Mng my tnh hay h thng mng (ting Anh: computer network hay network system), c thit lp khi c t 2 my vi tnh

tr ln kt ni vi nhau chia s ti nguyn: my in, my fax, tp tin, d liu.... Mt my tnh c gi l t hot (autonomous) nu n c th khi ng, vn hnh cc phn mm ci t v tt my m khng cn phi c s iu khin hay chi phi bi mt my tnh khc. Cc thnh phn ca mng c th bao gm:

Cc h thng u cui (end system) kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng, c th l cc my tnh hoc cc thit b khc. Ni chung hin nay ngy cng nhiu cc loi thit b c kh nng kt ni vo mng my tnh nh in thoi di ng, PDA, tivi,... Mi trng truyn (media) m cc thao tc truyn thng c thc hin qua . Mi trng truyn c th l cc loi dy dn (dy cp), sng in t (i vi cc mng khng dy). Giao thc truyn thng (protocol) l cc quy tc quy nh cch trao i d liu gia cc thc th.

Lch s mng my tnh

My tnh ca thp nin 1940 l cc thit b c-in t ln v rt d hng. S pht minh ra transitor bn dn vo nm 1947 to ra c hi lm ra chic my tnh nh v ng tin cy hn. Nm 1950, cc my tnh ln mainframe chy bi cc chng trnh ghi trn th c l (punched card) bt u c dng trong cc hc vin ln. iu ny tuy to nhiu thun li vi my tnh c kh nng c lp trnh nhng cng c rt nhiu kh khn trong vic to ra cc chng trnh da trn th c l ny. [1] Vo cui thp nin 1950, ngi ta pht minh ra mch tch hp (IC) cha nhiu transitor trn mt mu bn dn nh, to ra mt bc nhy vt trong vic ch to cc my tnh mnh hn, nhanh hn v nh hn. n nay, IC c th cha hng triu transistor trn mt mch. Vo cui thp nin 1960, u thp nin 1970, cc my tnh nh c gi l minicomputer bt u xut hin. [2] Nm 1977, cng ty my tnh Apple Computer gii thiu my vi tnh cng c gi l my tnh c nhn (personal computer - PC). [3] Nm 1981, IBM a ra my tnh c nhn u tin. S thu nh ngy cng tinh vi hn ca cc IC a n vic s dng rng ri my tnh c nhn ti nh v trong kinh doanh. Vo gia thp nin 1980, ngi s dng dng cc my tnh c lp bt u chia s cc tp tin bng cch dng modem kt ni vi cc my tnh khc. Cch thc ny c gi l im ni im, hay truyn theo kiu quay s. Khi nim ny c m rng bng cch dng cc my tnh l trung tm truyn tin trong mt kt ni quay s. Cc my tnh ny c gi l sn thng bo

(bulletin board). Cc ngi dng kt ni n sn thng bo ny, li hay ly i cc thng ip, cng nh gi ln hay ti v cc tp tin. Hn ch ca h thng l c rt t hng truyn tin, v ch vi nhng ai bit v sn thng bo . Ngoi ra, cc my tnh ti sn thng bo cn mt modem cho mi kt ni, khi s lng kt ni tng ln, h thng khng th p ng c nhu cu. Qua cc thp nin 1950, 1970, 1980 v 1990, B Quc phng Hoa K pht trin cc mng din rng WAN c tin cy cao, nhm phc v cc mc ch qun s v khoa hc. Cng ngh ny khc truyn tin im ni im. N cho php nhiu my tnh kt ni li vi nhau bng cc ng dn khc nhau. Bn thn mng s xc nh d liu di chuyn t my tnh ny n my tnh khc nh th no. Thay v ch c th thng tin vi mt my tnh ti mt thi im, n c th thng tin vi nhiu my tnh cng lc bng cng mt kt ni. Sau ny, WAN ca B Quc phng Hoa K tr thnh Internet.

ng dng ca mng my tnh

Trong cc t chc

Bn Internet. Internet l mt h thng ton cu ca cc my tnh lin mng dng chun TCP/IP dnh cho hng t nhiu dng trn hnh tinh. Trc khi c mng, trong cc t chc, mi ni u phi c ch lu tr d liu ring, cc thng tin trong ni b s kh c cp nht kp thi; mt ng dng ni ny khng th chia s cho ni khc. Vi mt h thng mng ngi ta c th:

Chia s cc ti nguyn: Cc ng dng, kho d liu v cc ti nguyn khc nh sc mnh ca cc CPU c dng chung v chia s th c h thng my tnh s lm vic hu hiu hn. tin cy v s an ton ca thng tin cao hn. Thng tin c cp nht theo thi gian thc, do chnh xc hn. Mt khi c mt hay vi my tnh b hng th cc my cn li vn c kh nng hot ng v cung cp dch v khng gy ch tc.

