Module 1: Affixes Letters that are attached to a base/root word are called affixes.

There are only two most commonly used affixes in the English languageprefix and suffix. Prefixes are a combination of letters attached to a root word while suffixes are attached to the end of a word. Root Word/Base Word Prefix Suffix New Word fortune Un-ate unfortunate behave -ior behavior interpret Mismisinterpret While prefixes and suffixes are widely used in the English language the two other examples of affixes are seldom in circulationcircumfix and infix. Circumfixing is the process of putting affixes both at the start and at the tail of a word at the same time. The enen affix is an example. Root Word/Base Word Circumfix New Word light En-en enlighten Infixing, on the other hand, is the process of putting an affix in a root word. Oftentimes, infixing in the English language is used in obscenity. Root Word/Base Word Infix New Word absolutely bloody absobloodylutely Practice 1 Provide examples of suffixes and prefixes that can be attached to the given root words in the left most column. Root/Base Word Prefix New Word Suffix New Word Interpret True Embark Book Volunteer Solve Embarrass Laugh Revoke Friend

Practice 2 Complete each word puzzle by considering its given synonym.

Focus on Suffixes Suffixes have two categories: inflectional and derivative.

Inflectional suffixes do not bear meaning. However, they are essential in achieving certain structures such as plural forms of regular nouns (-s) as in chairs and tables or possessive forms of some pronouns like yours and hers. Derivational suffixes are meaning bearing morphemes. They often add meaning to root words and most of the times they change the lexical categories of the words to which they are attached. For example, the word beauty, a noun, becomes beautiful, an adjective, when the suffix ful that means full of or characterized by is attached to the said root word. The newly formed word because of the suffix is called a derivative of the root word. The type of the derivative formed is based on the lexical category of the newly formed word. Noun Derivatives The Plot of a Short Story
Climax

Complication

Denouement

Exposition

End

Introduction/Exposition The introduction of a short story presents knowledge about the main character and the setting of the story. Complication/Rising Action This stage of the plot presents the problem of the main character that makes him find for its solution thus, makes the story progress. The complication usually gets intensified that it might need an urge from the main character to solve it. Without complication, a story will not progress. Climax/Turning Point In this part, the main character finds the rightful solution to his problem and boldly solves it through the solution he has thought. Denouement/Falling Action This presents the series of events as results of the solving of the problem by the character. Conclusion/Aftermath In this part, the main character would realize something from the story so as the reader. Usually, the theme of the story is realized in this stage. Take note on the stages of the plot of the story The Truce in the Forest by Fritz Vincken. Exposition/ Introduction The narrators family transferred to a village to live when their house was destroyed by allied bombers. Narrators father was sent to a town leaving the family by themselves. Complication/ Riding Action Knocking at the door 9 days before Christmas just after the allies and the German were fighting Coming of armed men to their house Climax/Turning Point Wounded soldiers from both parties took refuge in their house Fear permeated since the soldiers that the narrators mother took care of came from both parties Resolution/Denouement both parties befriended each other, forgetting that they were at war both parties leaving the house peacefully Practice Have your own story by following the stages of a plot. Exposition (Who would be the main character/s in the story? Where and when would he (they) act?)

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Complication (What problem would the main character(s) in the story need to solve?) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Climax (What solution would the main character(s) take as an answer to his (their) problem?) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Denouement (What series of events would happen after the main character(s) had taken the solution to his (their) problem as consequence of his (their) action?) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ End (What scene would close the story to give justice to its theme?) _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Sentence Make-up Asking you what makes up a sentence may no longer be new to you. If you would say that a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate, you are more than half way to understand the nature of a sentence. A sentence is a group of related words having a subject, a predicate, and a complete thought. A group of words that has a subject and a predicate but does not have a complete thought is more likely to be a subordinating clause. A group of related words without a subject, a predicate, and a complete thought is a phrase. The subject of a sentence is also called as noun phrase and its predicate as verb phrase. A subordinating clause, a phrase, or any group of words that forms part of a sentence is called fragment. Examples: When the wind (subject) blows (predicate) Though this group of words has a subject and a predicate, it lacks a complete thought. This is a good example of a subordinating clause. The man with a black, curly hair The preceding example may be considerably long enough to seem like a sentence. But it lacks a predicate and a complete thought at the same time. This is an example of a phrase (noun phrase). The man with a black curly hair (subject) is my brother (predicate). This case is the one in (b) in its completed fashion. Together, the subject and the predicate make sense. This is a good sentence. Go! (predicate) Seemingly, this case does not make a good sentence. But in reality, it does. Though not obvious, the subject of this sentence is implied YOU. In its complete form the sentence is You go. All imperative sentences, either command or request, make use of the implied you. The Subject The subject of a sentence can be a noun phrase, a single noun or pronoun, or implied you. It contains at least one essential noun or pronoun. While the case is obvious in (b) and (c) in the following illustration, the essential nouns in (a) are woman and mom.

