2G Kpi

10.
KPI & Optimisation
Summary
GSM Network Planning Process GSM Overview Radio Propagation & Interference Network Dimensioning Network Characteristics KPI & Optimisation
10. KPI & Optimisation
Parameter Planning
Parameter Plan (1)
Handovers (2) Location Areas (3) Frequency Plan (4) BCC Plan (5)
Parameter Plan
Parameter planning means creating a default set of BSS parameters It is performed right before the network launch Relevant BSS parameter for NW planning
frequency transmit power definition of neighbouring cells definition of location areas handover parameters power control parameters cell selection parameters
Handovers
Handover Criteria & Priority
1. Interference (UL or DL) 2. UL quality 3. DL quality Radio Resource HO 4. UL level 5. DL level 6. MS-BS distance (max or min) 7. Turn-around-corner MS 8. Rapid field drop Imperative HO 9. Fast/Slow-moving MS 10. Better cell (Power budget or Umbrella) 11. PC due to Lower quality thresholds (UL and DL) 12. PC due to Lower level thresholds (UL and DL) 13. PC due to Upper quality thresholds (UL and DL) 14. PC due to Upper level thresholds (UL and DL)
Location Areas
Location Area Design 1/2 Location updating affects all mobiles in network
major road
Location area 2
LocUp in idle mode LocUp after call completion
Location updating causes signaling and processing load within the network
Location area 1
Avoid oscillating LocUpdate Trade-off between Paging load and Location Update signaling
Location Areas
Location Area Design 2/2
Different MSC cannot use the same LAC. Location areas are important input for transmission planners
should be planned as early as possible
Never define location area borders along major roads!
Dual band or microcellular networks require more attention on LAC planning

co-located DCS and GSM cells are defined to the same LAC same MSC to avoid too much location updates which would cause very high SDCCH blockings
Frequency Plan
Basics Tighter re-use of own frequencies
more capacity more interferences
Target
to minimise interferences at an acceptable capacity level

R
First when a complete area has been finalised Automatic frequency planning tools
Frequency Plan
Best Method Do not use
hexagon cell patterns regular grids systematic frequency allocation
f5
f2 f3 f4 f6 f7 f7
f6 f3 f5 f2 f3 f4 D f4 f6 f3 f5 f2 f3 f3 f5 f4 f4 f7 f2
Use
interference matrix calculation calibrated propagation models minimise total interference in network
f5
f2 f3 f4 f6 f5
R f5 f2
f7
f6
f4
BCC Plan
Basics NCC = Network Colour Code BCC = Base station Colour Code BSIC = Base station Identity Code = NCC + BCC
For each mobile, BSIC and ARCFN identify unambiguously a cell in the whole network
BCC is made by 3 binary digits 8 possible values The BCC plan can be done manually
Network Optimization
Network Optimization (1) Performance Evaluation (2) Optimization Process (3)
Network Optimization
Improving network quality from a subscribers point of view Improving network quality from an operators point of view
Performance Evaluation
Basics
Network is under permanent change

detect problems and symptoms early!
OMC
Its far too late when customers complain!
field tests customer complaints
Key Performance Indicators
KPIs are figures used to evaluate Network performance

post processing of NMS data or drive test measurements data
Usually one short term target and one long term target
check the network evolution and which targets are achieved
KPIs calculated with NMS data KPIs from drive test
network performance on the operator side. performance on the subscribers side
Usually turn key projects are evaluated according to some predefined KPIs figures like drop call rate
With Drive Tests
Evaluate network performance from the subscriber point of view KPIs information
DL quality, call success rate, handover success rate, DL signal level not statistically as reliable as NMS information
Added value of drive test measurement

find out the geographical position of problems like bad DL quality to look for a possible interference source in the area compare the performance of different networks (benchmarking) display the signal level on the digital maps to individuate areas with lack of coverage eventually improve the propagation model verify the neighbour list parameter plan
Optimization Process
There are not strict processes for optimization because the activity is driven by the network evolution
Young Network Case
In a young network the primary target is normally the coverage In this phase usually there is a massive use of drive test measurement
check the signal and the performance of the competitors
GPS
NMS X
MMAC
Mature Network Case
In a mature network the primary targets are quality indicators drop call rate, average quality, handover failures Important use the information from NMS a general view of the network performance Drive test measurements are still used but not in a massive way in areas where new sites are on air where interference and similar problems are pointed out by NMS data analysis
Drop Call Rate (%)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Mon Call Bids / 10000 Average Busy Hour
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
KPI
KPI Definitions
Indicators Coverage
Signal Strength -outdoors
In building, In-Car penetration signal levels
Uplink Voice Quality

