I CNG V MI TRNG

MC TIU HC TP 1. Trnh by c khi nim v phn loi v mi trng. 2. Trnh by 4 c im bn cht h thng v 3 chc nng mi trng. 3. Gii thch pht trin bn vng v nhng hot ng ca con ngi nhm mc tiu ny.

KHI NIM CHUNG V MI TRNG

1. NH NGHA C nhiu nh ngha v mi trng. Lut bo v mi trng VN: mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t nhn to quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin. 2. MI TRNG SNG

PHN LOI MI TRNG

Phn loi ho l. Phn loi sinh hc Phn loi theo ni dung nghin cu

BN CHT H THNG MI TRNG

1. Tnh cu trc
- T nhiu phn t hp thnh - Hot ng ca mi phn t c quy nh theo nhng quy tc nh hng ln nhau. 2. Tnh cn bng ng - Cc phn t to nn s cn bng ca c h thng - Khi c thay i bn trong, h s thit lp cn bng mi

BN CHT H THNG MI TRNG

3. Tnh m - L mt h thng m tip nhn vt cht, nng lng, thng tin vo, ra. - Tnh m v khng gian v thi gian. 4. Tnh t iu chnh - Kh nng t thch nghi ca cc phn t khi c thay i bn ngoi - Kh nng ny lin quan n tc ng t bn ngoi ca con ngi n mi trng

CHC NNG CA MI TRNG

1. Khng gian sng ca con ngi - Dn s tng - Cht lng cuc sng i hi tng 2. Cung cp ti nguyn - Bao gm vt cht, nng lng, tri thc, thng tin - Ti nguyn ti to c - Ti nguyn khng ti to c 3. Khng gian cha ph thi Ph thi cha hoc x l c a vo mi trng di nhiu hnh thc

Ti nguyn khng ti to c: Ngun ti nguyn hu hn, s mt i hoc khng gi li tnh cht ban u sau mt qu trnh s dng. Ti nguyn ti to c: Ti nguyn c cung cp lin tc v v tn, c th duy tr hoc t b sung khi qun l chng thch hp.

TNG TRNG KINH T V PHT TRIN BN VNG

1. TNG TRNG KINH T

t mc tiu mc sng vt cht v tinh thn ca dn chng. Pht trin kinh t l yu t cn thit t mc tiu trn. Th hin thng qua GDP.

2. PHT TRIN BN VNG Khi nim: L s pht trin lnh mnh p ng c nhu cu hin ti v khng xm phm n li ch cc th h tng lai. - Ch s pht trin con ngi HDI o mc pht trin bn vng. Bao gm nhiu ch s khc. - Pht trin bn vng rt phc tp, kh khn.

3. QUAN H PHT TRIN V MI TRNG

Pht trin kinh t bng mi gi: nhng nc ngho, lc hu: chp nhn hy sinh mi trng. Nhng nc pht trin:Ch bo v mi trng, khng pht trin kinh t. Pht trin cn nhc n yu t mi trng: 1 phn gi tr thng d b p pht trin mi trng.

KT

cn bng thu nhp

TM tin t ho TM

XH
x hi ho bo v mI trng

MT

Hot ng ca con ngi bo v mi trng

HA HC KH QUYN

Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by thnh phn, cu to, qu trnh pht trin kh quyn v cn bng nng lng trn tri t. 2. Nu mt s phn ng ho hc chnh ca ca mt s thnh phn c bn trong KQ

CU TO KH QUYN
Chiu cao (km) 110 90

50

10 0
0K

Cc kh sinh ra t hot ng ca ni la c cha

H2 , hi nc, CO, NH3 , CH4 h + O3 , O2 (t phn hu ca ozon), hp cht hu c cha N cho qu trnh sng ch tn ti trong nc (lp nc hp th bt nhit) vi khun ym kh pht trin Phn ng quang hp sinh ra oxy: thc vt h ng Hnh thnh s sng trn cn, h thc vt ni Oxy khuych tn ln tng bnh lu

S sng to iu kin thun li cho s tn ti trong mt

CN BNG NNG LNG TRN TRI T

OZON
S hnh thnh v phn hy

S phn hu ozon O3 + O O3 + HO* O3 + NO O2 + O2 O2 + HOO* NO2 + O2

Hp cht ca N
S hnh thnh v phn hu ca hp cht NOX HO* + NO2 + O3 N2O NO NO2
+ OH*

N2O5 NO3* NO2

HNO3

HNO2

Hp cht ca C 1. alkan R- CH3 :

R- CH3 + OH* R - CH2* + H2O + Q quyt nh tc p/, tc dng vi O2 v NO to RCHO R - CH3 + HO* RCH2* + O2 RCH2O2* + NO O2 RCH2O*

