oifhavsmfygu t&yfokH;a0g[m&udkyif vufcH&ef
10/ ynm&yftvkduf t"dyg,fwpfrsKd;rsKd;&SdvQif cGJjcm; a0g[m&jyK&ef
11/ teufwla0g[m&wGif ygVdESifhjrefrmESpfrsKd;&SdvQif jrefrma0g[m&udk vufcH&ef
12/ toHvS,f teufjyefponfh a0g[m&wpfrsKd;rsKd;&SdaevQif oifhavsmf&m wpfrsKd;
rsKd;udk vufcH&ef/
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zefwD;okH;pGJcJhMuNyD; jyifynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; vkdufemcJhMuonfudk awGY&Sd&ygonf/
wGif tvsOf;oifh okw0dZmynm&yfwGifomru odyHynm&yfESifh&opmay
rsm;twGufyg bmomjyefqkd&mwGif vkdufemtyfaom pnf;urf; 10 csuf (0g) bmomjyef
ynwfawmf 10 yg;udk John of London r*Zif;rS aumufEkwf t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmom
jzifh wifjyvkdufygonf/
1. Thou shalt make the exact and equivalant randering of each thought of thy author
supreme law. He who adds hereto or makes away there from fails to attain the object of
translation. Sins of negligence are greater Crimes than those of premeditation.
1/
oifonf rl&if;pmrl&Sif\tawG;tac:twkdif;udk wdusnDnTwfpGm bmomjyef
qkdjcif;onfomvQif oif\t"duwm0ef0w&m; jzpfonf[krSwf,lygav/ rl&if;udk wpfpkH
wpf&mjznfhpGufjcif; odkYwnf;r[kwf rl&if;rS wpfpkHwpf&m Ekwfy,fjcif;onf bmomjyefqkd
jcif;\OD;wnfcsufukd jznfhpGrf;&mra&mufEkdifacs/ yrmrcefYjyKvkyfrdonfhtjypfi,fonf
6
BudKwifMuHpnfusL;vGefonfh&mZ0wfrIBuD;xuf tjypfykdrkdBuD;av;ayonf/
2. Thou shalt seek to give thy translation the same form, the same rhythm, tone and
ow as the original. Thou shalt put aside thy own tricks of style and be but the faithful
intermidiary between the author and foreign readers.
2/
oifonf oif\bmomjyefqkdcsufwGif rlvpm\yifukdyuwdtwkdif; wpfxyf
wnf;aomtoGif? wpfxyfwnf;aom av,lavodrf;? wpfxyfwnf;aomavoHESifh
pum;oGm;twkdif; jzpfap&rnf/ oif\ykHpHa&;zGJY[efwkdYudk z,fxm;NyD; rl&if;pma&;olESifh
bmompum;jcm;em;aom pmzwfy&dowfwkdY\pyfMum;wGif opm&SdaomMum;cHvlwpf
a,muf {uefrkcsjzpfygap/
3. Thou shalt not slavishly adhere to the original syntax. Divide and join together without scruple, as the sense of form language may direct thee; but heed carefully to the
logic of the sentence structure.
3/
oifonf rlv0gustpDtpOftwkdif; usKd;EGHpGm wpfaoGrwdrf;vkduf jyefqkdae
jcif; rjyKoifhay/ bmompum;\oabmouefESifha&;om;xkH;zGJYrI\taetxm;t&
taMumif;qkdufa&mufvmonfhtcgwkdif; tenf;i,frQ aemufqHrwif;yJ 0gusrsm;udk vkd
tyfovkd cGJjcm;jzwfawmufjcif;? aygif;pnf;qufpyfjcif; ponfwkdYudk jyKvkyfyg/ odkY&mwGif
0guszGJYoDxm;onfhqkd&if; t"dyg,ftquftpyfudk av;av;eufeuf owdxm;ygav/
4. Thou shalt never presume to correct thy author even when he appears to talk nonsense: responsibility is his.
4/
rl&if;pma&;q&monf t"dyg,fr&SdonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;ykH&onfh
wkdifatmif oifonf oif\pma&;q&mudk jyifqifay;&ef b,faomtcgrS pdwful;rxnhf
ygavESifh? wm0efonf ol\wm0efom jzpfonf/
5. Thou shalt read thy translation loud. Let thy ear, not thy eye be the critic.
5/
oifonf oif\bmomjyefudk toHus,fus,fxGuf zwfyg/ oif\rsufvkH;rsm;
jzifh a0zefqef;ppfjcif;rjyKbJ oif\em;rsm;jzifhom a0zefqef;ppfjcif; jyKyg/
6. Thou shalt have mastered thy foreign Language sufciently to recognise all technical
expressions as much.
6/
oifonf ynm&yfqkdif&m pum;t"dyg,frsm;tm;vkH;udk oabmaygufem;vnf
onftxd oifjyefqkd&rnfhEkdifiHjcm;bmompum;udk ukHukHvkHvkH uRrf;uRrf;usifusif wwf
ajrmuf&ygrnf/
7. Thou shalt not translate every elegent foreign phrase word for word. Every language
has its birdlime its pitfalls and spring gun.
7/ oifonf aumif;rGefvSyaom EkdifiHjcm;bmompum;ykd'fwkdif;udk pum;vkH;wpfvkH;csif;

vkdufNyD; vkH;aumufjyefqkdjcif; rjyKygESifh/ bmompum;wkdif;rSmyif Nidp&m? rdp&m? xdp&m
rsm; &Sdygonf/
7
8. Thou shalt continually study thy mother language. Foreign tongue thou with know
soon well enough to be a good translator; of thy mother tongue thou canst never learn
enough.
8/ oifonf oif\yif&if;bmompum;udk tqufrjywf avhvmtm;xkwfae&rnf/ oif

onf umvrMumrDtwGif;rSmyif EkdifiHjcm;bmomwpfckudk bmomjyefaumif;wpfa,muf
jzpfonftxd oifMum;wwfajrmufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf oif\yif&if;bmompum;ukdrl
um; rnfonhftcgwGifrS jynfhpkHpGm wwfajrmufNyD[kr&SdEkdifygacs/
9. Thou shalt once for all erase the word ''untranslatable" from the vocbulary. The
French drama ''Cyrano de Bergerac" was one time pronounced untranslatable in Germany by a whole army of critics.
9/ oifonf ]]bmomjyefqkd r&Ekdif}}[laom pum;vkH;wGif oif\a0g[m&pum;vkH;rsm;

xJrS tNyD;tydkif z,fxkwfypfvkdufygav/ ]]qD&mEkd'gAmZf&uf}}trnf&Sd jyifopfjyZmwfwpf
yk'fudk wpfcsdefwkef;u *smrefa0zefa&;orm;rsm;tm;vkH;uyif bmomjyefqkd r&Ekdif[k
ajymcJhMuzl;onf/
10. Thou shalt not rest until thou art certain that thy translation is only good it is not
recognised as one. Thou will never achieve this by a dictionary alone: for translation
requires both feeling and thouth.
10/ oifonf oif\bmomjyefqkdcsuf aumif;rGefvSNyD[k raocsmrcsif; BudK;yrf;tm;

xkwfrIudk ravQmhygESifh/ oifonf tcsufudk tbd"mefwpfckwnf;\tultnDjzifh
r&&SdEkdifyg/ taMumif;rSm bmomjyefqkd&mwGif tm&kH0ifpm;jcif;ESifhpOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;
[lonfhtcsufESpf&yfpvkH; vkdtyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
ynwfcsufrsm;onf bmomjyefqkdolrsm;udk rsm;pGmrSyif taxmuftuljyKEkdif
aom vufpGJenf;rsm;jzpfNyD; okw0dZmynm&yf jyefqkd&mwGifvnf; tcsufrsm;udk owd
jyKMu&rnfjzpfonf/
okw0dZmpmayESifhbmomjyeftaMumif; tajccHoabmrQ ajymMum;NyD;aemuf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGufay:cJhaom okw0dZmpmayrsm;\orkdif;aMumif;udk qufvufavh
vmMu&ygrnf/
okw0dZmbmomjyefvrf;aMumif;
jrefrmbmomjyefusrf;rsm;wGif Ak'yd#uwfawmfqkdif&m todynmay;usrf;rsm;
onf tapmqkH;0ifa&mufvmaom bmomjyefusrf;rsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ ygVdbmomrSjyef
qkdaomusrf;rsm;yifjzpfMuonf/ yk*Hausmufpmrsm;wGifygVdyd#uwfjrefrmjyefqkdcsufrsm;
ESifhjrefrma0g[m&tjzpf yGm;cJh okH;EIef;cJhaomygVda0g[m&? ygVdbmomjyefa0g[m&rsm;
8
ukdvnf; awGY&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/ yk*HacwfOD;rSmyif ouwrS0ifa&mufvmaom a0g[m&

rsm; trsm;tjym;udkvnf; awGY&Sd&ojzifh ax&m0g'Ak'bmom ra&mufrD r[m,meAk'
bmomESifhywfoufaomouwusrf;rsm;udkvnf; bmomjyefqkdavhvmqnf;yl;cJhMuvdrfh
rnf[k ,lqzG,f&Sdonf/
Ak'yd#uwfawmfqkdif&m todynmay; bmomjyefrsm;NyD;onfhaemufwGif quf
vuf0ifa&mufvmaom okw0dZmbmomjyefrsm;rSm ygVdjrefrmtbd"mefrsm;yif jzpfay
vdrfhrnf/
tapmqkH;rSwfom;&aom ygVdjrefrmtbd"mefrSm ou&mZf 1108 ckESpf (c&pfESpf
1746)wGif rm*"tbd"mefudk yxr ausmfatmifpHxm;q&mawmf bmomjyefonfhedos
usrf;yifjzpfonf/ xkdYaemuf ]tbd"me'DyeDygVfedos}udk 1151 ckESpfwGif yef;vTm;*kdPf;tkyf
q&mawmfuvnf;aumif;? ]tbd'gew0daom"eD}udk 1212 ckESpfwGif avSoif;twGif;0ef
OD;csdefuvnf;aumif;? tbd"mefusrf;wpfrsKd;jzpfaom ]ynwfeufusrf;}udk rif;uGef;t
v,fawm&q&mawmf t&SifyP0Hou vnf;aumif;? ]tbd"metu&m0d&d}usrf;udk
1244 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,eef;OD;q&mawmft&SifynmvuFm&uvnf;aumif;? ]tbd"mey'd
ydumedosopf}udk 1317 ckESpfwGif awmifaygufq&mawmfuvnf;aumif; toD;oD;jyKpkcJh
Muygonf/ tcsdeftxd jrefrmjyefedostjzpf tzGifh#Dumedostjzpfjzifhom ay:xGef;cJh
Muygonf/ aemiftcgwGifrS armif;axmifq&mawmf\]a0g[m&waA'}ESifhv,fwDy@dw
OD;armifBuD;\]ygVdjrefrmtbd"mefcsKyf}wkdYonf ygVdjrefrmteufazmftbd"meftjzpfxGuf
ay:cJhygonf/
onfhaemuf qufvufxGufay:vmaom okw0dZmbmomjyefusrf;rsm;rSm c&pf
,mefomoemjyKrsm;\ormusrf;pm? bmomjyefrsm;? bmompum;qkdif&musrf;rsm;ESifh
tbd"mefusrf;rsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
1749 ckESpfwGif oHvsifNrdKUa&muf c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD; zmomumyged 1 onf
bmoma&;tar;tajzpmtkyfukd a&mr2bmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ormusrf;udk t
ajccHNyD; jyKpkcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif a&mrjrefrmtbd"mefwapmifudkvnf; jyKpk a&mrNrdKUom
oemjyKykHESdyfwkdufrS xkwfa0cJhonf/
tDwvDbkef;awmfBuD;ygudkwkd;3uvnf; c&pfawmf0ifcsKyfudk 1776 ckESpfwGif a&;
om;cJhonf/ a&;om;cJhonfqkdaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh xkdpmtkyfrsm;onf a&mrbmom
rS jrefrmbmomokdY jyefqkdcsufrsm; jzpfMuonf/
1790 jynfhESpfOD;wGif zmom'Dtrmwkd4 onf "ra[mif;usrf;udk a&mr bmomrS
1/ Father Carpani 2/ Latin 3/ Father Percoto 4/ Father De Amato
yif jyefqkdcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif 1842 ckESpfwGif csrf;om&Gmudk rD;avmif&mwGif rD;xJygoGm;

ojzifh ykHrESdyfjzpfcJhyg/
1813 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom t'dkeD&ef*syfqif 1(q&m,k'oef)
onf "ra[mif;usrf;ESifh"ropfusrf;wkdYudk a[NAJ2 ESifha[v,3 bmomwkdYrSjyefqkdcJhonf/
"ropfusrf;udk 1832 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 15 &ufaeYwGif armfvNrdKifNrdKU? omoemykHESdyfwkduf
yxrOD;qkH;tBudrf ykHESdyfcJhonf/ "ra[mif;usrf;udk 1835 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 29 &ufaeY
wGif ykHESdyfNyD;pD;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tapmqkH;ay:aygufcJhaom okw0dZmykdif;qkdif&m wkdif;jcm;bm
ompum;tbd"mefrsm;teuf 1800 jynfhESpfavmufu c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;zmom'D
A&pfwkd4 jyKpkonfh jrefrm? tDwvD-ygVdtbd"mefwpfapmifay:xGufcJhonf[k od&Sd&aomf
vnf; ,if;pmtkyfudk jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rawGY&Sd&awmhyg/
yxrqkH;ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom acwfrDjrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mefrSm 1826 ckESpfu
umvuwm;NrdKU &kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom A Dictionary of English with explanation in English
trnf&Sdtbd"mefjzpfonf/ at*syfqif(,k'oef)ESifhjrefrmjynf&Sd c&pf,mefomoemjyK
yk*Kdvfrsm;u jyKpkonf[k az:jyxm;onf/ odkYaomf ,k'oefu xkdpmtkyfudk todtrSwfjyK
[ef r&Sdyg/ 1852 ckESpfwGif q&m,k'oef\jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef ay:xGufcJhygonf/
yxrqkH;xGufay:cJhaom t*Fvdfyfjrefrmtbd"mefrSm oabFmolBuD;csm;vfpfvdefY
ESifhru&mrif;om;BuD;wkdY yl;aygif;jyKpkonfht*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef jzpfonf/ 1833 ckESpf
wGif pwifjyKpkNyD; 1841 ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ pmtkyf\trnfrSm ]]tbd"mefpm?
t*Fvdyf-jrefrm6}}jzpfygonf/
xkdtbd"mefjyKpk&onfhtaMumif;&if;rSm xkdpOfu t*FvefEkdifiHwGif xGufay:cJh
aom A[kokwaygif;csKyfusrf;(xkdpOfu pG,fpkHusrf;[laoma0g[m& rwGifao;yg)udk jref
rmwkdY avhvmzwf&I A[kokwwkd;yGm;ap&ef taxmuftyHh jyKEkdifatmif OD;pGmyxrt*F
vdyf-jrefrmtbd"mefudk jyKpk&aMumif; xkdtbd"mefed'gef;t& od&Sd&ygonf/
1849 ckESpfwGif ,k'oef\t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef xGufay:cJhNyD; 1852 ckESpf
wGif ,k'oef\jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef xGufay:cJhygonf/
xkdYaemufwGif 1906 ckESpf tpdk;&pmawmfjyefOD;xGef;Nidrf;jyKpkaom t*Fvdyfjref
rmtbd"mef ay:xGufcJhygonf/
ygVdbmomjyef Ak'bmomusrf;*efrsm;? ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;ESifhc&pf,mef
omoemjyKwkdY\ormusrf;pmbmomjyefrsm;? wkdif;jcm;bmomESifhjrefrmtbd"mefrsm;pyf
1/ Adoniran Judson2/ Hebrew 3/ Hellas 4/ Father Debritto 5/ 6/ A dictionary English and Burmese 7/
10
Mum;umvwGif txl;*&kjyK&rnfhbmomjyefokw0dZmusrf;wpfapmifrSm Anm;'v(1570

-1572 aemufykdif;)\]]&mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;}}yif jzpfonf/
Anm;'vonf [Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&Sif bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xmrif;
(1551-1581)vufxufwGif twkdifyifcH AkdvfrSL;0efBuD;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; rGeftrsKd;om;wpf
OD;jzpfayonf/
trwfBuD;Anm;'vonf a&S;q&mrsm; rGefbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhaom &mZm"d
&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;udk jrefrmbmomjyefqkda&;om;cJhonf/ a&;ou&mZfudkum; twd
tusrod&ay/
]],if;usrf;onf pum;ajyta&;tom; ajyjypfuspfvpfrI ,ckwkdif xif&Sm;
aomusrf;BuD;jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;\ta&;tom;onf bmomjyef[ktrSwftom;r&SdcJhyg
rl rlvpum;ajyusrf;[lyif rSwfwrf;wifMuavmufp&m taMumif;&Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;
onf bk&if&mZm"d&mZfESifhtif;0bk&ifrif;acgifwkdY\ppfrufa&;&mrsm;udkom a&;om;
xm;aomusrf;jzpf ta&;awmfykHig;usrf;teuf ta[mif;qkH;aom ta&;awmfykHusrf;
jzpfonf/ jyKpk&mwGif wkdif;a&;jynfa&;? rif;rdzk&m;ta&;? om;awmforD;awmfta&;?
rSL;rwfol&Jaumif;&mxrf;rIxrf;ta&;wkdYudk avmuoabm? vlYoabm? acwfoabm?
ppfoabmwkdYukdvkduf o&kyfazmfa&;cJhonf/ jrefrmwkdYbufvnf;aumif;? rGefwkdYbuf
vnf;aumif;? rjzpfoifhbJjzpf&onfhxkdpOfu cRwf,Gif;csufuav;rsm;udk qifjcifEkdif&ef
a&;om;xm;aom jrefrmpmta&;tom;rSmvnf; wkdwdkwkwfwkwfESifhvGefpGmt"dyg,fyg
aom 0guswkduav;rsm;jzifh jywfom; &Sif;vif;onf/ aESmif;acwftydkif;a&;q&mwkdY
onf xkdusrf;udkrSD;Mu&onfcsnf;jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;onf pmtapmifapmifrzGJYcJhaomfvnf;
xkdta&;awmfyHkusrf;wpfapmifwnf;jzifhyif pmayavmuwGif ausmfMum;cJhaom ppfom;
pmqkdBuD;jzpfonf/}}
jrefrmEkdifiHudk NAdwdoQwkdY odrf;ydkufNyD;aemufwGifum; Oya'pmtkyfrsm;? ausmif;
okH;pmtkyfrsm;? bmompum;ESifhoufqkdifaomtbd"mefrsm;? vufpGJrsm;? o'gusrf;rsm;
ESifhynm&yfqkdif&musrf;rsm;udk bmomjyefqkdxkwfa0Muonf/
t*FvdyfbmomoifMum;a&;ESifhywfoufNyD; xif&Sm;aom taxmuftuljyK pm
tkyfESpftkyf xGufay:cJhonf/ wpftkyfrSm 1906 ckESpfu xGufay:cJhaomOD;xGef;Nidrf;\
t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef jzpfNyD;? aemufwpftkyfrSm tcGef0efOD;bkd;&Djyefqkdaom]]t*Fvdyf
o'gar'eD}}ac: eufpzD;*&rm1 bmomjyefusrf;jzpfonf/ 1930 jynfhESpfwGif yxrt
Budrf ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
1/ J.C. Neseld Grammar.
11
xdkacwfxdktcgu t*FvdyfpmavhvmoifMum;Muolrsm;onf OD;xGef;Nidrf;tbd

"mefESifheufpzD;*&rmwkdYudk vufpGJjyKcJhMu&onf/ eufpzD;*&rmusrf;onf jrefrmEkdifiHESifh
tdEd,EkdifiHwpf0ef;vkH;&Sd t*FvdyfESifhbmom&if;pmayynmoifausmif;rsm;wGif jy|mef;
oifMum;cJhonfrSm xkdpmtkyfudk bmomjyefonfhtcsdefwGif ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmfaeNyD
jzpfonf/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif jrefrmEkdifiHudk t*FvdyfwkdYodrf;ydkufNyD;uwnf;u ausmif;
okH;jy|mef;cJhaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/
,if;pmtkyfESifhywfoufNyD; trsKd;om;ynm0efOD;zkd;usm;u atmufygtwkdif;
axmufcHcsufay;xm;onfOD;bkd;&D\]]eufpzD;bmomjyef t*Fvdyfo'gar'eD}}usrf;onf jrefrmh*kPf&nf
wkduf &dkufojzifh uREkfyfwkdYudk,fwkdif txkduftavsmuf BuD;Muyfjyifqif&avonf/ if;
jyefqkd&if; eufpzD;t*Fvdyfo'gpwkwapmifrSm t*Fvdyftxufwef;ynmoifzl;olwdkif;
tm;ukd;tm;xm;jyK&aom vufrvGwfEkdifatmif jynfhpkHaumif;rGefaom urmausmfaom
usrf;wpfckjzpfaMumif; odMuNyD;jzpfonf/
,ckOD;bkd;&Du bmomjyefqkdxm;ykHrsm;onf vkHavmuft"dyg,fESifh0gust&yf
&yfwkdYtjyif avhusifhcef;[lorQwkdYudkvnf; t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomjzifh ajzqkdjyefxm;&m
rSefuefuseojzifh tusKd;rsm;ayonf/ vG,fulojzifh omrefpmoifom;rsm;yif em;vnf
oabmaygufEkdifayvdrfhrnf/
bmomjyefqkdoluvnf; bmomjyefqkdykHESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; if;\ed'gef;wGifatmuf
ygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;onf/
jrefrmbmomjyefqkd&m tu&m? yk'f? r,kwfap&? y'c, 0gusu@ponfwkdY\
t"dyg,frsm;udk rlvblwenf;rsKd;ESifhwlwefpGm trsm;vnf; zwfcsifpzG,f&Sd t"dyg,f
vnf; ay:vGifxif&Sm;avatmif acwfumvtvkduf? jrefrmpum;tokH;tEIef;rsKd;ESifh
om jyefqkdxm;ygonf/
uG,fvGefola*spDeufpzD;\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhrurDvefukrPDwkdY\cGifhjyKcsuf
t& [oFmwNrdKU? tcGef0efOD;bkd;&Djyefqkdaom eufpzD;*&rmusrf;udk OD;bkd;&Dom;orD;rsm;
cGifhjyKcsuft& 1962 ckESpfwGif udkwifatmif rpef;pmayu wwd,tBudrf ykHESdyfxkwfa0
cJhonf/
1933 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH ynmjyefYyGm;a&;toif;u a*stufpfzmeDA,fESifhOD;
azarmifwifwkdY\BuD;MuyfOD;aqmifrIjzifh okwynmay; pmtkyfrsm;udkyg bmomjyefqkd
xkwfa0cJh&m tDvif;ESifh&kd'gyg0gwkdY a&;om;onfh Cities and their stories NrdKUawmfrsm;ESifh,if;
wkdY\aemufaMumif;ykHjyifrsm; pmtkyf 13 tkyfudk OD;oefYu t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbm
12
omodkY jyefqkdxkwfa0cJhygonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif q&mBuD;yDrkd;eif;u rd&fZm*dkvmrft[f0'fa&;om;aom Philosophy
of the Teachings of Islam tpvmrfw&m;awmft& wifjycsufqkdif&m 'etjrifpmtkyfudk
]]tpvmrftvif;jyusrf;}}trnfjzifh t*FvdyfbmomrSwpfqifh jyefqkdcJhygonf/
1937 ckESpfwGif wkd;wufaomEkdifiHa&;tjrif&Sdonfhvli,frsm;onf e*g;eDpm
tkyftoif;udk wnfaxmifNyD; EkdifiHa&;? oabmw&m;pmtkyfrsm;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;?
emZDqefYusifa&;pmtkyfrsm;? jynfwGif;a&;ESifhEkdifiHwumta&;tcif;pmtkyfrsm;? twK
ywdrsm;ESifh0wKrsm;? jyZmwfrsm;udk &kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
,if;pmtkyfrsm;teuf udkvSa&Tjyefqkdaom ]]"e&Sif0g'}}(1939)? NrdKUrq&m[def
jyefqkdaom]]uREkfyfESifhrkdufu,faumvif;}}(1939)?
OD;ausmfwifhjyefqkdaom]]jyifopf
t a&;awmfykH}}? rkd;BudK;jyefqkdaom ]]*sKdaZ&DaZmf}}? OD;Ekjyefqkdaom ]]vlay:vlaZmfvkyf
enf;}}? OD;bwifhjyqkdaom ]]qkd&S,fvpf0g'vufawGYESifhedosnf;}}? OD;a,m(aZ,s)jyefqkd
aom ]]vl}}wkdYonf bmomjyefokw0dZmpmtkyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
xdkYaemuf 1936 ckESpf arv 1 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&u bmomjyefXmewpf
ckudk zGifhvSpfcJhygonf/
xkdtzGJY\&nf&G,fcsufrSm1/
taemufEkdifiHavmu"mwfynm? pmayynm? okckrynmrsm;ESifhywfoufa&;
om;xm;aom pmtkyftrsKd;rsKd;wkdYudk wkdif;oljynfom;wkdYonf jrefrmbmomjzifh
zwf&IEkdifMuap&ef?
2/
jrefrmpmwwfolwkdYtwGuf tzkd;EIef;xm; rrsm;apbJ zwf&IcsifpzG,fpmtkyfrsm;
udk pDrHa&;om; ykHESdyfay;&ef?
3/
pmoif ausmif;rsm;? aumvdyf ausmif;rsm;wGif tokH;jyK&ef oifhavsmfonfh
ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjyefqkday;&ef/
ponfjzifh az:jyxm;&m okwpmayudk taxmuftuljyK&ef &nf&G,fcJhaMumif;od&SdEkdifyg
onf/
xkdbmomjyefXmeu xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf ]]urmhaus;Zl;&SifBuD;
rsm;? urmhukefoG,fa&;? tvkdjynfha&;usrf;? acwfopf*syefjynf? acwfopfw&kwfjynf?
ykdufqH? wkdif;a&;jynfa&;? pk&kH;rIoabmESifho&kyf}}paompmtkyfrsm;onf okw0dZmynm
ay;pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf/
qufvufxkwfa0&ef pDpOfxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;wGif ]]awmif0if&kd;pGef;oGm;rSwf
wrf;? acwfopf,dk;',m;jynf? acwfopfyx0D0ift,ltqrsm;? owif;pmvkyfief;}}p
13
aompmtkyfrsm; yg0ifygonf/ odkY&mwGif 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpfvmojzifh tcsKdUpmtkyf