Downlink Voice Quality Call Drops Cell Power control
Indicators Capacity
Erlangs per Cell TCH success TCH assignment failures TCH Drop calls TCH Blocking
Cell congestion
Congestion Relief Usage BHCA against rated MSC limit mErl/subs. against rated MSC limit SMS/subs. Against MSC limit MM values(HO,LU,Paging) against limits Overload : Voice/Signalling/Processor
Indicators Quality
TCH success
RxLev Handovers Call Drops Call Success Rate Call set up success rate
TCH assignment failures

TCH Drop calls SDCCH traffic blocking SDCCH drop calls SDCCH Success rates
Call completion rate

Call set up time Voice quality(MOS) RxQual Echo
Analysis - Typical Setup Failure Causes - Distribution
Analysis - Typical Dropped Call Causes Distribution
KPI
Network Health Statistics
We have considered a typical network with BSCs to analyse the network performance. To undertake this activity stastics of atleast 2 weeks should be analysed. The key parameters to be considered are; Call Success Rate Call Setup Success Rate Handover Success Rate Dropped Call Rate SDCCH Blocking Rate TCH Blocking Rate
Customer sets a bench mark for these parameters as a measure of quality of the network and expects the performance to be equal or better than this. The typical value of the bench marks for each of the above mentioned parameters are as follows,
Call Success Rate Call Setup Success rate Handover Success Rate Dropped Call Rate SDCCH Blocking Rate TCH Blocking Rate -
98 % 98 % 98 % 1% 0.5 % 2%
LETS START OPTIMIZATION
Blocked Calls
Blocked Calls can occur due to : Access Failures SDCCH Congestion SDCCH Drop TCH Congestion
Trouble shooting cause : Use Layer 3 messages to analyze the cause Decode System Information Type 3 messages. Note the parameter , max_retransmission ;
Blocked Call Analysis 3
1 Channel Request RACH . : RACH max_retrans NO RESPONSE FROM N/W ACCESS FAILURE !
Channel Request Imm Assignment Service Request Signalling : Signalling NO TCH ASSIGNMENT Mobile Returns To Idle TCH BLOCKED !
2 Channel Request RACH Imm Assign Reject SDCCH BLOCKED !
Blocked Call - Cause troubleshooting
Access Failures
- Uplink Interference at the Base Station - Low Rxlev at the Base Station - Downlink Low Rxlev ( Coverage Hole ) - Downlink Interference - Excess Cell Range
Access Failure Troubleshooting

Causes:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. AGCH Overload at Base Station RACH Collisions MS out of Range Poor Uplink quality BTS Receiver Problem
Access Failure - Uplink Problem
Blocked Call Analysis
SDCCH Congestion Cause Location Updates to be analysed with OMC statistics first. If high, determine the source to target cell ratio Drive around the suspected area in the Idle Mode Configure Delta LAC < > Constant 0 alarms Optimize Location Updates Interference Analyze OMC statistics on Idle Channel Interference Carry out Uplink Interference Measurements using Viper Heavy Traffic Verify from OMC statistics SDCCH Congestion Carry Call Setup Time measurements Optimize set up time if high, else modify channel configuration
Blocked Call
TCH Blocked - Causes Interference -- Verify Idle Channel Interference reports from OMC -- If suspected, carry out uplink interference measurements Heavy Traffic -- Verify the TCH Holding time and no of attempts statistics from OMC -- During low traffic hours, Activate Cell barring in the cell -- Carry out Time slot testing , by setting Ignore Cell Barring. Solutions To Blocked Calls Optimize coverage Optimize Cell loading Interference management Channel configurations Optimize neighbors
Dropped Call Troubleshooting
Drop Calls Analysis

