Simple Batch System: It contains a special program called the Monitor which reads and executes jobs from

a magnetic tape, which contains a full tray of pre-loaded jobs. Here, the human operator pre-reads a tray full of jobs onto a magnetic tape. The user then loads a special program called the monitor that will automatically read the jobs from the tape and run them sequentially. The effect of the monitor is to write the output of each job on a second magnetic tape. Finally, the human operator brings the full output tape for offline printing.

Multi-programmed Batch Systems Even though the job sequencing is done automatically by simple batch processing system, the processors often idle. The problem is that I / O devices are slow compared to the processor. More than 96% of the time is spend waiting for I / O devices and during this time the processor will be idle. Inorder to overcome the inefficiency, the concept of multiprogramming evolved which requires a large memory space. Suppose if there is a room for one operating system and two user programs, when one job needs to wait for I / O, the processor can switch to the other job, which likely is not waiting for I / O. It is known as Multiprogramming or Multitasking.

In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking.

A real-time system is one that must process information and produce a response within a specified time, else risk severe consequences, including failure.