IU KHIN CHNG TC NGHN TRONG CC B DN KNH ATM S DNG MNG NEURAL Cao Huy Phng

1. Gii thiu:
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l mt phng thc truyn thng cho mng s tch hp dch v bng rng (B-ISDN) c khuyn ngh bi ITU. N cung cp s mm do dn knh theo thng k cc kiu d liu khc nhau vi cc yu cu cht lng dch v (QoS) cng khc nhau. Do c s khng n nh trong m hnh lu lng v s dao ng theo thng k khng on trc ca cc lung lu lng (traffic flows), tc nghn c th vn xy ra mc d c s dng m hnh iu khin tip nhn kt ni (CAC Connection Admission Control) [6]. m bo cht lng dch v, ngn chn tc nghn, cn phi a ra mt m hnh iu khin chng tc nghn thch hp.

Hnh 1: H thng iu khin chng tc nghn phn hi vng kn cho b m ATM iu khin chng tc nghn pha giao din mng-ngi s dng (UNI) ca mng ATM chnh l iu khin tc m ho cc ngun pht v iu chnh lu lng gi n trn cc kt ni ca mng (xem hnh 1, N l s cc ngun lu lng pht vo mng). M hnh iu khin chng tc nghn phn hi vng kn y c th hot ng theo kiu phn ng li (reactive) hoc ngn nga (preventive). Trong m hnh iu khin theo kiu phn ng li [3], kch thc hin thi ca b m (s t bo) trong b m ca b dn knh (multiplexer buffer) c gim st pht hin tc nghn. Tc nghn xy ra khi kch thc ny vt qu ngng gii hn v tn hin phn hi (feedback) c gi tr v tt c cc ngun v tc m ho ngun c gim xung. Nh vy vic iu khin da trn mt ngng c nh ngha trc lin quan n kch thc b m. Mc d vy, s xc nh ngng l mt vn phc tp. Trong m hnh iu khin theo kiu ngn nga, bng cch gim st trng thi hin thi ca b m, hot ng ca b m trong tng lai c d bo trc bng cc phng php thng minh nh s dng mng neural [2] v mng neural m [7]. Da trn cc kt qu d bo, tc m ho ngun c iu chnh bi tn hiu phn hi c gi tr li tt c cc ngun pht. Phng php iu khin theo kiu ngn nga c s dng nhiu trong iu khin chng tc nghn ATM bi v hot ng iu khin ca n l kp thi gim bt kh nng tc nghn mng. 1

Trong m hnh iu khin theo kiu ngn nga, nhiu phng php iu khin chng tc nghn khc nhau c xut. V d theo Fan v Mark, d bo lu lng n b m b dn knh trn c s kch thc hin thi ca hng i, v kch thc hng i ca chu k thi gian tip theo c tnh ton theo cng thc Lindley [2]. Cn theo Lee v Hou d bo mt t bo theo kch thc hin thi ca hng i, tc thay i tc thi ca hng i v tc thay i trc , v ngay khi pht hin mt t bo, tn hiu iu khin phn hi c to ra thay i tc ngun bng cch gim tc m ho (bits/sample s bit m ho cho mt mu) [7]. Hai phng php trn tn hiu u ra ca b iu khin hay tc m ha hin ti c tnh ton mt cch gin tip. H thng iu khin chng tc nghn i hi khng nhng ti u ho theo tiu ch cc tiu ho tc mt t bo m cn theo tiu ch cc i ho tc m ho. cc i ho tc m ho, tc m ho ca cc ngun pht khng nn gim ton b, m ch mt b phn cc ngun pht gim xung mc thp hn trong khi tc m ha ca cc ngun cn li khng thay i. tng ny chnh l ng lc thc y vic nghin cu mt phng php iu khin chng tc nghn mi xut trong bi ny. Trong phng php iu khin chng tc nghn mi xut da trn mng neural, tc m ho cc ngun pht v t l phn trm ngun pht tng ng chnh l u ra ca b iu khin, v c s dng iu chnh tc t bo n b m b dn knh. Khng ging nh cc phng php c nu trong [2], [4], [7], [8] tc m ho c iu chnh cho tt c cc ngun lu lng vo, phng php xut y l iu chnh tc m ho ch cho mt b phn cc ngun pht cht lng t bo i n b m b dn knh c bo m v tc mt t bo (CLR) c cc tiu ho.