rsm;rSm pmtkyftjzpfodkY ra&muf&SdcJhyg/
*syefacwfwGif ]]acwfopf*syefjynf}}pmtkyfudk jyefvnf&kdufESdyfcJhonf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD;twGif;wGif puL&Sm;yg;ojzifh pmtkyfrsm; rxkwfa0Ekdifo
avmufyif jzpfonf/ *syefbmomoif vufpGJpmtkyfrsm;? *syefpum;ajympmtkyfrsm;? ed
yGefjrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mefESifhtjcm;pmtkyftenf;i,frQavmufudkom &kdufESdyfxkwfa0
EkdifcJhMuonf/
edyGefjrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mefrSm &efukefedyGefpum;ajymoifausmif;rS jyKpkNyD; &ef
ukefNrdKU? jrefrm&kyf&SifykHESdyfwkdufwGif &dkufESdyfum 1943 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onf/ 7"_4"
t&G,f 192 rsufESm&Sdonf/ aeYpOfokH;pGJaom a0g[m&pmvkH;rsm;ukdom a&G;cs,faz:jy
xm;&m pum;vkH;pkpkaygif; 2539 rQom&Sdonf/
]]edyGefbmompum; tcufqkH;[kqkdxkdufayaom ]Bud,m}ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk
tbd"mefwGif jyxm;aomaMumifh edyGefbmompum;ukd oif,l&oltaygif;wkdYonf
]Bud,m}rsm;udk wkduf&kduftokH;jyKEkdifayonf/ if;uJhodkYjyxm;ay;onfhtbd"mef\pDrH
csufpmtkyfyif jzpfonf/ jrefrmt"dyg,fpum;vkH;rsm;udk t*Fvdyftu&mjzifh a&;om;
xm;onfrSm jrefrmpum;udk oif,laeaom edyGefrsm;tzkdY vG,fuljcif;yif jzpfonf/ if;
wkdYudkvnf; edyGefenf;twkdif; a&;om;xm;avonf}}[k &efukefedyGefpum;oifausmif;yg
armuOD;at;'gu ed'gef;wGif a&;xm;onf/
tbd"mefjyKpk&mwGif q&mOD;ausmfaiG? q&mulomem*dESifhausmif;om;armif
oufxGef;wkdYyg0ifaMumif; ed'gef;wGif az:jyxm;onf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD; NyD;aomtcgwGifrS pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jyef
vnfpwifEkdifMuonf/ odkYaomf tapmykdif;wGif puLtcuftcJESifhMuKHawGYMu&qJyif jzpf
onf/
1947 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/ jynf
axmifpkom;wkdif; todynmwkd;yGm;aprnfhbmomjcm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onfhpmtkyfpm
wrf;rsm;udk bmomjyef&ef? jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;bmomjzifh a&;om;xm;onfhpm
tkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;bmomokdY jyefqkd&ef? jrefrmrIt&yf&yfudk pl;prf;&SmazG&ef? pm
tkyfpmwrf;t&yf&yfudk ykHESdyfjzefYcsd&ef ponfh&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
1948 ckESpfrSp ,aeYtxd bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;ESifha&;om;jyKpkaompmtkyf
rsm;udk &kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJh&m okw0dZmbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;vnf; yg&SdcJhayonf/ bmom
14
jyefpmaytoif;onf ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;udk bmomjyefxkwfa0&mwGifvnf; okw

0dZm ynm&yfqkdif&mpmtkyfrsm; yg&Sdayonf/
pmayAdrmeftzGJYonf jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; 15 wGJudk &kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ twGJ
(1)udk 1954 ckESpfwGif pwifxkwfa0cJhNyD; aemufqkH;twGJjzpfaom twGJ(15)udk 1976
ckESpfwGif xkwfa0EkdifcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;rsm; tNrJwrf; acwfrDaeap&ef
twGuf ESpfcsKyfpmtkyfrsm;udk 1978 ckESpfrSp ESpfpOfxkwfa0cJhonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfrsm;onf t
qifhjrifhrm; wkd;wufvmonfhtavsmuf yk*vdupmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xmersm;vnf; bm
om,Ofaus;rI? bmompmay? EkdifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&; vlrIa&;? rEkaA'? orkdif;? yx0D? O
ya'? pmaytEkynm? pdwfynm? 'edutwKywd? tawGYtMuKHrSwfwrf;? c&D;oGm;rSwf
wrf;paomokw0dZmbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;udk &kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhMuygonf/
xkdtxJwGif pmtkyfwpftkyfwnf;udk jyefqkdjcif;r[kwfbJ pmtkyftrsm;rS xkwf
EkwfjyefqkdNyD; oifhwifhovkd jyefvnfpDpOfxm;aom bmompum;taxGaxGtbd"mef?
bmom&yfqkdif&mtbd"mefponfh&nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; yg&SdMuygonf/
okw0dZm bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGufay:cJhaom okw0dZmbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;udk bmom&yf
tvkduf cGJjcm;NyD; Munfh&IEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf bmom&yftvdkuf cGJjcm;&mwGif tcuftcJ
wpfck awGY&ygonf/ ,if;rSm tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;? orkdif;? rSwfwrf;ponfjzifh
uGJjym;aomfvnf; tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;onf taMumif;&yfrsm; a&maxG;aeojzifh bmom&yf
ESpfck? okH;ckESifhtusKH;0ifaewwfygonf/ xkdtcgwGif ,if;pmtkyfrsKd;udk ydkrkday:vGifaom
taMumif;&yfwGif xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/
aemufxyftcuftcJwpfckuawmh pmtkyfpmwrf;awG rsm;jym;vSojzifh tcsKdU
udk trnfemravmufom az:jyEkdifjcif;? tcsKdUudk vkH;0razmfjyEkdifjcif;wkdYyif jzpfonf/
pmwrf;jyKpk&onfhtcsdefumv wkdawmif;ojzifh tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;udk vufvSrf;rrD rawGY&Sd
bJ <uif;usef&pfonfrsm;vnf; &SdEkdifygonf/ ,if;tcsufudk trSwftom;&Sdolrsm;? ok
awoDynm&Sifrsm;u jznhfpGufay;Muvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ odkYqkdap pmwrf;wGif
azmfjyoifhygvsuf razmfjybJ <uif;usef&pfaompmtkyfrsm&SdygvQif pmwrf;jyKpkolrsm;\
wm0efom jzpfygonf/
tjcm;tcuftcJwpfckum; bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;wGif ykHESdyfESpfrygjcif;? rl&if;
pmtkyftrnfrygjcif;? rl&if;pma&;ol\trnf tjynfhtpkH ryg&Sdjcif;wkdYjzpfygonf/
15
1/ bmomt,l0g'ESifh'edupmtkyfrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGufay:cJhaom okw0dZmbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;onf rsm;aom
tm;jzifh t*FvdyfbmomrS jyefqkdxm;Muonfjzpfaomfvnf; bmoma&;qkdif&m pmtkyfpm
wrf;rsm;wGifrlum; ,if;odkYr[kwfygacs/ Ak'bmomESifhta&SUwkdif;qkdif&mpmtkyfrsm;udk
ygVd? ouw? [dEDbmomwkdYrS jyefqkdcJhMuNyD; c&pf,efbmomusrf;pmrsm;wGifum; a[;A
&l;? *&d? vufwifbmomwkdYrS jyefqkdxm;MuaMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/ q&mBuD;yDrkd;eif;jyefqkd
aom ]]tpvmrftvif;jy}}usrf;rSmrl t*FvdyfbmomrSwpfqifh jyefqkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
bmomt,l0g' bmomjyefrsm;taMumif; ajymqkd&mwGif Ak'yd#uwfawmfbm
omjyefrsm;taMumif; rajymqkdawmhbJ EkdifiHjcm;bmomjzifh a&;xm;aom Ak'bmomqkdif
&mpmtkyfrsm;ESifhta&SUwkdif;tqkdtrdefYeDwdbmomjyefrsm;udkom ajymvkdygonf/
(u) tmaomuausmufpm? t&Siftm'dp0Ho? 1932
t&Siftm'dp0Hoq&mawmf (1883-1951)onf tmaomurif;BuD;\Mo0g't
Ekomoedausmufpmawmfrsm;udk rlvygVdbmomrS jrefrmbmomokdY jyefqkdawmfrlonf/
,if;ausmufpmrsm;udk t*Fvdyf? [dED? ouwponfhbmomtoD;oD;odkY jyefqkdNyD;jzpfaomf
vnf; jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqkdjcif; rjyK&ao;ojzifh jyefqkd&jcif;jzpfayonf/ q&mawmf
onf ygVdbmomudkomru ouw? tl&'l? A*Fvd? [dED? *k&k? rkcd? t*FvdyfESifh*smrefbmom
wkdYudkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;xm;ojzifh tmaomuausmufpmrsm;udk ygVdbmomrS jyefqkd
&mwGif t*Fvdyf? [dED? ouwponfhbmomjyefrlrsm;ESifhvnf; ndEIdif;wkdufqkdifcJhonf/
,if;bmomjyefonf 1931-32 twGuf a0vrif;om;qk &&SdcJhonf/
(c) pmPuseDwd? OD;omjrwf? 1954
tdEd,EkdifiH? pE*kwfrif;vufxuf (4 &mpk)pmPustrwfBuD;\eDwdusrf;udk rl
vouwbmomrS jyefqkdjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;usrf;udkyif v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD;u pm
PuseDwdusrf;(1922)trnfjzifh jyefqkdcJhonf/ odkYaomf *gxmukef r[kwfacs/ *gxm 29
txdomjzpfonf/
OD;omjrwf\bmomjyefrSm rl&if;*gxmwpf&mhwpfq,fpvkH; jrefrmbmomjyefqkd
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ avmueDwdusrf;ESifhvnf; ,SOfjyxm;onf/ avmueDwdESifhtwl ,SOf
wGJ ]eDwdusrf;ausmf a'G;ESpfazmf}trnfjzifhvnf; pmtkyfxkwfxm;onf/
v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD;\bmomjyefwGifrlouw*gxmrSygVd*gxm? xkdYaemuf
jrefrmteuf? aqmifyk'fvuFmtus,f zGifhqkdcsufwkdYESifhwuG pDpOfjyKpkxm;onf/
16
(*) "ry'? OD;aomfZif? 1963

edum,fig;&yfwkdYwGif ck'uedum,ftygt0if ]"ry'}ygVdawmfonf vltrsKd;rsKd;
wkdY\pdwfoabmudkvkduf Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;awmfaygif;pkHyg
&dSojzifh w&m;awmfnGefYaygif;usrf; jzpfonf/ pifppf "ry'onf Ak'w&m;awmftajccH
yifjzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu trsKd;rsKd;aomwynfhom;wkdYtm;
nTefMum;qkH;rawmfrlcJhaom *gxmwkdYjzpf oifcef;pmwkdY vTrf;zkH;ae\/
"ry'udk &Sifr[mAk'aCmou t|uxmjyefcJhonf/ o*FZmq&mawmfygVdedos
jyefcJhonf/ tjcm;jrefrmjyefrsm;vnf; xGufcJhonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmjyefrsm;onf ygVdESifh
jrefrma&maeaom edosrsm;om jzpf vltrsm;em;vnfEkdif&ef cJ,Of;onf/ odkYcJ,Of;
onfhtwkdif; "ry'0wKrsm;avmufom xif&Sm;NyD; bk&m;a[mawmfrlonfh*gxmawmf?
w&m;awmft&omudk vltrsm;cHpm;oifhoavmuf rcHpm;&&Sdaeonf/
q&mOD;aomfZif\bmomjyefum; rlvyifr *gxmyk'fudk oabmayguf&kHrQom
Zmwf0wKudk azmfjyNyD; bk&m;a[mawmfrl&if;*gxmawmfrsm;udk jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(t&Sifao|dv\"ry'jrefrmjyefrSm tusOf;rQom jzpfonf/)
"ry'wGif *gxmawmf 423 yk'f&SdNyD; oabmwl&m*gxmwkdYudk aygif;NyD; taygif;
tpk0*tm;jzifh (26)0*f cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;onf/
OD;aomfZifonf ]rdvdEyOmusrf;}udkvnf; bmomjyefqkdcJhonf/
(C) Ak'tjrif? qef;xGef;? 1952
urmausmftdEd,EkdifiHom; pmay? tbd"rm? &mZ0if? EkdifiHa&;orm;BuD;wpfOD;
jzpfvsuf bmompum;aygif; 30 ausmf wwfuRrf; txl;xl;aomusrf;*efaygif;wpf
&mausmfudk a&;om;cJhonfh&m[kvmoHudpnf;\}aA'e}trnf&Sdonfh]Ak'tjrif}usrf;
BuD;udk [dEDbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
]Ak'tjrif}usrf;onf Ak'0g'wGif jA[Pt,l0g'rsm; a&m>yrf;aeonfrsm;udk
y,fvsuf oefYpifaomAk'0g'udk jyqkdonf[k bmomjyefol\ed'gef;wGif qkdxm;onf/
bmomjyefusrf;wGif wpfckxl;jcm;onfrSm jrefrmAk'bmom0ifrsm; vufcHEkdifrnfrxif
tcsKdUaomae&mrsm;wGif Muufajccwfrsm; jyxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
usrf;wGif (1) a*gwrAk'\rlvoabmxm;rsm;? (2)a*gwrAk'? (3)em*ao
e? (4) Ak'qkdif&m*kdPf;uGJrsm;? (5) Ak'qkdif&mtjrif\aemufqkH;wkd;wufyGifhum;rI[l t
ydkif;BuD;ig;ydkif;yg&Sdonf/
17
(i) wdAufAk'bmom? rmC? 1975

&m[kvmoHudpnf; [dEDbmomjzifh a&;xm;aomusrf;udk q&mrmC jrefrmbm
omodkY jyefqkdonf/ q&myg&*lu trSma&;xm;onf/
7 &mpkESpf q&kdusefbk&ifvufxufwGif wdAufEkdifiHodkY Ak'bmompwif a&muf&Sd
onf/ q&kdusefbk&ifonf wdAufbmomtu&mpmvkH;rsm;udk wDxGifay;NyD; Ak'bmom
usrf;*efrsm;udk wdAufbmomokdY jyefqkdcJhMuonf/
wdAufjynf Ak'bmomorkdif;udk avhvmMunfh&IvQif wdAufjynfodkY Ak'bmom
a&mufonfhtcsdefrSpNyD; Ak'bmomonf toGiftrsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJvmonfudk awGY&
onf/ ,aeYxd wdAufjynfwGif acwfpm;aeonfhAk'bmomrSm r[m,e vmrm0g' Ak'
bmom[kac:qkdEkdifonhfbmom jzpfonf/
wdAufEkdifiHonf vQKdU0Suftodcufaom wkdif;jynfwpfjynfjzpfonf/ wdAufjynf
odkY EkdifiHjcm;rSyk*KdvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf tvnftywf oGm;a&mufzkdY rvG,fay/ EkdifiHu
vQKdU0Suf todcufoavmuf EkdifiH\bmomw&m;rSmvnf; axGjym;qef;Mu,fvSayonf/
&m[kvmoHudpnf;onf tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;udk ausmfvGefNyD; wdAufjynfodkY av;Budrfwkdif
wkdif oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ wpfBudrf wpfBudrfwGifvnf; ESpf&Snfvrsm; aexkdifcJhonf/
&m[kvmoHudpnf;onf wdAufbmompmay? wdAuf,Ofaus;rIESifhbmomw&m;
rsm;taMumif; pmtkyfrsm;a&;om;cJh&mwGif q&mrmC jyefqkdonfh ]wdAuf Ak'bmom}
usrf;onf wpftkyftygt0if jzpfonf/
]wdAufAk'bmom}[k qkdaomfvnf; wdAufpmay? EdkifiHa&;? ,Ofaus;rItm;vkH;
yif a&maxG;yg0ifvsuf &Sdonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf wdAufEkdifiH bmoma&;ESifhtkyf
csKyfa&; cGJr&? bmoma&;ESifh,Ofaus;rI cGJr&? bmoma&;ESifhvlrIa&;cGJr&? ,if;wkdY
tm;vkH; wGJzufyl;aygif;aeaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/
q&mrmConf pmtkyfudk [dEDbmomrS jyefqkd&mwGif tcsKdUaom a0g[m&
rsm;udk jrefrmwkdYESifhtHudkufap&ef toHvS,frIrsm; jyKvkyfxm;onf[k qkdonf/ Oyrm
]tm&,a'0}[lonf rl&if;a0g[m&yif jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmrsm;tzkdY EIwfusKd;aeaom
]t&d,a'0}[k okH;EIef;xm;ygonf/
(p) a,m*tbd"rmusrf;? rmC? 1934
ywOvd&aohBuD;\]a,m*'e}ac: a,m*tbd"rmusrf;udk rl&if;ouw
bmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY q&mrmCu jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
usrf;onf [dEDjA[PwkdY\q'eac: ouwbmomajcmufusrf;wkdYwGif
18
wpfusrf;tygt0if jzpfonf/ usrf;onf ,if;ajcmufusrf;wGif txif&Sm;qkH;ESifht

ausmfMum;qkH;usrf;yif jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif tao;i,fqkH;usrf;vnf; jzpfNyD; yg'aygif; 4
yg'? okwfaygif; 194 okwf &Sdonf/ usrf;udk jyKpkol ywOvd&aohBuD;onf c&pfou
&mZf 250 wGif ay:aygufxif&Sm;cJhonf/
usrf;wGif a,m*DolawmfpifBuD; r[mwrem&m,PqGmrdu [dEDbmomjzifh
ed'gef;a&;om;xm;onf/ ,if;ed'gef;udkvnf; q&mrmCu [dEDbmomrS jrefrmbmom
odkY jyefqkdazmfjyxm;onf/
usrf;yg a,m*enf;vrf;rsm;onf Ak'bmomenf;vrf;rsm;ESifhrnfokdYjcm;em;
onfudkvnf; ta&;BuD;aomae&mwGif bmomjyefolu EIdif;,SOfjyxm;onf/
(q) Ak'bmomESifhrmhufpf0g'? yg&*l? 1954
]a&vfumwduuf}trnf&SdaompmtkyfwGif [dEDbmomjzifhvnf;aumif;? ]r[m
aAm"d}r*Zif;wGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhvnf;aumif;? tmeEmaumovm,e a&;om;xm;
onfh(Buddhism and Dialectical Materialism)[laompmwrf;i,fudk yg&*l jrefrmbmomokdY
jyefqkdxm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/
tmeEmaumovm,eonf &m[kvmoHudpnf;ESifhwGJzuf 'DCedum,f rZsdr
edum,fwkdYudk [dEDbmomodkY jyefqkdcJholjzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif t&SifOD;OwrESifhvnf; tvGef
&if;ESD;olwpfOD;jzpfonf/
1953 ckESpfu *syefAk'bmomuGefz&ifhrS tdEd,odkYtjyefwGif &efukefNrdKUodkYacw
0ifa&mufcJhonf/ &efukefwGifaepOf tdEd,toif;tyif;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS avQmufxm;
ojzifh tmeEmaumovm,eonf tBudrfrsm;pGmyif w&m;"rudk a[mjycJhonf/ xkdpOf
u ola[majymonfhw&m;rsm;teuf ]*k*s&mwd}r@yf a[mjycJhaom ]]Ak'bmomESifh
rmhufpf0g'}}onfvnf; taMumif;t&mwpfck jzpfcJhonf/
pmwrf;i,fudk jyefqkd&mwGif a0g[m&rsm;udk ygVdpum;vkH;rsm;jzifh okH;pGJ&onfh
taMumif;udk yg&*lu ed'gef;wGif odkYa&;om;cJhonf/
]]pmudk jyefqkd&m uREkfyfonf ae&mrsm;pGmwGif ygVdpum;vkH;rsm;udk okH;xm;
onf/ odkYoHk;jcif;rSm a0g[m&xl;rsm; ygVdpum;vkH;jzifh okH;olrsm;tm; wdusrSefuef
onfhpum;vkH;rsm; &&Sdap&efESifhteuft"dyg,fudk xdxdrdrd&dSoGm;ap&ef &nfoefokH;xm;
jcif;jzpfygonf/}}
OD;ukdukdav;onf &m[kvm0gvfykdvm\ What Buddha Taught pmtkyfudk Ak'usifhpOf
trnfjzifh bmomjyefqkdcJhygao;onf/
19
(Z) xm0&bk&m;\ormusrf;? ,k'oef? 1832-35