2 Channel Request Imm Assignment Service Request Signalling : Signalling RLT = 0 ; DROPS SDCCH DROP ! Channel Request Imm Assignment Service Request SDCCH Signalling : Speech TCH RLT = 0 ; DROPS TCH DROP !
SDCCH / TCH Handover Command Hand Access Handover Failure HANDOVER FAILURE DROP !
Dropped Call Analysis

Solutions to Dropped Calls
Optimize Coverage Interference Management Optimize neighbors Optimize handover parameters Effective Frequency Hopping Use of DTX & Power control
SDCCH Drops - Causes

Coverage Interference & Multipath BTS performance
TCH Drops - Causes
Coverage Interference & Multipath BTS performance Pre-emption
Handover Failure - Causes

Threshold parameters Missing neighbors
SDCCH Drop - Coverage SDCCH Drop - Co- Channel Interference SDCCH Drop - Adjacent Channel Interference SDCCH Drop - Uplink Problem TCH Drop - Coverage TCH Drop - Co-Channel Interference TCH Drop - Adjacent Channel Interference TCH Drop - Uplink Problem Handover Failure
Poor Quality
Poor Speech Quality could be due to Patchy Coverage ( holes) No Target cell for Handover Echo , Audio holes, Voice Clipping Interference ---: Co-channel Adjacent channel External Multipath Noise
Speech Quality Parameters
RxQUAL : Measured on the midamble. Indicates poor speech quality due to radio interface impairments FER : Measured on the basis of BFI ( Ping -Pong effect on speech ) Preferred under Frequency Hopping situation
Audio holes : Blank period of speech, due to malfunctioning of Transcoder boards or PCM circuits.
Mean Opinion Score (MOS) : ITU standard for estimating speech quality.
Speech Quality Parameters
Mean Opinion Score

Criteria for Voice Quality : A set value x at which y percent of customers rate the voice quality at Circuit Merits(CM) 4 - 5.
MOS 5 4 3 2 1
Quality Scale Excellent ( speech perfectly understandable) Good ( speech easily understandable, some noise) Fair ( speech understandable with a slight effort, occasional repetitions needed) Poor ( speech understandable only with considerable effort, frequent repetitions needed) Unsatisfactory ( speech not understandable)
Troubleshooting Handover Problems
Troubleshooting - No Handover
Total Attempted Calls Total Dropped Calls Total Blocked Calls RxQual Full RxLeve Full RLT Current Value ARFCN Neighbor Cell Measurements RR Message Phone State
Weak Neighbors - Reported by Phone Create a Handover PLAN
Missing Neighbors
Frequency Reuse
'B' NET
Real Time
BCH Analyzer : TOP N = 7 Configure an Alarm for Missing Neighbor Subset BCH TOP N not-subset Value ARFCN
CH 35
BSIC 16
'B' NET
CH 35
'A' NET
BSIC 21
'B' NET BSIC 15 'B' NET 'B' NET
CH 88
'A' NET
CH 40
BSIC 53
CH 98
BSIC 57
PHONE REPORTS
CH 27 35 40 25 RxQual 1 RxLev -80 -85 -83 -95
'B' NET
CH 27
BSIC 23
'A' NET
BSIC 22
CH 29
CH 25
BSIC 17
CH 72
BSIC 75
Channel 29 is not in the neighbour list !
Troubleshooting - Handover Parameter Settings
Decide the Target Cell for handover in the Trouble Spot Filter the Handover.txt file on Handover Attempts ( before AND after numbers) Filter again on Neighbor ARFCN = Target Cell ARFCN Create another column as HO_Margin , with Delta for Neighbor_Level to RxLev Plot this on the MAP and see whether Handover Margin can be reduced to improve quality OR increased to avoid Ping-Pong effects If handover margin settings are proper, and still handover is not occurring then it could be a problem with Handover decision and processing parameters at the BSC.
Troubleshooting - Uplink Interference
Uplink Interference can be due to: Mobiles in reuse and adjacent channel cells External sources Interference due to Mobiles will be bursty and intermittent. The behavior and its effect on quality will be time dependent. More interference during heavy traffic hours. Interference from external sources can be continous or also time dependent if the source is not continously ON. Uplink Interference measurement needs long term monitoring , collection of data, processing the data and estimating the probability of interference , and also estimating the source.
Optimization for Interference

