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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm sides or 6"x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World Infoimation since 1938 ‘300 North Zeeb Fad, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USAOrder Number 8824165 ©The Principles of $ifism” (“Qawa’id al-Tagawwuf”): An annotated translation with introduction Istrabadi, Zaineb S., Ph.D. Indiana University, 1988 Copyright ©1987 by Istrabadi, Zaineb S. All rights reserved. 300N. Zec Rd. ‘Ann Arbor, MI 48106The Principles of Stfism (Qawa id al-Tagawwut) An Annotated Translation With Introduction By Zaineb S. Istrabadi Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures Indiana University April 1988Accepted by the Faculty of the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Indiana University. N atin 15 ar Victor Danner, Chairman Doctoral Committee: BS Prove b 5. Wartin Date of Oral Examina Novenber 12, 1987© 1987 Zaineb §. Istrabadi ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDTo my parents Amel Amin Zaki and Rasoul Istrabadi and Feisal Amin without whose love, support, and patience this work would not have been possible.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the members of ay committee Professors Victor Danner, Wadie Juaideh, Salih Altoma, ané Bradford Martih. Particular thanks are due to Professor Danner for his guidance and encouragement throughout the various stages of this study. Undertaking this endeavor has left me gratefully indebted to a nun- ber of persons in Bloomington and New York City for their encouragement and advice. Special thanks are due to Professor Edward W. Said for his encouragement, to my editor Miss Rabia Terri Harris, to Miss Nasra Kas- san for her unvavering support and encouragement, and likewise to Ms. Susan Lhota. I also wish to express my thanks to Ms. Linda Ainsworth who prepared the final manuscript, and to Mr. Feisal Amin Istrabadi who carried out the last minute details. Toward my family, no words can duly express the depth of the gratitude I feel. Last but not least, thanks are due to Shaykh Tosun Bayrak el- Jerrahi.TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Transliteration Preface Part I: L The Introduction Life and Works of Abmad Zarriq. Zarriiq's 1, Morth Africa in the Time of Zarraq. 2. Development of the Jarfgahs. . The Qadiri Order... . . : b, The Shadhilf Order... . difism in the Maghrib. a. $Gfism and Orthodoxy. . . b. $Gfism and Popular Piety. . Zarrmy's Life and Legacy. . . . 1. Biographical Outline... . 2, Education se. ee ee ee a, Books... ee ee ees c. Zarriq's Mentors in $Gfism. .... iis Umm al-Banin. . . . . eth Goon ao Al-Hadramd. 2 2... . Zarriiq's Teachers in Religious Studies. 10 12 2 16 16 7 18 18 19 213. Zarriiq's Legacy . Zarriiqiyyah . Noted Students... 4. te JD 0d0dco00G 8 Zarraq's Works... 1. II. Introduction to the Qawa‘ id al-Tagawwuf . A D. ER The Role of the Qawa‘id. ... 2... Contents of the Qawiid. ... ee ee geqo0 ee ee ee 27 Boq0900d oe 27 : ee a7) bo000 Ae eo Bee ie 0) S000000 Ee eal ee ce ee es 1. Overview . ee 2. Synopsis. se ee eee Conclusion ©. eee eee ee Notes to PartI..... eee ee a2 p0000Gu0G9 40 Part II: The Principles of Safism (Qawa‘id al~Tagawmuf) Translation in English Section Section Section Section Section Section Section 1 (Principles RI) 5 GoGG0 2 (Principles 13-31)... 3 (Principles 4 (Principles 5 (Principles 6 (Principles 7 (Principles 32-54) . 55-65)... 66-75) . . 76-85)... 86-95)... Oopudan Be ee 61 ec ee o3) ee 101 ee 105) po oe elle)H, Section I. Section J. Section K. Section L. Section M. Section N. Section 0. Section P, Section Q. Epilogue . R. Notes to Part III: Appen: Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: 1 Bibliography . 8 (Principles 96-106) . 9 (Principles 107-115) . 10 (Principles 116-125) 11 (Principles 126-143) 12 (Principles 144-164) 13 (Principles 165-188) 14 (Principles 189-198) 15 (Principles 199-207) 16 (Principles 208-217) Pere ee dices Brief Biographical Notes... .... g9cn0d Glossary of Terms . . + Silsilah from the Prophet to Zarriqg..... Present... ee ee eee 124 131 138 149 161 a 194 + 202 208 216 220 233 257 262 Silsilah of the ‘Alawiyyah Order from Zarriiq to the 264 265LIST OF TRANSLITERATION The following s»stem cf transliteration will be used: hanzah tat t b ga ' t Sayn th ghayn gh i fat f h gat q kh kat k a 1am 1 dh nin n r nn n z hat h s waw w sh ya y 4 Short vowels: Long vowels: fatbah a alif a gamah ou waw u kasrah i ya" i The liason of the lim of the definite article with the sun letters will not be observed, nor will the liason with the hamzat al-wasl be observed in the transliteration. Hence, "al-shams" rather than "ash- shams," and "li Allah" rather than "1illah." The ni ah will be rendered thus: "Shdiliyyah" rather than "Shad- hillyah." The Arabic Qur'an that was used for the numbering of the verses is the Arabic and its English translation, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Transla- ticn, and Commentary (Brentwood, Maryland, 1983) by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, although Arthur Arberry's translation The Koran Interpreted (New York, 1955) was used for the actual translation.Preface This dissertation is an annotated translation of Shaykh Ahmad Zar- riiq's work Qawa‘ id al-Tagawwuf (The Principles of $ifism), one of the shaykh's most important works. It is a $UfT manual in which he follows the footsteps of many other great masters who wrote works in order to Preserve SUff teachings. A number of these works were written for both the followers of Sfism and its foes to prove to the latter the authenticity and orthodoxy of the path. Works such as al-Ris@lah al- jsshayriyyah by al-Qushayri, Tabaqat_al-Sifiyyeh by al-SulamI, Adab al- Murfdin by al-SuhrawardI, Ihya' ‘Uliim al-DTn by al-Ghazali and others come to mind. These works were often written in a clear style, inter- spersed with Que"Gnic and hadith citations and stories and biographies of the saints of Islam. This is not the case, however, with the Qawa‘id of Zarriiq. Rather, it is written in an aphoristic style and is at times purposefully vague and unclear. This is not the general style of Zar- lq, who in his other works, such as the numerous commentaries on the ikem of Ibn ‘Aya! Allah, or in his commentary on the SabiTh al-Bukhiel, uses the simplest and clearest language possible in discussing whatever matter is at hand. Perhaps he chose to write this particular work in an obscure style in order to prevent any confrontations with religious scholars. Perhaps he felt that too clear an exposition would delimit the range of possibilities or the applications of particular principles. Then, too, it is in the nature of aphoristic writing to be somevhat obscure and vague at times. Whatever the reason, the person who reflects on his Arabic sentences must supply a good deal of material that he quite often takes for granted. In the end, the elliptical