RCHO HOO*

R* + HCHO

Hp cht ca C
2. alken R - CH = CH2 : p/ vi gc OH* nh alkan ; RCHO b oxy ha tip to CO2 hoc PAN (peroxyl alkyl nitrat) CH3COOONO2 CH3-CHO + h CH3CO* + O2 3. Hydrocarbon thm, v d: C6H6 + OH* C6H5OH + H* C6H6 + OH* C6H5* + H2O C6H5 - CH2 - R + OH* C6H5 - CH2OH + R* CH3CO2O* CH3COO2NO2 + NO2

 NHIM KH QUYN
MC TIU HC TP

1. Trnh by v v mt s cc cht nhim kh quyn: ngun gc, nguyn tc x l. 2. Gii thch nguyn nhn v tc ng ca mt s hin tng nhim mi trng ton cu 3. ngh mt vi bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng kh quyn

Ngun nhim kh quyn

Ngun thin nhin Ni la:

Nham thch nng, khi bi,... Kh ng hnh: H2 S , CH4 , SOX , . . Chy rng: bi v kh Bo bi: t ct t sa mc, mui bin t i dng Qu trnh sinh hc: thi ra ng TV.

Nhn to
Cng nghip

CO , CO2 SOX , NOX CmHn

Giao thng vn ti Nng nghip

Phn loi
nhim s cp nhim th cp

Cc cht nhim kh quyn

1. Hp cht N: NOX ( NO v NO2 ) v NH3 * t c khng kh
+ O2 N2 > 1200 0C NO + O2 NO2

Phn ng quang ha
+ O3 NO NO2 + O2

RCH3

RCH2*

NO: cnh tranh O2 vi Hemoglobin bnh h hp, au u, co git NO2: kch thch nim mc, xm nhp vo mu (hh, tiu ha), nguy him tim, gan, phi (15- 50 ppm) NH3: Mi vim ng hh, lot gic mc, c cp tnh Gy bnh trng l, m l, ln cy D tan/H2O ng c SV/ nc

Kim sot NOX:

- Khng ch nhit trong khi t nhin liu , gim lng NO. - t nhiu giai on (khng ch lng oxy d hoc thiu) - Thay nguyn nhin liu - Hp th kh thi NOx bng H2SO4 hoc hn hp Ca(OH)2 + Mg(OH)2

2. SOX v H2S
- Ngun t nhin 67%, nhn to 33% - Loi S trc khi t - X l SOx trong kh thi

H2O Kh thi SO2 2S H2 Ci H2 S -

H+ HSO3H2Ci -

( HSO3. H2 Ci ) 2 -

SO2 nng hn khng kh: gn mt t, d tan trong nc d tc ng ngi v SV: Kh th, ho, vim lot h hp c i vi thc vt D to m, gim tm nhn C SO3 phn ng sinh l mnh hn co tht ph qun cht ngi H2S : nhc u kh chu (5 ppm) Thm nhp mch mu vim phi (500 ppm) v t vong (900 ppm)

3. Kh CO

Ngun gc: t nhin v nhn to Tc ng vi con ngi nh CO HbO2 + CO HbCO + O2 Kim sot kh CO - Ci tin ng c - Dng vi sinh vt

4. Khi quang ha
C m Hn + O3 + NO RCHO + NO2 + PAN R CHO + HO* R C*O + O2 RC O + NO2 RC O OO*

OONO2 (PAN)

Ht
Ngun gc: t nhin v nhn to Phn loi: theo ng knh ht Loi b ht: ph thuc kch thc ht - Bung lng: loi cc ht ln d> 20 mcm - Bung lc: loi ht nh, mn hn

L thng tng ozon

Dn xut halogen Tn ti CFC 11 ( C Cl3 F) CFC 12 ( CCl 2 F2 ) Halon 1211 ( CBr Cl F2) Halon 1311 ( CBr F3 ) CH3 Br 65 nm 130 nm 25 nm 110 nm 1,5 nm H s 1, 0 0, 9 3, 0 7, 8

Phn ng CFC vi ozon

C F2 Cl
2

+ h

Cl

CF2 Cl * CF 2 Cl* + O3
*

Cl O2

+O O2

Cl O *

Ph hp th ca CO2 v hi nc trong kh quyn

cng

c a s k h q u y n ( 7 1 2 m )

4 CO2

10

15

20

25

( m )

v n g 1 : 2 ,7 4 ,3 m vng 2 : 13 18 m vng 1 : vng 2 : 4 8 m 18 m

yu m nh yu m nh

H 2O

Biu thay i nhit ton cu nm 1856 - 2005

MA ACID
Ma axit l sn phm ca s nhim cng nghip: - Thay i thnh phn nc sng h, git cht cc loi c v nhng sinh vt khc, - Ho tan cc kim loi nng trong t v nc lm cy trng d hp thu, - Lm h hng cng trnh l thin. Th nghim: S2- trong cc cn ma acid lng ng c th lm gim qu trnh sinh CH4 ti 30% nh VK n S2- trong m. Nm 2004, gim lng sinh methane t 175 xung cn 160 triu tn. Lng CH4 gim gp phn gim hiu ng nh knh

BIN I KH HU TON CU

Sa mc ho, mt rng, ph hu h sinh thi

Nhit TB ca tri t tng 0,60C/TK 20. Mc nc bin tng 0,1 - 0,2 m/ TK 20, tng 0,3 m / TK 21 ngp lt vng t thp.