c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD; zmomumygedESifhzmomygudkwkd;wkdYonf ormusrf; au
mufEkwfcsufESifhtESpfcsKyfrsm;udk jyefqkd&mwGif a&mr(vufwif)bmomrS jyefqkdcJhMuonf/
odkY&mwGif q&m,k'oefonf "ra[mif;ESifh"ropfusrf;wkdYudk jyefqkd&mwGif rl&if;bmom
jzpfaom a[NAJ(a[A&l;)ESifha[vmo(*&d)bmomwkdYrS wkduf&kdufjyefqkdcJhonf/
"ra[mif;usrf;udk a[A&l;bmomjzifh a&;&if;jzpfNyD; "rowfusrf;udk a[vm
o(*&d)bmomjzifh a&;&if;jzpfonf/ q&m,k'oefonf "ropfusrf;udk tvsifjyefqkdNyD;
1832 ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfcJhonf/ "ra[mif;udk 1835 ckESpfwGifrS qufvufxkwfa0cJhonf/
wGif taMumif;wkdufqkdif ajym&vQif Hebrew [laompum;vkH;udk q&m,k
'oefu ]]a[NAJ}}[k a&;om;NyD; jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;wGif ]][djAL}}[kyg&dSum pmayAdrmef
xkwf q&marmifxif\]]urmhpmaytnTef;wGif ]]a[A&l;}}[k okH;xm;ygonf/
ormusrf;pmayonf Oa&mypmaytay:wGif vTrf;rkd;rI&Sdovkd q&m,k'oef\
jrefrmbmomjyefonfvnf; jrefrmpmayta&;tom;wGif tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd
vTrf;rkd;rI&Sdonfukd awGY&ygonf/ tm'HESifh{0? {'ifO,smOf[laompum;vkH;rsm;onf jref
rmpmaywGif tokH;rsm;vsuf&SdNyD; ]]&Sifjyefxajrmuf}}[laopum;vkH;ukdvnf; tawmf
av;yif awGY&Sd&ygonf/ tcsKdUaomjrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;\pum;ajy ta&;tom;wGif
vnf; ormusrf;bmomjyef taiGYtoufrsm;pGm &Sdaeonfudk awGYEkdifygonf/
Oyrm ]]tuREkfyfonfvnf; uRefrwkdYESifhwuG tpma&Smifjcif;tusifhudk usifhyg
1
onf/ }}[laomta&;tom;rSm ]]uREkfyfonf pma&;jcif;trIudk jyKonf}}[laomta&;
tom;jzpfvmonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/
rnfokdYqkdap ormusrf;bmomjyefonf bmomjyefolwkdY enf;,lzG,f&mrsm;yg&Sd
ayonf/
ormusrf;pmESifhc&pf,mefpmaywkdYudk jrefrmbmomwkdYomru wkdif;&if;om;bm
ompmayrsm;odkY jyefqkdxm;onfrsm;udkvnf; awGY&ygonf/ (,if;jyefqkdcsuftcsKdUukd
aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/) odkYaomf Ak'bmompmayrsm;udk rGef? &Srf;wkdYrSwyg;
ucsif? u&if? u,m;? csif;bmomrsm;odkY jyefqkdxm;onfrsm; rawGY&Sd&yg/
(ps) yavwkded'gef;? aZmf*sD? 1967
*&d'eynm&SifESifh pma&;q&myavwkd jyKpkaom uxmusrf; 13 apmifrS
aumufEkwfjyefqkdxm;aom aumufEkwfcsufpmwrf;wpfck jzpfonf/ aumufEkwfcsuf qkd
1/ aowm0wK 4-15 (Easter)
20
apumrl uxmESpfckudk tjynfhtpkH jyefqdkxm;onf/

yavwkd1onf *&dEkdifiHtufoif;EkdifiHom; jzpfonf/ olonf ola&SUu 'e
ynm&SifBuD;aqmhc&wdudk rDvkdufonf/ aqmhc&wdw&m;ESifhaqmhc&wdar;jref;pdppfenf;
rsm;udk oabmusonf/ aqmhc&wd\'ewkdYonf vlYavmu vlYusifh0wfykdif;wGif t
a&;ygonf/ vkdtyfonf[k,lqonf/ odkYaomf tufoif;EkdifiHom;wkdYrSm tusifhysufae
onf/ aqmhc&wdudkyif t,kHtMunfrJhcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh yavwkdonf aqmhc&wduG,f
vGefNyD;aemufwGif aqmhc&wd\avmutjrifESifhenf;emwkdYudk pd0dwm&jyK uxmusrf;
udk a&;om;cJhonf/ rl&if;*&dbmomjzpfonf/
2/ EkdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif bmomjyefqkdxkwfa0aom EkdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;udk MunfhvQif qkd
&S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepf0g'? rmhufpf0g' pmtkyfrsm;omvQif jzpfaMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/
'kwd,urmppf rwkdifrD e*g;eDtoif;u xkwfcJhonfhEkdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;onf
vnf; udkvSa&T jyefqkdaom ]]"e&Sif0g'}}? OD;bwifjyefqkdaom ]]qkd&S,fvpf0g'vufawGY
ESifhedosnf;}}ponfwkdY jzpfonf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD;tNyD; vGwfvyfa&;r&rDESifhvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif;wGif
xkwfa0onfhpmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf/ Oyrm *kPfa&mif\]]w&kwfjynf
awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJjyemrsm;}}? b0if;\]]qkdAD,uf,leD,Hqkdwm bmvJ}}? armifarmif
wif\]]uGefjrLepfjzpfajrmufa&;}}? ausmfatmif? jroef;wifhwkdY\]]rwf0g'a&aomufjrpf
okH;oG,f}}? ausmfatmif\rwf0g'vrf;nTef}}? jroef;wifh\]]tEky#davmr&kyf0g'? &kyf
ykdif;&mZ0if? rwf0g'ESifhawG;ac:jrifa&;}}? ocifjroef;\]]y#dyu}}? auwDOD;ausmfwifh
\]]qkd&S,fvpf0g' vDeiftzGifh}}? armifae0if;\]]qkd&Spfvpfrsm;twGuf tbd"rm? uGef
jrLepfusifhpOf? qkd&S,fvpfvlYabmif}}? 0if;armfOD;pmay pmwnf;tzGJY0ifwpfOD;jyefqkdaom
]]armfpDwkH;\'Drkdua&pDopf}}ponfwkdY jzpfMuonf/
&m[kvmoHudpnf; a&;aom ]]uGefjrLepf0g'omvQif tb,fhaMumifh}}[laom
pmtkyfukd [dEDbmomrS jrefrmbmomokdY yg&*ljyefqkdcJhonf/
3/ pD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfrsm;
pD;yGm;a&;wGif abm*aA'? 0gPdZaA'? pm&if;tif;ynmESifhor0g,rbmom
&yfwkdYyg0ifum us,f0ef;vSNyD; pD;yGm;a&;onf wkdif;jynftwGuf ta&;BuD;aomu@wpf
1/ Plato
21
&yfjzpfaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufaompmtkyfrsm; rsm;rsm;pm;pm; xGufay:onf

udk rawGY&yg/ tcsKdUaompD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; EkdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;tydkif;wGif
a&m0ifvsuf&Sdygonf/ b0if; jyefqkdaom ]]vlYpnf;pdrf}}1(1954)onf urmhpD;yGm;a&;o
rkdif;jzpfNyD; wuodkvfatmifcifOD;jyefqkdaom ]]udkvkdeDvrf;pOfESifhjrefrmEkdifiH}}2 (1977)
onf jrefrmEkdifiHtaMumif; jzpfygonf/
]]vlYpnf;pdrf}}onf vD,kd[l;Am;rif;\pmtkyfudk bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
pmtkyfwGif orkdif;udk pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;jzifh &Sif;vif; azmfjy&efESifhpD;yGm;a&; o
abmw&m;udk orkdif;oabmjzifh &Sif;vifjy&efjzpfonf/ orkdif;udk avhvm&mwGif pD;yGm;
a&;tcsuftvufrygvQif jynfhpkHvkHavmufjcif; r&Sdovkd pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;udk avh
vm&mwGifvnf; orkdif;aemufcHum;ryg&SdvQif ajcmufaoGYNyD; NiD;aiGYzG,f&m&SdaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/
b0if;onf ]]EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'}} (1964)udkvnf; bmomjyefqkdcJhonf/
]]ukdvkdeDvrf;pOfESifhjrefrmEkdifiH}}onf a*stufpfzmeDA,fa&;aom ]]ukdvdkeDpepf
ESifhvufawGYusifhokH;rI}}pmtkyfESifhjrefrmEkdifiHESifhqkdifaomtykdif;udk xkwfEkwfjyefqkdxm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ rl&if;pmtkyfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH t*FvdyfwkdY usifhokH;cJhaom udkvkdeDpepfESifh
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHwGif 'wf(csf)wkdYusifhokH;cJhaom ukdvkdeDpepfudk EIdif;,SOfa&;om;xm;onf/
bmomjyefolonf pmrsufESmrsm;NyD; pmtkyfaps;EIef; BuD;jrifhoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfojzifh tif
'kdeD;&Sm;ESifhywfoufaomtydkif;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
rl&if;pmtkyfa&;om;ol zmeDA,f(1878-1960) onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1952 ck
ESpfrSpNyD; trIxrf;cJholjzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHynmjyefYyGm;
a&;toif;wkdYukdvnf; wnfaxmifcJholjzpfonf/ *Eavmur*Zif; pwifxkwfa0olvnf;
jzpfonf/ 1948 rS 1958 txd jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&\pDrHudef;tMuHay;yg&*ltjzpf xrf;
aqmifcJhonf/
wuokdvfatmifcifOD;onf a*stufpfzmeDA,f a&;om;aom ]]jrefrmEkdifiHa&;
abm*aA'orkdif;3}}(1967)udkvnf; bmomjyefqkdcJhonf/
4/ orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;
orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;[l&mwGifum; vlYorkdif;? urmhorkdif;? EkdifiHorkdif;ESifhppforkdif;?
awmfvSefa&;orkdif; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;? EkdifiHtcsif;csif; qufqHa&;orkdif; p
onfhtaMumif;&yforkdif;rsm; yg&Sdayonf/
1/ Man's Worldly Goods (1935)
2/ Colonial Policy and Practice
22
3/ 1/ Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma
q&maZ,sjyefqkdaom ]]vl}}1ESifhOD;pHxGm;jyefqkdaom]avmuDxkywfvlwkdYZmwf}
(1950)wkdYonf urmOD;umv vlay:OD;prSonf vlom;wkdY\tqifhqifh wkd;wufjzpfxGef;
vmykHrsm;udk azmfjyxm;aom vlYorkdif;pmtkyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
ocifbaomif; jyefqkdaom ]]urmh&mZ0ifcsKyf}}2? OD;armifarmifBuD;jyefqkdaom
]]urmhorkdif;tajcjy}}(yxrwGJ)? OD;0if;pdefjyefqkdaom]]urmhorkdif;tajcjy}}('kwd,wGJ)?
yg&*ljyefqkdaom ]]ae&l;\orD;xHay;pm}}3(1955)? wuokdvfae0if;jyefqkdaom ]]urmh
orkdif;jzpf&yfBuD;rsm;}}(1970)? Akdvfat;armifjyefqkdaom]]acwfopfurmhorkdif;}}ponf
wkdYrSm urmhorkdif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
OD;wifarmif&if(r[m0dZm)jyefqkdaom]]acwfjrefrmwnf[ef}}4onf EkdifiHorkdif;
jzpfNyD; OD;wifarmif&if(r[m0dZm)jyefqkdaom ]]ppfBuD;ESpfcktMum; EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;
(1974)? armifay:xGef;jyefqkdaom ]]armifhbufwefESifhtdEd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ}}5 (19
77)ESifh]]Ekdif;jrpf0Srf;rS awmfvSefa&;}}(1974)wkdYonf taMumif;&yforkdif;rsm; jzpfMuyg
onf/
ocifbaomif;jyefqkdaom ]]urmh&mZ0ifcsKyf}}onf 1923-30 ckESpftwGuf
a0vrif;om;qk &&SdcJhonf/
ygarmuOD;at;armifuvnf; NAdwdoQ&mZ0ifudk bmomjyefqkdcJh ppfBudKacwf
ausmif;okH;jzpfcJhonf/
yg&*ljyefqkdaom ae&l;\orD;xHay;pmonf urmausmfay;pmrsm;wGif pm&if;
0ifjzpfonf/ q,fESpforD;t&G,f orD;uav; Ed&mxHay;onfhpmrsm;jzpfonf/ Ed&m
onf aemiftcgwGif tdEd,EkdifiH 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmNyD; urmausmfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf
cJhonf/ pmtkyfonf q,fESpforD;twGuf &nf&G,fNyD; a&;onfhpmrsm;jzpfojzifh urmh
orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhae&l;\tawG;tjrifwkdYudk uav;oli,frsm;ESifhomrefpmzwfolrsm;
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfEkdifaom pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfonf/
OD;wifarmif&ifjyefqkdaom ]]acwfjrefrmwnf[ef}}onf a':&dkod0k'frif;a&;om;
aom jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;pmtkyfjzpfonf/ a':&kdod0k'frif;onf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4
&ufaeY eHeuf 4 em&DwGif usif;yaom vGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;odkY wufa&mufcGifh &&SdcJh
onf/ xkdYaemufydkif;wGifvnf; olonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY okH;acgufrQvma&mufNyD; ucsifjynf
e,f? csif;awmifwef;a'o? em*awmifwef;a'oESifh&Srf;jynfe,fodkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ppfyGJudk rDvkdufaom touf 90 ausmft&G,ftrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;?
a'oqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawGYqkHar;jref;cJhonf/ yd#uwfwkdufrsm;? armfuGef;wkduf
1/ The Story of Mankind 2/ Outlines of General History by Remouf. 3/ Nehru, Pandit Jawaharla. 4/ Woodman, Dorthory The Making of
Burma. (1962) 5/ Freedom at midnight.
23
rsm;rS taxmuftxm; pm&Gufpmwrf;? rSwfwrf;rSwf&mwkdYudk tyifyef;cHavhvmtm;xkwf

NyD; pmtkyfudk a&;om;cJhonf/ a&S;acwfEkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; a&;om;aompmtkyfpm
wrf;rsm;rS tukd;tum;? taxmuftxm;rsm;rsm; &,lavonf/ odkYaomf tjrifopf
jzifh jyefvnfa&;om;xm;onf/ jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdY a&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk t
xl;yif taxmuftxm; tukd;tum; jyKcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwnfprSonf 1960 jynfhESpf
jrefrmw&kwfe,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;umvtxd a&;om;xm;NyD; wwd,
jrefrmt*FvdyfppfyGJtNyD;wGif e,fcsJUwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ckcHwkdufrIrsm;udk tawmfyif jynfh
pkHatmif azmfjyxm;onf/
OD;wifarmif&if(r[m0dZm)jyefqkdaom ]]ppfBuD;ESpfcktMum; EkdifiHwumqufqH
a&;}}(1919-1939)onf ygarmutD;tdyfcsfum; a&;om;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/
orkdif;bmom&yfwpfckjzpfaom EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;bmom&yfonf EkdifiHt
oD;oD;\EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'? EkdifiHtcsif;csif; csKyfqkdonfhpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;? oHwrefa&;
&mqufqHrIrsm;udk tus,fw0ifh avhvmonfhbmom&yf jzpfonf/
pmtkyfwGif 1900-24 ckESpftwGif; jyifopf? *smreD? qdkAD,uf,leD,H? tDwvD
ponfhEkdifiHrsm;ESifhEkdifiHwumqufqHa&;tajctae? 1924-1930 twGif; EkdifiHaygif;
csKyftoif;BuD;\Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqmif&GufrI? 1930-1933 wGif urmhpD;yGm;a&;uyfqkduf
a&muf *syefwkdY\usL;ausmfa&;ppf pwifykH? vufeufzsufodrf;a&;uGefz&ifh atmifjrif
ykH? 1933-1939 wGif *smreDwGif emZDygwDtmPm&vmjcif;aMumifh EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;
udk &kdufcwfvmonfh*,ufrsm;? emZD*smreDESifhtDwvDwkdY\pmcsKyfcsKd;azmufrIrsm;ESifh'kwd
,urmppfodkY rnfodkYrnfykH OD;wnfoGm;onfwkdYudk aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onf/
pmtkyfudk bmomjyefqkd&mwGif rl&if;twkdif; vkH;aphywfaphjyefqkdxm;onf[k
bmomjyefqkdolu qkdxm;onf/
armifay:xGef;jyefqkdaom ]]armifhbufwefESifhtdEd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ}} onf
jyifopfowif;pmq&myg&Drufr*Zif;owif;axmuf 'kdrdepfvmyD,m;ESifhtar&duefo
wif;pmq&m e,l;0dowif;r*Zif;owif;axmuf vm&Daumvif;wkdY wGJzufjyKpkaom pm
tkyfukd bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
pmtkyfonf tdEd,EkdifiH\vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJtaMumif;ukd a&;om;aomo
rkdif;pmtkyfjzpfonf/ rl&if;trnfrSm ]]oef;acgif,H vGwfvyfa&;}}jzpfaomfvnf; bmom
jyefu ]]armifhbufwefESifhtdEd,vGwfvyfa&;}}emrnfajymif;vJxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
rl&if;pma&;q&mESpfOD;onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk av;ESpfwkdifwkdif pkaqmif;cJh&
onf/ c&D;rkdifaygif; ESpfodef;cGJausmfxGufNyD; uGif;qif;avhvmcJhMu&onf/ okawoevkyf
24
ief;twGuf ukefusp&dwf a':vm 3 odef;rQ &SdcJhonf/

pmtkyfudk jyefqkd&mwGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf tcsKdUtcsuftvuf
rsm;udk rvkdtyfbJ usrf;av;rnfqkdojzifh csefxm;cJhaMumif;? tcsKdUpmykd'frsm;ESifhtcsKdUt
cef;rsm;udk y,fcJhaMumif; bmomjyefolu trSmpum;wGif ajymqkdxm;ygonf/
armifay:xGef;jyefqkdaom ]]Ekdif;jrpf0Srf;rS awmfvSefa&;}}onf tD*spfEkdifiHawmf
vSefa&;orkdif; jzpfonf/
5/ yx0Dpmtkyfrsm;
yx0D0if bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;udk z,fvkduf
vQif ta&twGuf enf;yg;onf[kqkdEkdifygonf/
tapmqkH;awGY&Sd&aom yx0D0if bmomjyefpmtkyfrSm 1874 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJh
aom ]]yx0D0ifcsKyf}}jzpfonf/ urmhyx0Dudk okwjzefYa0xm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/
pmtkyfonf *sDtdcsfa[mif; a&;om;onfhyx0Da,bk,stajccHpmtkyfukd
omoemjyKq&m *sdrf;[maZGv1 jznfhpGufrGrf;rHxm;onfhtwkdif; jrefrmbmomjyefqkdxm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjyefqkdol\trnfudk rod&yg/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmbmomta&;tom;
jywfawmif; t"dyg,fay:vGifonfukd awGY&ygonf/ NrdKU&Gmtac:ta0:trnfrsm;rSm
a&S;acwftwkdif;jzpf tom;usao;[ef rwlyg/ ,cktcg ,la&;eyfN*Kd[f[k jyefqkdxm;
aomN*Kd[fudk ]]O&mEkN*Kd[f}}? eufyuRef;udk ]]eJYywGefN*Kd[f}}ponfjzifh ac:qkdxm;ygonf/
toFm? orykdif;? ,mOfpGef;wef;? rGef;wnfhwef;? tNydKifwef;? ywempuf(Prayer Wheel)p
aom a0g[m&rsm;udk wDxGifac:a0:xm;ygonf/ uHauR;arG;tdrf(apyg;xrf;&Gufol)?
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awGY&Sd&ygonf/
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(Cities and their Stories)13 tkyfudk OD;oefYu NrdKUjyykHjyifrsm;trnfjzifh bmomjyefqkdNyD;
jrefrmEkdifiHynmjyefYyGm;a&;toif;u xkwfa0cJhygonf/
*Ref;bm;'wfa&;aom ]]jrpfwkdY\obm0orkdif;}}ukd wifhw,f jyefqkdcJhonf/
6/ Oya'pmtkyfrsm;
tpkd;&u xkwfjyefaom Oya' bmomjyefrsm;rSwpfyg; Oya' pmtkyfrsm;vnf;
1/ Haxwell, Jame
25
ta&twGuf enf;yg;onfudk awGY&onf/

OD;eD(bDat? 0wfvkHawmf&)onf John Locke a&;onfh Civil Government udk
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aMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyefqkdMu&mwGif Oya'pmtkyfrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/ Oyrm ocif cif
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onf/
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jzifh rl&if;pma&;olu pmtkyftrnfudk ]]jrefrmhw&m;Oya'ykHjyifrsm;}}[ktrnfay;xm;
onf/ a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu w&m;Oya'pD&ifenf;rsm;udk ykHjyif0wKrsm;jzifhwif
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um;vmykHudk t"du tom;ay; a&;om;xm;onf[k,lqojzifh bmomjyefqkd&mwGif
]]jrefrmhw&m;Oay'}}[ktrnfay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
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udk tajccH qif;oufvmcJhaom w&m;Oya'r[kwf/ jrefrmh"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;udk trSD
jyK aygufzGm;qif;oufvmaom w&m;Oya'om jzpfaMumif; aumif;pGmavhvmwifjy
xm;onf/
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rIa&;ESifhw&m;Oya'qkdif&m t,ltq? jrefrmhw&m;Oya'zGHYNzdK;vmjcif;ESifhw&m;Oya'
qkdif&m pmayxGef;um;vmjcif;? jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf&Sd w&m;a&;qkdif&m puf,E&m;?
w&m;olBuD;rsm;twGuf tMuHPf? w&m;repfemrIqkdif&m jrefrmhOya'jzwfxkH;udk cGJjcrf;
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pmtkyfrsKd;udk &kdufESdyf&mwGif ykHESdyfonfhbufuvnf; wdusrSefuefaumif;rGefzkdYvkdonf/ odkY
rSomvQif pmzwfolrsm; ,kH,kHMunfMunfESifhzwf&IEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ pmtkyfwGif txif
jrifqkH; awGY&aom cRwf,Gif;csufwpfckrSm bmomjyefol\trnfudk azmfjyjcif;yif jzpf
26
onf/ rsufESmzkH;wGif OD;atmifausmfpdef jrefrmjyefonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf t

