Tin mt bc, li my bc?

V NG DNG S ra i v ph bin ca container to nn cuc cch mng cho giao thng vn ti trong th k XX, v mt trong nhng ngnh chu nh hng su sc nht t cuc cch mng ny l ngnh cng bin vi s xut hin v nhanh chng thng lnh th trng trn phm vi ton cu ca cc nh khai thc cng quc t. Hin nay sn lng container thng qua ca ch 3 nh khai thc cng dn u chim n 1/3 sn lng container thng qua cc cng ton th gii (UNCTAD, 2011). Mt cuc cch mng v quan im xy dng v khai thc cng bin l c s cho s pht trin ny.
Quan im mi - t xy cng l ti sn thng mi c - Cng gi v tr kinh t - x hi chin lc th, kinh doanh cng bin cng tng t ca mi quc gia; cc cng phi cung cp nh kinh doanh sn phm/dch v thng cc dch v cng, bo v li ch cng ng thng khc - Cng bin thc y s pht trin kinh t ca khu vc v quc gia - Cng c khai thc bi nh nc/cng ty nh nc, cung cp cc dch v cng cng v c nhim v to vic lm cho ngi lao ng trong khu vc - Vn xy cng ch yu t ngn sch nh nc - Nh nc phi c kh nng khai thc ti u cc ngun ti nguyn khan him - Th trng kinh doanh cng cnh tranh s m bo lng cung dch v thch hp vi mc gi ti u - Vai tr ca nh nc cn c gim thiu to ra mi trng cnh tranh bnh ng - Khuyn khch cc nh u t chu ri ro, u t xy cng - Kh nng thu hi vn l u tin hng u ca cc nh u t v khai thc cng Quan im truyn thng

C s

Mt s c im chnh

Vn u t xy cng

Bng 1. S pht trin ca quan im xy cng T u thp nin 90 n nay, cc nh khai thc cng nh Hutchison Port Holding (Hng Kng), PSA (Singapore), Dubai Port Worlds (Cc tiu VQ rp Thng nht).., m rng phm vi hot ng t quc gia s ti ra cc nc khc trn th gii. Tng t, cc tp on vn chuyn, hng tu cng m rng phm vi u t theo chiu dc vo cc cng bin phc v mc ch khai thc, in hnh l Maersk (an Mch), COSCO (Trung Quc), CMA-CGM (Php).. Ti Vit Nam, lin doanh vi i tc nc ngoi u t khai thc cng bin c bt u t thp nin 90 th k XX ti cc cng Tp. HCM, in hnh nh Blassco (Ukraina) tham gia vo cng Bng Sen, ng lu hn l s tham gia ca NOL (Singapore) vo cng ty Pht trin Tip vn s 1 (lin doanh vi Tng Cng ty ng sng min Nam SOWATCO), khai thc cng VICT ti Qun 7 t nm 1998, v NOL l tp on vn ti hng u th gii, hin iu hnh APL, hng tu ng th 7 th gii v i tu container v bn thn NOL/APL l nh khai thc

cng ln th 15 trn th gii. S tham gia ca NOL nh du s xut hin ca cc nh khai thc cng tm c quc t ti th trng Vit Nam. n nay, Vit Nam l im n ca cc nh khai thc cng hng u th gii, vi vic pht trin khu cng Ci Mp Th Vi, Vit Nam thc s s hu mt khu cng nc su vi nhiu bn cng c trang b hin i, c qun l theo tiu chun quc t v n nhiu tu m vi sc ch trn 10.000 TEU n lm hng, trc , cc cng container Tp. HCM ch n c tu feeder vi sc ch khong 3.000 TEU. T lc bt u khai thc (2009), cc cng trong khu vc CM-TV cng lin tc ci thin kh nng lm hng v hin a nng sut lm hng tim cn vi nng sut ca cc cng container ln trn th gii (40 lt di chuyn/gi/cu), mt bc tin ng ghi nhn cho ngnh khai thc cng Vit Nam. Mt din bin ng lu , ti Din n Doanh nghip Vit Nam Gia k 2012, trao i vi Tiu nhm Cng Vn ti bin, B GTVT pht i tn hiu rng B s bo co Chnh ph xem xt p quy nh gi sn dch v lm hng ti khu cng CM-TV tm thi trong thi gian t 2-3 nm vi mc gi c xy dng da trn xut ca Vinalines. V ngy 13/8 va qua, B Ti chnh c Cng vn s 10888/BTC-QLG kin ngh Th tng xut b sung dch v xp d container khu vc cng bin CM-TV vo danh mc hng ha bnh n gi v p dng bin php quy nh gi ti thiu c thi hn. Bc tin m chng ta t c trong ngnh cng bin thi gian qua c th b nh hng tiu cc bi vic p gi sn ny. Tc ng ln ch hng Nu gi sn dch v cng tng, cc hng tu, i tng trc tip s dng dch v v thanh ton ph dch v cho cc cng, gn nh chc chn s tng ph ph xp d ti cng (THC), ph ph ny s c thu li t cc khch hng xut nhp khu. Do , h qu tt yu ca vic tng gi sn dch v cng bin l s lm tng gi hng xut nhp khu. Cng nh nhng ln hng tu tng cc loi ph ph khc nhau trc y, kh nng cc hng tu nhn nhng mc ph ph THC cho ch hng l rt thp, k c khi c s can thip ca cc c quan chc nng. y l chuyn khng ch xy ra Vit Nam, mt bo co y ban chu u thc hin nm 2009 cho thy cch thc m cc hng tu s dng THC nh l mt cng c tng ngun thu, trong khi vn gi mc cc khng tng nhiu cnh tranh vi nhau. Cc hip hi hng tu (liner conference), b co buc l lin kt nhm gi mc cc v ph ph vn chuyn cao, dn kh khn ln cc ch hng nn b buc phi gii tn t nm 2008. T thng 10/2008, ph THC tng chng s gim do mt i c ch i din, cc hng tu khng cn ngi li vi nhau thng nht cc ph ph na, nhng thc t l THC do cc hng tu thu ring l khng h gim m cn tng trn khp th gii, c bit tng mnh ti cc cng chu u, ch gim nh ti mt s cng Canada, Nht. Vi mc gi sn dch v cng c thng qua, qu bng kh khn s c chuyn t chn cc cng sang chn cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu. Nhng h ly khng ch dng .

Ngc dng xu th pht trin u t xy cng container mt th trng mi nh Vit Nam, cc nh khai thc cng mang n nhng kin thc v qun l v khai thc cng tin tin, gp phn nng cao hiu qu khai thc cng v mc nhin h s qung b rng ri khu cng n vi khch hng tim nng trn ton th gii. Quan trng hn l chnh ph tit kim c mt phn ngn sch c th phi b ra xy cng phc v cho nh u t trong cc khu cng nghip. i li, cc nh khai thc cng cn c to iu kin kinh doanh hiu qu nh h tng kt ni cng hon thin, h thng php l cht ch, cc chnh sch h tr r rng, ngun nhn lc c p ng c v s lng ln cht lng.. V nh bng 1 nu trn, mt trong nhng yu t quan trng m c th hiu nh mt cam kt ngm gia nh nc vi cc nh u t l, nh nc s gim thiu vic kim sot nhiu khu lin quan, in hnh nh ni lng vic cp giy php xy cng, loi b c l trnh tr cp ti chnh cho cc doanh nghip nh nc cng ngnh, khng kim sot gi dch v cng.. Quyt nh p gi sn vi phm cam kt . Trao i v quyt nh p gi sn dch v cng bin, Tng Gim c mt cng trong khu cng CM-TV cho rng mc gi lm hng phi c xy dng da trn quy lut cung-cu, do , ng by t quan ngi v vic chnh ph ng ra gi vai tr n nh mc gi sn. ng cho rng quyt nh ny c th c xem l s thao tng mc gi th trng, qua c kh nng to ra nhng h qu khng tt cho c nh khai thc cng trong khu cng CM-TV ln kh nng cnh tranh v lu di ca cc cng bin Vit Nam. Bo h doanh nghip nh nc iu ng ni l, khng ai ph nhn chuyn cn c mt mc gi sn trnh tnh trng cc cng ua nhau h gi ginh hng, lm mo m mi trng cnh tranh, nhng mc gi sn ti cc nc ln cn khng do nh nc quyt nh m c Chnh quyn cng, l c quan qun l v iu tit h thng cng cho mt khu vc nht nh, nghin cu a ra. nh rng ti Vit Nam cha tn ti thc th Chnh quyn cng, nhng thay v mi cc cng ngi li vi nhau m phn, B GTVT li ng ra thu xp mt mc gi sn khch quan trnh thit hi thm cho cc nh u t. Th nhng mc gi sn ny c khch quan khng? Cng vn s 10888/BTC-QLG ca B Ti chnh c nu r l da trn ngh ca B GTVT v Hip hi cng bin Vit Nam (VPA), trong , B GTVT th da vo mc gi xut ca Vinalines cn VPA th ngi trong ngnh ai cng hiu l Hip hi ny c mi quan h mt thit vi Cng Si Gn. Cng cn nhc li rng Vinalines cng vi Cng Si Gn c xem l nh u t ln nht ti khu cng CM-TV do chim 51% phn vn gp trong ba cng SP-PSA, CMIT v SSIT, vi cng sut lm hng ba cng l 3,4 triu TEU/nm, chim n 53,1% tng cng sut hin hu ca ton khu cng. Nu vn ca Vinalines v Cng Si Gn gp vo c ba cng ny u l vn vay, cng vi thc t l c ba cng u ang ri vo tnh trng i tu (SP-PSA cha n tu m no trong nm 2012, ch n tu hng ri v tu feeder; SSIT th cha n c bt c mt tuyn dch v no; CMIT hin ch cn n 2 tuyn dch v mi tun), th l do cc B thng qua vic p gi sn dch v cng bin tr nn sng r. Vic a ra Cng vn 10888 ca B

Ti chnh khng th khng c hiu l mt bin php gim thua l ca cc cng m Vinalines v Cng Si Gn c vn gp, trnh b i tc nc ngoi thao tng. Cn B GTVT, nhp nhng gia chc nng qun l Nh nc vi chc nng bo v cc doanh nghip c vn nh nc thuc B qun l, tc l, va bng, va thi ci.
Cng Tham gia lin doanh Vit Nam SP-PSA TCIT TCCT Cng SG, Vinalines Tn Cng SG Tn Cng SG Cng SG, Vinalines Cty u t XD TM Si Gn Cng SG, Vinalines APM Terminals (an Mch) Hutchison Port Holdings (Hongkong) SSA Marine (M) Nc ngoi PSA (Singapore) Wan Hai, Hanjin, MOL Cng sut (triu TEU/nm) 1,1 1,2 0,6 S chuyn tu m mi tuni 0ii 5 0 Hin trng n tu hng ri, hng bch ha Tip tc n tu container D nh chuyn sang lm hng ri, hng bch ha Tip tc n tu hng container n tu hng ri, hng bch ha, tu du lch Cha khai thc

CMIT

1,1

SITV

1,2

SSIT Tng cng

1,2

6,4

Bng 2. Thc trng khai thc cc cng container trong khu cng CM-TV ********* Quyt nh p gi sn dch v cng bin l dng bin php hnh chnh bo h doanh nghip nh nc, v s l mt tht bi chnh sch, lm phai nht nhng bc tin ca lnh vc cng bin trong thi gian qua.
i

Cp nht ti thi im thng 8/2012.

ii

S chuyn tu m l 0 khng phn nh chnh xc vic trc y cng c n tu m hay khng. Cho n trc thng 6/2012, cc cng TCCT, SP-PSA v SITV u c hot ng khai thc n tu m. Ring SSIT cha n chuyn tu no d hon thin xong c s h tng v trang b y phng tin lm hng.