Passion/concupiscence - One of the modifiers of human acts - Latin terms con (with) and cupire (to desire).

Etymologically means with desire". These are disordered passion. - St. Thomas defined it as The movement of sense appetite from the knowledge of good and evil accompanied by a physical change (Aquinas, 2003). a. Antecendent - precedes the action of the will and induces the will to consent. This takes place in involuntary movements - May completely destroy freedom, and consequently, moral responsibility, when they suddenly arise and compel us to act before any control of the will is possible. Ex. Sudden feelings of joy, hatred, grief, etc. as reactions to news and objects presented to the senses b. Consequent - follows the free determination of the will; it comes after the will freely admitted or consented or aroused it - does not lessen the voluntariness but may increase it because these passions are deliberately excited and they are voluntary in themselves a. Concupiscible - simple good (love, desire, joy) and evil (hatred, aversion, sadness) which can be acquired or rejected without difficulties. - It does not connote evil; it is God who endowed us with these appetites, designed for selfpreservation of the individual and the human race. * It may become destructive or evil when it is not controlled by reason. b. Irascible - difficult good (hope, courage) and evil (despair, fear) which can be acquired or rejected with a degree of arduousity