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yif azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf w&m;&kH;csKyfa&SUaeYOD;cifarmifat;(trfat? bDt,fvf)
\trSmpmwGifum; ]]OD;ausmfpdef bmomjyefqkdaom. . . }}[k a&;xm;onf/ w&m;Oya't&
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7/ pmaya&;&mpmtkyfrsm;
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qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm;rS pmtkyfrsm;u trsm;pkjzpfaeonfudk awGY&ygonf/ odkYaomf cifrsKd;
cspfjyefqkdaom]]urmausmfMum; pmESifhpum;}}(1954)rlum; qkdua&;wD;? bm;ewfa&Sm
paom urmausmfpma&;q&mrsm;? uAsmq&mrsm;? awG;ac:&Sifrsm;? EkdifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;\ay;pmrsm;? a[majymcsufrsm;udk jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
armifomEkd;jyefqkdaom ]]uAsmoabmw&m;}}(1966)pmtkyfrSm a*smhoGrfqef\
]]rwf0g'ESifhuAsm}}1pmtkyfudk jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
b0if;jyefqkdaom]]pmay&kyfykHvTm}}(1965)onf a8:*D\]]vpfxa&&DykdYx&dwf}}2
ukd jyefqkdjcif;jzpfonf/ pmtkyfwGif awmpwGKdif;? csufaumh? udk&kdvifukd? aumhqlAifp
uD;? y&d&SAif paom&k&Sm;pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;ESifhif;wkdY\pmaytay: a8:uD\a0zefokH;
oyfcsufrsm; yg0ifonf/ pmtkyfudk cifarmif0if;uvnf; ]]pmyef;csD}}(1958)trnf
jzifh bmomjyefcJhzl;onf/
OD;ausmfwifh jyefqkdaom ]]pmaya&;&m}}(1965)onf a*:uD\tGefvpfxa&;
3
csm; pmtkyfrS aqmif;yg;okH;yk'fESifhrdefYcGef;wpfyk'fudk jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a*:uD\
pmayavhvmrIESifhpma&;jcif;twwfynmpmtkyfrsm;tay: a8:uD\tjrifESifhqkdAD,uf
pmaytay: a8:uD\tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm;? rdefYcGef;rsm; jzpfonf/
armifarmifwif jyefqkdaom ]]pmayESifhtEkynm}}(1952)onf armfpDwkef;\pm
ayqkdif&m ,iftefrdefYcGef;rsm;udk jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ]]pwmvifpmayqkESifhw&kwf
jynfopfpma&;q&mrsm;}}trnf&Sd aqmif;yg;wpfck yl;wGJyg0ifonf/
OD;ausmfwifhjyefqkdaom ]]w&kwfawmfvSefa&;pmaytbd"rm#DumESifhjzpfpOfo
rkdif;}}(1966)onf wif,D\]]acwfopfw&kwfpmayorkdif;tusOf;csKyf4? vlwif,D\]]yef;
wkdif;yGifh tawG;tac:wkdif; iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh yGifhygap}}5ESifhacsmif,ef;\]]w&kwfjynfpm
ayESifhtEkynmvrf;pOf}}6 trnf&Sd pmaytEkynmoabmw&m;a&;&m pmtkyfokH;tkyfudk
1/ Marxism and Poetry 2/ Gorky, Maxim, Literary 3/ On Literature 4/ A Short History of Chinese Literature. 5/ Let Flowers of Many
Kinds Blossom; Diverse Schools or thought Contend 6/ Path of Socialist and Arts in China
27
pkaygif; jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

wif,D\pmtkyfwGif acwfw&kwfpmayorkdif;udk vl&Tef;acwfrSonf armfpDwkef;
\pmaytEkynmqkdif&mrl0g'rsm; taumiftxnfay:vmonftxd tqifhqifhwkd;
wuf jzpfxGef;rIrsm; yg0if\/ 'kwd,tkyfrSm yef;wkdif;yGifhygap[laomt,ltqESifhywf
oufonfhvlwif,D\rdefYcGef;jzpfonf/ wwd,pmtkyfrSm 1960 jynfhESpfwGif usif;yaom
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&ifcHpmjzpfonf/
armifae0if; jyefqkdaom ]]vl&Tef;}}1\awmfvSefa&;pmay(1974)onf vl&Tef;
ukd,fwkdifa&;aomaqmif;yg;rsm;? a[majymcsufrsm;? pmtkyfed'gef;rsm;? vl&Tef;ESifhywf
oufNyD;tjcm;yk*KdvfwkdY\avhvma&;om;csufrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomxkwfw&kwfr*Zif;2
ESifh w&kwfjynf jyefvnf wnfaqmufjcif;*sme,f3wkdYrS pkaqmif;um jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpf
onf/
vl&Tef;(1881-1936)ESifhywfouf 1956 ckESpfu xkwfa0aomvl&Tef;uG,fvGef
onfhtESpf 20 ajrmuf txdrf;trSwfpmtkyfi,fuav;wGif q&mrif;ok0Pfu odkY ed
'gef;a&;xm;onf/ ]]pdefYwkdif;acwfprf; pmayta&;wGif acgif;aqmifum; ]]vl&Tef;}}t
rnf&Sdpma&;q&mBuD;jzpfygonf/ vl&Tef;onf rw&m;rIudk pkwfwHjzifh wkdufckdufaom ppf
AkdvfBuD;jzpfavonf/}}
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udk 1927 ckESpfrS 1932 ckESpftwGif;wGif a&;cJhonf/ tqkdygaqmif;yg;ig;yk'frSm]]pmay
ESifhacR;}}? ]]pmayESifhawmfvSefa&;}}? ]]w&kwfypnf;rJhvlwef;pm;\awmfvSefpmayESifha&SU
aqmif vrf;xGifolwkdY\aoG;}}? ]]wwd,trsKd;om;ESifhywfouf}}ESifh]]zwf&INyD;aemuf
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omru awmfvSefwkd;wufaompmay oabmw&m;udk a&SUaqmifa&SU&GufjyKonfhtawG;
tac:rsm;vnf; jzpfacs\/
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jzifh vuf0J? tESpfom&tm;jzifh vuf,m}}[laom oabmvuPmudk jyif;xefpGm a0zef
xm;onf/
1/ Lu Hsus 2/ Chinese Literature 3/ China Reconstructs
28
8/ twKywdpmtkyfrsm;
twKywdpmtkyfrsm;onf e,fy,fwpfckckwGif wpfenf;enf;jzifh xif&Sm;ausmf
Mum;olrsm;? emrnfowif;BuD;olrsm;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onfjzpfojzifh twk,lpHjyK
zG,f&m? enf;,ltm;uszG,f&m? pdwfyg0ifpm;zG,f&mwkdYjzpfojzifh a&;om;jyKpkjcif;rsm;jym;
ovkd bmomjyefqkdjcif;vnf; rsm;jym;vSayonf/ jrefrmbmomokdY jyefqkdxm;onfrsm;
vnf; rsm;jym;vSayonf/
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csKyf(1945)? awmifwGif;udkukdBuD;\]]vDeiftwKywd}}(1937)? 'kkAkdvfrSL;BuD;aomif;
xkduf (tNidrf;pm;)\]]0ifpwefcsmcsDvli,fb0}}(1980)? armifay:xGef;\]]uRefrcspfwJh
qlumEkd}}(1975)? rkd;BudK;(ocifbaomif;)\]]*sKdaZ&DaZmf}}? NrdKUrq&m[def\]]uREkfyfESifh
rkdufu,faumvif}}(1939)ponfhEkdifiHacgif;aqmif? wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmifESifhAkdvfcsKyf
BuD;rsm;taMumif;jyefqkdovkd urmausmfolvQKdrsm;taMumif;(Oyrm rmwm[m&D)? wkdif;
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awGYtMuKHESifhudk,fawGYrSwfwrf;rsm;)? twkta,mifwpfa,muf taMumif; (Oyrm &yfp
jyKwif)wkdYudkvnf; jyefqkdcJhMuygonf/ tkdif;pwkdif;? r'rfusL&Dpaom odyHynm&SifBuD;rsm;?
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BuD;rsm;? uAsmq&mBuD;rsm;\twKywdwkdYudkvnf; jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ urmausmfc&D;onf
BuD;rmukdykdvkd\taMumif;? EkdifiH0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfaom arm&pfaumvpftaMumif;wkdY
vnf; yg0ifonf/
tawGYtMuKHrSwfwrf;ESifhtwKywdtaMumif;t&mwkdYonf &ooabmrsm;pGm
ouf0ifvsuf&SdNyD; udk,fa&;twKywdrsm;udk 0wKykHpHjzifh a&;om;xm;wwfMuaomfvnf;
if;wkdYonf 0wKpma&;q&mu zefwD;aom0wKrsm; r[kwfMuyg/ &ooabmyg0ifaom
todynmay; okw0dZmpmayrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/ odkYaomf a&SUykdif;wGif qkdcJhonfht
wkdif; twKywdpmtkyfrsm;udk jyefqkd&mwGif taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufudk t"duxm;
&ovkd rl&if;pma&;ol\a&;zGJY[efudk xdef;odrf;NyD; rjyefqkdEkdifcJhvQif t"dutcsuftvuf
rsm;udkom aumufEkwfjyefqkdovkd &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ wpfbufwGifvnf; vGefuJpGm zGJYEGJYjyefqkd
cJhvQif twKywdtjzpfrS a&GUavsmNyD; 0wKavm[kxifrSm;p&m jzpfEkdifygonf/ tcsKyfudk
qkd&vQif tawGYtMuKHrSwfwrf;ESifhtwKywdwkdYudk jyefqkd&mwGif bmomjyefolonf rsm;pGm
rS owdxm;qifjcifNyD; rwdrf;rapmif;apzkdY vkdtyfygonf/
jroef;(wifh)jyefqkdaom ]]a*:uD\twKywd}}(1952)onf qkdAD,uf pma&;q
29
&m a&mhpwifa&;om;aom a*:uD\twKywd jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf jroef;wifyifjyefqkd

aom ]]b0wuokdvf}}(1976)onf a*:uD\udk,fwkdifa&;twKywdokH;wGJudk jyefqkdxm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ yxrwGif ]]t&G,frwkdifrD}}1? bkHv,fwcGif}}2ESifh ]]b0wuodkvf}}3wkdYukd
jroef; uavmiftrnfjzifh wpfwGJpD jyefqkdcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 1976 ckESpfwGif tqkdygokH;wGJ
pvkH;udk pkaygif;NyD; ]]b0wuokdvf}}trnfjzifh xkwfa0jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdtcgwGif u
avmiftrnfonf jroef;wifhjzpfonf/
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atmif tm;xkwfvGef;ojzifh jrefrm[efrsm; yg0ifaewwfygonf/ wkdif;wyg;tavhtx
ESifhtokH;rsm;udk jrefrmrIjyKNyD; jyefqkdonfudk tcsKdUu ESpfoufMuovkd tcsKdUu ESpfouf
jcif;r&SdMuyg/ Oyrm o&P*kHwifonf? wdydaom&Gwfonf[laomjyefqkdcsufrsm; jzpf
onf/
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yg;vftufpfAwf\]]rkdifqJA&J0g;}}4udkjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rl&if;pma&;ol\b0t
awGYtMuKHjzpfonf/ udk,fwkdifa&;twKywd[kvnf;ac:qkdEkdifonf/ w&kwfvlrsKd;wkdYobm
0,Ofaus;rI? bmomt,l0g'tp&SdaomtaMumif;rsm;udk ESpfaygif; 40 wkdifwkdif rsufjrif
qnf;yl;avhvmcJhaomtcsuftvufwkdYudk trSDjyKNyD; a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ w&kwf
jynf 1900 jynfhESpf aAmufqmta&;awmfykHay:onfrStp 1953 ckESpfavmuftxd t
jzpftysufrsm; jzpfonf/ EkdifiHwuma&;&mESifhw&kwfjynfa&;&mrsm;udkvnf; EIdif;,SOfa&;
om;xm;onf/ tEkynmpmaytaMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/
bmomjyefrlwGif yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ ESpfwGJcGJNyD; &Ir0r*Zif;wkdufrS &kdufESdyfxkwf
a0cJhonf/ 1956 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefbmomjyef pmayqk&&Sdonf/
]]tar&duefolykefBuD; *sufvef'ef}}(1966)onf tkdifAifpwkef; a&;om;aom
*sufvef'ef\]]jrif;ay:u oabFmom;}}5udk wuokdvfae0if; bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpf
onf/ armifay:xGef;jyefqkdaom]],ufAfwl&SifudkodkYr[kwfwkdufyGJ0ifuAsmq&m}}6(1977)
onf qkdAD,ufuAsmq&m ,ufAfwl&Sifudk\udk,fwkdifa&;twKywdudk jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpf
onf/
OD;vS'ifjyefqkdaom ]]rmukdykdvkd}}7(1963)onf arm&pfaumvpfa&;aom rmukdykd
vkd\ twKywdjzpfNyD; ausmfatmif jyefqkdaom ]]jrefrmjynf tawGYtMuKHrsm;}}8(1984)
1/ Childhood 2/ My Apprenticeship 3/ My Universities 4/ My Several World 5/ Sailer on the Horseback 6/ Precocious Autobiography
7/ Marcopolo 8/ Trials in Burma
30
onf arm&pfaumvpf\twKywdyif jzpfawmhonf/

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1/ Collis, Maurice 2/ Sanda Mala 3/ She was a Queen 4/ Siamese White 5/ Last and First in Burma 6/ White, Samuel 7/ Luce,
G.H. 8/ Glass Palace Chronicle 9/ The Journey up
31
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1/ A Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855. 2/ Phayre, Arthur
34
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1/ The Pagoda War
35
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1/ The Soul of a People 2/ The Burma 3/ Lords of the Sun Set 4/ Tales of a Waste-basket Surgeon 5/ Defeat into Victory
36
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onf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm; ppfab;ppf'Pfudk r&IrvScHpm;&onfwkdYudkoljrif&onf/ ,if;t
1/ Treck Back from Burma 2/ Sitting the last battle.
37
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odkYjzpf&onfrSm yxrjyefqkdNyD;jzpfonfudk rod xyfrHjyefqkdjcif;? yxrjyefqkdjcif;udk
38
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q&mrsm; jzpfMuonf/
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wlEkdifacs/ rnfonfhtcgurQvnf; wlcJhzl;onf r&Sdygacs/ wpfenf;enf;ESifhpmrsm; rwl
jcif;? jcm;em;jcif;rsm; &SdEkdifonf/ odkYaomf wpftkyfESifhwpftkyf t"dyg,frwlnDEkdifavmuf
atmif jcm;em;jcif; r&SdEkdif/ toGifoPmef rwlnDavmufatmif jcm;em;jcif;rsKd;um; r
jzpfoifhyg/ xyfNyD;ajym&vQif rjzpf&yg/ tu,f ,if;odkYjzpfcJhvQif wpfa,mufu wdrf;
apmif;cRwfacsmfaomaMumifhomvQif jzpfayrnf/ uHraumif; taMumif;roifhygu ESpf
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pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&maumif;aom tcsuftcsKdUudk awGY&Sd&ygrnf/ rnfolrSm;onf? rnfolrSef
onf[k ajym&efr[kwfbJ ,aeYbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;\tajctaeESifhbmomjyeftae
txm;udk od&SdEkdif&ef ae&mokH;ae&mavmufwGif EIdif;,SOf jyygrnf/
39
yxrqkH;tcef;(1)tpykd'ftcsKdUudk EIdif;,SOfMunfhygrnf/
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'kwd,urmppftwGif;u jrefrm
]]jrefrmjynf&Sd *syefwyfrsm;udk t
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rawmfokH;ckzGJYpnf;um vufzwifeif*sife rSm trSwf 5? trSwf 28 ESifh trSwf 33 ppf
&,fudrl&m [kdiftkdwm&dku &efukefNrdKUrSae wyfBuD; okH;wyfjzpfonf/
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qkdif*kHNrdKUwGif &kH;xkdifonf/ awmifydkif;a'o 0ef ,l&aom ]]jrefrmEkdifiHa'o ppfwyf}}
ppfaoemywdcsKyf zD;rm&S,fwa&muftkcsd (Burma Area Army)ukd wm0efcHuGyfuJol
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udk,fwkdifrSm wkdusKdppfXmecsKyf\wkduf&kduf wGif XmecsKyf jyKvkyfxm;onf/
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vnf; trSwf(33) wyfrawmf ta&;edrfhcJh wnf&Sdavonf/ wpfzef tqkdyg aq;*kHNrdKU
jyef&m *syefwkdYonf jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif; &Sd awmifykdif;a'o*syefwyftm;vkH;udk wkd
ESifhatmufydkif;wkdYudkyg vufvTwfcJh&jyef usKdNrdKU&Sd bk&ifhvufeufudkifwyfrsm; Xme
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40
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42
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cifarmifBuD;jyefqkdaom ]]t*Fvdyfjrefrm aemufqkH;wkdufyGJ}}1 1965 um; 1941
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xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ pmtkyfwGif 'kwd,urmppfjzpfjcif;? *syefa&mufjcif;? t*F
vdyfwkdYqkwfcGm&jcif;? NAdwdoQwkdY\jrefrmjynfay:vpD? jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;ESifhbk&ifcHqm
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'kwd,urmppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtaMumif;pmtkyfrsm;omru 'kwd,urmppf
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rsm;}}(1975) ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
ppfrIa&;&mpmtkyfrsm;udkomru awmfvSefa&;ESifhywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;ukd
vnf; jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ qkdAD,ufqkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;? w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;? tif'dk
csKdif;em;a'oawmfvSefa&;taMumif;rsm; jzpfonf/ w&kwfjynfESifhtif'kdcsKdif;em;a'orS
awmfvSefa&;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwkdif;yif 'kwd,urmppfBuD;ESifha&m,SufcJhMuNyD; urm
ppfBuD;NyD;aomtcg rdrdEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwkdufckdufMu&onf/
wifaxG;jyefqkdonfh]]urmudk ukdifvIyfaom xkd 10 &uf}}(1964)onf 1917
ck ESpfu &k&Smvkyfom;jynfolrsm;u EdkifiHawmftmPmudk odrf;ydkufcJhaom atmufwkdbm
awmfvSefa&;ukd armfuGef;wifxm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/ tar&duefowif;pmq&m*Ref&D
1/ The last and rst in Burma
43
onf 1917 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif &k&Sm;EkdifiHodkY a&muf&SdcJhNyD; ,m,Dtpkd;&acgif;aqmif

rsm;? tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawGYqkHar;jref;&onf/ ajrmufydkif;? a&SUwef;ppfrsuf
ESmrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJh&onf/ Zmbk&if\aqmif;&moDeef;awmfudk jynfolrsm;u odrf;
ydkuf&mwGif rsufjrifjzpfcJh&onf/
]]uREkfyfonf ysif;&djcif;r&Sd? pdwf0ifpm;rItwdjzifh *Ref&D\]]urmudk ukdifvIyfaom
xkd 10 &uf}}udk zwfcJhonf/ xkdpmtkyfudk zwf&Iavhvm&ef wpfurmvkH;&Sd vkyfom;rsm;tm;
uREkfyfu >cif;csufr&Sd axmufcHvkdonf/ xkdrQomru pmtkyfudk apmifa& oef;aygif;
rsm;pGm &kdufESdyf&efvnf;aumif;? bmomtrsKd;rsKd;odkY jyefqkd&efudkvnf;aumif; uREkfyfrsm;
pGm vkdvm;ESpfoufrdonf/
*Ref&D\pmtkyfonf ]]tjynfjynfqkdif&m tvkyform;rsm;\tajccHvIyf&Sm;rI jy
emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;em;vnfapvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfoHo,uif;pGmjzifh ,kHMunfxm;onf}}
[kvDeifu trSma&;cJhonf/
pmtkyfudk vDeif\ZeD;u &k&Sm;bmomokdYjyefqkdNyD; vDeifudk,fwkdif trSmpma&;
um qkdAD,uf,leD,HwGif ausmif;okH;pmtkyftjzpf jy|mef;cJhonf/
wifaxG;onf tar&duefowif;pmq&mBuD; t*gpEkd;a&;om;aom ]]w&kwf
jynfay:u Mu,feD}}(1964)trnf&Sd w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;taMumif; pmtkyfudkvnf;
bmomjyefqkdcJhonf/
]]w&kwfjynfay:u Mu,feD}}onf 1936 ckESpfu uGefjrLepfwkdY\vGwfajrmuf
onfhe,fajrodkY t*gpEkd;oGm;a&mufum armfpDwkef;? csLaw;? csLtifvkdif;paomw&kwf
jynfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawGYqkHar;jref;um a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ pmtkyf
onf w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfwkdYtaMumif; taemufEkdifiHom;wkdYa&;om;aompmtkyfrsm;
wGif tjynfhpkHqkH;ESifhtckdifvkHqkH; jzpfonf/
a':trmjyefqkdaom ]]b0csif;rwlonfh w&kwfjynf}}1? jroef;wifhjyefqkdaom
]]rD;avmifajr}}2(1977) ]]awmifrsm;\awmifbufrS yifv,frsm;\ajrmufzufodkY}}3wkdY
onf w&kwfjynftaMumif; t*gpEkd; a&;onfhpmtkyfrsm;yif jzpfonf/
]]rD;avmifajr}}wGif w&kwf-*syefppfyGJumv *syefppfwyfrsm; nOf;yef;ESdyfpuf
ykH? *syefzufqpfpepf jzpfay:wkd;wufvmykH? w&kwfajymufusm;wyfrsm;u *syefwkdYudk
wkdufckdufykH? ajymufusm;ppfy&d,m,frsm;\xda&mufykH? ppfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;wGif udk,fhtm;
udk,fudk;ykH? pufrIor0g,rrsm; xlaxmifykH? csefau&SdwfESifhuGefjrLepfwkdY nDnTwfa&;wyf
aygif;pk zGJYMuykHrsm;udk tao;pdwf a&;xm;onf/
1/ The other side of China 2/ Scorched earth 3/ China's Long Revolution
44
pmtkyfwGif ppf\ bufESpfbufudk jyxm;onf/ ppf\ aMumufp&m aumif;ykH?

Murf;MuKwf&ufpufykHwkdYudk wpfbufujy wpfbufu w&kwfjynfolwkdY\ZGJowdESifhrqkwf
repfaomvkHYvudk jyonf/ tvGeftiftm;csdeJYaom wkdif;jynfwpfjynfu rdrdxuf ppftif
tm;tqrwef omvGefBuD;rm;aomEkdifiHBuD;wpfEkdifiHudk rnfodkYpnf;vkH;nDnTwf wkdufckduf
EkdifaMumif;udk jyxm;onf/ wpfydkif;wGif w&m;aomppfESifhrw&m;aomppf? wkd;wufaom
ppfyGJESifhazmufjyefaomppfyGJwkdY&SdaMumif;udk oufaojyxm;onf/
]]awmifrsm;\awmifzufrS yifv,frsm;\ajrmufzufodkY}}pmtkyfonf t*gpEkd;
\aemufqkH;pmtkyfjzpfonf/ 1970 jynfhESpfu w&kwfjynfodkY aemufqkH;oGm;a&mufcJhNyD;
xkdpmtkyfudk a&;om;aepOf uifqma&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf/ pmtkyfonf tqkH;r
owf&ao;aom pmtkyfjzpfawmhonf/ armifae0if;jyefqkdaom ]]w&kwfjynfol odef;oef;
uka#}}1(1965)onfvnf; w&kwfjynfvGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJumv taMumif;t&mrsm;
yif jzpfonf/
vufyHwef;OD;bwifonf ppfBudKacwfu *syefolvQKdpmtkyfudk bmomjyefcJh&m
w&kwfjynfwGif zufqpf*syefwkdY\&ufpufrIrsm;udk rl&if;pma&;q&m\tawGYtjrift
wkdif; jyefqkdazmfjycJhonf/ xkdpmtkyfaMumifh *syefacwfwGif zufqpfwkdY\ESdyfpufowfjzwf
rIudk cH&NyD; uG,fvGefcJhonf/
ausmfatmifESifhnTefYMuL;bmomjyefqkdaom ]]AD,uferfppf &mZ0wfaumifrsm;2
(1967)? armifae0if;jyefqkdaom ]]vGwfajrmufolwkdYe,fajr}}3 (1964)? ]]awmifAD,uf
erfrS ay;pmrsm;}}4(1965)? ]]AD,uferfajrmufydkif;}}5(1968)ponfwkdYonf awmifAD,uf
erfjynfolwkdYvGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJumvtaMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfNyD; armifae0if; jyefqkd
aom ]]rJacgifa&qef}}6 (1965)onf urfyl;csm;(uarm'D;,m;)ESifhavmEkdifiHwkdY\vGwf
ajrmufa&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm; jzpfonf/
]]rJacgifa&qef}}wGif uarm'D;,m;(,ckurfyl;csm;) ESifh avmEkdifiHwkdY\orkdif;
aemufcH xl;jcm;qef;Mu,faom ,Ofaus;rI? jyifopfvufatmufodkY usa&mufcJh&ykH? if;
wkdY\vGwfvyfa&;twGuf AD,uferfjynfolwkdYESifhaygif;umurmausmf'defbdefzl;wkdufyGJBuD;
udk qifETJcJh&ykHwkdYudk ckdifvkHaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh wifjyxm;onf/
pmtkyfwGif avmawmifapmif;a'orS v,form;rsm;ESifhurfyl;csm;r[ma&
uefBuD;\a&atmufopfawmrsm;rS wHigonfwkdY\b0? urfyl;csm;ESifhxkdif;e,fpyfwpf
avQmufrS awmifwef;a'orsm;rS qifzrf;orm;rsm;? ausmufwl;orm;rsm;ESifhawmfvSef
a&;orm;rsm;taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;ycJhaom avmtypft
1/ China's millions 2/ Vietnam 3/ Liberated Area 4/ Letters from South Vietnam 5/ Vietnam north 1/ Mekong Up-stream 1957
45
cwf&yfpJa&; tpnf;ta0;taMumif;udkvnf; awGY&Sd&onf/