Ngp lt nam Dacca - Bangladesh

Lng ma v gi thay i bt thng thin tai i ngho di c. Gia tng khong cch giu ngho Cu trc XH, tp qun thay i

Tc ng nhim kh quyn

Tc ng ti sc khe con ngi: - Hiu ng ngn hn: biu hin lm sng vi ngy (tun) bin i theo mi trng - Hiu ng di ngy: pht bnh sau khi phi nhim mn tnh do nhim khng kh Mt s thng k WHO: 60%/ 2,2 triu ca t vong (TE< 5 tui): nhim trng hh cp lin quan nhim kk AFSSE: ht siu mn gy ung th phi NL > 30 tui 6-11%; tim mch v h hp ngi gi.

bin php gim thiu nhim kh quyn

1. Quy hoch khu cng nghip v dn c 2. Theo di, kim sot, kim ton ngun thi. X l cht thi. 3. Bo v mi trng t nhin. 4. Nhng chnh sch hp l.

THIT B X L NHIM

Mt s chnh sch ton cu

Nu khng kim sot, nng CO2 t 367 ppm tng 490 hoc 1260 ppm vo 2100. Hip c thay i kh hu (185 thnh vin thng qua 1992): n nh kh nh knh v gii hn mc pht thi. Ngh nh th Kyoto: 2008 - 2012: pht thi kh nh knh gim 5% so vi mc pht thi nm 1990 Gii hn mc pht thi trung hn v di hn Kh khn thc hin: pht trin kt, dn s , nhu cu nlng tng

Ngun nng lng mi Nng lng ht nhn

Nhit in sx 1 triu Nl ht nhn sx 1 triu KW KW Cn 30 tn nguyn liu Cn 2,5 triu tn than nhng khng dng oxy chun/ nm trong khng kh Cn tu trng ti 10000 tn vn chuyn: 250.000 tn x Cht thi sinh ra: than Khng bi Bi, thi SOx , NOx Khng thi SOx , Cc kim loi c Cd, Hg NOx Mt s cht phng x U, Th pht tn vo KQ

El nno v La nina
Hin tng: nhit nc bin Thi Bnh Dng thay i Nguyn nhn: cng tn phong Tc ng: thi tit bt thng: lng ma, s kh hn trong lc a, lng c nh bt

Ho hc a quyn
Mc tiu hc tp:

1. Trnh by c cu to, thnh phn a quyn 2. Phn tch hin tng nhim a quyn 3. So snh cc phng php x l cht thi rn nhim a quyn 4. Trnh by vai tr rng i vi t

Cu trc a quyn

- Thuyt T hnh thnh t v n Bigbang: qu cu lnh, khng c kh quyn - V tri t: v cng mng, cu to phc tp, thnh phn v dy khng ng nht, ph thuc a l. V tri t gm: v lc a v v i dng

THNH PHN A QUYN

Phc tp: nhiu SiO2 v Al Thnh phn lun thay i do tc ng bn ngoi (cc qu trnh phong ha)

- t: lp ngoi cng ca thch quyn, chu tc ng nc, khng kh, sinh vt v hnh thnh khong, khng kh, mn. - t: mt sng ca con ngi, SV cn bin i, p/hy VC v HC c tr V, TV t - c tnh ca t: ph nhiu

THNH PHN T
4 thnh phn: cht v c, hu c, nc v kh, cht dinh dng Cht v c: ht silicat kch thc khc nhau, Cht hu c: quyt nh ph nhiu, l sn phm phn hy V v TV (lu PAH) Nc v kh: nc ha tan cht dd Kh : lin quan phn hy hiu, ym kh Cht dinh dng: vi lng v a lng

NGUN GC NHIM T
1. Do cng nghip: nhiu cht thi rn v lng. Luyn kim, khai thc than, As : ung th, ngoi da Cr : c V, TV; ung th Cu : c, ri lon thn kinh, thiu mu Pb : gim thng minh, tc ng ty, mu, thn Sn xut nng lng: tro bi vo kh quyn b l (phn thi nng chy) Cng nghip ha hc. Cc ngnh sn xut ca cng nghip ha hc Acid sulfuric t pirit Acid phosphoric t apatit Phn bn phosphat

Ngun gc nhim t
2. Do nng nghip, sinh hc. Thuc BVTV d lng Phn bn trong t Tc nhn sinh hc: vi khun, k sinh trng, vius gy bnh cho ngi 3. Do thm ho - Thm ho a hnh L t, trt t, nt t L bn, l , l qut Hin tng ph rng, t rng lm tng ra tri, xi mn. Phng x, chin tranh

do ma bo du canh du c

X l cht thi rn Phn loi CTR v cht thi nguy him x l ring.

