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1C.4.1Harmonic Distortion
Date: 9 Jun 98
1C.4.1
Page ii of iv
Date: 9 Jun 98
Contents
SECTION PAGE
1 2 3
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References and Resource Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 IEEE Standard 5191992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IEEE Standard C57.1101986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 10 10
4 5 6 7 8 9
Definitions and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transformer Harmonic Damage Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage Notching Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Distortion Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage Distortion Limits (PacifiCorps Responsibility) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommended Full-Load Harmonic Current Limits for Equipment . . . . . .
10 Harmonic ProblemsCauses and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 How to Evaluate a Harmonic Source and Check Compliance with Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Selection of Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Its Harder than PF Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Get a Professional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Make Sure They Solve Your Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Can They Do It All? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beware the Snake Oil Salesmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PacifiCorp is Willing to Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIGURE
PAGE
Figure 1 Definition of Notch Depth and Notch Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date: 9 Jun 98 1C.4.1
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TABLE
PAGE
Table 1 Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2 Harmonic Current Distortion Limits in Percent of IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3 Harmonic Voltage Distortion Limits in Percent of Nominal Fundamental Frequency Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 4 Equipment Harmonic Current Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 5 Current Waveforms and Distortion Caused by Typical Nonlinear Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 5 6 9
1C.4.1
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Date: 9 Jun 98
Engineering Handbook
1C.4.1Harmonic Distortion
1 Scope
This summary section contains the essence of PacifiCorps standard for harmonic distortion (electrical pollution) control, as well as a brief explanation for its use at a typical customer site. The intended audience for this document is a customer who is considering the installation of equipment that could produce harmonic distortion. A more thorough treatment of the subject is in 3.1 and 3.2. For further clarification contact PacifiCorp.
2 General
In nearly all cases harmonic distortion is produced by a customers equipment injecting electrical noise into the power system. This can degrade PacifiCorps service to other customers. For help in avoiding this problem please refer to Sections 912. Reducing electrical noise will allow PacifiCorp to provide quality electrical service to all its customers as partially specified in Section 8. PacifiCorp requires that a customers facility must stay within all limits described in Sections 5, 6 and 7, as measured at the point of common coupling, see 4.5. The customer shall take necessary action, at the customers sole expense, for the customers facility to stay within these limits. Disregard of such limits can result in termination of electrical service or other remedial action as provided by state regulatory authority.
Engineering Handbook
4.2 distortion. Any corruption of the 60-hertz sinusoidal voltage or current waveform. 4.3 harmonic. A sinusoidal component of a periodic wave or quantity having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency (see 3.1). 4.4 low voltage. In a three-phase system, low voltage is an rms phase-to-phase voltage 600 volts or less. 4.5 point of common coupling (PCC). The point in the electrical system where ownership changes from the electric utility to the customer. 4.6 pulse number (q). In a rectification circuit, the number of pulses (lobes) seen in the dc output per ac input cycle. 4.7 total harmonic distortion factor (THD). Can apply to a voltage, current, or power waveform. It is the square root of the sum of the squares (rss) of the root-mean-square (rms) values of nonfundamental harmonics, divided by the rms value of the fundamental. 4.8 total demand distortion (TDD). The same as THD for current except the denominator is IL, the average of monthly peak 60 Hz kW demand load currents over preceding 12 months.
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Engineering Handbook
Table 1 Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits Special Applications* Notch Depth THD (voltage) Notch Area (AN)] 10% 3% 16400 General System 20% 5% 22800 Dedicated System[ 50% 10% 36500
Note: The value AN for other than 480-volt systems should be multiplied by V/480. * Special applications include hospitals and airports. [ A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to the converter load. ] In volt-microseconds at rated voltage and current.
d v t = m sec
9 Jun 98
Engineering Handbook
where q is the pulse number of the drive being considered. This can be done provided that every noncharacteristic and even harmonic is less than 25% of the limits in these tables. The load current, IL, is defined as the average for the preceding 12 months kW portion of the currents measured at the times of monthly peak demand by the demand meter. For a balanced three-phase load IL is calculated as
I L + kW demand kV 1
1
Eq (2)
The rms short circuit current, ISC, is found from a recent PacifiCorp fault study for a three-phase fault at the customers PCC under normal operating conditions. For questions about these tables, consult 3.1 or PacifiCorp. Table 2 Harmonic Current Distortion Limits in Percent of IL Line No. Isc/IL <20* 2050 50100 1001000 >1000 h<11 11vh<17 17vh<23 23vh<35 Vrms v 69 kV 1 2 3 4 5 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0 35vh TDD
69 kV < Vrms v 161 kV 6 7 8 9 10 <20* 2050 50100 1001000 >1000 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.5 1.0 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.5 0.75 1.25 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.3 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 2.5 4.0 6.0 7.5 10.0
Vrms > 161 kV 11 12 <50 50 2.0 3.5 1.0 1.75 0.75 1.25 0.3 0.5 0.15 0.25 2.5 4.0
* All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion regardless of the actual
short circuit ratio, ISC/IL.
Current distortions that result in a dc offset, e.g., half-wave converters, are not allowed.
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30 25 30 No specific equipment limits; total facility to meet standard in Sections 5, 6, and 7 (same as in 3.1) 30
* PacifiCorp may not assist in funding equipment that exceeds the above limits. * Some equipment achieves low harmonic current distortion by applying active filtering, which
introduces high frequency noise (>3kHz). This noise can either conduct into the power system, radiate into the atmosphere, or both. Such equipment should be avoided because it can affect other on-site electronic equipment in ways that are sometimes very difficult to predict and troubleshoot.
Engineering Handbook
The problem is usually best solved at the source; when specifying equipment, be sure that the supplier provides low harmonic current distortion ratings (see Section 9) as well as high efficiency ratings. This can be done through higher pulse numbers (12 or 18) on drives, or built-in filtering. If high harmonic producing equipment is already in place, then external filtering or active power line conditioning can be applied. Usually, adding external filtering has the side benefit of improving facility power factor as well. A competent consultant can judge which method is best (see Section 12).
To check compliance with the harmonic standard, PacifiCorp will provide data on short circuit current (Isc) at the PCC (see 4.5) and facility average peak demand current (IL). With this information, and a harmonic analyzer; current and voltage distortion, and transformer overload can be checked against acceptable limits. With an oscilloscope, voltage notching can also be checked against limits (see 3.1 and Sections 5, 6, and 7).
12 Selection of Consultants
Selecting a competent consultant to help solve harmonic problems can be a challenging task in itself. To assist in this effort, PacifiCorp offers a few ideas listed in 12.1 through 12.6.
Engineering Handbook
engineers do have the training to handle some of the more technically challenging topics that often come up, such as computer modeling and analysis of resonance. Some nonengineers have also developed skill in this area, but without professional licensing, you need to question more closely to assure competence. As with any consultant, you need to ask about things such as training, experience, and references; and see samples of past work to check for quality and attention to detail.
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13 Issuing Department
The Standards Services department of PacifiCorp Engineering is responsible for issuing this document. Comments and suggestions are welcome. Additional copies may be obtained from: Address: 201 South Main, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah 84140-0020 telephone: (801) 220-2034 fax: (801) 220-2258.
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