w&kwf? tif'kdcsKdif;em;ESifhta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGif e,fcsJUtE&m,fuJhokdYyif
qkd;&Gm;aom tE&m,fqkd;BuD;wpfck &Sdao;onf/ ,if;um; bdef;jyemyifjzpfonf/
bdef;pkdufysKd;a&;? bdef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhbdef;okH;pGJrIonf a'o\EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
ESifhvlrIa&;wkdYukd rsm;pGmrSyif 'kuay;cJhonf/ bdef;jzLay:aygufvmaomtcg qkd;&Gm;vm
awmhonf/
OD;wifarmif&if(r[m0dZm)jyefqkdaom ]]a&TBwd*Hajru bdef;jzLoHo&m}}(1976)
onf jrefrm? xkdif;? avme,fpyf Bwd*Ha'orS bdef;vkyfief;taMumif; azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf
onf/
pmtkyfwGif ppfpvDuRef;rS zmzD;,m;*kdPf; tar&duefrl;,pfaq;0g; okH;pGJrI?
rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,frI? EkdifiHjcm;rS bdef;jzLcsufpuf&kHrsm;? Oa&mybdef;jzLarSmifckd
*kdPf;? ta&SUawmiftm&SodkY ul;pufvmNyD; xkdif;ESifhavmwkdYrS bdef;vkyfief;rsm;? jrefrmEkdif
iHESifhbdef;jzLjyem? w&kwfjzLESifhbdef;jyem? jrefrmEkdifiH &Srf;jynfe,frS bdef;bk&if
aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifhbdef;vkyfief;rsm;taMumif; jynfhpkHpGm azmfjyxm;onf/
10/ pdwfwHckd; pdwfat;csrf;rI pmtkyfrsm;
okw0dZmbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;wGif pdwfwHckd;? pdwfpGrf;tif? pdwfavhusifhrI? emrf
avmuESifhpdwfat;csrf;rI? pdwfajzodrfhrI ponfhpmtkyfrsm;vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; awGY&Sd
&onf/ tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'a,m*wkdYESifhqufoG,faeNyD; tcsKdUpmtkyf
rsm;onf vufawGYusifhokH;rIrS &&Sdaom oabmw&m;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrI
a&; tqifrajyolrsm;onf pdwfcsrf;omrIudk &SmazGwwfMuonfhtavsmuf bmomjyef
pdwfajzodrfhrIpmtkyfrsm; xGufay:vmjcif; jzpfawmhonf/
'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;aomif;xkduf(tNidrf;pm;)jyefqkdaom ]]acwfodyHESifhemrfavmu}}1
(1982)? ESifh]]pdwfwHckd;ESifhodyHprf;oyfrIrsm;}}2(1984)wkdYonf pdwf\tpGrf;owdudk &Sm
azGaom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf/
q&mwufwkd;bmomjyefaom ]]aomuuif;a0;aeEkdifa&;}}3(1950)onf pdwf
csrf;oma&;twGuf pdwfajzodrfhrI pmtkyfwpftkyfyif jzpfonf/
vlawGrSm aomuukd,fpD &SdMuonf/ vkyfief;udkifief;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? aiG
aMu;udpaMumifhvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;\a0zefrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? aomujzpfMu&
onf/ pdwfnpfMu&onf/ yifyef;EGrf;e,fNyD; tdyfraysmfjzpfMu&onf/ a';umae*sDu
1+2/ Sicentic discovery of the Other Worlds 3/ How to stop worrying an start living
46
aomursm;udk aysmufNyD; csrf;omaysmf&TifEdkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm; ay;xm;onf/

odkYaomf ay;xm;onfhenf;vrf;rsm;onf tar&duefrsm;twGuf jzpfojzifh t
csKdUaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk umva'oESifhvkdufatmif ajymif;vJjyKjyifNyD; okH;oifhonf
[k bmomjyefu qkdxm;onf/ Oyrm umae*sDu c&pf,mefbmomESifhoufqkdifonfht
csuftvufrsm;udk nTef;xm;&mwGif Ak'bmom0ifrsm;u rdrdwkdYbmomw&m;awmfudk ES
vkH;oGif;&rnf[kqkdonf/
xkdYaemuf bmomjyefolu ol\trSmpmwGif ]]tcsKdUaom ae&mrsm; wkduf&kduf
bmomjyefxm;aomaMumifh pum;tokH;tEIef;rsm; aMumifwufwuf jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/
wkduf&kdufbmomjyefvQif xkdtokH;tEIef;rsKd; tenf;ESifhtrsm; qkdovkd ygvmayvdrfhrnf/
tar&duefwkdY\tokH;tEIef;udk jrefrmtokH;tEIef;jzpfatmif vkyfapvQif tmabmfysuf
acsrnf/ tvm;wl tokH;tEIef;vnf; &SdcsifrS&Sdrnf/ xdktokH;tEIef;rsKd;udk awGYMuKHaom
tcg pmtkyfbmomjyefjzpfonf[k owdrlMuapvkdonf}}[k a&;xm;onf/
tqkdonf tawGYtMuKHBuD;aom bmomjyefq&mwpfOD;u ajymqdkonfjzpf
bmomjyefenf;ESifhywfoufNyD; pOf;pm;zG,f&m jzpfygonf/
11/ &nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;
&nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;onf okawoDrsm;? usrf;jyKyk*Kdvfrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? ynmvkdvm;olrsm;twGuf txl;vdktyfaompmtkyfrsm;jzpf
ojzifh jyKpka&;om;xm;aompmtkyfrsm; &Sdtyfovkd bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;vnf; trsm;
tjym;&Sdoifhygonf/ odkYaomf tbd"mef? pG,fpkHusrf;? vufpGJESifhajrykHpmtkyf? ajrykHESifhc&D;
vrf;nTef tenf;i,frQom &Sdygonf/
(u) tbd"mefpmtkyfrsm;
tbd"mefqkd&mwGif bmompum;tbd"mefESifhbmom&yftbd"mef[l ESpfrsKd;&Sd
&m EkdifiHjcm;bmoma0g[m&rsm;udk bmomjyefqkd t"dyg,fazmfjyxm;aom bmompum;
tbd"mefrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; bmomjyef bmom&yftbd"mefrsm;um; r&Sdoavmufyifjzpf
onf/
AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;\]]urmhEkdifiHa&;tbd"mef}}('kESdyf) 1967? vif;,kefarmif
armif\]],aeYurm}}1967? aumvd,\]]urmhorkdif;tbd"mef}}1975? armif0Ho\
]]acwfNydKifurmha&;&mtbd"mef}} 1982 ponfwkdYrSm rl&if;pmtkyfwpftkyfwnf;rS bm
omjyefqkdxm;jcif; r[kwfbJ pmtkyftoD;oD;rS jyefqkdjyKpkxm;ojzifh ]]bmomjyef}}[lonfh
47
t"dyg,fxuf ]]a&;om;jyKpkonfh}}t"dyg,fu ydkrkday:vGifaeygonf/ jyKpkolonf t

aMumif;t&mwpf&yfudk oifhavsmfoavmufom,lNyD; oifhavsmfovkd jyefqkdum oifhavsmf
ovkd pDpOfxnfhoGif;xm;ojzifh ol\bmomjyefqkdrIonf trsm;BuD;vGwfvyfvsuf &Sdae
ygonf/ tcsuftvufudk &,lNyD; jyefvnfa&;om;onf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ ,if;aMumifh
bmom&yftbd"mefrsm;taMumif;udk rajymqkdawmhyg/
bmompum;tbd"mefwGifvnf; bmompum;taxGaxGtbd"mef? bmomp
um;txl;jyKtbd"mefESifhynm&yfa0g[m&tbd"mef[l &Sdjyef&m txl;jyKtbd"mefESifh
ynm&yfa0g[m&tbd"mefrsm; r&Sdoavmufyif enf;yg;vSygonf/
bmompum;taxGaxGtbd"mefrsm;udk okw0dZmpmtkyfrsm;pm&if;wGif OD;pGm
xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf pmtkyfpmwrf;wpfck? wpfapmifwpfzGJYudk
bmomrjyefqkdrD xkdrl&if;bmompum;ukd wwfuRrf;atmif avhvm&ef vkdtyfonfjzpf&m
bmompum;ul;ajymif;vJvS,fjyefqkdrI\t"duaomhcsuftjzpf tbd"mefjyKpk&ef? avh
vm&ef vkdtyfjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ tbd"mefrsm;onf a0g[m&bmomjyefusrf;rsm;
jzpf bmompum;twwfynmay;aom okwpmtkyfrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/
tbd"mefrsm;onf bmomjyefqkd&mwGif ta&;BuD;aomtaxmuftuljyKpm
tkyfjzpfonfhtavsmuf a0g[m&rsm;jynfhpkH&ef? a0g[m&rsm;\teufudk jyefqkd&mwGif
rSefuefrI&Sd&ef teuft"dyg,f jynfhpkH&ef vkdtyfvSygonf/ tbd"mefpmtkyfwpftkyfwGif
Apple udk yef;oD;tpm; opfawmfoD;[kjyefqkdcJhojzifh bmomjyefpmtkyftcsKdUwGif opf
awmfoD;[k rSm;,Gif;jyefqkdxm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/
Dinner [laompmvkH;ukdvnf; Chief meal of day, eaten orig. and still chiey
about middle of day, but now by professional and fashionable classes use in evening [k
teuf&dSonfudk tjynfhrjyefqkdbJ 1? npm? nxrif;? 2? npmyGJ nxrif;yGJ? [komjyefqkd
xm;ojzifh . . . and by noon, when they went to anchor for dinner [laom ta&;tom;
udk jyefqkd&ef&Sdaomtcg tcuftcJ jzpf&ygawmhonf/
taxGaxGa0g[m&tbd"mefrsm;wGif ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef? t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd
"mefESifhjrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefwkdYom txkduftavsmuf rsm;jym;NyD; tjcm;tbd"mef
rsm;rSm tenf;i,frQom jzpfMuonf/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;wGif OD;xGef;jrifh\ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mef 1968/
Ak'omoemhtzGJYrS xkwfaom wdyd#uygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef? 1964-75/ OD;bOD;ESifhOD;b
'ifwkdY\ygVdtbd"mef? 1914/ v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD;\ygVdtbd"mefcsKyf(wESdyf)?
1965/ vSordef\ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef? 1966/ t&Sif0dok'mbd0Ho\vufpGJtbd"mef?
48
1937-38/ OD;ok'e\ygXmeEk&jrefrmbmomusrf;? 1918/ OD;[kwfpdef\y'w

rOLom[laomygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef? 1954 wkdYjzpfonf/
Ak'omoemhtzGJYu xkwfa0aom wdyd#u-jrefrmtbd"mefonf yd#uwfokH;ykH
vm ygVda0g[m&rsm;udk jrefrmteuf zGifhqkdonfhygVdjrefrmtbd"mefrsm;wGif a0g[m&t
pkHvifqkH; jzpfonf/
jrefrm-ygVdtbd"mef[l OD;[kwfpdef\jrefrm-t*Fvdyf-ygVdtbd"mef(1981)ukd
omawGY&Sd&onf/ jrefrmpmvkH;rsm;udk ]]u}}rS ]]t}}txd tu&mpD t*Fvdyf? ygVdteuf
zGifhxm;onf/
ouwbmomESifhywfoufum; tu&mvS,faom umvpyfjyefa&;enf;jzifh
tr&aumotbd"mefudk tb,m&mrq&mawmfu jyKpkcJh&m ausmufykHESdyfpufrdwLt
aejzifhom xGufay:cJhygonf/
,k'oef\jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef A Dictionary of the Burmese Language,
with explanation in English. (1826) onf tapmqkH;jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef jzpfonf/
odkYaomf jyKpkolu olESifhtquftoG,f r&SdbJ xkwfa0NyD; jynfhpkHjcif;r&Sdojzifh yxrt
Budrfxkwftjzpf todtrSwf rjyKyg/
armfvNrdKiftar&duefomoemjyKykHESdyfwkduf 1852 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaomjref
rm-t*Fvdyftbd"mef A Dictionary; Burmese and English ukdom ,k'oefu ol\yxr
ESdyfjcif; tbd"meftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/
tjcm;jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mefrsm;rSm a*satpwD;0yfESifhpD'AvsL'ef;wkdY\jref
rmt*Fvdyftbd"mef? 1940-81? 6 wGJ/ OD;wifxGef;\jrefrmt*Fvdyf tdwfaqmiftbd
"mef? 1967/ OD;atmifausmfpdef\ausmif;okH;jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef? 1970/ tm&f
t,fvf tufpfbuf*ga0gvf\ausmif;okH;jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef 1953 wkdYjzpfonf/
t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mefrsm;wGif 1841 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom csm;vfvdef;ESifh
ru&mrif;om;BuD;wkdYjyKpkcJhaom ]]tbd"meft*Fvdyfjrefrm}}onf tapmqkH;jzpfonf/
,k'oef\t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mefonf 1849 uwnf;u xGufay:cJhaomfvnf;
tokH;rrsm;yg/ tokH;rsm;cJhaomtbd"mefrSm 1906 ckESpfu xGufay:cJhaom OD;xGef;Nidrf;
\]]ausmif;om;okH;t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef}}jzpfonf/ tbd"meftBuD;tao;[l ESpf
rsKd;&Sdonf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom owrESdyfjcif;tbd"mefBuD;wGif OD;xGef;atmif
ausmf\aemufqufwGJjznfhpGufcsufESifhabm*aA'okawoetzGJYu jyKpkaomabm*aA'
ynm&yfqkdif&m a0g[m&rsm; oD;jcm;yg&Sdonf/
aemufydkif;wGif xGufNyD;orQ tbd"mefrsm;wGif a0g[m&tpkHqkH;ESifhtjynfhpkHqkH;
49
[k todtrSwfjyKxm;aom tbd"mefrSm armifb[ef(a'gufwmb[ef)\t*Fvdyf-jref

rmtbd"mef? 1951-63 yifjzpfavonf/ yxr 10 wGJcGJxGufNyD; aemufydkif;wGif waygif;
wnf;xkwfa0onf/
wufwkd;\wufwkd;t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mefrSmvnf; xif&Sm;onf/ 1975 ckESpf
wGif jyKjyifwkd;csJUNyD; wwd,ykHESdyfjcif;tjzpf ESpfwGJcGJ xGufcJhonf/
qef;xl;pmwnf;tzGJYu jyKpkaom acwfjyift*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mef? 1960 onf
toHxGufyg&Sdojzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk rdrdbmom qufvufavhvmolrsm; tokH;rsm;onf/
tjcm;t*Fvdyfjrefrmtbd"mefrsm;rSm ,leDAmq,ft*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef?
1960/ tu,f'rDt*Fvdyf-jrefrmo&kyfazmftbd"mef? 1960/ ay:OD;pmwnf;tzGJYrSjyKpk
aom t*Fvdyf? t*Fvdyf? jrefrmESifhjrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef? armifarmifausmfjyKpkaom
jrefrmpmaywkduftbd"mef 1982 ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/
OD;xifzwf(armifxif)wnf;jzwfNyD; wuokdvfxifBuD;jyKpkaom ]]acwfokH;t*F
vdyfa0g[m&aygif;csKyf}} 1984 onf topfjzpfvmaompum;vkH;rsm;ESifhtopfjzpfay:
aom teuft"dyg,fwkdYukd azmfjyxm;aom a0g[m&tbd"mefi,f wpfckyif jzpfonf/
xGufay:NyD;tbd"mefrsm;wGif ryg0ifao;onfhpum;vkH;rsm; jzpfonf/
ynm&yfqkdif&m a0g[m&rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjyefqkd tu&m0vdpOfum xkwf
a0aom pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ pmayAdrmefu xkwfa0cJhaom a0g[m&bPf 1963
ESifhwuokdvfrsm; pmtkyfjyKpka&;aumfrwDu xkwfa0aom ]]ynm&yfqkdif&ma0g[m&}}
1972-74 wkdYjzpfonf/
tjcm;bmomtbd"mefrsm;wGif edyGefpum;ajymoifausmif;rSjyKpkaom]]edyGefjrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mef}} 1943/ OD;at;csKdESifhrpwmtkdEkdwkd;&kjyKpkaom *syef-jrefrm
tbd"mef? 1982/ OD;usif0if;\w&kwf-jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mef? 1974/ *,fz,frdbD;
emESifhOD;ausmfaZmwkdYjyKpkaom]]jrefrm-&k&Sm;tbd"mef}}armfpudk? 1976/ y,fqmqpf*
emusef*g;\]]tdwfaqmifjrefrm-&k&Sm;tbd"mef}}armfpukd? 1961/ tifef tifef t,fvf
*D,HESifhuvkdY('f)'vm&SwkdYjyKpkaom jyifopf-jrefrmtbd"mef &efukef? 1972/ Denise Bernot jyKpkaom Dictionnaire Birman-Francais yg&D? 1978/ jrefrm-jyifopftbd"mef? Von
Annemairie Esche \jrefrm-*smreftbd"mef? 1976 ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
wkdif;&if;om;tbd"mefrsm;wGif ucsif-t*Fvdyftbd"mef? t*Fvdyf-u&iftbd
"mef? paumu&iftbd"mef? t*Fvdyf-[m;cg; csif;tbd"mef t*Fvdyf-csif;tbd"mef? t
*Fvdyf-yavmiftbd"mef? rGef-t*Fvdyftbd"mef? rGef-jrefrmtbd"mef? &Srf;-t*Fvdyft
bd"mef? t*Fvdyf-&Srf;tbd"mef? &Srf;-jrefrmESpfbmomtbd"mef ponfwkdYudk awGY&onf/
50
xkdYtjyif tbd"meftoGifaqmifaom wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;o'gESifhpum;ajymvuf

pGJpmtkyfrsm;vnf; awGY&ygonf/
xGufay:NyD; tbd"mefrsm;udk avhvmMunfhaomtcg ykdrkdjynfhpkHaomtbd"mef
rsm; vkdtyfaeaMumif;udk awGY&Sd&ygonf/ bmompum;[lonf tNrJwrf;a&GUvsm;ajymif;
vJum topftopfaom pum;vkH;rsm;? topftopfaom teuft"dyg,frsm; jzpfay:
vsuf&Sd&m xGufay:NyD; tbd"mefrsm;udkvnf; tqufrjywfqkdovkd jyifqifrGrf;rHwkd;csJU
aezkdY vkdygonf/
wkdif;&if;om; tbd"mefESifhbmompum;pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; a&S;tcsdefu c&pf
,mefomoemjyKrsm;ESifht*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm;u if;wkdYvufvSrf;rDoa&GUESifhif;wkdYtwGuf
tokH;vkdorQudkom jyKpkxm;aompmtkyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ukd,fwkdifjyK
pkaompmtkyfta&twGuf enf;yg;vSao;onf/
(c) pG,fpkHusrf;
jrefrmEkdifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;ujyKpkaom jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; 15 wGJonf
wkdif;wpfyg;pG,fpkHusrf;wpfckudk wkduf&kdufjyefqkdonfr[kwfyJ pmtkyfpmwrf;toD;oD;rSvkd
tyfonfrsm;udk xkwfEkwfjyefqkdNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHESifhqkdifaomjzpf&yfrsm;jzifh aygif;pnf;jyKpk
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
q&mvSordefjyefqkdaom ]]A[kokwpG,fpkH}}? &efukef? *kPfxl;pmay? 1978 onf
qm*Refqrf;rm;pau;1 wnf;jzwfaom yif*GifpG,fpkHusrf;i,fukd bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdpmtkyfrSm pG,fpkHusrf;i,fjzpfonfhtwkdif; odyHokw? 0dZmokwrsm;yg0ifNyD;
bmomjyefolu usrf;av;rnfpkd;ojzifh omrefpmzwfy&dowftwGuf vkdtyfrnfrxif
aom taMumif;&yfrsm;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhonf/ jrefrmrIjzpfaomtaMumif;&yftcsKdUjznfh
pGufxm;onfukdvnf; awGY&onf/
(*) vufpGJusrf;
py,fOD;pmwnf;tzGJY0ifwpfOD;jyefqkdaom ]]urmhtHhbG,frSwfwrf;rsm;}} 1979?
onf ]]*sD;eufurmhpHcsdefrSwfwrf;}}2 trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
pmtkyfonf urmay:wGif tHhrcef; pHcsdefwifzG,f&maomtaMumif;t&mwkdYudk rSwf
wrf;wifazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ bmom&yfe,fy,ftvkH;pkHrS taMumif;t&mpkHudk pepf
wusokawoejyKvkyfa&;zGJYxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
1/ Summerscale, Sir John 2/ Guiness Book of Word Records,
51
pmtkyfudk jyKpkolESpfOD;onf t*FvefjynfrS em&pfESifhruf&Sm bmomtrnf&Sd