 Rc th c th ti ch s dng: nha, phn hu c Rc thng chn lp ch x l nc rc, phn hu ym kh sinh CH4 v NH3. - Bi cht thi: lu gi ngoi tri nn n gin v r tin nht nhng chu nh hng ca thi tit nht. Mt s cht thi c th tr nn c hn. - H chn cht thi: Cht thi c tin x l gim c h chn lp c che chn. - Nh cha cht thi: l cng trnh kin c hn c mi che, h thng thot nc

* Cht

thi nguy him c 1 trong nhng tnh cht sau:

n mn, chy n, tch lu sinh hc, bn trong mi trng, gy bnh. Thng x l c bit bng nhit phng php x l CTR bng thiu t
bung t bung lc:

Cht thi
bung s ch l quay: bay hi

lc kh v cht rn

tro

RNG V CY XANH
Vai tr ca rng Tiu th CO2 , to cht hu c v O2 Cung cp nguyn liu g, nhin liu iu ho kh hu: Gim nhit ma h iu ho dng chy, Chn gi bo, bo v dn c, sn xut nng nghip, Rng quan h cht ch vi t, chng l, lt . Ti nguyn t v rng VN

HA HC THY QUYN

Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by c mt s tnh cht, c im ca nc t nhin. 2. Gii thch c vai tr ca kh, vi sinh vt i vi cc phn ng xy ra trong mi trng nc. 3. nh gi ngun ti nguyn nc ca Vit nam

1. TNH CHT, C IM NC

L dung dch in ly Nhit ha hi ln Nhit dung ring ln : bc hi chm n nh, iu ha kh hu & bo v c th Tng lng nc: 1,454 t km3 : Chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc, Ni ny sang ni khc Thi gian lun hi: di hoc ngn

Vng tun hon nc trong t nhin

 Nc ngt Tnh cht, nhit thay i Lp trn: lun tip xc vi khng kh, cn bng ng Lp gia: din ra nhiu phn ng Lp y : trao i cht ha tan vi trm tch, phn hy ym kh

 Nc bin Nhit TB 50C (0 - 300C), 200 atm (1 - 1000 atm) Cn bng phc tp pH m 8,1 0,2 . Tnh pH nc bin da: + H cacbonat + H B(OH)3 - B(OH)4 + Silicat + K+ , Ca2+ trm tch pha nc pE 0,5O2 (k) + 2H+ + 2e pE = 20,8 - pH H2O lg K = lg[H2O] - 0,5lg PO2 - 2lg[H+] - 2lgae = 4,15

H+ + silicat

2. THNH PHN HA HC TRONG NC

Cc ion ho tan: 0,1% ngt l 1% DS mn

Nc bin NaCl 0,5M + MgSO4 0,05M + vi lng Nc sng h : thnh phn phc tp, thay i theo:

+ Thi gian, a im + Bin ng a cht, a ha + su ca nc + Phn vng

 Cc kh ho tan: Ch yu oxy v CO2 Tun theo nh lut Henry - Oxy: nh lut trn Hm lng thay i theo chiu su lp nc: do khuych tn t khng kh, t gia cc lp nc, phn ng phn hy 250C : DOmax = 8 mg/l t0 tng , DO gim - CO2 : dng tn ti ph thuc v duy tr pH Hm lng ph thuc yu t vt l v loi thy sinh

 Cc phc KL tan trong nc : Hp cht tng hp: EDTA, citrat, poly phosphat Cc cht humic: sn phm t s phn hy ca TV, lng ng v d to phc bn vi kim loi
humic + OH Humin (khng tan) + H+ acid humic , Acid fulvic L b khung C cha vng thm, phenol, d to phc vi nhiu KL Cc cht rn: V c v Hu c:

3. Thnh phn sinh hc trong nc

Vi khun (Bacteria): que, cu, xon Thc vt, n bo, khng mu : 0,5 - 5 mm Vai tr: phn hu cht hu c lm sch nc + d dng (heterotrophic) : 3 nhm oxy ha cht hu c: hiu kh (aerobes), k kh (anaerobes), ty kh (facultative) + t dng (autotrophic) xc tc oxy ha cht v c

 Siu vi (virus) Kch thc nh 20 - 100 nm Xm nhp vo t bo vt ch k sinh tng hp protein v acid nucleicc ca virus mi. To Thc vt ni n gin nht C Clorophyl ng vai tr quan trng trong quang hp T dng, x dng cc cht v c pht trin

4. Phn ng nh vi khun trong nc

4.1. Vi khun d dng
Hiu kh [ CH2O] + O2 K kh [CH2O] + NO3[ CH2O ] + SO42[ CH2O] CO2 + N2 + E CO2 + H2S + E R COOH + CO2 + H2O + E CH4 + CO2 CO2 + 8H+ + 8e CH4 + 2H2O + E CO2 + H2O + E

4. 2.