2. Phng php iu khin tc nghn da trn mng neural

Trong phng php iu khin chng tc nghn mng ATM da trn mng neural, u ra ca b iu khin (controller) ti thi im k gm c tc m ho u(k) ca ngun lu lng v t l phn trm ngi s dng tng ng n(k). c th pht biu rng, ti thi im k, h thng iu khin yu cu n(k)N ngun lu lng gi t bo tc m ho u(k) trong khi cc ngun cn li gi t bo vi tc m ho u(k)- 0.25. V d, ti thi im k, cc u ra ca b iu khin l u(k)=1.0, n(k) = 0.8, ni rng 80% cc ngun pht gi t bo tc m ho 1.0 n b m b dn knh trong khi c 20% cc ngun gi t bo tc m ho 0.75 chng tc nghn. Cc phng php chng tc nghn trc trnh by trc y [2], [4], [7], [8] tt c cc ngun pht gi t bo cng tc m ho 0.75. Trong trng hp , h thng iu khin l khng ti u, v QoS cng khng ti u. So snh vi cc phng php trc, phng php a ra y s ci thin v m rng QoS nhiu hn.

2.1 Cu trc b iu khin mng

Mng neural 3 lp ca b iu khin c 6 neurons u vo, 6 neurons n v 2 neurons u ra (biu th bng 6-6-2), nh c ch ra trong hnh 2, q(k), u(k) v n(k) ln lt th hin kch thc (hay s t to) b m b dn knh, tc m ho ngun v t l phn trm ngi s dng tng ng ti thi im ly mu k. Cc lp u ra v n c hm f(x) cung cp kh nng nh x phi tuyn, n c nh ngha nh sau:

Hnh 2: Cu trc ca b iu khin tc nghn Cc u ra ca b iu khin bao gm c(k) v n(k). Bi v tc m ha ngun c iu khin l gi tr ri rc nm trong tp {1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0}, u ra u(k) ca mng neural phi c lng t ho (Quantized).

2.2 Hun luyn cho mng neural

xc nh trng s (weight) gia cc neuron, mng neural c hun luyn ti u ho theo tiu ch thc thi v nhn nh x phi tuyn gia u vo v u ra. Nu mng neural c hun luyn l khng trc tuyn (off-line) trong sut qu trnh x l iu khin th n s khng miu t mt cch st thc m hnh u vo - u ra (inputoutput modeling) v lu lng ca ngun thay i theo thi gian v hot ng ca c h thng iu khin s suy bin mt cch nhanh chng. Nu thut ton hun luyn mng l trc tuyn (online) th h thng iu khin s tho mn yu cu thi gian thc (realtime) nhng s tng nhanh ca cc ngun lu lng s dn n vic cp nht sai trng s. V vy, phng php hun luyn mng da trn s thay i ca s c s dng. Tc l, ti mi thi im ly mu L, mng neural c hun luyn li trn c s d liu ca L mu trc . di L ca ca s phn nh nhy ca b iu khin. Nu L nh dn n phi cp nht thng xuyn cc trng s ca mng v c kh nng gy mt n nh. Nu gi tr L ln s bo m cc hot ng iu khin n nh nhng thi gian hun luyn di. Mc ch ca iu khin chng tc nghn ti giao din mng ngi s dng (UNI) l ti thiu ho kh nng trn b m v bo m cht lng ca thng tin m ho (m thanh v hnh nh). Cc tiu ho kh nng trn b m chnh l cc tiu ho tc mt t bo (CLR). Mt khc, m bo cht lng thng tin m ho cng khng km phn quan trng v n cc i ho tc m ho v cc i ho t l phn trm ngun pht tc tng ng. 3

Cc gi tr trng s (Wij) gia cc neuron c tnh ton bi s dng thut ton hc BP (BP learning algorithm), v Wij c cp nht nh sau:
Wij = Wij J ( P) Wij

(2)

Trong : >0 l tham s tc hun luyn, J(P) l hm tiu ch cn cc tiu ho. Chi tit ca thut ton BP c trnh by trong [5].