t>rmnDtpfudkESpfa,mufjzpfNyD; pmtkyfonf ,aeYurmwGif ta&mif;&qkH;pmtkyfwpf
tkyftjzpf pHcsdefwifEkdifonfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/
pmtkyfudk jyefqkd&mwGif wdusjynfhpkHrIudkvnf; *&kxm;&NyD; rl&if;pmtkyf\p
epftwkdif; nDnTwf&efvnf; vkdtyfavonf/ odkYaomf tcsKdUaomtaMumif;rsm;? Oyrm
tm;upm;enf;rsm;taMumif;udk t*Fvdyftu&mpOfjzifh azmfjyxm;onfudk jrefrmy&d
owfrsm; pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdonfhtydkif; rsKd;wltvkduf pDpOfxm;aMumif;udk bmomjyefolu
trSmwGif ajymqkdxm;onf/ xkdYaemuf ]]*sD;euftkdvHypf pHcsdefrSwfwrf;wif}}pmtkyfrS t
csuftvuftcsKdUudkvnf; bmomjyefqkd jznfhpGufxm;aMumif; awGY&onf/
(C) ajrykHpmtkyfESifhvrf;nTefpmtkyfrsm;
1956 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom ]]ausmif;okH;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHESifhurmhajr
ykHpmtkyf}}onf jrefrmEkdifiH? ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGuf ormrdw? tjynfjynfqkdif&m y
nma&;pmtkyfjzefYcsda&;Xmeu xkwfa0aompmtkyfjzpfonf/
pmtkyfwGif wkdufBuD;rsm;? EkdifiHrsm;ESifhif;wkdY\yx0D0iftaMumif;t&mrsm;
omru yx0D0ifynm\tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udkyg azmfjyxm;onf/
tjcm;yk*vdu xkwfa0olrsm;uvnf; ajrykHpmtkyfuav;rsm; t*Fvdyfbmom
jzifh &kdufESdyfxm;aomurmhajrykH? jrefrmhajrykHwkdYudk bmomjyefqkdvsuf ajrykHpm&Gufrsm;
&kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhMuonf/
xdkYtjyif t*Fvdyfacwf vrf;vkyfief;Xme? bDtkdpDukrPD? rD;&xm;Xme? {&m0wD
ukrPDwkdYrSxkwfa0cJhaom um;vrf;? rD;&xm;vrf;? a&vrf; vrf;nTefpmtkyfrsm;udk bm
omjyefqkd c&D;vrf;nTef;pmtkyfrsm;tjzpf xkwfa0cJhMuonf/
ajrykHpmtkyfESifhc&D;vrf;nTefpmtkyfrsm;onf pma&;olrsm; bmomjyefolrsm;?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? ppfbufe,fbuftrIxrf;rsm;? c&D;oGm;rsm;? A[kokw&SmrSD;
olrsm;? tp&SdonfhokH;pGJolrsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;ta&;ygaom &nfnTef;pmtkyf? vufpGJ
pmtkyf? taxmuftuljyK tukd;tum;pmtkyfjzpfovkd yx0D0ifa0g[m&rsm;? yx0D0if
trnfrsm;udk bmomjyefqkd&mwGifvnf;aumif;? toHvS,f&mwGifvnf;aumif; txl;t
a&;BuD;ygonf/
EkdifiHjcm;trnfrsm;udk toHvS,f&mwGif jrefrmtoHxGufrsm;ESifhrwlojzifh teD;
qkH;toHudk &Ekdifaomfvnf; toHvS,fpepf rSefuefNyD; wpftkyfESifhwpftkyf wlnDzkdYvkdyg
onf/ toHvS,frIrsm; rwlnDbJ uGJjym;aeMuvQif tokH;jyKolrsm;twGuf tcuftcJjzpf
52
ygonf/
xkdYxufydkNyD; ta&;BuD;onfuawmh jrefrmNrdKUrsm;? jrpfacsmif;awmawmifwkdY\
trnfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfrsm; jyKpkxm;aom pmtkyfrsm;? ajrykHrsm;rSwpfqifh jrefrmbmom
odkYjyefqkd&mwGif rSefuefzkdYvkdygonf/ jrefrmtrnfrsm;jzpfojzifh rwdrf;apmif;oifhyg/
Oyrm ormrdwajrykHtygt0if tjcm;ajrykHpmtkyfrsm;wGif Mali Kha, N Mai
Kha ponfh ucsiftrnfrsm;udk arvdc? arc ponfjzifh jyefqkdcJhMu&m emrnfrsm; vSy
aomfvnf; toHvS,frrSefjzpf&onf/ toHvS,frrSefonfESifhtrQ toHxGufay:wGif rl
wnfaom teuft"dyg,fvnf; vGJrSm;aeonf/ ,cktcg arvdcudk rvdc[k trSeft
wkdif; ac:a0:a&;om;aeMuNyDjzpfaomfvnf; tifrkdifcudkrlum; arctjzpfESifhyif &Sdae
ao;onf/
jrefrmyx0D0iftrnfudk oufqkdif&ma'orS yk*Kdvfrsm;ESifhndEIdif;NyD; trSefudka&;
om;oifhygonf/ Oyrm yifv,fbl;NrdKUudk oufqkdif&mNrdKUe,frS yifvnfbl;[k jyifqifEkdif
jcif;rsKd;jzpfygonf/
12/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm; EkdifiHjcm;bmomjzifh a&;aombmomjyefrsm;
jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm; t*Fvdyfvkda&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmjyefqkd
xm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;&Sdygonf/ Oyrm a'gufwmxifatmif t*Fvdyfvkda&;cJhonfudk OD;
atmifausmfpdefjyefqkdonfh]]jrefrmhw&m;Oya'}}(1978)? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; t*Fvdyfvkd
a&;om;cJhonfudk wuokdvfae0if; jyefqkdaom ]zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orkdif;}} (1954)?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\rdefYcGef;rsm;udk pkpnf;xkwfa0xm;aom Burma's Chanllenge udk
armifjrOD;jyefqkdonfh]]jrefrmhpdefac:oH}}(1967)ponfwkdY jzpfonf/
jrefrmhpdefac:oHwGif (1) 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 29 &ufaeYu NrdKUawmfcef;r
usif;yaom &efukefNrdKU&Sd r[mrdwfwyfom;wkdY\ta&SUESifhtaemuftoif;tpnf;ta0;
wGif ajymMum;aomrdefYcGef;? (2) 1946 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom zq
yvnDvmcHBuD; rdefYMum;aom Ou|rdefYcGef;? (3) 1946 ckESpf? arv 16 &ufaeYwGif usif;
yaom zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\'kwd,ajrmuf A[kdOD;pD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;wGif ajymMum;aom
rdefYcGef;ESifh(4) 1946 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif usif;yonfhzqyvOD;pD;tzGJY tpnf;ta0;
ajymMum;aom rdefYcGef;wkdYjzpfonf/
rdefYcGef;rsm;udk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;
jrefrmhpdefac:oHtrnfjzifh pmtkyfxkwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ pmtkyftrnfudk ]]jrefrmhpdefac:
oH}}[k a&;&jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; pmtkyftrSmwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygt
53
wkdif; a&;om;cJhonf/
]]wpfurmvkH;u odonfhtwkdif; jrefrmjynfonf 'kwd,urmppfESpfBudrfjzpfcJh&
onf/ vGefcJhaomESpfu t"duppfajrjyifjzpfcJh&onf/ w&kwfjynfrSvGJvQif *syefppf0g'DwkdY
tm; ausmfMum;pGm awmfvSefwkdufckdufEkdifcJhaom wkdif;jynfESpfjynfrSm zdvpfykdifESifhjrefrm
jynfwkdYyif jzpfavonf/ jrefrmjynfonf ,cktcg jyifyurm\arhavsmhjcif;udk cH&awmh
ravmuf jzpfae&onf/ wpfzef wkdif;jynfu i,fNyD; vlOD;a&uvnf; rajymyavmuf (17
oef;om&Sdonf)apumrl jrefrmjynf\pD;yGm;a&;tvm;tvmonf nHhzsif;jcif;r&Sdonfh
tjyif jrefrmjynfonf ta&SUzsm;ESifhta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o\r[mAsL[mwGif rvTJr
a&Smifomatmif ta&;ygvsuf&Sdonfjzpf&m ,if;odkYaom tajctaewkdYonf jyifyurm
BuD;\txl;ojzifh urmBuD;ESifhurmta&SUjcrf;wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;zefwD;xdef;odrf;xm;
a&;twGuf ta&;wBuD;vkdvm;aeonfh wkdif;jynfrsm;\ ykdrkdpdwf0ifpm;rIESifh oGufvuf
wuf<uaomtm&kHpkdufrIudk awmif;qkdvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYr[kwf awmif;qkdxkdufvsuf&Sday
onf/ jrefrmjynfonf bmjzpfrnf? bmjzpfcJhonf? bmjzpfvdrfhrnf/ jyifyurmBuD;odkY jref
rmjynfBuD;u bmudk urf;vSrf;Ekdif jyifyurmBuD;rS bmukdjyef,lEkdifrnf tp&SdonfwkdYudk
,if;wkdYtaejzifh odxm;&ef vkdtyfonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif uREkfyfonf pmtkyfi,ftrnf
ukd odxm;&ef vkdtyfonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif uREkfyfonf pmtkyfi,ftrnfudk ]]jrefrmhpdef
ac:oH}}[k a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf pmtkyfi,fonf jrefrmht
a&;wnf;[laom jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf urmBuD;\tm&kHpkdufrI? em;vnfrI? udk,f
csif;pmrIESifhtjyKoabmjzifh axmufcHtm;ay;rIwkdYudk EId;aqmfjcif;jyKonfrSm oHo,jzpf
p&m rvkdaomaMumifh jzpfayownf;/}}
13/ tjcm;EkdifiHjcm;bmomrsm;rS jyefqkdaompmtkyfrsm;
tjcm;EkdifiHjcm;bmomrsm;[kqkdonfrSm jrefrmwkdYtxdtawGYrsm;NyD; bmomjyef
qkdrIwGifvnf; tawmftwef &SdNyD;jzpfonfhygVd? ouw? t*Fvdyfponfhbmomrsm;rSty
jzpfaom EkdifiHjcm;bmomrsm;udk qkdvkdygonf/
wGif jyifopfbmomrS wkduf&dkufjyefqkdcJhaom a'gufwmcifjrMuL\w*kd;('Da*g)
twKywd? *syefbmomrS wkduf&kdufjyefqkdcJhaom a':cif&D\]]uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrD
uDuef;}}ESifhrpwmtkdEkdwkd;&kjyefqkdaom ]]*syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf jrefrmEkdifiH}}ponfwkdY
ukd awGY&ygonf/
]]*syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf jrefrmEkdifiH}}(1975)onf *syefjynf wkdusKdynma&;
wuokdvfrS orkdif;Xmeygarmurpwmtkd;wwufqkaeZkda&;om;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/
54
pmtkyfudk *syefEkdifiHwGif 1967 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvu xkwfa0cJhonf/ rpwmtkd;wonf

ppftwGif;u olukd,fwkdif jrefrmEkdifiHodkYa&muf&SdNyD; pkaqmif;avhvmcJhaom tcsuft
vufrsm;? *syeftpkd;&umuG,fa&;XmearmfuGef;wkduf(ppforkdif;Xme)? ppftwGif; jrefrm
EkdifiH trIxrf;cJhaom ppfbufqkdif&m t&m&Sda[mif;rsm;? yg&*lynm&SifxHrS tcsuft
vufrsm; &,lNyD; a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
pmtkyfwGif *syefwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHta&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef MuHpnfBudK;
pm;onfrStp *syefwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHudk vufvTwf&onftxd azmfjyxm;onf/ jyKpkolonf
orkdif;okawoDjzpfNyD; twwfEkdifqkH; ormorwfjzpfatmif wdusrSefuefatmif a&;om;
xm;onfjzpfaomfvnf; *syefwkdYbufwGif &Sdaom taxmuftxm;rsm;? tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk rSDjirf;jyKxm;ojzifh *syefwkdYtjrif? *syefwkdYoabmxm;rsm;jzpfaeonfrSm jiif;p
&mr&Sdygacs/
wpfzef pmtkyfwGif *syefbmomrS *syeftrsKd;om;wpfOD;jzpfaom rpwmtkd
Ekd;wkd;&ku wkduf&kdufjyefqkdxm;onfjzpf&m tcsKdUaomtokH;tEIef;wdusrI r&Sdonfrsm;ukd
awGY&onf/ odkYaomf bmomjyefolonf jrefrmbmomudk txl;avhvmvkdufpm;olwpfOD;
tjzpf twwfEkdifqkH; BudK;pm;jyefqkdxm;onfudkvnf; oHo,jzpfp&m r&Sdyg/
14/ wkdif;&if;om; bmomtcsif;csif; jyefqkdaompmtkyfrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wkdif;&if;om; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;
rsm;wGif tu&mrSyif r&Sdao;jcif;? tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;rsm;wGif pmtrsKd;rsKd;]]rl}}trsKd;
rsKd;uGJjym;aejcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;aMumifh wkdif;&if;om;bmomtcsif;csif; jyefqkdxm;
onfhpmayrsm;wGif rGefrSjrefrm? jrefrmrSrGefodkY jyefqkdcsufrsm;udkom xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGY&Sd
&ygonf/
0g*&k(rm*'l)"rowfusrf;? uvsmPDrGefausmufpm? a&Twd*kHrGefausmufpm? eef;
awmfrGefausmufpm? a&Tpnf;ckHrGefausmufpm? &mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;ESifhrGef&mZ
0ifwkdYukd rGefjrefrmodkYjyefqkdcJhMuygonf/
jrapwD? a&Tpnf;ckHESifheef;awmfrGefausmufpmrsm;udk OD;abarmifwifu jyefqkdcJh
NyD; rGef&mZ0ifppfuJ OD;a&Taemfu jyefqkdcJhygonf/ &mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;ukdrl yx
rwGif rGeftrwfBuD;Anm;'vu jyefqkdcJhNyD; aemufydkif;wGif Ekdifyef;vSu topfwpfzef
xyfrHjyefqkdcJhonf/
&mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykHonf usrf;taeESifhxif&Sm;&kHru bmomjyeftaeESifh
vnf; xif&Sm;vSayonf/
55
rEk"rowfusrf;udk jrefrmrSrGefokdY jyefqkdNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; jyefqkdoltrnfESifhjyef

qkdonfhou&mZfudk rod&yg/
&Srf;bmomjzifh a&;xm;aom ]]omoem0ifrif;pOforkdif;}}yk&ykdufrlukd jrefrmEkdif
iHorkdif;aumfr&Sifu wm0efay;ojzifh &Srf;ausmif;om;pkdif;pkdif;pifhu jrefrmbmomokdYjyef
qkdcJhaMumif; od&ygonf/
15/ bmomjyefpmayqk& okw0dZmpmtkyfrsm;
(u) a0vrif;om;qk
1921 ckESpfu jrefrmEkdifiHodkY a0vrif;om; a&muf&SdpOf &efukef ,leDAmpDwDodkY
a&muf&Sdonfudk txdrf;trSwfjyKonfhtaejzifh xl;cRefaomyifudk,fa&; odkYr[kwf pum;
ajy? jrefrmbmomodkYjyefqkdaombmomjyefESifhrSDjirf;jyKonfhpmrsm;udk ]]a0vrif;om;qk}}
tjzpf qkaiG 1000 ay;rnf[k &efukefwuodkvf qdedwftzGJYu aMunmum 1921 ckESpfrS
1932 ckESpftxd a&G;cs,fqkay;cJhonf/
qk&pmtkyfrsm;wGif OD;eD bDat? 0wfvkHawmf& jyefqkdaom ]]NrdKUbufpDrHtkyfcsKyf a&;}}(1924-25)? armifbaomif;(ocifbaomif;)jyefqkdaom ]]urmh&mZ0ifcsKyf}}
(1929-30)ESifh t&Siftm'dp0Hojyefqkdaom ]]taomuausmufpm}}(1931-32)wkdYonf
okw0dZmtaMumif;&yfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
(c) pmayAdrmefpmrlqk
1969 ckESpfrSp pmayAdrmefpmrlqkudk ay;cJhonf/ 1969 ckESpfrwkdifrDu trsKd;
om;pmayqktwGuf pmtkyfa&m pmrlyg 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifEkdifaomfvnf; 1969 ckESpfrSp
pmtkyfrsm;udkom a&G;cs,fcsD;jrifhonf/ ,if;twGuf pma&;q&mwkdY\pufwifykHESdyf
jcif; rjyK&ao;aom pmrlrsm;teufrS aumif;rGefajymifajrmufonfhpmrlrsm;udk tm;ay;
csD;ajrmufEkdif&eftwGuf pmayAdrmefpmrlqkudk wDxGifvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/
pmayAdrmefpmrlqkrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif bmomjyefpmayqktwGuf bmom
jyef&ef owfrSwfjy|mef;aompmukdom jyefqkdMu&onf/
pmayAdrmefpmrlqkudk 1969 ckESpfrS 1985 ckESpftxd 17 ESpf csD;jrifhcJh&mwGif bm
omjyefpmayqkudk 8 Budrfom ay;EkdifcJhNyD; 6 Budrfqk&&Sdol r&SdcJhyg/ 3 BudrfwGif 'kwd,ESifh
wwd,qkrQom ay;EkdifcJhonf/ yxr&&Sdaompmrlrsm;udkom ykHESdyfxkwfa0ojzifh qk&&Sd
aompmtkyf 8 tkyfwGif 5 tkyfom okwodyHjzpfNyD; 1 tkyfu &opmayjzpfum 2 tkyfu
okw0dZmjzpfaMumif; awGY&Sd&ygonf/ okw0dZmpmtkyfESpftkyfrSm Zm*&jyefqkdaom]]rGef;r
56
wnfhrD ESpfrdepf}}1(1973)ESifh OD;aomif;aiG jyefqkdaom ]]pmzwfvkdaomf}}2 (1979)wkdYjzpf

Muonf/
]]rGef;rwnfhrDESpfrdepf}}onf 1932 ckESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeYu *syefEkdifiH
wkefvIyfcJhaom aMumufrufzG,f&m aumif;vSonfh uifwkdivsifBuD;taMumif; a&;xm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ ivsif\A[kdcsufonf wkdusKdNrdKUawmifbuf 57 rkdifuGm p*grDyifv,f\a&
atmufMurf;jyifjzpfonf/ ivsifab;'Pfudk rkdif 100 cefYtvsm;&Sd ta&SUbufyifv,f
urf;&kd;wef; wpfavQmuf wkdusKdESifh ,kdukd[m;rm;NrdKUBuD;rsm;tjyif NrdKUe,fESifh aus;&Gm
aygif;rsm;pGmyg0ifaom uifwkdajrjyefYwpfckvkH;cH&onf/ yifv,f'DvIdif;BuD;rsm; wufjcif;?
awmifcg;yef;rsm; NydKusjcif;? rD;rkefwkdif;BuD;rsm; usa&mufjcif;wkdYaMumifh vlaygif;odef;
aomif;csD aoaMuMuonf/
pmrludk 1975 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefu ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf/
]]pmzwfvkdaomf}}onf urmh*E0ifajrmufpmtkyfrsm;udk rnfokdYrnfykH zwf&rnf
udk wifjyxm;onf/ pmwpftkyfudk tusKd;&Sd&Sd rnfokdYrnfykH zwf&ykHudk aqG;aEG;xm;onf/
pmzwfykHpmzwfenf; oabmouefudk ay:vGifatmif pepfwus enf;ay;vrf;jyjyKvkyf
xm;onf/ pmzwfjcif;ESifhruif;Ekdifolrsm; enf;,lrSwfom;p&mrsm; yg0ifonf/
pmrludk 1981 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefu ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf/
(*) trsKd;om;pmay bmomjyef(okw)qk
trsKd;om;pmayorkdif;udk jyefMunfhvQif 1948 ckESpfwGif pwifcsD;jrifhaompmay
AdrmefqkrS pwifcJhaMumif; awGY&onf/ yxrwGif umvay:jrefrm0wK&Snfqkwpfqom
owfrSwfcJhNyD; 1950 jynfhESpfusrS bmomjyefqkudk xnfhoGif;cJhonf/ 1962 ckESpfrSp t
Ekynmpmayqk[k trnfajymif;cJhNyD; 1965 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;pmayqk[kjzpfcJhonf/
1979 ckESpfwGif bmomjyefpmayqkudk bmomjyef(&opmay)ESifhbmomjyef(okwpmay)
[kESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;cJhonf/
bmomjyef(okwpmay)qkudk 1979 ckESpfrSpNyD; owfrSwfcJhaomfvnf; 1985 ck
ESpfwGifrS yxrqkH;tBudrf csD;jrifhEkdifonf/ pdefcifarmif&D jyefqkdaom ]]temw[ef}}jzpf
onf/
bmomjyef(okwpmay)[kqkd&mwGif okwpmayudk odyH0dZm cGJjcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
odkYaomf qk&&Sdaom ]]temw[ef}}onf udk,fawGYrjzpftysufrSwfwrf;jzpfojzifh okw0d
Zmjzpfygonf/
1/ Two Miniutes to noon 1/ How to read a book
57
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abFmysufNyD; temw[efuRef;ay:odkY a&muf&SdoGm;aom *syefppfom;rsm;ESifhuRef;ay:&Sd
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buf rkdif 60 tuGmavmufwGif wnf&SdNyD; jyifyurmBuD;ESifhtqufjywfaeaom uRef;
wpfuRef;yif jzpfygonf/ uRef;ay:wGif awmifork'&m zGHYNzdK;a&;ukrPDrS tajcpkdufpcef;
refae*sm ulqmumbD? if;\ZeD; ac;udkESifhuRef;om;rsm; &SdMuonf/ ac;udkonf tem
w[efuRef;ay:wGif wpfOD;wnf;aom trsKd;orD;jzpfonf/
uRef;ay:wGif aomifwifaeaom *syefrsm;onf wpfbufwGif ppfpnf;urf;?
rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh,Ofaus;rI? vlYusifh0wfrsm;udk vkdufemaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdovkd tjcm;wpf
bufwGifvnf; vlom;wkdY\ajymif;vJaewwfaom pdwftwkdif; avmb? a'go? arm[wkdY
zkH;vTrf;awmufavmifum remvkd0efwkdjcif;? wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;? ckduf&efjzpfyGm;jcif;
rsm; &SdMuonf/ txl;ojzifh wpfOD;wnf;aom trsKd;orD;twGuf jyemay:Mu&onf/
xkdtrsKd;orD;twGuf vlig;a,mufaoqkH;&NyD; tjcm;ig;a,mufonf rawmfwqjzpf
yGm;rIjzifh aoqkH;Mu&onf/ wpfa,mufrSm vlowfrIjzifh tqkH;pD&ifcH&NyD; tjcm;wpf
a,mufrSm AkH;BuJwkdufckdufcH&pOf AkH;xdrSef aoqkH;&avonf/
aemufqkH;wGif wpfOD;wnf;aom trsKd;orD;uav;ac;udkonf uRef;ay:rSxGuf
ajy;oGm;&onf/ usef&Sdolrsm;um; uRef;ay:wGif ckepfESpfvkH;vkH; ykef;atmif;aexkdifMu
NyD; ppfBuD;NyD;NyDqkdonfudkvnf; r,kHMunfbJ &SdaeMuonf/ aemufqkH;wGifrS vufeufcsNyD;
*syefEkdifiHokdY jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/
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pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m wu,fhtjzpftysufZmwfvrf;ozG,f jyefvnfa&;om;xm;jcif;jzpf
onf/
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rSwfcsufjyKxm;onf/
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[efudk,fawGYjzpf&yfrSwfwrf;rSm ppftwGif;u oabFmysuf uRef;wpfuRef;ay:wGif
<uif;usef&pfaomppfom;? oabFmom;ESifht&yfom;wpfpk\toufraoatmif BudK;
yrf; &yfwnfaexkdifcJhMu&ykHESifhppfpnf;urf;udk xdef;odrf;vkdufemykH? rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwftm;
rmefxm;&SdykHwkdYudk azmfjyxm;onf/ xkduRef;ay:wGif aexkdifMu&m tajctaeESifhavsmf
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58
onf/ bmomjyefqkdykHrSmvnf; rlva&;om;csufESifheD;pyfqDavsmfpGm &Sif;vif;atmif jyef

qkdEkdifaMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/}}
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&SifBuD;yavwkd\awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? yx0D0ifESifhOya'pmtkyfrsm;?
orkdif;? twKywd? rSwfwrf;rSwf&mpmtkyfrsm;? pmay,Ofaus;rItEkynm? bmompum;
ESifh&nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;ponfhokw0dZmbmomjyefrsm;onf yk*Hacwf ausmufpmrsm;rS
onf ,aeYumvtxd wkd;wufxGef;um;vsuf &Sdygonf/
urmBuD;onftpOftNrJajymif;vJwkd;wufvsuf&Sdojzifh rdrdwkdYEkdifiHwkd;wufzGHYNzdK;
a&;twGuf tH0if*Gifusjzpfrnfh vkdtyfonfhtawG;tac:? taMumif;t&m? tcsuft
vufrsm;udk jynfhjynfh00BuD; jznfhwif;oGm;aeMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ ,if;\oabmrSm rdrd
wkdYEkdifiHtwGuf oifhwifhavsmufywfNyD; taxmuftuljyKrnfhynm&yfrsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;bm
omrsm;rS bmomjyefqkdum &,laeMu&rnfjzpfygonf/
wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;udk tusKd;jyKrnfhokw0dZmpmayrsm;udk bmomjyefqkdMu&m
wGif tu,fvkdtyfNyD; wu,fwefzkd;&Sdonfhpmtkyfaumif;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fum bmomjyef
qkdEkdifMuzkdYvkdygonf/ y&dowftBudKuf ay:yifvkdufNyD; jyefqkdjcif;rsKd; rjzpfoifhyg/ twK
ywdpmtkyfrsm; acwfpm;aeojzifh &&mawGY&mtwKywdrsm;udk tvkt,uf jyefqkdae
jcif; rsKd;rjzpfoifhyg/
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jzpfrQom jyefqkdjcif;? awmfovkd avsmfovkd jyefqkdjcif;? ayghayghqq jyefqkdjcif;rsKd;rjzpf
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wGifvnf; trSm;t,Gif; uif;pifum ususee oyfoyf,yf,yf jzpfzkdYvkdygonf/ bmom
jyefokw0dZmpmtkyfaumif;tcsKdU ykHESdyfxkwfvkyfrInHhzsif;ojzifh ysuf,Gif;Mu&onfudk awGY
jrifcJhMu&ygonf/
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59
a&;twGuf ta&;BuD;onfh tcsufwpfck ESpfck ajymp&m&Sdaeygonf/ ,if;rSm bmomjyef

qkdEkdif&eftwGuf okw0dZmynm&yfqkdif&mpmtkyfaumif;rsm; &&SdEkdifa&;yif jzpfygonf/
bmomjyefolrsm;onf jyefqkdp&mpmtkyfr&SdbJESifhrnfokdYrQ jyefqkdEkdifrnf r[kwfyg/ xkdYt
jyif bmomjyefolrsm;twGuf vufpGJjyK&rnfhtudk;tum;jyK&rnfh tbd"mef? pG,fpkHESpf
csKyfvufpGJ? vrf;nTefponfh&nfnTef;pmtkyfaumif;rsm; &&SdEkdifzkdYvnf; vkdygonf/ bmom
pum;ESifhurmha&;&mtaMumif;csif;&mrsm;onf tNrJwrf;ajymif;vJwkd;wufvsuf&Sdonfh
tavsmuf &nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; tNrJwrf;vkdyif ESpfpOfvkdyif jyKjyifrGrf;rHxkwfa0
aeMuygonf/ bmomjyefolwpfOD;onf &nfnTef;pmtkyfta[mif;tjrif;rsm;udkom
vufpGJjyKae&onfhtwGuf ol\bmomjyefvkyfief;onf trsm;BuD;yif tcuftcJt
aESmifhtaES; &Sdaeygvdrfhrnf/
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&kdufESdyfxkwfa0a&;yif jzpfygonf/ xkwfa0olrsm;onf ta&mif;&wGifus,fNyD; tjrwft
pGef;rsm;onfhtaygpm; azsmfajza&;0wKrsm;wGifom aZmufcsaeMuvQif bmomjyefokw
0dZmpmtkyfaumif;rsm;? tusKd;jyKpmayrsm; jzpfxGef;vmp&mtaMumif;r&Sdyg/ EkdifiHawmf
pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;ESifhyk*vdu pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;rsm;u bmomjyefokw0dZmpmtkyfrsm;
udk *&kjyKxkwfa0oGm;MuzkdY vkdygonf/
,if;odkYqkdvQif yk*Hacwfuwnf;u tjrpfwG,fcJhaom okw0dZmbmomjyefpmay
onf ydkrkd&Sifoefwkd;wufvmrnfjzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif EkdifiHwumokw0dZmpmtkyfrsm;ukd
,cktcgrSmuJhodkY t*FvdyfbmomrSwpfqifh jyefqkdae&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfawmhbJ oufqkdif&m
bmompum;rS wkduf&kdufjyefqkdEkdifonftxd us,fjyefYvmrnfrSmvnf; rvGJ{uefyifjzpfyg
awmhonf/
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usrf;udk;pm&if;
pmayAdrmefpmwnf;tzGJY0ifrsm;? jyKpkol? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;(1971-79)/
&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1980/
'*kefa&TrQm;/ jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;/ &efukef/ pmayAdrmef? 1972/
bcif([Hom0wD)OD;? EkdifiHjcm;omoemjyKtoif;tzGJYrsm;/ &efukef? [Hom0wD
ykHESdyfwkduf? 1963/
rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? twGJ 1? 2? 3/ &efukef? opmpmay 1974-77/
rvdc/ jrefrmpmaytbd"mef? twGJ-4/ &efukef? b0wuokdvfpmay 1975/
armifxif/ urmhpmaytnTef;/ a[;b&l;/ *&dESifha&mrpmayorkdif;/ &efukef?
pmayAdrmef? 1977/
armifarmifnTefY? OD;(nTefYMuL;)ESifhjrwfpkd;? OD;/ jrefrmbmompum;pmpkpm&if;/
jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;? twGJ-4? 10? 13/ &efukef/ pmayAdrmef/
vSordef/ vufawGYbmomjyefenf;/ &efukef? atmifrdwfqufykHESdyfwkduf? 1958/
Embree, John F. and Dotson, Lilliam Ota. Bibliography of the Peoples and
Cuttares of Mainland Southeast Asia. Connecticut, New Heaven, Yale University, Chinese Printing ofce. 1950. 821 P.
61
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62
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ESifhtrQ odyHynm\e,fonfvnf; wpfacwfxufwpfacwf us,fjyefYvmygonf/ xkdtcg
odyHynm rsKd;uGJrsm;onfvnf; ydkrkdcGJjzmvmygonf/
vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,f 1967 wGif usif;ycJhaom odyHpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
OD;pHomatmifu ]]vlxktwGuf odyHpmay}}[laomacgif;pOfjzifh pmwrf;wpfapmif wif
oGif;cJhygonf/ xkdpmwrf;wGif OD;pHomatmifu odyHbmomcGJrsm;ESifhywfouf odkY
az:jycJhygonf/
]]odyHynm}}[kac:aom ynmwGif bmomcGJtrsm;tjym;yif &Sdonf/ orkdif;t
vkdt& ydka&S;usjcif;? qufpyfawG;ac:rIwGif ydk vG,fuljcif;ESifhykd us,fjyefYpGm tokH;
0ifjcif;wnf;[laom tcsufokH;csufudk rlwnfNyD; tajccHusaom odyHynmrsm;udk tpD
tpOf csvkdufvQif atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf/
1/ &kyfykdif;qkdif&m odyHrsm;
(u) ocsFm
(c) &lyaA'
(*) "mwkaA'
(C) blrdaA'
(i) rkd;av0o
(p) ZvaA'
2/ ZD0qkdif&m odyHrsm;
(u) owaA'
(c) &kuaA'
(*) ZD0dwobm0
3/ pdwfESifhqkdifaom odyHrsm;
4/ vlrIa&; odyHrsm;
63
OD;pHomatmif pmwrf;wifcJhonfrSm tESpfESpfq,fom Mumygao;onf/ q,fpk

