4-1

(ultrasonic
testing)

(acoustic imaging)


(medium)
(transit
time) (attenuation) (scattering) (frequency
content) (elastic
modulus) (homogeneity) (grain structure)

20 100
500 20
(pulser) (receiver) (transducer)
( 4.1)

4-2

Back surface echo

Initial pulse
Pulser/Receiver

Crack echo
Transducer

Material
Crack

4.1

(piezoelectric transducer)

(pulse/echo mode)
(through transmission mode)


(voltage spike) (continuous wave
impulse)

(longitudinal vibration)
(shear or transverse vibration)

4-3

(bulk measurement)

1. (sound velocity/pulse transit time)

2. (attenuation)

3. (scattering)

4. (frequency content)
(low pass filter)

(broadband sound wave)

4-4

2

.. 1929
1935 .. 1931

Firestone (1945)
(pulse-echo technique)


..1950

(Doppler ultrasound)

(Wave propagation)




(elastic limit)

()

4-5

4
(longitudinal waves) (shear waves) (surface waves)
(plate waves)

4.2

Direction of
particle motion

Direction of
wave propagation
a) Longitudinal wave
Particle at
rest position

Direction of
wave propagation
Direction of
particle motion

b) Shear wave

4.2 (a) (b)

(compressional wave) (density waves)

4-6

(isotropic solid materials) () (f) (v)

(4.1)
Wavelength ( ) =

Velocity (v)
Frequency (f)

(4.1)

(sensitivity) (resolution)


()

(
)
(ultrasonic beam)

4-7

( 4.3)

4.3
(k) (m)

(Hooks law)

F = -kx F k
x

(F) (m)
(a) (F = ma) ma = -kx

4-8

(4.2)
v=

v
C

(4.2)

(4.2) ( )

E (Youngs modulus)
n (Poissons ratio)
K (Bulk modulus)
G (Shear modulus)

(Attenuation of sound waves)

( )



(attenuation)

A = A 0 e z

(4.3)

4-9

(4.3) A0 A
z
z / (nepers/length)
e 2.71828
(Np/m) 0.1151

(Acoustic impedance)

(Z) ()
(v) Z = v

1.

2.
3.

(Reflection and transmission coefficients)
(Z)

(impedance mismatch)

(4.4) (R)

4-10

Z Z1
R= 2

Z 2 + Z1

(4.4)

100

(decibels, dB)

10
20


20

12% 88%
12% 10.6%

12% 10.6% 1.3%

(Refraction and Snells law)

( 4.4)

4-11

4.4

(1sines of incident angles)
(2 sines of refracted angles) ( 4.5)
sin1
v L1

vL1
vL2

sin 2

(4.4)

v L2

1
2
vL1

vL1
1

vL2

4.5
4.5 vL1

4-12

90 (critical angle)
90
(inhomogeneous
compression wave)

(4.5)
sin1
v L1

vL1

vL2
vS1

vS2
4.6

sin 2
v L2

sin 3
v S1

sin 4
v S2

(4.5)

1
2
1
2

(Signal-to-noise ratio)

4-13

vS1
3

vL1
1

vL1

vL2

4
vS2

4.6

(S/N)

S/N S/N

(Wave ineraction or inerference)

(sinusoidal wave)


(piezoelectric element)

4.7
(in phase)
( 4.7(a))
180 (out of phase)

4-14

( 4.7(b))
( 4.7(c))

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.7 (a) (b)

(c)

(circular wave front)

4.8(a)

4-15

(nodes)
4.8(b) 5


(near field or Fresnel zone)
(Fraunhofer zone)

(a)

(b)
4.8 (a) (b)
: antonine-education.co.uk

4-16

(Piezoelectric transducers)

(active element)

(polarized material
)
(electrodes)
4.9 (dipoles)

(electrostriction)
(SiO2) (BaTiO3)

piezoceramic

Electrical
source

electrodes

Electrical Current Off

Electrical Current On

4.9 (active element)

300

4-17

(Characteristics of piezoelectric transducers)

(mechanical damping)
(housing)

(backing material)

( 4.10)
(wider bandwidth) (higher sensitivity)

Backing
Material

Electrodes

Signal Wire

Ground Wire

Piezoelectric
Element

4.10 (active element)

4-18

(resolution)

(0.5 MHz 2.25 MHz)

(15.0 MHz 25.0 MHz)
150 MHz

(Sound field of ultrasonic transducer)

(sound field)
4.11
Sound field

Piezoelectric element

Near filed

Far filed

4.11

(diffraction effects)
( 4.8(b))
(near field) 4.11

4-19

(far field) N
(natural focus)
( 4.12) N
N

4.12 N
(Transducer beam spread)

(beam divergence)

4-20

(wave propagation) (
)

()

1.

2.


(D) (F) (v)

sin

0.514v
DF

(4.6)

(Transducer types)

1. (Contact transducers)

(housing)

(wear plate) (coupling)

2. (Immersion transducers)

4-21

(impedance matching layer)

4. (Dual element transducers)

(ring down effect)

(
(pulse echo mode)
(ringing) )

( 4.13)
Acoustic barrier
Transmitting
crystsal

Receiving
crystsal

Case

Crossed-beam
sound path

4.13

5. (Angle beam transducers)

( 4.14)

4-22

Sound path

4.14
(Couplant)
(couplant) ()

(impedance mismatch) (
)

(Pulser-Receivers)

(oscilloscope)

4-23
1.

( )
(damping)

2.

(
100 800 )

(radio
frequency, RF)
1. (rectification)
2.
3.

(wideband, spike-like pulse)

(narowband tone-burst excitation) (

)
(Electrical impedance matching)

() ()

4-24

(shielding) (capacitance)
1. (impedance)


100

2. (attenuation) (dB/m)


()

3. (shielding)

4. (capacitance) (picofarads per foot,

pf/m)
(twisted pair)


(square wave)
(sawteeth shape)

(
) 4.15

4-25

Signal strength

Time

4.15

(Velocity measurement)

(microstructure)

(texture)
(polycrystalline metals)

(transverse (shear) waves)

(pulse-echo)
(Attenuation measurements)

4-26

(damping capacity)
(relative measurements)
(absolute measurements)
(exponential
decay) (multiple back surface reflections) ( 4.16)

4.16 (exponential
decay)

4-27

4-28