Vi khun t dng 2 NO2- + 4H+ + 3H2O + E 2NO3- + E (VK Nitrobater) 3 CO2 + 4NH4+ (VK nitromonas)

2NH4+ + 3O2 NO2- + O2

3(CH2O) + 2N2 + 3H2O + 4H+ (VK Rhizobium) NH3 + 3/2 O2 H+ + NO2- + H2O

Oxy ha st 4Fe3 + + 2H2O + E 4Fe2+ + 4H+ + O2 (VK Ferrobacillus) Oxy ha H2S HS- + 4H2O SO42- + 9H+ + 8e + E

 nhim mi trng nc
Mc tiu hc tp 1. Gii thiu s nhim nc 2. Trnh by cc nguyn nhn chnh lm nhim mi trng nc 3. Trnh by cc ch tiu cht lng nc v ngha ca n 4. Nu cc bin php bo v ngun nc v x l nc b nhim

1. NHIM NC
Hin chng chu u: S bin i ni chung ca con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, CN, NN, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr, V nui v cc loi hoang d

T in bch Khoa VN :hin tng lm bn ngun nc do cc loi ho cht c hi, cc loi vi khun gy bnh, virut, k sinh trng pht sinh t cc ngun thi khc nhau nh cht thi cng nghip t cc nh my sn xut, cc loi rc thi ca cc bnh vin, cc loi rc thi sinh hot bnh thng ca con ngi hay ho cht, thuc tr su, phn bn hu c... s dng trong sn xut nng nghip c y ra cc ao, h, sng, sui hoc ngm xung nc di t m khng qua x l hoc vi khi lng qu ln vt qu kh nng t iu chnh v t lm sch ca cc loi ao, h, sng, sui

Cht nhim: Tch ly v gii phng t SV trong nc Tch ly v trao i vi lp y nc Lun chuyn t khng kh, t, Hnh thnh vng tun hon nhim mt Du hiu nhim nc: Mu sc, mi, c,. Kh nng t lm sch ca nc: qu trnh vt l, sinh ha

2. CC NGUYN NHN NHIM NC

Cc nguyn nhn nhn to: Nc thi th: sinh hot + dch v Thnh phn phong ph, Lu lng khng u Nc thi NN Thnh phn nhiu NO3-, PO43-.: Hin tng ph dng Gy c cho con ngi

Nc thi CN: ph thuc loi hnh

- Du m: t phn hy SH, ngn cn khuych tn oxy, tch ly trong t bo, m, gy ung th

- Ty ra: to keo, huyn ph nn gim hot tnh sinh hc, kh x l nc. - Cht hu c: bn, kh phn hy - Kim loi: v hiu ha lin kt trong enzym, ngn cn TC (lk vi NH2, COOH - nhim nhit: thy sinh cht

3. HU QU NHIM NC

Khng hong nc sch Nhu cu nc sch tng Dn s khng tip cn nc sch (20%) Ly lan bnh truyn nhim Cng thng sc tc Bin mt cc loi thy sinh

4. Cc thng s c bn nh gi cht lng nc

Thng s ha hc (a lng) * pH: * Mu sc: do cht rn v c l lng hoc cht HC. o bng so mu. nh hng n kh nng truyn nh sng. * c: do cc cht l lng, kh x l nc. * Mi v: do cc cht hu c phn hy. n v o bng pha long. * Cht rn : SS v DS

 DO c im: bin i ngy v m, chiu su lp nc. Gi tr DO: s trao i gia khng kh v nc, do quang hp, hot ng ca SV Xc nh Phng php Winkler: Alcali - Iodid in ha

 BOD5 - nh ngha Cc iu kin : + khng c cht c c ch VK, + dinh dng cn VK pht trin + nu cn a thm VK vo mu. - Cch o ngha: nh gi mc nhim bn cht HC TCVN BOD5 < 4 mg/ l nc mt 20 mg/l nc thi cng nghip A

 COD : oxy ha lng cht hu c trong nc Xc nh CnHaObNc + [O] + H+

n CO2 + H2O + NH4+

ngha: T s COD/ BOD5 cng ln th c nhiu cht hu c khng phn hu vi sinh c. COD (TCVN) < 10 mg/ l nc mt < 50 mg/l nc thi cng nghip

 NH3,

NO2-, NO3-

St v mangan Fe v Mn trong mi trng Nc ngm c Fe2+ v Mn2+ do iu kin ym kh 4Fe(OH)3 + 8H+ 6MnO2 + 12H+ Xc nh + Vi Fe3+, to phc mu vi o. phenantrolin + Vi Mn2+ oxy ha thnh MnO4- bng S2O82VK VK

4Fe2+ + O2 + 10H2O Mn2+ + 3O2 + 6H2O

Thng s vi sinh
Nc mt : coliform 5000 MPN / 100 ml

Nc ngm : coliform 3 MPN/ 100ml. Fecal coli : khng

Mt s k thut x l nc
nh lng mt s thnh phn, nh gi s b cht lng nc la chn bin php thch hp k thut v kinh ph. 1.ng t, keo t c im phng php: C 4 phng php lm keo t nc : - thm cc ion dng khng hydrat ha vo nc, - hp ph ion hydrat ha, - thm ht keo hydroxyd Al v Fe to keo, - thm phn to chui tng kch thc bng cn.