After drive test - Co-Channel benchmarking, we know which
cells are generating severe co-channel problem We also know by decoding BSIC , the interefering source Following processes could be adopted to optimize interference ---- Power Control ---- Antenna Tilts ---- Frequency Reallocations ---- Transmitter Tests ---- Mobile dispatch inspection ---- Space Diversity ---- Frequency Hopping /DTX
Antenna Tilts
M
A 50m
x
6 km 1 km
Point x is having problem of C/I from Cell M Estimate the C/I improvement required at Point x. Refer to the Antenna Vertical Pattern, and calculate the tilting angle required Example : To get an improvement of 3 dB , a tilt of 10 degrees is required. Tilting of Antenna in certain cases may reduce coverage also. Tilting of Antenna should be done after proper study.
Co-Channel Optimization
Static Power Control
Antenna Tilting
Trade Off with EC/No
Frequency Reallocation
Implementing Features like Dynamic Power Control, DTX and Frequency Hopping
DRT & Queuing
Directed Retry (DR)
DR used to avoid the loss of a call in call-setup if the accessed cell is congested
When no TCH is available in serving cell, TCH can be allocated in an adjacent cell (SDCCH TCH HO) Mobile Originated (MOC) and Mobile Terminated (MTC) Calls TCH Target cell entry based on DR Method; SDCCH Method 0 - RxLevAccessMin Method 1 - drThreshold congested Imperative Handover (only equation 1) Candidates ranked based on radio properties. Steps through candidates (if congested) until MaxTimeLimitDR expires Queuing can take place in source cell, not in target cell.
Time
minTimeLimitDR
Assignment Request
DR not allowed : improves the reliability of the measurements of adjacent cells and gives the queuing process time DR allowed
maxTimeLimitDR
Directed Retry
macro cell DR DR congestion micro cells congestion
Intelligent Directed Retry

macro cell (GSM cell) IDR micro cells congestion (MCN cells) MCN subscriber No TCH Available on Accessed Cell
GSM or MCN subscriber ? MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell ? Yes => Directed Retry Only to MCN Cells No => Reject Call GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ? Yes => Directed Retry (any Cell) No => Reject Call
Based on Directed Retry : Target Cell selection depends on Classmark of the MS or MS Priority Adjacent Cell Type Subscribers Classified in GSM or MCN Based on Classmark ( bitmap in BSC associates classmarks to GSM / MCN ) Based on MS Priority ( bitmap in BSC associates MS Priorities to GSM / MCN ) Criterion defined in the BSC DR and IDR enabled / disabled independently on cell basis.
Parameters IdrUsed CellType AdjCellType
Value Yes/No GSM / MCN GSM / MCN

macro cell (GSM cell) DR
congestion GSM subscriber micro cells (MCN cells)
NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Queuing of Radio Resources

Used to avoid rejecting call set-up or HO attempt by waiting for the release of a suitable TCH
Queuing Environment queuing is a BTS specific procedure (controlled by the BSC) each BTS has a queue of its own individual queue parameters and queue management for each BTS call attempts and handovers in the same queue the maximum queue length is relative to the number of traffic channels the maximum queuing time can be set individually for both queue types the queuing can be de-activated by setting queuing time or queue length to zero different priorities according to queue type (call/HO) and/or MS priority Entering the queue: The queue is entered when there is no traffic channels available of requested kind and if
queuing is allowed in the BTS queuing enabled in the assignment request from MSC queue is not full (of higher or equal priority requests)

Prioritisation: The placement in the queue is determined by: queue type (priority) call set-up handover attempt (non-urgent) urgent handover attempt MS Priority level in the PIE element of Assignment Request or Handover Request time of entering the queue
Allocation of TCH
When a TCH is released (in either channel release or TSL/TRX lock) the queue is checked from top to bottom in order to find a queuer whose requirements match with the released channel If a suitable queued call is found the TCH is allocated to the queued call and the queue is re-organised