3. M phng
Cc ngun thoi iu xung m vi sai thch nghi tc bit thay i ADPCM VBR (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation - Variable Bit Rate) c s dng trong m phng. Mi ngun thoi c m phng s dng m hnh trng thi nh phn ON/OFF (ON/OFF binary-state model) [1] trong mt s c nh cc t bo thoi c to ra tc bit cao nht trong giai on ON. Khng c t bo no c to ra trong giai on OFF. C hai giai on ny gi s phn b theo hm m ngu nhin thay i vi 1/ = 0.35 sec v 1/ = 0.65 sec. M hnh m phng vi 150 ngun thoi c dn knh vo mt b dn knh kch thc b m gii hn l 50 t bo v gii hn tr l 1.55 Mbit/s, thi gian ly mu c t l 0.01s. Cc tham s c chn l: Rn=1, Ru=0.7, Rq=0.01, ud=1, nd=1, qd=30, =0.1, L=10. Trong phng php iu khin tc nghn xut, tc m ho ngun tin, t l phn trm cc ngun lu lng tng ng, v s t bo trong b m b dn knh c th hin trong hnh 3, hnh 4, v hnh 5. so snh phng php xut y vi cc phng php trc, thc hin m phng vi cng mt m hnh c thc hin theo phng php xut trong cc phng php trc, trong tc m ho tt c cc ngun lu lng chnh l tn hiu u ra ca b iu khin c iu chnh cng nhau, v tc m ho ngun tin v s cc t bo trong b m c ch ra tng ng trong hnh 6 v hnh 7. So snh cc ch s hot ng ca chng nh l CLR trung bnh trong mi 60s, cht lng thoi v s s dng b m c ch ra trong hnh 8, hnh 9 v hnh 10. r rng rng vi cc phng php iu khin tc nghn xut , tc mt gi ca b m b dn knh gim v cht lng thoi lin quan n tc m ho c m bo.

Hnh 3: Tc m ho ngun u(k) vi phng php xut

Hnh 4: T l phn trm n(k) ca cc ngun gi t bo tc m ho u(k)

Hnh 5: S t bo trong b m theo phng php xut

Hnh 6: Tc m ho ngun u(k) theo cc phng php trc

Hnh 7: S cc t bo trong b m vi phng php trc

Hnh 8: S so snh tc mt gi trung bnh

Hnh 9: S so snh v cht lng dch v

Hnh 10: Biu so snh s lng t bo trong b m

4. Kt lun
S khc bit gia phng php iu khin tc nghn c xut y so vi cc phng php khc l cc tn hiu u ra ca b iu khin khng ch bao gm tc m ho ngun m cn c s ngun lu lng gi t bo tc m ho tng ng. Phng php iu khin ny khng nhng cc tiu ho tc mt gi m cn bo m cht lng thng tin v pht huy c nhiu u im khi s dng cho mng ATM tc cao.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Diagle, J., Langford, J., 1986. Models for analysis packet voice communications systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 4(6):847-855. [2]. Fan, Z., Mars, P., 1997. Access flow control scheme for ATM networks using neural-network-based traffic prediction. IEE Proc. Commun., 144(5):295-300. 6

[3]. Habib, I.W., Sasdawi, T.N., 1995. Access control of bursty voice traffic in ATM networks. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 27(10):1411-1427. [4]. HABIB, I.W., TARRAF, A., SAADAWI, T., 1997. A neural network controller for congestion control in ATM multipexers. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 29(3):325-334. [5]. HAYKIN, S., 1994. Neural Networks. Macmillan, New York. [6]. JAGANNATHAN, S., TALLURI, J., 2002. Adaptive predictive congestion control of high-speed ATM networks. IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, 48(2):129-139. [7]. LEE, S.J., HOU, C.L., 2000. A neural-fuzzy system for congestion control in ATM networks. IEEE Trans. System, Man, and CyberneticsPart B: Cybernetics, 30(1):29. [8]. TARRAF, A.A., HABIB, W., SAADAWI, T.N., 1995. Congestion Control Mechanism for ATM Networks Using Neural Networks. Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, p.206-210.