Phn nhm hoc phn st c s dng nhiu:hiu qu tng i v chi ph t. Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3. 14H2O: thu phn to Al2O3.nH2O Phn st to ta Fe(OH)3 .Cc bng ta ny hp ph cc ht l lng, lng xung. Y t quyt nh hiu sut qu trnh l pH: phn nhm: pH 5-9 do tnh cht lng tnh ca Al. phn st: pH > 10. S dng thm cc cht tr keo t ngun gc thc vt

2. Lc nc Nguyn tc: gi cc ht l lng trong nc nh lp vt liu xp (ct vng, than antraxit...) v cho nc thm qua. C 2 cch lc nc: c phn loi theo tc lc. - Lc nhanh: kch thc ht vt liu ln tc dng 1,5.10-3 m/ s. Thng x l s b hoc x l nc t nhim. Thi gian vn hnh nhanh, t tn km - Lc chm : lp vt liu mn tc dng chm 0,15 .10-3 m/s p dng: qui m nh trong h gia nh hoc lm sch th cp mc cng nghip. u t nhiu hn, mt nhiu thi gian hn, cht lng nc tt hn. Lc: n gin, d p dng. Cn ra lc

3. Lm mm kt hp lm ngt nc Nguyn tc lm mm: loi mui Ca v Mg - To ta vi CO32- bng Na2CO3 ri loi i - Phm vi s dng: Kt hp vi lm ngt nc: loi mui khi nc: - Trao i ion: ln lt qua ct cationit v anionit - Thm thu ngc: nh p lc vo nc ln hn p sut thm thu, H2O t mui thm qua mng bn thm. - in thm tch: tc dng ca in trng lm cc ion mui trong nc di chuyn v in cc tri du. Phm vi ng dng: hp, c gi thnh cao.

4. Loi St v mangan
Nguyn tc: St v Mangan (II) dng ho tan c kt ta v tch khi nc. K thut x l. - Lm thong t nhin: tng b mt tip xc ca nc vi khng kh Fe2+ + O2 Fe(OH)3 Mn2+ + O2 MnO2 - Oxy ha bng kh clor 2Fe(HCO3)2 + Cl2 + Ca(HCO3)2 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + CaCl2 + 6H+ + 6HCO3Nc phc v CN : Fe < 0,3 mg/ l , Mn < 0,05 mg/l Nc ung : Fe < 0,1 mg/l

5. X l nc bng phng php sinh hc

* Nguyn tc: phn hu cc hp cht hu c nh hot ng ca cc VSV * Thit b - Cnh ng lc: VSV/lp t dy v c ha hp cht hu c/nc thi. Kt hp sau 1 thi gian s dng cnh ng cho mc ch khc - B Aeroten: VSV hiu kh oxy ha cht hu c. Phi cung cp kh bng cch sc hoc khuy trn - B metan: VSV phn hy ym kh. * Phm vi s dng

6. Kh trng
Nguyn tc: Loi b hoc tiu dit vi sinh khi nc C 2 loi tc nhn kh trng: vt l v ho hc 6.1. Tc nhn vt l: nhit , tia UV, mng lc d = 0,2 mm. Chiu tia UV VK + tia UV acid nucleic ca VK b bin i Vng UV dit VK mnh nht 200 - 280 nm - Hiu sut ph thuc: c, mu ca nc v c im VK - Thit b: n thu ngn chn khng

u im - Mi v v thnh phn nc khng thay i, khng c sn phm ph nh clor - Thi gian kh trng ngn, khng c nguy c qu liu - Thit b hot ng khng phc tp, an ton - Vn hnh n gin, r tin Nhc im - Nc c th b nhim khun li ( VK hi phc) - Tp cht hu c v mt s mui tan hp th UV gim hiu sut - Nc cha NO3- c KN thnh NO2- Hiu sut thp khi truyn qua < 80%

 Kh trng bng vi lc - Nguyn tc: ging nh lc ,d l lc t 0,2-0,3m - Thit b: nn lc (t diatomit, t st,ph gia c thiu kt c xp cao ). Mt nn c th lc n 50 m3 nc: v sinh nh k, nc u vo sch
u im - Tnh linh hot cao - Thnh phn khong ca nc khng i - Gi thnh thp Nhc im - Nc d nhim khun tr li khi lu gi lu - Ch thch hp vi qui m nh.