ESpf ESpfpkom &Sdygao;onf/ odyHbmomcGJrsm;rSm twkdif;tqr&Sd us,fjyefYvmygonf/
odyHynmonf &kyfykdif;qkdif&m ynm&yfwpfcktjzpf rSwf,lvmcJh&mrS pdwfykdif;qkdif
&m jzpfysufvIyf&Sm;rIwkdYudk avhvmaom ynm&yfudkvnf; pdwfESifhqkdifaom odyHtjzpf?
odyHbmomcGJrsm;[l rSwf,lavhvmMuygonf/ vlrIa&;qkdif&m ynm&yfwkdYonfvnf; vl
rIa&;odyHtjzpf odyHbmomcGJrsm; jzpfvmygonf/ &kyfykdif;qkdif&m odyHynmrsm;wGifvnf;
tmumoodyHponf odyHbmomcGJtopfrsm; ay:aygufvmygonf/ tvm;wl ZD0qkdif&m
odyHydkif;wGifvnf; tP0gaA'uJhodkYaom odyHynm&yftopf oD;jcm;cGJxGufvmygonf/
xkdYjyif odyHynm&yfudk tajccHjzpfxGef;omaom uGefysLwmodyHe,fonfvnf;
us,fjyefYvmygonf/ tvm;wlyif odyHynmukdyif tajccHjzpfxGef;aom wnfaqmufrI
vkyfief; e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif tusKH;0ifaom enf;ynm(Technology)wkdYonfvnf; t
rsKd;rsKd;tzkHzkH jzpfxGef;vmyg\/ armfawmfum;? oabFm? av,mOfrStp tmumo,mOf
wnfaqmufrItxd trsKd;rsKd;aom wnfaqmufrIenf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; jzpfxGef;ay:
aygufvmygonf/
rlvu owaA'ynm&yftjzpf rSwf,lcJhaom ZD0qkdif&m odyHe,frSmyif tP0g
aA'? tP0gaA'atmufrSmyif rpaA' ponfjzifh odyHbmomcGJrsm; ydkrkdrsm;jym;vmyg
onf/
ZD0qkdif&modyHwGif tusKH;0ifaom aq;odyHynmqkdif&m tcef;u@onfqkdvQif
aeYpOfESifhtrQ taMumif;t&mopfrsm; wkd;wufjzpfxGef;aeygonf/
xkdodkYvQif rsufarSmufacwfwGif odyHe,fonf us,fjyefYvmonfESifhtrQ odyHbm
omcGJrsm; axGjym;vmNyD;? bmom&yfwpfcktwGif;rSmyif taMumif;t&yfrsm; rsm;jym;vm
onfhjyif odyHonf vlESifhydkeD;pyfvmygonf/ odyHonf odyHynm&SifwkdYtwGuf oufouf
omr[kwfawmhbJ vkyfom;jynfolwpf&yfvkH;ESifhoufqkdifaom ynm&yfjzpfvmygonf/
pGefYypfypnf; jyefvnftokH;csa&;? avxknpfnrf;rI ponfwkdYonf vkyfief;cGifvkyfom;
rsm; rodrjzpfaom odyHtaMumif;&yf jzpfouJhodkY odyHenf;uspkdufysKd;arG;jrLa&;? "gwf
ajrMoZm pepfwus okH;pGJa&;wkdYonfvnf; v,f,mvkyfief;cGifu OD;BuD;rsm; odem;vnf
xm;tyfaom odyHtaMumif;&yf jzpfouJhodkY avxknpfnrf;rI a&xknpfnrf;rI ponfht
aMumif;t&yfwkdYonf vlwkdif;odoifhodtyfaom odyHtaMumif;&yfrsm; jzpfvmygonf/
csKyfqkd&aomf odyHynm\e,fwGif (1)tajccHodyH? (2)tokH;csodyH? (3) enf;ynmodyH
wkdY tusKH;0ifygonf/
odkYjzpfav&m rsufarSmufacwf wkd;wufxGef;um;vmaomodyHynmtjzmjzm\
64
taMumif;udk vlwkdif;od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufvm&ef vkdvmygonf/ xkdYaMumifh rsuf

arSmufacwf odyHynmtaMumif;t&yfrsm;udk vkyfom;jynfolrsm;vufodkY tvsiftjref
a&muf&SdEkdif&ef odyHynmqkdif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0a&;onf ykdrkdus,fjyefY
vm&ygonf/
odyHbmomjyef
uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHwGif odyHynm&yfESifhywfouf okawoevkyfief;rsm; vkyf
aqmifpjyKvmygNyD/ odyHynm&yfqkdif&m okawoepmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; jyKpkwifoGif;vm
MuygNyD/ odkYaomf acwf\t[kefESifhtnD odyHynm&SifwkdYu jrefrmbmomjzifh jyKpkaom
aqmif;yg;? pmtkyfrsm;um; enf;yg;vSygonf/ ,cktcg odyHr*Zif;trnf&Sd ykHrSefxkwf
odyHpmtkyfwpftkyfESifhtcgtm;avsmfpGm xkwfa0aom odyHaqmif;yg;aygif;csKyfpmtkyf
rsm; ay:xGufvsuf&SdonfrSm rSefyg\/
okdYaomf uRefawmfwkdYonf EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;xuf ykHrSefpme,fZif;rsm;? pm
tkyfrsm;yg odyHaqmif;yg;rsm;udkom t"dutm;xm;ae&qJ jzpfygonf/ xkdEkdifiHjcm;odyH
ynm&SifwkdY EkdifiHjcm;bmomjzifh a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfrsm;udk oufqkdif&m
EkdifiHjcm;bmomwwfuRrf;olwkdY wkduf&kdufzwf&IavhvmEkdifMuyg\/ jrefrmbmomwpfck
wnf;om wwfuRrf;olwkdYrSm rl&if;odyHaqmif;yg;? odyHpmtkyfrsm;udk rzwfEkdifMuyg/
,cktcg xkwfa0aeaom r*Zif;rsm;? pmapmifrsm; azmfjyaom odyHaqmif;
yg;trsm;pkrSmvnf; rl&if;odyHaqmif;yg;? odyHpmtkyfrsm;udk wkduf&kdufbmomjyefaom
aqmif;yg;? pmtkyf[l azmfjy&efyif cufcJygonf/ jrefrmbmomaqmif;yg;rsm; tqkH;
wGif rl&if;aqmif;yg;udk rSDjirf;jyKa&;av[ef? aqmif;yg;ESpfyk'f? okH;yk'fudk avhvmNyD;a&;
av[ef azmfjyMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;odyHynm&Sifrsm; a&;om;aomodyH
aqmif;yg;? odyHpmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; wkduf&kdufbmomjyefzkdY vkdtyfrnf[koabm&ygonf/
xkdYaMumifh ,cktcg tawGY&rsm;aom rl&if;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f? rl&if;aqmif;yg;
wpfyk'fxufykdaom aqmif;yg;rsm; rSDjirf;a&;om;jcif;rsm;udk rvkdtyf[k rqkdvkdyg/ ,ck
pmwrf;onf bmomjyef okw(odyH)pmwrf;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm wkduf&kdufbmomjyef
aqmif;yg;rsm;udkom t"duxm; wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
rnfolbmomjyefrnfenf;
odyHpmtkyf? odyHaqmif;yg;rsm;udk rnfol bmomjyefrnfenf;[laomtaMumif;
&yfonfvnf; odyHbmomjyefvkyfief;wGif jyemwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ odyHpmtkyf? odyH
65
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk odyHynm&Sifrsm;omvQif bmomjyefrnfavm? bmomjyefwwfolwkdif;

odyHpmtkyf? aqmif;yg;rsm;udk bmomjyefrnfavm[laom jyemonf pOf;pm;zG,fjzpf
ygonf/
bmomjyefvkyfief;ESifhywfouf OD;wif{u ol\]]bmomjyefenf;}}aqmif;yg;
wGif OD;0ef\a[majymcsufrS a,bk,senf;okH;enf;udk azmfjycJhygonf/ xkdokH;enf;rSm
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf/
1/ bmomjyefolonf udk,fhbmom&if;(jrefrmbmom)udkajcajcjrpfjrpfem;vnf
&rnf/
2/ bmomjyefolonfolYbmompum;(,cktcdkuftwefYum; t*Fvdyfbmom)
udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnf&rnf/
3/ bmomjyefolonf rdrd jyefqkdrnfh pmtkyf odkYwnf;r[kwf ynm&yfudk ajcajc
jrpfjrpf em;vnf&rnf/
enf;okH;&yfonf bmomjyefvkyfief;\tajccHenf; jzpfygonf/ enf;okH;
&yfESifhjynfhpkHnDnTwf&ef yxrenf;t& jrefrmbmomukd ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnfxm;zkdYvkd
ygonf/ jrefrmbmomudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnfxm;zkdYqkdonfrSm jrefrma0g[m&rsm;ukd
ESHYpyf&ygrnf/ txl;ojzifh odyHbmomudk bmomjyef&mwGif odyHa0g[m&rsm;udk bmom
jyefaomtcg jrefrma0g[m&udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;rvnfygu t"dyg,fvGJrSm;oGm;Ekdifyg
onf/ Oyrm t*Fvdyfa0g[m& universe [laompum;udkyif Munfhyg/ universe [laom
a0g[m&udk jrefrmbmomjyefqkdaomtcg ]]pMu0Vm}}[k vG,fvG,fbmomjyefvkdufMuyg
onf/ pMu0Vm[laoma0g[m&onf jrefrmwkdY tokH;wGifaeNyDjzpfaom ygVdoufa0g
[m&wpfckjzpfygonf/ jrefrmbmomudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnf&rnfqkd&mwGif jrefrma0g
[m&rsm;udk em;vnf&kHESifhrjynfhpkHyg/ jrefrma0g[m&rsm;wGif &if;ESD;aeNyDjzpfaom tjcm;
aoma0g[m&rsm; t"dyg,fudkvnf; em;vnfzkdYvkdygonf/ ,ck]]pMu0Vm}}[laompum;
\teuft"dyg,ftao;pdwfudk ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mefwGif odkYteufzGifhygonf/
]]pMu0Vmurmavmu"mwfBuD;um; wpfbufrS wpfbufokdY ,lZemwpfoef;ESpfodef;okH;
axmifav;&mig;q,f(1203450) &Sdonf/ t0ef;rSmrl ,lZem okH;oef;ajcmufodef;wpf
aomif;okH;&mhig;q,f(3610350) &Sdonf/ tpGef;EIwfcrf;ywfvnf ,lZem&Spfaomif;
ESpfaxmifjrifhaom ausmufawmifBuD; acGywfwnf&Sdvsuf tv,fwnfhwnfhwGif ,lZem
&Spfaomif;av;axmif(ajray:)jrifhaom jrifhrkd&fawmifBuD;ESifh,if;atmuf xuf0ufpD
(tpOftwkdif;)edrfhaomawmifpOfckepfxyfwkdY &SdMuonf/ ,if;awmifpOfrsm;\tMum;t
Mum;wGif tvGefat;jraom oD'gork'&m ckepfck&Sdonf/ aemufqkH; awmifpOf\tjyif
66
buf pMu0VmEIwfcrf;awmiftxd ork'&mBuD;jzpf ,if;ork'&mBuD;xJwGif t&yfav;

rsufESm uRef;BuD;av;uRef; &Sdonf/}}
odkY azmfjyxm;ay&m jrefrmwkdYvufcHxm;aompMu0Vmudk tb,fykHem;vnf&
ayrnfenf;/ odkYqkdvQif universe [laoma0g[m&onf jrefrmwkdY vufcHxm;aompMu
0Vm[laoma0g[m&ESifhteuft"dyg,f wlnDyg\avm pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfvmygonf/
txl;ojzifh odyHbmomonf wdusonfhtm;avsmfpGm odyHudk bmomjyef&m
t eufwdusaoma0g[m&rsm;udk okH;EkdifzdkYvkdygonf/ xkdYtwGuf jrefrmbmomjyefrnfhol
onf jrefrma0g[m&wkdY\t"dyg,fudk em;vnf&ygrnf/ jrefrma0g[m&wkdY\t"dyg,fudk
em;vnfEkdifap&ef rdrdvufwpfurf;wGif jrefrmtbd"meftusOf;csKyf? ygVdoufa0g[m&
tbd"mef? ygVdjrefrmtbd"mefuJhodkYaom pmtkyfrsm; &Sdae&ygrnf/
jrefrmpm ta&;tom;wGif pmvkH;aygif; owfykHonfvnf; ta&;ygygonf/ ,
cktcg jrefrmpmtzGJYu xkwfa0xm;aom jrefrmpmvkH;aygif; owfykHusrf; &SdNyD;jzpfay&m
pmvkH;aygif;owfykHusrf;udkvnf; ukd;um;ndEIdif;&ayrnf/
a0g[m&ESifhpmvkH;aygif;owfykHudk oabmaygufonfESifhtrQ jrefrmo'g? jrefrm
0guszGJYenf;rsm;udkvnf; ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnfxm;&ygrnf/
ynm&SifwpfOD; a&;cJhzl;onfhatmufyg0gusudk qifjcifMunfhyg/ ]]ywf0ef;usif&Sd
tyifrsm;udk awGYjrifaeus jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdYonf txl;wvnf owdrjyKrdwwf
Muay/}}
xkd0gusonf tyiftaMumif; aqmif;yg;wpfyk'frSjzpfygonf/ 0gusygo'gtokH;
tEIef;udk qef;ppfMunfhvQif ]]uREkfyfwkdYonf}}onf uwm;yk'fjzpfygonf/ ]]tyifwkdYudk}}
onf uHyk'fjzpfygonf/ ]]owdrjyKrdwwfMuay}}onf Bud,myk'f jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyifvnf;
]]awGYjrifaeus jzpfaomaMumifh}}[laom taMumif;jyyk'fonfvnf; ]]awGYjrifae}}Bud,m
udk wkd;csJUjzpfvmaomtaMumif;jyyk'f jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh rlvu ]]awGYjrifae}}Bud,mjzpf
onf/ xkdBud,m\uwm;onf ]]uREkfyfwkdY}}jzpf\/ ]]uREkfyfwkdY}}[laom uwm;onf ]]awGY
jrifae}}Bud,mESifh ]]owdrjyKrdwwfMu}}Bud,mESpfckpvkH;ESifhoufqkdif\/ ]]uREkfyfwkdY}}[l
aom uwm;onf ]]awGYjrifae}}Bud,mESifh]]owdrjyKrdwwfMuay}}Bud,mESpfckpvkH;udk
aqmif&Guf&mwGif ]]awGYjrifae}}onf yxrBud,m? ]]owdrjyKrdwwfMuay}}onf 'kwd,
Bud,mjzpfaomfvnf; uwm;udk 'kwd,Bud,ma&SUwGifom azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh yxr
Bud,mrSm uwm;vGwfaeygonf/ odkYjzpf&m ]]uREkfyfwkdY}}[laom uwm;txm;rSm;aeyg
onf/ jzpf&rnfrSm ]]uREkfyfwkdYonf ywf0ef;usif&Sd tyifwkdYudk awGYjrifaeus jzpfaom
aMumifh txl;wvnf owdrjyKrdwwfMuay}}[l jzpfygonf/
67
odkYjzpf&m jrefrmbmomudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnfEkdif&ef jrefrma0g[m&? pmvkH;

aygif;owfykH? o'g? 0guszGJYxkH;wkdYtaMumif;udk em;vnf&ygrnf/ odkYem;vnf&kHESifhvnf;
pifppf rjynfhpkHao;yg/ rdrdukd,fwkdifuvnf; ta&;&Sif;aom? em;vnfvG,faom? odyf
onf;uspfvspfaomjrefrmpum;ajyta&;tom;rsm;udk rjywfzwf&Iavhvmoifhygonf/
a0g[m&? pmvkH;aygif;owfykH? o'g? a&;xkH;wkdYudk avhvm jrefrmpm pum;ajyaumif;
rsm;udk zwf&Iavhvmxm;apumrl udk,fwkdifbmomjyef tavhtusifh? ta&;tom;t
avhtusifhr&Sdygu wjcm;bmomwpf&yf&yfrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqkd&mwGif tcuftcJ
awGYEkdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh bmomjyeftavhtusifh? ta&;tom;tavhtusifhvnf; &Sd
&ygrnf/
bmomjyefolonf rdrdukd,fwkdif\bmompum;ukd uRrf;usifem;vnf&kHESifhrjynfh
pkHyg/ rdrdbmomjyefrnfh EkdifiHjcm;bmomudkvnf; ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnf&ygrnf/ wpfcg
u bmomjyefolwpfOD;onf screw [laomt*Fvdyfa0g[m&udk omreftm;jzifh jrefrmbm
om]]0uftl}}[k em;vnfxm;ygonf/ olonf oabFmwpfpif;wnfaqmufykHudk bmom
jyef&mwGif oabFm\screw udk oabFm\]]0uftl}}[k bmomjyefcJhygonf/ wGif t*F
vdyfa0g[m& screw onf ]]oabFmyefum}}ukdvnf; qkdvkdaMumif; xkdbmomjyefol ajcajc
jrpfjrpf avhvmrxm;aomaMumifh cRwf,Gif;&aMumif; awGY&ygonf/
rdrdbmomjyefrnfh rl&if;EkdifiHjcm;bmomudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnf&efqkd&mwGif
bmomjyefrnfhtaMumif;t&myg a0g[m&wkdYESifhqufET,faom ynm&yfwkdYudkyg em;vnf
xm;zkdY vkdygonf/ sweet potato [laomt*Fvdyfa0g[m&wpfvkH;taMumif;udk ajymcsifyg
onf/ xkda0g[m& jrefrmbmomjyefrIESifhywfouf ,cifu trSm;t,Gif;&SdcJhzl;aMumif;
q&mOD;0efu axmufjycJhzl;ygonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ,ckwkdif xkdtrSm;udk qufvufrSm;ae
MuonfwpfaMumif;? ynm&yfa0g[m&oabm oufa&mufonfwpfaMumif;wdkYaMumifh
xyfajymcsifygonf/
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyef&mwGif sweet udk ]]csKdaom}}? potato udk
]]tmvl;}}[k tvG,fyif odMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh sweet potato udk bmomjyefaomtcg
]]tmvl;csKd}}[k vG,fvG,fayghayghyif jyefwwfMuygonf/ tu,f bmomjyefaomt*F
vdyfpum;udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;vnfygrl sweet potato ESpfvkH;wGJ a0g[m&onf oD;jcm;t
"dyg,fwpfrsKd;udk aqmifaMumif; em;vnfEkdifygonf/ &kuaA'bmom&yfudk wD;rdacgufrd
&Sdygu sweet potato onf tmvl;udk ukd,fpm;jyKjcif; r[kwfaMumif;? potato onf ]]tm
vl;}}jzpfaomfvnf; sweet potato rSm]]uefpGef;O}}jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEkdifygonf/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; bmomjyef&mwGif bmomjyefrnfhrl&if;EkdifiHjcm;bmomudkvnf;
68
ajcajcjrpfjrpfem;vnf&rnf[laomtcsufudkvnf; tav;teufowdjyKoifhygonf/
rl&if;pmtkyfwpftkyfrSm ygaom atmufygpmykd'fudk qifjcifMunfhyg/
The electric dynamo and the electromotor change kinetic energy into electrical
energy.
xkd0gusukdjrefrmbmomjyefolonf &kd;&kd;bmomjyeform;omqkdygu ]]vQyfppf'dkif