Noun phrase Noun/Pronoun Implied You

The old woman and your mom Mark/He (You)

receive news about Loras activities. receives news about Loras activities. Make me a servant.

The Predicate The predicate of a sentence can be one verb or a verb phrase. It is vital to know that the predicate always starts with an essential verb. The monks pray Verb The monks pray hard at night. Verb phrase Practice1 Put a check before the set of words that forms a sentence. ___/____1. This is fun! _______2. Going to the beach. _______3. Are you coming? _______4. A small girl carrying a green backpack. _______5. Add some sugar to the mixture. _______6. Woke up to greet a bright, sunny day. _______7. A big load on her shoulders. _______8. To be a pilot someday. ______9. Two missing teeth. ______10. The bestselling movie of all time. Practice2. Underline the subject once and the predicate twice. Label the essential noun/pronoun as EN and the essential verb as EV. The girl and EN old lady headed for the train station and looked for EV man in blue. the that EN EV Paulo and Kathleen picked and ate mangoes at the farm. I read and collect adventure books. Both boys and girls joined the new choir. The bony part of the human head above the eyes is the forehead. An organism takes in food and water through the mouth. The skin of the lip is much thinner than that of the face. The eyebrows prevent moisture from flowing into the eyes. The audience wildly applauded and gave the cast a standing ovation. The athletes and their coach were met by a cheering crowd at the terminal. Practice3. Match the fragments in A with those in B to form sentences. Write the letter of the fragment in B on the blank before its pair in A. Then underline the simple subject and circle the simple predicate, or verbs. A B ________ The crown of each tooth have plenty of choices of toothpaste. ________ Long ago people should be about one inch long. ________ Brushing properly is covered by enamel. ________ Unhealthy gums cleaned their teeth with charcoal. ________ An ideal toothbrush are very important to keep teeth and gums

________ ________ ________ ________ ________

Every three months, your toothbrush Regular visit to the dentist A fluoride toothpaste A toothache Today people

healthy. is more effective than a standard toothpaste. make the mouth very sore. may be caused by dental decay. Should be replaced by a new one. prevents plaque.

Basic Sentence Patterns Sentences have different patterns. Differences in the patterns are more likely based on the type of verb used: action, linking, or auxiliary plus a main verb (verb phrase) To avoid confusion of the terms, let us settle that subject (S) means the essential noun or pronoun in the sentence and verb (V) means the essential verb in the sentence. The most basic is the subject verb or S-V pattern. In this case the verb is intransitive action verb and does not need any object to complete its meaning. The verb may also be a combination of an auxiliary and the main verb. S V He is coming. V Cristy smiled sadly. A sentence with an S-V pattern may have modifiers. In the sentence above, sadly modifies the verb smiled. Sentences with transitive verbs, or verbs that require objects, have three patterns: 1. Subject-verb-direct object pattern (S-TV-DO) Father likes stake. 2. Subject-verb-indirect object-direct object pattern (S-TV-IO-DO) I wrote him a letter of apology. 3. Subject-verb-direct object-objective complement (S-TV-DO-OC) We found him incompetent. Tips: 1. In finding out the direct object (DO) ask the question What? or Whom? right after the verb. 2. There will be no indirect object (IO) if there is no direct object (DO). 3. In finding out the indirect object (IO) ask the question To/For what? or To/For whom? after the direct object (DO). 4. In finding out the objective compliment (OC) ask the question What? after the direct object (DO).

Sentences with linking verbs have two patterns: 1. Subject-linking verb-predicate nominative (S-LV-PN) Mr. Ramirez is a lawyer. 2. Subject-linking verb-predicate adjective (S-LV-PA) The apple seems rotten. Practice1 Identify the pattern of each sentence: S-TV-DO, S-TV-DO-OC, S-TV-IO-DO, S-V. ____________1. Robert has found an antique clock in the storage room. ____________2. Miriam is lying. ____________3. The fisherman had a good catch. ____________4. We should respect human rights. ____________5. I found the truth frightening. ____________6. Water covers much of the Earth. ____________7. The committee appointed Delia chairperson. Practice2 Identify the pattern of the following sentences: S-LV-PN, S-LV-PA ____________1. The mangoes seem ripe enough to eat. ____________2. The man looks nervous. ____________3. These boys are experts in web design. ____________4. Miss Zoleta is a multi-awarded teacher. ____________5. These peanuts are crunchy. ____________6. Her skin feels very smooth. ____________7. We have been good friends for a long time. ____________8. Your voice sounds hoarse.