6.2. Tc nhn ho hc
Kh trng bng clor - Nguyn tc: Clor ho vo nc thu phn Cl2 + H2O HClO + HCl (1) (2) Cl+ + 2e ClCl+ phn ng vi enzym ca VK lm mt kh nng oxy ha glucose, gy hin tng pht trin mt cn bng ca VK - Hiu qu ph thuc: tc khuych tn qua mng t bo VK, Bn cht tiu phn (HOCl, OCl- , Cloramin) , Nng cht kh trng Thi gian tip xc Nhit v pH Chng loi vi khun

 Kh trng bng ozon - Nguyn tc: ozon oxy ho, ph hu cu trc VSV - Thit b: thit b to ozon khng kh ( loi bi,loi 90% m) bung phng in th 3000 - 20 000V. Mt phn oxy O3 Sc kh ozon vo ngun nc cp. - Kh trng nc ung thng dng 0,5 - 1,5 mg, lng d sau 5 pht 0,2 - 0,4 mg/ l.

u im - Tc v tc dng ozon hn clor - Khng c sn phm ph c hi - Oxy ha Fe(II), Mn (II), CN- , NO2- , S2- v cc cht hu c loi mu, mi ca nc - Ph hu phc Fe, Mn vi cc cht hu c ; - Keo t cht hu c tan Nhc im - Phn hu nhanh khng c ozon d khi vn chuyn nc n ni tiu th d b nhim trng li - Gi thit b cao, tiu th in nhiu, lp t vn hnh phc tp chi ph ln - Ozon c, nguy him bin php an ton, kim sot nng .

1: Xiphon vo 2: khoang nc 1 3: khoang nc 2

4: Xiphon ra 5: Ozon thot ra phn hy nhit

Bo v ngun nc
- Kim sot cht lng ngun nc cp: gim st : c s sn xut, khu dn c.. - Kim sot ngun nc thi v x l hiu qu: du hiu nhim ban u, theo di cc thng s v thnh phn ca nc, x l kp thi. - Tun hon, ti s dng nc hp l: tun hon nc ti u tit kim ngay ti c s sx. C th ti s dng ngun nc thi nu t yu cu. - Phi hp qun l hiu qu ngun nc: Kt hp chnh sch kinh t vi bo v ngun nc, Xy dng cc ngun lu tr v iu ho lu lng, Khai thc nc c mc ch v k hoch c th.

CC VN MI TRNG TRONG CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

1. NC CP S DNG Yu cu ty vo mc ch s dng: - Cha bnh: phng m, chy thn - Sn xut dc phm - Chm sc sc khe,

CC VN MI TRNG TRONG CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

1. NC CP S DNG
- Nc tinh khit sn xut thuc: tit trng, khng nhim vi sinh vt, tiu phn, cht hu c, ion, dn in < 5s/cm. - Nc pha tim: tit trng v apyrogene. - Nc pha long dung dch c hemodialyse: tng t nc tinh khit. - Nc dng cho irrigation: tit trng nh nc pha tim v ni c t vi khun < 0,5 UI/mL

CC VN MI TRNG TRONG CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

1. NC CP S DNG
Yu cu v bin php k thut thay i:

Nc dng trong y t c yu cu ring, kht khe. V c bn mt h thng thit b x l nc sch dng trong y t bao gm cc cng on: Ngun nc lc a lp, lc than hot tnh, trao i ion (cation v anion), lc tinh, thm thu ngc, tit trng .

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

2. NC THI Cn c vo c im dy chuyn sn xut/ s dng xc nh c trng nc thi:

Sn xut ng dc, tn dc PTN nghin cu tng hp, -kim tra cht lung - ha dc, m phm C s y t khm cha bnh Cha phn d nguyn liu: ng, thc vt, ha cht. Bao gi, ty ra

Cha phn d thuc, ha cht. Nc ty ra, sn, dng c

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

2.1. Nc thi X nghip dc phm TW 25

Qui trnh sn xut ca 1 xng thuc vin Anh (ch) nu cc c trng ca nc thi t x nghip dc phm trn ?

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC 2.1. Nc thi X nghip dc phm TW 25 Nc thi sinh hot: t phng hnh chnh/qun l x trc tip vo h thng chung TP: Nc thi sn xut: x l s b h TCXT B thng chung TP 5,5-9 - Nc thi t v sinh 100 nh xng, thit b: 2m3/ngy 60 - Nc tm ra, git 6 qun o lao ng: 50 9,93m3/ngy
100

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC 2.1. Nc thi X nghip dc phm TW 25

10% v 5%

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC 2. NC THI 2.2. V d: Cng ty Colgate Dy chuyn sn xut kem nh rng . Sn xut nhiu sn phm khc

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC 2.2. Nc thi Cng ty Colgate - Thnh phn, tnh cht, lu lng nc thi bin ng ln - BOD, COD, SS rt ln T l BOD5/COD bin ng ln. - T l BOD5/COD ca mt s mu 0,4 0,6 kh nng x l sinh hc.

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC 2.2. Nc thi Cng ty Colgate xut h thng khc

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

3. KH THI
T qu trnh: - hi dung mi chit xut dc liu, - hi dung mi tng hp ha dc, - PTN kim tra cht lng sn phm. X l : h thng ht mi, S dng vt liu hp ph trong ng khi (hoc cc ha cht nu cn)

MI TRNG - CNG NGHIP DC PHM / Y T / HA DC

4. CHT THI RN
Ch yu: - b dc liu sau chit xut , - PTN kim tra cht lng sn phm: chai l, bao gi ha cht. X l : thu gom x l nh cht thi nguy him.

KHI QUT MI TRNG VIT NAM

Mc tiu hc tp 1. Nu tng qut tnh hnh mi trng nc ta 2. xut nhng hnh ng c th gp phn bo v mi trng.

Mt s vn mt cn c quan tm nc ta
1. p lc dn s tng: D bo 2020, khong 110 triu ngi. - Din tch t c tr v canh tc b gim theo u ngi. - Mc sng tng pht trin CSHT, tiu th lng thc, thc phm, nng lng. - Ti nguyn khng ti to c khng hi phc . - Lng cht thi > KN t phn hy ca mt

- Thay i ln v c cu ca x hi: S lng ngi sn xut NN gim, Lao ng ti nh my, qun l, ... tng , Chnh lch giu ngho ln. C cu x hi thay i dn n suy ngh, nhn thc, vn ha thay i.

TC NG DN S N MI TRNG

I = C. P. E I: gia tng dn s v yu t lin quan dn s tc ng n mi trng C: gia tng tiu th ti nguyn/ ngi P: gia tng tuyt i dn s E: gia tng 1 n v ti nguyn b khai thc

2. Mi trng b tc ng nng n - Din tch trng trt gim, - NN thm canh tng nng sut. Tc ng ca con ngi thay i chu trnh vt cht, nng lng c th ph b mt s c tnh vn c ca cy trng. - Rng nhit i, rng gi: cy g c th, cy thuc qu dn bin mt, mt i - Rng ngp mn b ph nui thu sn. t lin b xm thc - Khai thc ct hoc xy dng cc cng trnh thu in gy st l, bin i sinh thi .

- Lng nc cp thnh th t 1/2 tiu chun mi ngi. S thiu nc sch nu khng ti s dng nc (cc nhu cu i hi cht lng thp hn). - Nm 2030, khai thc khong 100 t m3 nc/ nm (tr lng nc mt 880 t m3/ nm). - Nc ngm khai thc khng quy hoch gy ln t, ang b nhim cc b. - Dng thi trc tip vo h thng thot nc chung khng qua x l gy nhim din rng ( nhim ca sng, vng bin) - nhim bin t khai thc, vn chuyn du m s thng xuyn xy ra hn trong tng lai.

3. Sc kho cng ng S lng ngi cht do nhim kh quyn tng ln Thiu nc sch, thc phm l nguyn nhn gy t vong cc nc km pht trin. 4. Cng tc qun l mi trng - Nhn thc, thc bo v mt ca i b phn - H thng t chc qun l theo di cht lng mi trng ang hnh thnh v dn tng bc hon thin. Tuy nhin cha theo kp xu th pht trin kinh t. - u t cho bo v mt, kt qu cha kh quan.

a ra mt vi gii php
Gip nhn dn mt s mt lm thay i i sng vt cht: - Thay i tp qun du canh, du c - Hng dn, chuyn giao k thut trng trt, canh tc mi hiu qu cao, khuyn nng, khuyn lm, xy dng VAC. - H tr v vn, tiu th sn phm. - Xy dng thc bo v mi trng cho i b phn dn chng. C cc hnh thc gio dc, tuyn truyn, nu gng, x pht rn e di mi hnh thc.

 Cc bin php v mt hnh chnh, php l, k thut: 1/ Tin hnh TM: phng nga nhim mi trng. D bo v nh gi nh hng 2/ Thu mi trng: chi ph bi thng cho mt sinh thi. 3/ KHKT mu xanh: KHKT lm cho con ngi mi sinh tn, pht trin. Thit b khng ch nhim, k thut sn xut sch v phng thc thao tc sn xut sch. KHKT cao, c tnh chin lc, l con ng c bn pht trin kinh t v x hi bn vng.

4/ GDP mu xanh GDP truyn thng nh gi tng lng c bn nht o mc sn xut ca 1 nc hay 1 khu vc. Cha hp l: cha tnh n gi phi tr cho mi trng khi pht trin kinh t. Nm 1995, WB: cch tnh mi tng hp: vn ca thin nhin, vn lm ra v vn v nhn lc. Cch tnh GDP tnh n kha cnh mi trng: gi l GDP xanh. 5/ S dng cc ngun nng lng mi: ht nhn, mt tri, gi, thu triu.