erdkESifhvQyfppfarmfwmwkdYonf ta&GUpGrf;tifudk vQyfppfpGrf;tiftjzpf ajymif;ay;onf}}
[k wkduf&kduf bmomjyefygvdrfhrnf/ olYrl&if; 0gustwkdif; wkduf&kdufbmomjyefxm;aom
aMumifh omrefbmomjyefolwpfOD;tzkdY rSm;onf[krqkdEkdifyg/ ynm&yfudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf
em;vnfxm;ol jzpfygu vQyfppfarmfwmonf ta&GUpGrf;tifudk vQyfppfpGrf;tiftjzpf
ajymif;ray;EkdifbJ vQyfppfpGrf;tifudkom ta&GUpGrf;tiftjzpf ajymif;ay;EkdifaMumif;od
xm;ygu electromotor okH;xm;onfrSm rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif; odomygrnf/ wGif rl&if;
pmudk,fudku rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif; owdxm;rdygvdrfhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh bmomjyef&mwGif
vQyfppfarmfwmtaMumif; razmfjybJ ]]vQyfppf'dkiferdkonf ta&GUpGrf;tifudk vQyfppfpGrf;
tiftjzpf ajymif;ay;onf}}[k jyefqkdoifhygonf/
rl&if;odyHpmtkyf? aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif odkYaom owdcRwfacsmfrSm;,Gif;onf
rsm;ukd rMumrMumawGY&wwfygonf/ rdrdbmomjyefqkdaom ynm&yfudk aumif;pGm em;
vnfygu rl&if;trSm;udk bmomjyefolu xyfqifhtrSm;usL;vGef&ma&mufygonf/ pm
zwfoltm;vnf; taMumif;t&mrSm;udk ay;rd&m a&mufygonf/
azmfjyyg okH;enf;yg tm;enf;csuf? tm;omcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhygu odyH
udk bmomjyef&mwGif rnfolwkdY bmomjyefoifhonf[laomtcsufudk qifjcifEkdifygvdrfh
rnf/
,cktcg odyHynm&SifwkdY wkduf&dkufbmomjyefaompmtkyfrsm; xGufaeygonf/
xkdpmtkyftcsKdUudk azmfjyygrnf/ xkdpmtkyfrsm;rSm *syefynm&Sifrsm;u rl&if;*syefbmom
jzifh a&;cJhNyD; t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqkd oufqkdif&m jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;u wpfOD;csif;aomf
vnf;aumif;? Xmetaejzifhaomfvnf;aumif; t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyefqkd
aompmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf/
1/ armfawmf,mOf jyifqifxdef;odrf;enf;vufpGJ
2/ vQyfppfpGrf;tm; tif*sifeD,mvufpGJ
3/ vQyfppfud&d,m tokH;jyKrIESifhwkdif;wmrI
4/ jrefEIef;jrifh 'DZ,ftif*sif
5/ owKykHoGef;enf;
69
6/ yifv,fykpGef arG;jrLenf;
uav;oli,frsm;twGuf okw&wemokdufpmpOftaeESifhbmomjyefxkwfa0
xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf/
1/ ,leDAmhqfESifh&moDOwk
2/ tDvufx&GefepfESifhpGrf;tif
3/ tyifrsm;
4/ ydkYaqmifa&;,mOfrsm;
5/ ocsFm
6/ wd&pmefrsm;
7/ 0goemyg&m tyef;ajzp&m
8/ qif;qufydk;rsm;
9/ urmOD;ouf&Sdrsm;
10/ a&atmuf ouf&Sdrsm;
xkdpmtkyfrsm;udk odyHynm&SifwkdY bmomjyef&mwGif jrefrmpmta&;tom;udpukd
pmwnf;rsm;ESifndEIdif;jyifqif&ygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm odyHynm&SifwkdYonf rdrdwkdYavhvm
aeaom bmom&yf uRrf;usifMuaomfvnf; jrefrmpmta&;tom;wGif tm;enf;Muyg
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; xkdynm&Sifrsm;xJrS bmomjyefvkyfief;udk pdwf0ifpm;Muolrsm;onf
jrefrmpmta&;tom;udpudk avhvnf; avhvmMu? avhvnf; avhusifhvmMuojzifh bm
omjyefaumif;rsm; xGufvmMuonfvnf; &Sdygonf/
odyHynm&Sif ppfppfr[kwfapumrl odyHynmtajccH&SdNyD; odyHynmavhvmvkduf
pm;Muaom pma&;q&m trsm;uvnf; odyHpmtkyfwpftkyf odyHaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk rSD
a&;jcif;? taMumif;&yfwpfckudk pmtkyftrsm;? aqmif;yg;trsm;udk udk;um; a&;jcif;
rsKd;udkvnf; awGY&ygonf/ xkduJhodkYaom yk*Kdvfrsm;tydkif;uvnf; rdrdbmomjyefrnfhpm
tkyfwpftkyf? aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk ajcajcjrpfjrpf avhvmNyD; wkduf&kdufwdwdusus jyefqkd
zkdYvkdvmygonf/
wGif odyHwkduf&kdufbmomjyefrsm;ESifh ywfouf pmayAdrmef pmrlNydKifyGJ t
aMumif;udk tpD&ifcHvkdygonf/
1969 wGif jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu trsKd;om;pmayqkudk ykHpHopfjzihf csD;jrifh
vkdufaomtcg wpfESpftwGif;xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm;rSom a&G;cs,fqkcsD;jrifhonfhtwGuf
pmtkyfaumif;rsm; ykHESdyfxkwfa0Ekdifa&;twGuf pmayAdrmefpmrlqkNydKifyGJudk oD;jcm;usif;y
ay;cJhygonf/ xkdpmrlqkNydKifyGJwGif bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd; owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ xk70
dbmom &yftrsKd;rsKd;wGif bmomjyefpmrlqk NydKifyGJvnf; ygygonf/ bmomjyefpmrlqk NydKifyGJt wGuf rl&if;pmtkyfudk pmayAdrmefpmrlqk a&G;cs,fa&;tzGJYu
jy|mef;ay;cJhygonf/ xkd odkY jy|mef;ay;cJhaom rl&if;pmtkyftm;vkH;vkdvkdonfyif okwpmayjzpfygonf/ 1969 rS 1986 txd bmomjyefpmrlqkNydKifyGJtwGuf okwpmtkyf
18 tkyfjy|mef;ygonf/ xkd 18 tkyfudk ESpfpOf wpftkyfus bmomjyef NydKifyGJ0ifapcJh&m
tapmydkif;u bmomjyefqkudk yxrqk? 'kwd,qk? wwd,qk a&G;cs,fcJhaomfvnf;
yxrqk&aompmrludkom ykHESdyfxkwf a0aomaMumifh aemufydkif;wGif yxrwpfqkwnf;udk
oma&G;cs,fcJhygonf/ 18 ESpftwGif;usif;ycJhaom bmomjyefpmrlqkNydKifyGJ 18 BudrfwGif
yxrqk&aomtBudrfaygif;rSm 7 Budrfom &Sdygonf/ tcsufonf okwpmaybmom
jyeftydkif; tm;enf;aeao;aom oabmudk jyygonf/
bmomjyef&efjy|mef;aom pmtkyf 18 tkyfwGifvnf; okw(odyH)bmomjyef 10
tkyfygygonf/ odkYaomf qk&&Sdaom tBudrfaygif;rSm 5 Budrfom &SdcJhygonf/ tcsuf
onf okw(odyH)bmomjyefydkif; ydkrkdtm;enf;aMumif; azmfjyaeygonf/
wGif okw(odyH)bmomjyeftcef;udkaqG;aEG;okH;oyfMunfhygonf/ okw(odyH)
bmomjyefqk ig;BudrfcsD;jrifhcJh&mwGif yxrqkESpfBudrf &cJholESpfOD;&Sdonfhteuf wpfOD;t
aMumif;udk okH;oyfMunfhrdygonf/ xkdokdY okw(odyH)bmomjyefqk ESpfBudrfqufwkduf&cJhol
wpfOD;rSm a'gufwmtmavm jzpfygonf/ a'gufwmtmavmonf 1976 uvnf; okw
(odyH)bmomjyefpmrlNydKifyGJ 'kwd,qk&cJhygonf/ olbmomjyefaom pmrlrSm rl&if;pma&;
q&m Lonnelle Aikmas \ Nature's Gift to Medicine udk bmomjyefaom obm0rSaq;
vufaqmif jzpfygonf/ 1982 ESifh 1983 wkdYwGif ESpfBudrfqufwkduf bmomjyefyxrqk&
aompmrlrsm;rSm rl&if; Thomas G.Aylesworth \ The Air We Breathe, the Water We
Drink [k trnfajymif;xm;aom This Vital Air, This Vital Water udk bmomjyefonfh
uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf avESifha& ESifh Ian Ridapath \ Signs of Life ukd bmomjyefonfhZD0&dyf
a&mifwkdYjzpfygonf/ tm;vkH;yif odyHpmrlrsm; jzpfygonf/
pmtkyfrsm;udk bmomjyefaom a'gufwmtmavmrSm vkyfom;rsm;aumvdyf
rS "mwkaA'*kPfxl;jzifh odyHpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJhNyD; t*FvefEkdifiH a0vwuokdvfwGif
odyH*kPfxl;wef;udk ZD0"mwkaA'bmomjzifh yg&*lbGJY&cJhol jzpfygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm azmf
jyyg odyHpmtkyfrsm;udk bmomjyefaoma'gufwmtmavmonf odyHynm&SifwpfOD;jzpf
aMumif; qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ odyHynm&Sifrsm;udk,fwkdif odyHpmrlrsm;udk BudK;pm;bmom
jyefEkdifaMumif; xif&Sm;apvkdygonf/
ol\bmomjyefykHESifhjrefrmpmta&;tom;udk avhvmEkdif&ef olbmomjyefcJh
71
aom pmtkyf The Air We Breath, The Water We Drink rS rl&if;aumufEkwfcsufESifholbm

omjyefaom uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf avESifha&pmtkyfwkdYrS aumufEkwfcsufudk wifjyygonf/
The really troubling part of the water pollution story is that our supplies of
water polluted and not polluted are so very limited. Although there are many millions of
miles of water on the earth, it is thought that most of this total is salt water or ice, and
therefore not usable for human needs.
Also, we cannot use more than one-third of the water that falls from the sky.
The other two-thirds either disappears back into the air, is used by plants, or ows into
the sea or under the ground. Indeed, some of the places where man formerly obtained
fresh, clean water are disappearing. Along the coastline of the United States, humans
have used so much of their natural supply of water that sea water is very slowly taking
the place of the clean water as it is used.
This loss of good water cannot continue. More and more people are demanding more and more clean water every year. It has been gured that the modern city family uses six times more water today than yesterday's farm family did, when wells were
the main source of water.
Industry als uses very great amounts of water. As factories begin to use more
and more difcult processes to produce newer and newer products, their need for water
increases at a very rapid rate. Today, about half of the water used in the United States is
used by industrial factories.
Where will we get the water that our increasing population requires just to stay
alive? One specialist has stated that every person on earth needs at least one-half gallon
of water each day just to take the place of the water he loses from his body every 24
hours. This does not mean that a human must drink all ot this water. It may come from
other drinks, or vegetables, or meat, but he must have his one-half gallon. Naturally, he
must eat, too, and eating increases his water needs in still another way.
]]a&npfnrf;rIZmwfvrf;rS wu,fhtusyftwnf;rSm uREkfyfwkdYaomufoHk;a&

onf npfnrf;onfjzpfap? rnpfnrf;onfjzpfap tvGeftrif;enf;yg;aejcif;yif jzpf
onf/ urmajray:wGif rkdifoef;aygif;rsm;pGm us,f0ef;aom a&jyifBuD;&Sdaeaomfvnf;
a&jyifBuD;\trsm;pkrSm a&iefaomfvnf;aumif;? a&cJaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfae
onf[k,lq&ojzifh vlwkdYaomufokH;&eftwGuf &Ekdifrnf r[kwfay/
xkdYjyif uREkfyfwkdYonf aumif;uifrS usqif;vmaom a&udkvnf; okH;ykHwpfykHxuf
ykd rokH;pGJEkdifacs/ usef okH;ykHESpfykHrSm avxJodkY taiGYysHwuf jzpfap? tyifrsm;u pkyf,l
okH;pGJvkdufjzpfap? yifv,fwGif; odkYr[kwf ajrBuD;xJodkY pD;0ifoGm;jzpfap qkH;&IH;ukef
onf/ wu,fqkdaomf a&S;,cifu vlwkdY a&csKda&oefY&&SdcJhaom ae&mtcsKdUonfyifvQif
wjznf;jznf; uG,faysmufvmcJhayNyD/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk urf;&kd;wef;wpfavQmuf
wGif vlwkdYonf obm0tavsmuf &&Sdaom aomufokH;a&udk tqrwef okH;pGJvGef;onfh
twGuf yifv,fa&onf a&csKdokH;pGJonfhae&mwGif wpfpwpf tpm;xkd;0ifa&mufvm&
72
onf/
a&aumif;a&oefY jyKef;wD;rIonf ,if;odkYqufvufNyD; pcef;oGm;ae rjzpf
awmhacs/ wkd;vmaom vlOD;a&onf ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; a&aumif;a&oefY &&Sda&;udk wkd;
awmif;qkdvmMuonf/ rsufarSmufacwf NrdKUaerdom;pkonf a&wGif;a&udk t"duokH;pGJcJh
&aom a&S;acwfv,f,mcGifrS rdom;pkxuf ,aeYa&ukd ajcmufqydk okH;pGJaeonf[kcefY
rSef;cJhMuonf/
pufrIvkyfief;rsm;uvnf; a&udk tvkH;t&if;ESifhokH;pGJMuonf/ puf&kHrsm;onf
ydkqef;opfaomypnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf&ef ydkcufcJaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk pwifokH;pGJvm
onfhtwGuf olwkdY\a&vkdvm;rIrSmvnf; vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvmonf/ ,aeY tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkwGif okH;pGJaeaom a&\xuf0ufcefYudk pufrIvkyfief;rSpuf&kHrsm;u okH;pGJae
Muonf/
wkd;wufaeaom vlOD;a&twGuf toufrao&kH vkdtyfonfha&udk uREkfyfwkdYrnf
onfhae&mrS &Ekdifygrnfenf;/ urmay:rS vlom;wkdif;onf wpfaeYvQif tenf;qkH;a&*g
vefwpf0uf vkdtyfonf[k yg&*lwpfOD;u ajymcJhzl;onf/ xkda&rSm ol\cEmudk,frS 24
em&DtwGif; qkH;&IH;oGm;aom a&udk tpm;jyefjznfh&ef jzpfonf/ odkYaomf vlwpfOD;onf
rQavmufaoma&udk tukefvkH; aomuf&rnf[k rqkdvkday/ xkda&ukd tjcm;aomufp
&mrsm;rSjzpfap? [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;rSjzpfap? om;ig;rsm;rS jzpfap &&SdEkdifonf/ odkYaomf
olvkdaoma&*gvefwpf0ufudkawmh tjynfht0&&Sd&rnf/ olonf tpmudk pm;aeust
wkdif;vnf;pm;&ayOD;rnf/ tpmpm;aomtcg ol\a&vkdtyfcsufonf wpfzufwpfvrf;
rS xyfwkd; &&Sdvmjyefonf/
1951 u tar&duefpma&;q&m a&&S,fumqef(Rachel Carson)onf tP0g
aA'qkdif&m pmtkyfwpftkyfudk jyKpkcJhygonf/ olYpmtkyftrnfrSm The Sea Around Us jzpf
ygonf/ xkdtcsdefu xif&Sm;atmifjrifaom pmtkyfwpftkyf jzpfcJhyg\/
azmfjyyg pmtkyfudk wifhw,fbmomjyefaom umvwGif odyHa0g[m&rsm;ESifhywf
ouf bmomjyefvkyfief; ,ckavmuf rxGef;um;ao;yg/ xkdtcsdefu pmayAdrmeftzGJY
uvnf; odyHbmompmtkyfrsm;udk bmomjyef xkwfa0cJhygonf/ jyKpkaomodyHpmtkyfrsm;
udkvnf; xkwfa0cJhyg\/ pmayAdrmef wm0efr[kwfbJ jyifypma&;q&mrsm;uvnf; odyH
pmtkyftcsKdUudk bmomjyefxkwfa0cJhMuzl;ygonf/ xkdtcsddefu odyHbmomjyef pmtkyfjyK
pkolrsm;wGif pma&;q&mwifhw,fonf xif&Sm;yg\/ wifhw,f bmomjyefykHudkvnf; wif
jyvkdygonf/ rl&if;ESifhndEIdif;MunfhEkdif&ef wifjytyfygonf/ bmomjyefudk rl&if;ESifhndEIdif;
MunfhEkdif&ef wifjytyfygonf/
73
It is a curious fact that there is little similarity between the chemical composition of river water and that of sea water. The various elements are present in entirely
different proportions. The rivers bring in four times as much calcium as cholride, for example, yet in the ocean the proportions are strongly reversed 46 times as much chloride
as calcium. An important reason for the difference is that immense amounts of calcium
salts are constantly being withdrawn from the sea water by marine animals and are used
for building shell, and skeleton for the microscopic shells that house the foraminifera,
for the massive structures of the coral reefs, and for the shells of oysters and clams and
other mollusks. Another reason is the precipitation of calcium from sea water. There is
a striking difference, too, in the silicon conten of river and sea water about 500 percent
greater in rivers than in the sea. The silica is required by diatoms to make their shells,
and so the immense quantities brought in by rivers are largely utilized by these ubiquitous plants of the sea. Often there are exceptionally heavy growths of diatoms off the
mouths of rivers. Because of the enormous total chemical requirements of all the fauna
and ora of the sea, only a small part of the salts annually brought in by rivers goes to
increasing the quantity of dissolved minerals in the water. The inequalities of chemical
make-up are further reduced by reactions that are set in motion immediately the fresh
water is discharged into the sea, and by he enormous disparities of volume between the
incoming fresh water and the ocean.
There are other agencies by which minerals are added to the sea from obscure
sources burried deep within the earth. From every volcano chlorine and other gases
escape into the atmosphere and are carried down in rain onto the surface of land and
sea. Volcanic ash and rock bring up other materials. And all the submarine volcanoes,
discharging through unseen craters directly into the sea, pour in boron, chlorine, sulphur
and iodine.
xl;qef;onfhtcsufwpf&yfrSmum; jrpfa&ESifhyifv,fa&wkdYonf yg0ifaom"mwf

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"mwf av;qESifhuvkd&kduf"mwf wpfqwkdYudk tP0godkY ,laqmifvm\/ odkYaomf yifv,f
a&rlum; u,fvfpD,H xkH;"mwfwpfq? uvkd&kduf"mwf 46 qyg0ifaeayonf/ odkYjzpf&
jcif;rSm tjcm;aMumifhr[kwf? u,fvfpD,H"mwfrsm;udk a&ow0grsm;u tpOfojzifh pm;
okH;aeMuaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ a&ow0grsm;onf tcGHrsm;? t&kd;rsm;udk &&SdEkdif&ef
u,fvfpD,HxkH;"mwfudk yifv,fa&rS trsm;tjym; pm;okH;Mu&\/ xkdYjyif oEmaumif
rsm;uvnf; ausmufwef;rsm; aqmuf&mwGif u,fvfpD,HxkH;"mwfudkom trsm;qkH;okH;
Muayonf/ xkdYjyif u,fvfpD,HxkH;"mwfonf av;vHojzifh yif,fv,fMurf;jyif oGm;
tenfxkdifonfuvnf; &Sdayao;onf/
yifv,fa&ESifhjrpfa&wkdY\tjcm; jcm;em;csufwpfckrSmum; qDvDumoJ"mwf yg
0ifykHjcm;em;csufjzpf\/ jrpfa&onf yifv,fa&xuf qDvDum"mwf tqaygif; 5 qrsm;
jym;jcif; jzpf\/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm qDvDumoJ"mwfudk yifv,f&Sd 'kdif,mwGeftyifi,frsm;u
74
pm;okH;MuaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ xkd"mwfaMumifhyif 'dkif,mwGeftyifi,frsm; rm

aomtcGHrsm; &Mu\/ xkdYaMumifh yifv,fa&xJodkYa&mufaom qDvDum"mwfrsm;udk 'kdif
,mwGef tyifrsm;u pm;okH;Mu&avonf/ enf;jzifh yifv,fa&xJodkYa&muf"mwfqm;
rsm;udk a&xJ&Sdaom tyifrsm; ow0grsm;u pkyf,lpm;okH;Muojzifh yifv,fa&ESifhjrpf
a&wkdY "mwfqm;tcsKd;tpm;csif; rwlMujcif; jzpfavonf/
jrpfa& rkd;a&rsm;rSwpfyg; yifv,fxJodkY "mwfqm;rsm; a&mufapaom tjcm;t
aMumif;rsm; &Sdao;\/ rD;awmifrsm;rSxGufaom uvkd&if;"mwfaiGYESifhtjcm;"mwfaiGYrsm;
onf avxJodkY wufvmMuaomtcg rkd;&Gmonf rkd;a&xJwGifyg yifv,fxJodkY a&muf
Mu&\/ rD;awmif acsmfjymrsm;uvnf; "mwfowKrsKd;pkHudk yifv,fodkYydkY\/ yifv,fMurf;
jyifa&atmuf aygufuGJaom a&atmufrD;awmifwkdYuvnf; yifv,fa&xJodkY bkd&Gef"mwf
uvkd&if;"mwf? uefY"mwfESifhtkdiftkd'if;"mwfwkdYudk wkduf&kdufydkYaqmifMuavao;onf/
wifhw,fonf odyHynm&Sif r[kwfyg/ pma&;q&mwpfOD; jzpfonfhjyif bmom
jyefolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ odyHynm&Sifr[kwfapumrl odyHynmudk pdwf0ifpm;onf/
avhvnf; avhvmonf/ odkYaomfvnf; odyHynm&Sifr[kwfonhftavsmuf tcsKdUaomt
csufrsm;udk csefvSyf bmomjyefxm;ygonf/ bmomjyefcsufonf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfaomf
vnf; rl&if;ygtcsuftvufrsm; >cif;csefbmomjyefykHudk avhvmEkdifygonf/
xkdYaMumifh odyHpmrlrsm;udk bmomjyefaumif;aom jrefrmpmta&;aumif;aom
odyHynm&Sifrsm; bmomjyefEkdifMuouJhodkY odyHynmudk pdwf0ifpm;avhvmaom bmom
jyefolwkdYonfvnf; bmomjyefqkdEkdifMuyg\/
,cktcg wkd;wufaom EkdifiHtcsKdU odyHynm&SifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\okawoejyK
csufrsm;udk rdrdwkdYwkdif;&if;bmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkMuNyD;aemuf rdrdwkdYpmrludk tjcm;bm
omwpfckckodkY bmomjyefvkdaomtcg bmomjyefwkdYudk bmomjyefapyg\/ bmomjyefol
onf odyHynm&Sif [kwf r[kwf[lonfrSm t"du r[kwfyg/ bmomjyefNyD;aom pmrludkom
odyHynm&SifwkdYu tcsuftvufrSef rrSef jyefvnfpdppf&ygonf/ odkYaom bmomjyef
olESifhoufqkdif&mynm&Sif ndEIdif;bmomjyefaom tpOftvm&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH
wGif odyHynm&Sif\bmomjyefcsufudk pmwnf;rsm;u oufqkdif&m ynm&SifESifhndEIdif;bm
omjyefaom tpOftvmvnf; &Sdygonf/
rnfonfhodyHpmrlrsKd;ukd bmomjyefrnfenf;
,cktcg uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHwGif wkduf&dkufbmomjyef[k 0efrcHaomfvnf; rl&if;
EkdifiHjcm;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f odkYr[kwf wpfyk'fxufykdaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk aygif;pyf
75
vnf;aumif;? rSDjirf;jyKvnf;aumif; a&;om;aom odyHaqmif;yg;? enf;ynmaqmif;

yg;rsm; ay:xGufaeonfrSm rSefyg\/ tcsKdUaqmif;yg;? pmtkyfrsm;wGif a&;om;olu rSD
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ac:tm;enf;aeqJ jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m odyHenf;ustawG;tac: xGef;um;a&;bmom
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76
bufokdY pdwf0ifpm;vmaprnfh uav;odyHpmayrsm;ukdvnf; bmomjyefay;zkdY vkdygonf/

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77
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78
xkdtcg bmomjyefrnfhrl&if;pmtkyf? pmrludkvnf; a&G;cs,fzkdYvkdvmygonf/

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79
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80
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oifhaMumif; twwfEkdifqkH; &Sif;vif;wifjycJhygNyD/
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7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
usrf;udk;pm&if;
ausmfaZm(bmomjyef)/ /abGtP0g/ &efukef? &Ir0? 1954/
pmayAdrmefpmwnf;tzGJY0ifrsm;/ /jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;(1971-1979)
wif{? OD;/
/]]bmomjyefenf;}}? wuodkvfynmya'ompmapmif? wGJ 1?
ydkif; 2? 1966? ZGef/ pm-235-251/
'*kefa&TrQm;/ /jrefrmEkdifiHpmayqkrsm;/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1972/
bmomjyef/
/&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1954/
bmomjyefpmay/ /&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1970/
vlxktwGuf odyHpmay/ /&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1967/
0if;wifxGwf(bmomjyef)/ /tajy;ESifhusef;rma&;/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef?
1986/
0ef? OD;/ /]]omrefa0g[m&bmomjyefjcif;}}/ wuokdvfynmya'ompmapmif?
wGJ 1? ydkif; 3/ 1966/ pufwifbm/ pm - 147-150/
tmavmu? a'gufwm(bmomjyef)/ /uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf avESifha&/ &efukef? pm
ayAdrmef? 1984/
Aylesworthe, Thomas G. The Air We Brathe, The Water We Drink(Original
title; Thish Vital Air, This Vital Water) pmayAdrmef? &efukef/ 1982/
12/
Carson, Rachel L. The Sea Around Us. New York, Oxford University Press,
1961.
93

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