Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WHAT IS CREATIVITY
(Lotherington,2008) - the merging of ideas which have not been merged before. New ideas are formed by developing current ones within our minds. (Dorf and Byers, 2005) - the ability to use the imagination to develop new ideas, new things or new solutions (Matherly & Goldsmith, 1985) the generation of ideas that result in improved efficiency or effectiveness of a system. (May, 1975) the process of bringing something new into being.
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WHAT IS INNOVATION
(Howell & Higgins, 1990) the process by which entrepreneurs convert opportunities into marketable ideas. (Drucker, 1985) - the specific instrument of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service. Luecke and Katz (2003) - "Innovation.is generally understood as the successful introduction of a new thing or method . . . Innovation is the embodiment, combination, or synthesis of knowledge in original, relevant, valued new products, processes, or services.
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CREATIVE PROCESS
Edward De Bono, 1992 creativity is a process that can be developed and improved. Everyone possessed a certain degree of creativity, some of us are more creative, and some are a little less. Creative process involves looking with different perspectives on unique relationships of the surroundings.
Source: Adopted from Entrepreneurship A Contemporary Approach, Donald F. Kuratko and Richard M. Hodgetts, 5th Ed. Harcourt, 2001 8
COMPONENTS OF CREATIVITY
a. Creative thinking skills The use of creative intelligence to approach problems and find solutions b. Knowledge Four styles of creative intelligence: Intuitive Innovative Imaginative Inspirational c. Motivation Extrinsic Intrinsic
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Organize the group of ideally 4-8 students (per group). Choose the topic (problem) and write it on a whiteboard. Lecturer must make sure that everyone understands the problem or issue. Remember the rules: i. Do not criticize. All ideas are welcome and valid. ii. Do not limit the number of ideas. The aim of brainstorming is to get large number of ideas. iii. Do not filter /censor any ideas. Keep the brainstorming session flowing. iv. Listen to other ideas and use it to generate other ideas. v. Do not discuss or question as it could stop the flow of ideas. The lecturer can conduct the session either in an unstructured way (any group can give ideas at any time) or structure (going round the group for ideas). The lecturer must be around to enforce the rules and write down all the ideas. Lecturer should clarify and conclude the session. Lecturer should get a consensus of the best ideas produced from the session (at least two).
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Attribute Listing
Steps: a. Identify the product or process you are dissatisfied with or wish to improve. b. List its attributes. For a simple physical object like a pen, this might include: material, shape, target market, colours, textures, etc. c. Choose, say, 7-8 of these attributes that seem particularly interesting or important. d. Identify alternative ways to achieve each attribute (e.g. different shapes: cylindrical cubic, multi-faceted.), either by conventional enquiry, or via any idea-generating technique. e. Combine one or more of these alternative ways of achieving the required attributes, and see if you can come up with a new approach to the product or process you were working on.
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BLOCKS TO CREATIVITY
Blockages to creativity need to be recognized and eliminated so that it will smooth the way to creativity. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCKS ARE : a. Perceptual b. Emotional c. Cultural d. Environmental e. Intellectual/Conceptual
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Perceptual Blocks
Prevent problem recognition, limiting the problem. Inability to see problems from different perspectives Stereotyping, missing the connections or associations Not thinking outside the box Literal thinking
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Emotional Blocks
Fear of failure can paralyse us if we think what we are doing wont be good enough. Will lead to procrastination and project abandonment. Most blockages are attitudinal or psychological. Inability to incubate can lead to other fears such as: fear of problem, fear of work, fear of fun, fear of exploring and fear of abandonment.
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Emotional Blocks
a. b. c. Fear of problem Fear of work Fear of fun We are inclined to worry when we view our situation as a problem to be solved. Lazy to merge or seek new ideas
d.
e.
Believe that fun is childish and a waste of time, yet some of the best ideas come when we are relaxing or fooling around. Fear of exploring Uncertainties of the unknown, rigid people feel uncomfortable to be adventurous and discover because they have to leave the safety of their known world. Fear of abandonment Comes from the need to conform. Conformity brings new acceptance while deviating from normal path or escape show our independence and make us stand out.
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Emotional Blocks
f. Judging rather than generating ideas like :
Oh, that wont work We have tried that before. It didnt work out well
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Cultural Blocks
a. b. c. d. Tradition is to be maintained. Playfulness is only for children Fantasies or dreams are for crazy people Comfortable zone
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Environmental Blocks
Environmental blockages are those impose upon us by external factors. These include the working atmosphere, amount of stress on individual, organizational culture, supervisory practices and even the physical surroundings of our workspace. Blockages can also arise from physical and mental exhaustion.
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Environmental Blocks
a. b. c. d. Lack of corporation and trust among colleagues (lack esprit de corp) Bosses who practice autocratic management Too many distractions Lack of financial and top management support to bring ideas to implementation
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TYPES OF INNOVATION
a. b. c. There are 3 types of innovation : Technological Innovation Operational Innovation Organizational Innovation
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Technological Innovation
These are breakthrough inventions that have widereaching impact and influence which benefit society and business. Major breakthroughs can be radical and disruptive for people, society, businesses and countries or the whole world. Example; the internet. They can change the way people live their lives, the way companies do business and the way countries govern and behave
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Technological Innovation
Example of major technological breakthroughs are : the wheel, the printing press, steam power, electricity, wireless technology, the computer, the internet, high performance materials like plastic, fiber board, nuclear power and so on. Smaller technological inventions have less impact but still have significant benefit to certain users. Example of small technological inventions are: the paper cup, the ball-point pen, the electric toothbrush, the electric razor, hair dryers, the garden hose, electric toys, remote control toys, computer games, electric pencil sharpener and so on.
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Operational Innovation
Operational Innovation is smaller, more processoriented Innovation Tends to be incremental in nature Doesnt necessarily change products or services or how they are used and most of it goes unnoticed by the public, but often it is the means to improved products and lower operating costs.
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Operational Innovation
This type of Innovation happens by the very act of people doing their work Hmm, what if we try doing it this way instead? Have much smaller impact, per invention, compared with breakthrough technological innovation, but cumulatively their effect can be enormous. Their effect builds and grows over time.
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b.
c. d.
Organizational Innovation
Organizational Innovation is where a company or organization itself is innovative In an innovative company or organization everyone knows his or her specific role in innovation It can be purposely built through putting organizational culture as the operational style or mode to get things done. Innovative companies dont just produce innovative goods and services. They use innovative methods in everything they do.
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b.
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2.
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SOURCES OF INNOVATION
Within the company or industry a. Unexpected occurrence (viagra, penicillin) b. Incongruities (Federal Express) c. Process needs (enzyme for cataract operation, sugar free products) d. Industry and market changes (advances in technology, healthcare industry) Within the social environment a. Demographic changes (change in consumer preference) b. Perceptual changes (fitness craze) c. New knowledge (video industry, robotics)
Source: Adopted from Entrepreneurship A Contemporary Approach, Donald F. Kuratko and Richard M. Hodgetts, 5th Ed. Harcourt, 2001 35
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END OF MODULE 3
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