Tit kim: qua k thut mng ngi ta c th tn dng kh nng ca h thng, chuyn mn ho cc my tnh, v do phc v a dng ho hn. V d: H thng mng c th cung cp dch v sut ngy v nhiu ni c th dng cng mt chng trnh ng dng, chia nhau cng mt c s d liu v cc my in, do d tit kim c rt nhiu. Ngoi ra, khi to mng, ngi ch ch cn u t mt hoc vi my tnh c kh nng hot ng cao lm my ch cung cp cc dch v chnh yu v a s cn li l cc my khch dng chy cc ng dng thng thng v khai thc hay yu cu cc dch v m my ch cung cp. Mt h thng nh vy gi l mng c kiu ch-khch (client-server model). Ngi ta cn gi cc my dng ni vo my ch l my trm (work-station). Tuy nhin, cc my trm vn c th hot ng c lp m khng cn n cc dch v cung cp t my ch. Mng my tnh cn l mt phng tin thng tin mnh v hu hiu gia cc cng s trong t chc.

Cho nhiu ngi

H thng mng cung cp nhiu tin li cho s truyn thng tin trong cc mi quan h ngi vi ngi nh l:

Cung cp thng tin t xa gia cc c nhn Lin lc trc tip v ring t gia cc c nhn vi nhau Lm phng tin gii tr chung: nh cc tr chi, cc th tiu khin, chia s phim nh qua mng.

Cc ng dng quan trng hin ti qua mng l: th in t, hi ngh truyn hnh (video conference), in thoi Internet, giao dch v lp hc o (e-learning hay virtual class), dch v tm kim thng tin qua cc my truy tm.

Cc vn x hi
Quan h gia ngi vi ngi tr nn nhanh chng, d dng v gn gi hn cng mang li nhiu vn x hi cn gii quyt nh:

Lm dng h thng mng lm iu phi php hay thiu o c: Cc t chc bun ngi, khiu dm, lng gt, hay ti phm qua mng, t chc tin tc n cp ti sn ca cng dn v cc c quan, t chc khng b. Mng cng ln th nguy c lan truyn cc phn mm c tnh cng d xy ra. H thng bun bn tr nn kh kim sot hn nhng cng to iu kin cho cnh tranh gay gt hn. Mt vn ny sinh l xc nh bin gii gia vic kim sot nhn vin lm cng v quyn t hu ca h. (Ch th mun ton quyn kim sot cc in th hay cc cuc tr chuyn trc tuyn nhng iu ny c th vi phm nghim trng quyn c nhn). Vn gio dc thanh thiu nin cng tr nn kh khn hn v cc em c th tham gia vo cc vic trn mng m cha m kh kim sot ni.

Hn bao gi ht vi phng tin thng tin nhanh chng th s t do ngn lun hay lm dng quyn ngn lun cng c th nh hng su rng hn trc y nh l cc trng hp ca cc phn mm qung co (adware) v cc th rc (spam mail)

Phn cng ca mng

Trong k thut mng, vic quan trng nht l vn chuyn d liu gia cc my. Ni chung s c hai phng thc l: 1. Mng qung b (broadcast network): bao gm mt knh truyn thng c chia s cho mi my trong mng. Mu thng tin ngn gi l gi (packet) c gi ra bi mt my bt k th s ti c tt c my khc. Trong gi s c mt phn ghi a ch gi mun gi ti. Khi nhn cc gi, mi my s kim tra li phn a ch ny. Nu mt gi l dnh cho ng my ang kim tra th s c x l tip, bng khng th b qua. 2. Mng im ni im (point-to-point network): bao gm nhiu mi ni gia cc cp my tnh vi nhau. chuyn t ngun ti ch, mt gi c th phi i qua cc my trung gian. Thng th c th c nhiu ng di chuyn c di khc nhau (t my ngun ti my ch vi s lng my trung gian khc nhau). Thut ton nh tuyn ng truyn gi vai tr quan trng trong k thut ny. Di y l i tng chnh ca phn cng mng: