Wheat

Prepared By:siva kumar

Wheat
Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most produced food among the cereal crops; rice ranks thirdWheat grain is a stapl food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads; cookies, cakes, breakfast cereal, pasta, juice, noodles and couscous; and for fermentation to make beer,alcohol, vodka or biofuel. Wheat is planted to a limited extent as a forage crop for livestock, and the straw can be used as fodder for livestock or as a construction material for roofing thatch

Wheat Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Monocots CommelinidsOrder: Poales Family:Poaceae Subfamily:Pooideae Tribe:Triticeae Genus:Triticum L. SpeciesT. aestivum

T. aethiopicum T. araraticum T. boeoticum T. carthlicum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. ispahanicum T. karamyschevii T. macha T. militinae T. monococcum T. polonicum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii T. turanicum T. turgidum T. urartu T. vavilovii T. zhukovskyi

History
Wheat originated in Southwest Asia in the area known as the Fertile crescent. The genetic relationships between wild and domesticated populations of both einkorn and emmer wheat indicate that the most likely site of domestication is near Diyarbakr in Turkey.

Major cultivated species of wheat

Common wheat or Bread wheat (T. aestivum) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world.

 Durum (T. durum) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.

 Einkorn (T. monococcum) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance.

 Emmer (T. dicoccon) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use.

 Spelt (T. spelta) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities.

In the United States

Classes used in the United States are Durum Very hard, translucent, light colored grain used to make semolina flour for pasta. Hard Red Spring Hard, brownish, high protein wheat used for bread and hard baked goods. Bread Flour and high gluten flours are commonly made from hard red spring wheat. It is primarily traded at the Minneapolis Grain Exchange. Hard Red Winter Hard, brownish, mellow high protein wheat used for bread, hard baked goods and as an adjunct in other flours to increase protein in pastry flour for pie crusts. Some brands of unbleached allpurpose flours are commonly made from hard red winter wheat alone. It is primarily traded by the Kansas City Board of Trade. One variety is known as "turkey red wheat", and was brought to Kansas by Mennonite immigrants from Russia.

 Soft Red Winter Soft, low protein wheat used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, and muffins. Cake flour, pastry flour, and some self-rising flours with baking powder and salt added for example, are made from soft red winter wheat. It is primarily traded by the Chicago Board of Trade. Hard White Hard, light colored, opaque, chalky, medium protein wheat planted in dry, temperate areas. Used for bread and brewing. Soft White Soft, light colored, very low protein wheat grown in temperate moist areas. Used for pie crusts and pastry. Pastry flour, for example, is sometimes made from soft white winter wheat. Hard wheats are harder to process and red wheats may need bleaching. Therefore, soft and white wheats usually command higher prices than hard and red wheats on the commodities market.

As a food
Wheat germ, crude Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy 360 kcal 1510 kJ Carbohydrates 51.8 g Dietary fiber 13.2 g Fat 9.72 g Protein 23.15 g Thiamin (Vit. B1) 1.882 mg 145% Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.499 mg 33% Niacin (Vit. B3) 6.813 mg 45%

 Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.05 mg 1% Vitamin B6 1.3 mg100% Folate (Vit. B9) 281 g 70% Calcium 39 mg4% Iron 6.26 mg50% Magnesium 239 mg65% Phosphorus 842 mg120% Potassium 892 mg 19% Zinc 12.29 mg123% Manganese 13.301 mgPercentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database

Nutrition
100 grams of hard red winter wheat contain about 12.6 grams of protein, 1.5 grams of total fat, 71 grams of carbohydrate (by difference), 12.2 grams of dietary fiber, and 3.2 mg of iron (17% of the daily requirement); the same weight of hard red spring wheat contains about 15.4 grams of protein, 1.9 grams of total fat, 68 grams of carbohydrate (by difference), 12.2 grams of dietary fiber, and 3.6 mg of iron (20% of the daily requirement).

 Top Ten Wheat Producers 2012 (million metric ton) China96 India72 United States57 Russia46 France37 Canada26 Australia24 Germany24 Pakistan22 Turkey21 World Total626Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[29]

Production and consumption statistics

In 2012, global wheat production was 672.064 million tonnes, with india 91.01 million tonnes stoods in thirds place. Unlike rice, wheat production is more widespread globally though India's share is almost one-seventh of the world.

Wheat Production by Country in 1000 MT

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Country EU-27 China India United States Russian Federation Canada Australia Pakistan Turkey Iran, Islamic Republic Of Kazakhstan Ukraine Argentina Egypt Uzbekistan Production (1000 MT) 133,140.00 118,000.00 91,000.00 60,529.00 49,000.00 26,600.00 26,000.00 23,000.00 16,500.00 14,000.00 13,000.00 13,000.00 12,000.00 8,500.00 6,300.00

Wheat Domestic Consumption by Country in 1000 MT

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Country EU-27 China India Russian Federation United States Pakistan Egypt Turkey Iran, Islamic Republic Of Ukraine Brazil Algeria Morocco Canada Uzbekistan Domestic Consumption (1000 MT) 123,750.00 122,000.00 85,450.00 37,900.00 33,284.00 23,200.00 18,900.00 17,600.00 15,000.00 11,700.00 11,000.00 9,050.00 8,600.00 7,850.00 7,700.00

India Wheat Production by Year

Market Year Production Unit of Measure Growth Rate

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

69680 72770 65760 72150 68640 69350 75810 78570 80680

(1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT) (1000 MT)

-8.76 % 4.43 % -9.63 % 9.72 % -4.86 % 1.03 % 9.32 % 3.64 % 2.69 %

2010
2011 2012

80800
86870 91000

(1000 MT)
(1000 MT) (1000 MT)

0.15 %
7.51 % 4.75 %

Wheat Exports by Country in 1000 MT

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Country United States Australia Canada EU-27 Russian Federation Kazakhstan Ukraine Argentina India Turkey Uruguay Paraguay Brazil China Exports (1000 MT) 32,659.00 21,000.00 19,500.00 17,000.00 8,000.00 7,000.00 6,000.00 5,500.00 4,500.00 3,200.00 1,300.00 1,200.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

15

Pakistan

800.00

Wheat Imports by Country in 1000 MT

Rank 1

Country Egypt

Imports (1000 MT) 9,500.00

2
3 4 5

Brazil
Indonesia EU-27 Japan

7,000.00
6,600.00 6,000.00 5,900.00

6 7
8 9

Algeria Korea, Republic Of

Morocco Mexico

5,000.00 4,600.00
4,500.00 4,200.00

10 11
12 13

Nigeria Iraq
United States Turkey

3,900.00 3,700.00
3,538.00 3,500.00

14 15

Philippines Bangladesh

3,200.00 3,000.00

Wheat Yield by Country in MT/HA

Rank 1 2 3 Country New Zealand Zambia Chile Yield (MT/HA) 8.00 7.00 6.00

4
5 6 7 8

Egypt
Switzerland China Croatia EU-27

6.00
6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

9 10
11 12 13 14

Uzbekistan Mexico
Saudi Arabia Serbia Norway Uruguay

5.00 5.00
5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

15

India

3.00

 Noodles
Break fast cereal

Cookies

Market Forms

Pasta

Vodka from WHEAT

Porridge

Wheat Products