Leaving the Queue A queuer is removed from the queue when
No suitable channel is released within queuing time limit => timer expires Higher priority subscriber (queue type and/or MS priority) replaces a lower priority queued entry when the queue is full The queuing TRX/TSL is blocked (call release) Queue size is reduced due to removing TRXs

Queuing reserves SDCCH
SDCCH occupation for call setup 7 seconds. If maximum queuing time for calls is 10 s => in case of queuing 50-60 % more load on SDCCH / call attempt!! (2 TRXs cell) with Combined BCCH / SDCCH If maximum queue is 50 % of TRX x 8 = 8 queuing positions If there are 4 call attempts in queue, SDCCHs are fully booked no space for short messages or for location updates on SDCCH
cell is fully overloaded!!

Queuing and Handover
Internal inter cell Handover

Ranked list is produced by the Handover algorithm and passed to RR management Maximum sixteen cells as alternative target cells The best candidate with free traffic channel is selected If all BTSs in the list are congested
queuing possibility is checked in the candidates according to ranking External inter cell Handover
The BTS identified by the MSC in a HANDOVER_REQUEST message is used as queuing target
Averaging and processing for HO continues during queuing The timers for hoPeriodPBGT or hoPeriodUmbrella are stopped during queuing

Queuing and Directed Retry (DR)
Directed retry and queuing are parallel procedures When the queuing and DR processes are both active for a call;
If MaxTimelImitDR expires without any DR attempt, the queuing will be terminated even if the queuing timer(s) have not elapsed If a TCH is released in the serving cell during the period when DR is not allowed/allowed, DR process is terminated

Queuing Parameters
Values
0 ... 100 % 0 ... 15 (s) 0 ... 10 (s) Yes / No Yes / No 1 ... 14 1 ... 14 1 14
Parameters maxQueueLength timeLimitCall timeLimitHandover msPriorityUsedInQueuing queuePriorityUsed queuingPriorityCall queuingPriorityHandover queuingPriorityNonUrgentHO
Dropped Call Control

Call re-establishment In case of a Radio Link Failure (radioLinkTimeout) within 20 seconds. Measurements averaged over 5 seconds for serving Cell BCCH adjacent Cell BCCHs Strongest is considered BCCH data decoded (cell selection param.) If: C1 greater than 0, Cell not barred Cell belong to selected PLMN, Call re-establishment allowed Call re-establishment attempted
Radio Link Timeout
A counter is initialised at the value of the radioLinkTimeout

When SACCH is not correctly received Counter decremented by 1 When SACCH correctly received Counter incremented by 2 When counter reaches 0 call is released Same behaviour UL and DL
Parameters radioLinkTimeout callReestablishmentAllowed
Values 4 ... 64 SACCH Yes/No
SDCCH ASSIGNMENT

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10.

KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

LocUp in idle mode LocUp after call completion

10. KPI & Optimisation

Never define location area borders along major roads!

Dual band or microcellular networks require more attention on LAC planning

10. KPI & Optimisation

to minimise interferences at an acceptable capacity level

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

Network Optimization (1) Performance Evaluation (2) Optimization Process (3)

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

Network is under permanent change

Its far too late when customers complain!

field tests customer complaints

10. KPI & Optimisation

KPIs are figures used to evaluate Network performance

KPIs calculated with NMS data KPIs from drive test

network performance on the operator side. performance on the subscribers side

10. KPI & Optimisation

Added value of drive test measurement

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

Drop Call Rate (%)

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

Signal Strength -outdoors

In building, In-Car penetration signal levels

Uplink Voice Quality

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

TCH assignment failures

Call completion rate

10. KPI & Optimisation

Analysis - Typical Setup Failure Causes - Distribution

10. KPI & Optimisation

Analysis - Typical Dropped Call Causes Distribution

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

LETS START OPTIMIZATION

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

Blocked Call Analysis 3

2 Channel Request RACH Imm Assign Reject SDCCH BLOCKED !

10. KPI & Optimisation

Blocked Call - Cause troubleshooting

10. KPI & Optimisation

Access Failure Troubleshooting

Access Failure - Uplink Problem

10. KPI & Optimisation

Blocked Call Analysis

10. KPI & Optimisation

10. KPI & Optimisation

Dropped Call Troubleshooting